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142 ENDNOTES Copyrights are one of the methods used to stop the sharing of works that embody or explain knowledge, which is a very different thing. Meanwhile, trademarks have very little to do with the subject of knowledge.] 6 The University of California’s “obnoxious advertising clause” would later prove to be a problem. Looking for a permissive alternative to the GPL, some hackers used the original BSD license, replacing “University of California” with their own names or the names of their institutions. The result: free software systems using many of these programs would have to cite dozens of names in advertisements. In 1999, after a few years of lobbying on Stallman’s part, the University of California agreed to drop this clause. See “The BSD License Problem” at http://www.gnu. org/philosophy/bsd.html. 7 See Michael Tiemann, “Future of Cygnus Solutions: An Entrepreneur’s Account,” Open Sources (O’Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1999): 139, http://www.oreilly. com/catalog/opensources/book/tiemans.html. 8 See Richard Stallman, BYTE (1986). 9 See “Hurd History,” http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/history.html. 10 According to a League for Programming Freedom press release at http:// progfree.org/Links/prep.ai.mit.edu/demo.final.release, the protests were notable for featuring the first hexadecimal protest chant: 1-2-3-4, toss the lawyers out the door 5-6-7-8, innovate don’t litigate 9-A-B-C, 1-2-3 is not for me D-E-F-O, look and feel have got to go 11 See Reuven Lerner, “Stallman wins $240,000 MacArthur award,” MIT, The Tech (July 18, 1990), http://the-tech.mit.edu/V110/N30/rms.30n.html. 12 See Michael Gross, “Richard Stallman: High School Misfit, Symbol of Free Software, MacArthur-certified Genius” (1999). 13 See Linus Torvalds and David Diamond, Just For Fun: The Story of an Accidentaly Revolutionary (HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 2001): 58-59. Although presumably accurate in regard to Torvalds’ life, what the book says about Stallman is sometimes wrong. For instance, it says that Stallman “wants to make everything open source,” and that he “complains about other people not using the GPL.” In fact, Stallman advocates free software, not open source. He urges authors to choose the GNU GPL, in most circumstances, but says that all free software licenses are ethical. 14 It was non-free in 1991. Minix is free software now. 15 Tanenbaum describes Minix as an “operating system” in his book, Operating System Design and Implementation, but what the book discusses is only the part of the system that corresponds to the kernel of Unix. There are two customary usages of the term “operating system,” and one of them is what is called the “kernel” in Unix terminology. But that’s not the only terminological complication in the subject. That part of Minix consists of a microkernel plus servers that run on it, a design of the same kind as the GNU Hurd plus Mach. The microkernel plus servers are comparable to the kernel of Unix. but when that book says “the kernel,” it refers to the microkernel only. See Andrew Tanenbaum, Operating System Design and Implementation, 1987.
ENDNOTES 143 16See Linus Torvalds and David Diamond, Just For Fun: The Story of an Accidentaly Revolutionary (HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 2001): 78. 17POSIX was subsequently extended to include specifications for many command line features, but that did not exist in 1991. 18Ibid, p. 85. 19Ibid, p. 94-95. 20Ibid, p. 95-97. 21See Linus Torvalds and David Diamond, Just For Fun: The Story of an Accidentaly Revolutionary (HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 2001): 94-95. 22See Robert Young, “Interview with Linus, the Author of Linux,” Linux Journal (March 1, 1994), http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2736. 23See Linus Torvalds and David Diamond, Just For Fun: The Story of an Accidentaly Revolutionary (HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 2001): 59.
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Free as in Freedom (2.0): Richard S
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Contents Foreword by Richard M. Sta
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Foreword by Richard M. Stallman I h
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Preface by Sam Williams This summer
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that the hacker ethos no longer exi
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down a dead-end street, an accusati
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xiii Richard or myself, you can fin
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Chapter 1 For Want of a Printer I f
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operator, they made it subservient
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knew who had written the program, s
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Unilogic gave the AI Lab a gratis c
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thority, to a crusading activist ap
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ENDNOTES 11 commercial programmer w
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Chapter 2 2001: A Hacker’s Odysse
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ing system, developed, nurtured, an
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Windows more attractive to the main
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For the uninitiated, Stallman dives
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To understand the reasons behind th
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ENDNOTES 23 for Something’s Not U
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Chapter 3 A Portrait of the Hacker
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own. Who knew that within 10 years
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them from the social ineptness that
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him,” says Lippman. “It was as
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write his first real program. His f
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ENDNOTES 35 protesters on his way t
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Chapter 4 Impeach God Although thei
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enewal plan that went beyond simply
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Although opposed to the war in Viet
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mate,” he says. In a rare stroke
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Taking the manuals home, Stallman w
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Stallman also learned the lore, sto
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“If you said, ‘Stop the job,’
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Such activities reflected a growing
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the user had chosen “starfish,”
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Stallman ordered a button with the
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ENDNOTES 57 11 See Richard Stallman
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Chapter 5 Puddle of Freedom [RMS: I
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Taking the words down in my reporte
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successful solution is both clever
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Brazil, Stallman has spent 12 of th
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chairman Bill Gates that same week.
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which smell like boiled cabbage but
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serve a purpose that would be under
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and do: for instance, Red Hat contr
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ENDNOTES 75 3 See “Programmer on
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Chapter 6 The Emacs Commune The AI
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Hacker life, however, was not witho
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consists of positing tentative assu
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after the two-key combination that
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a statement within the source code
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ENDNOTES 87 glimpse of Stallman’s
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Chapter 7 A Stark Moral Choice On S
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Page 111 and 112: “[When] passwords first appeared
Page 113 and 114: the Symbolics documentation appeare
Page 115 and 116: the dormant lights, lights that onc
Page 117 and 118: 101 on computers altogether,” Sta
Page 119 and 120: 103 share of the profits. “I ther
Page 121 and 122: 105 the original announcement poste
Page 123 and 124: ENDNOTES 107 Endnotes 1See Richard
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 8 St. Ignucius The Maui Hig
Page 127 and 128: 111 restrict fans’ ability to rec
Page 129 and 130: 113 It is likewise lawful - though
Page 131 and 132: Raymond’s attempt to explain our
Page 133 and 134: Stallman dressed as St. IGNUcius. T
Page 135 and 136: 119 are delivered. Most come so ste
Page 137 and 138: ENDNOTES 121 secret the little deta
Page 139 and 140: Chapter 9 The GNU General Public Li
Page 141 and 142: 125 typically used, and designed to
Page 143 and 144: Copyright (c) 1985, Larry Wall You
Page 145 and 146: 129 About the time Stallman was pon
Page 147 and 148: 131 AT&T spin-off that retained own
Page 149 and 150: 133 Labs, Tiemann ran into some AT&
Page 151 and 152: 135 Jeremy Allison, a Sun user duri
Page 153 and 154: 137 and had to vote as a “homeles
Page 155 and 156: 139 course of doing so, Torvalds ha
Page 157: ENDNOTES 141 the latest in a long l
Page 161 and 162: Chapter 10 GNU/Linux By 1993, the f
Page 163 and 164: 147 philosophy would people associa
Page 165 and 166: 149 a hot topic. Unfortunately, tha
Page 167 and 168: 151 its distribution “GNU/Linux.
Page 169 and 170: 153 a Unix-like system communicate
Page 171 and 172: 155 the question to Linus Torvalds,
Page 173 and 174: ENDNOTES 157 superior to GNU/Linux
Page 175 and 176: Chapter 11 Open Source [RMS: In thi
Page 177 and 178: 161 “It was a pivotal moment,”
Page 179 and 180: 163 The executive director in quest
Page 181 and 182: 165 Torvalds’ methods before Raym
Page 183 and 184: 167 says he argued for Stallman’s
Page 185 and 186: 169 Later in 1998, Stallman announc
Page 187 and 188: 171 maker Intel purchased a stake i
Page 189 and 190: ENDNOTES 173 Murdock, for one, find
Page 191 and 192: Chapter 12 A Brief Journey through
Page 193 and 194: 177 view, the kind that makes momen
Page 195 and 196: ENDNOTES 179 running. I’m sure th
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 13 Continuing the Fight For
Page 199 and 200: 183 users would be able to have a g
Page 201 and 202: 185 In addition to helping the Free
Page 203 and 204: 187 GPL still be something software
Page 205 and 206: 189 others to see computer technolo
Page 207 and 208: ENDNOTES 191 still resonating in th
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Epilogue from Sam Williams: Crushin
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his personality and background that
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197 For Stallman, the software issu
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199 contradiction here, because Sun
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201 and because the words do not fi
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203 In July, a full year after the
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205 program introduced lines linkin
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207 Before parting, Stallman handed
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Appendix A - Hack, Hackers, and Hac
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211 ing and reshaping the track’s
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213 “hacker ethic”: the yet-unw
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215 Once a vague item of obscure st
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Appendix B - GNU Free Documentation
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219 says that the Document is relea
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221 If the required texts for eithe
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223 L. Preserve all the Invariant S
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225 A compilation of the Document o
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227 can be used, that proxy’s pub
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Colophon The front and back covers
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