Power and Politics: PDF 640KB - Raetisches Museum

POWER AND POLITICS
The Impressum second and most magnificent floor of the
building Neue Dauerausstellung deals with the im ersten “traditional” Obergeschoss way of historical
interpretation: events, (mostly male) individuals,
Inhaltliches Konzept:
justice, offices and institutions. The display focuses
Jürg Simonett
on dates Yves and Mühlemann chronology. It is not exhaustive, but
covers significant examples instead. Either way,
power Gestaltung and Ausstellung politics are und involved. Grafik:
gasser, derungs Innenarchitekturen
- Who had and who still has power?
- Bauliche How was Massnahmen: and how is power still wielded?
Hochbauamt Graubünden
- What kinds of power are there?
Rudolf Fontana & Partner AG
- How do we recognize power?
Übersetzungen:
In this perspective, Standeskanzlei each Graubünden room displays important
subjects Jessica of the Tang Grison’s history:
Armies and Wars; Masters and Castles; The Three
Leagues Fotos: and the Subject Territory Valtellina; The
Rätisches Museum
Dark Side of Justice
Die Südostschweiz
Bündner Tagblatt
Foreign interests in the Alpine passes and a
landscape Leihgaben: divided into small political sections
remained Archäologischer constant throughout Dienst Graubünden the Grison’s history.
The building Kantonsbibliothek which houses Graubünden the museum makes
part of this Staatsarchiv history. Graubünden For centuries, the Buol family
Ehepaar Trepp, Cinuos-chel
belonged to both the Grisons’ upper and ruling
classes.
2007 © Rätisches Museum, Chur
34
2 35 3

POWER AND POLITICS
THE DARK SIDE
How do we recognize power?
OF JUSTICE
1 Johannes Paul Beeli von Belfort, evang. Pfarrer in Chur
(und Chiavenna?), um 1700
2 Walo Burkart, Kreisförster und Archäologe, 1877-1952
3 Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, Inhaber der Herrschaft Misox,
1487-1518
4 Andreas Gadient, Divisionär, geboren 1927
5 Napoleon Bonaparte, französischer Kaiser, 1769-1821
6 Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, Regierungsrätin seit 1999,
geboren 1956
7 Mädchen aus der Churer Familie Laurer, 1827-1846
8 Otto Barblan, Komponist, 1860-1943
9 Barbara Danuser aus Felsberg, Arbeitslehrerin und
Gemüsegärtnerin, 1899-1986
10 Donat Cadruvi, Regierungsrat 1979-88, 1923-1998
11 Margaretha Enderlin von Montzwick, 1647-1711
12 Wilhelm Maria Rizzi, Kirchen- und Portrait-Maler,
1802-1858
13 Rodolfo Baldini und Giulia Baldini-Santi, Bergeller Familie
in Italien, erste Hälfte 19. Jahrhundert
Criminal 14 Gabriele law de of Gabrieli, the Three Architekt Leagues aus Roveredo, was affair 1671-1747 of the
Court Communes.
15 Johann Friedrich von Tscharner, Churer Publizist und
Until Politiker, the Mid-Nineteenth 1780-1844 Century, local “constitution”
was in use. Disastrous was the fact that torture was
permitted 16 Bernhard to draw Laurer-Risch, a confession. Apotheker, Naturally, Churer Zunftmeister, this lead
to coerced 1764-1823 statements and denunciation of innocent
Elisabeth Laurer-Risch, Gattin des Zunftmeisters
people.
Bernhard, 1774-1847
Especially 17 Martin in Schreiber-Risch, the 17th Century, Posthalter witch in Thusis, hunts ravaged 1812-1871 in
numerous valleys of the Grisons. The majority of the
18 Ugo Foscolo, italienischer Dichter, Emigrant im Misox,
victims accused of harmful magic (Schadenszauber)
1778-1827
were women.
19 Ulysses von Salis-Marschlins, führender Politiker,
The executioner 1728-1800 played a central role in the court
cases. In order to get an early confession, the torture
20 Giusep Nay, eidgenössischer Bundesrichter 1989-2006,
instruments geboren 1942 were shown to the accused. Not every
Court Commune had an executioner though, and
pains 21 Johann had to Gaudenz be taken von for Salis-Seewis, Chur’s executioner, Offizier und Dichter, often
called 1762-1834 Master John (Meister Hans).
Many execution places were located in vicinity
22 Giovanni Segantini, Maler, 1858-1899
to rural roads in order to demonstrate the
consequences 23 Karl der Grosse, of crime. deutscher In the König cantonal und Kaiser, penal 768-814 law
of 1851 death penalty was left only for a few capital
24 Jörg Jenatsch, evangelischer Pfarrer, Offizier, Politiker,
crimes.
1596-1639
Torture 25 Vitus and Huonder, death Churer penalty Bischof have seit not 2007, disappeared.
geboren 1942
Amnesty International keeps standing up for the
26 abolition unbekanntes of torture.
sitzendes Kleinkind, um 1800
27 Pater Placi a Spescha, Mönch und Forscher, 1752-1833
32 4 33 5

The 28 Unofficial Georg Fient, Capital kant. By Kanzleisekretär 451 Chur was Episcopal und Schriftsteller, see. After
founding 1845-1912 the League of the House of God (Gotteshausbund) in
1367, the Bishop’s power dwindled. The foundation of the 5 Guilds
(5 29 Zünfte) Josias in 1465 Hartmann and the aus Reformation Says, Schützenweltmeister,
after 1523, led to the
emancipation
1893-1982
of the citizens.
30 Ortlieb von Brandis, Churer Bischof, 1458-1491
Like its counterpart at the southern foot of the Alps, Chiavenna,
Chur, not being a formal capital, yet served functions of a center,
31 Angelika Kauffmann, Malerin, geboren in Chur, 1741-1807
based on its geographical position and economical significance.
Foreign 32 Meta ambassadors von Salis-Marschlins, favored the only Historikerin veritable und Grison city for
their residence. Frauenrechtlerin, Repine Grisonnais, 1855-1915 too, liked to flock after a
Fahnlilupf to the tribunal in Chur.
33 Johannes Guler von Wynegg (der ältere), Heerführer,
As city Historiker, that chaired 1562-1637 the League of the House of God, Chur was on
the same level with Davos, which chaired the League of the Ten
Jurisdictions 34 Carlo Casati, (Zehngerichtenbund) spanischer Botschafter, and Ilanz, gestorben which chaired 1730the
Grey or Upper League (Grauer oder Oberer Bund).
35 Andreas Rudolf von Planta, Unternehmer und Politiker,
Conventions with messengers of the Court Communes
1819-1889
(Gerichtsgemeinden) alternately took place on these three
locations. Chur never succeeded in becoming a city-state with
36 Christian Klucker, Bergführer, 1852-1928
its own surrounding dominion. Its legal position never stood out
significantly 37 Giachen among Caspar the Muoth, rural Court Lehrer, Communes. Historiker und Dichter,
1844-1906
The Freestate of the Three Leagues (Freistaat der Drei
Bünde) 38 A. never Feldscher had a permanent aus Masein, administration Schauspieler in or Russland, government.
The administration 1825-1885 of Chur settled most of the few tasks.
Correspondence to the Freestate was first opened by the
president 39 Heini of Hemmi, the League Olympiasieger of the House 1976 of God im (until Riesenslalom, 1700 always
the Mayor
geboren
of Chur),
1949
later by a city councilor. The town chronicler
secured the management of the few collective funds.
40 Georg Philipp von Schauenstein, Freiherr von Haldenstein
1671-1695, auf einem Gulden
41 The Subjects Johann In Alois 1512, Wolf the aus Three Untervaz, Leagues conquered the Valtellina
and the Schweizer counties of Tambour-Major, Chiavenna and 1839-1927 Bormio. Thus they not only
controlled the Alpine passes at the northern, but also at the
42 southern Pompejus foot of the von mountain. Planta, führender Politiker, 1569-1621
43 Henri Duc de Rohan, französischer Feldherr, 1579-1638
Historiography differs about a possible promise of equal rights
to the Valtellina and the counties. In reality, they were treated as
44 Claudius, römischer Kaiser, 41-54 n.Chr
Subject Territories. Vicegerent was the state governor based in
45
Sondrio;
Antonio
on his
de
side
Molina,
stood
Politiker
the Vicari.
und
They
Militär
were
aus
supported
dem
by a
Commissari Calancatal, in Chiavenna ca. 1580-1650 and Podestàs in six other locations.
The posts were assigned in rotation by the Court Communes.
46 Maximilian Franz, mehrere Male Regierungsrat, 1814-1889
The entitlement to revenues from forfeits and legal costs
47 led to stark Thomas abuse Domenig, among Architekt, the Grison geboren judges and 1933 to bribery in
obtaining the posts. This caused trouble and rebellion, at times of
48 confessional Anna Meisser character. aus At Klosters, least in the geboren local 1855 administration and in
economic life, the population was able to keep its independence.
49 Reto Gurtner, Tourismusunternehmer, geboren 1955
Oftentimes, the upper classes co-operated with the Grison
authorities.
50 Sep Antoni Deragisch junior, Töpfer in Bugnei (Tujetsch),
1842-1931
The accumulating complaints of the subjects remained
51 unsuccessful. Fidelis von Even Sigmaringen, after the French Märtyrer, Revolution, 1577-1622 equal rights
were ineligible for the majority of the Grisonnais. Thus, in 1797,
52 the Valtellina, Magdalena Chiavenna Martullo-Blocher, and Bormio Leiterin were incorporated der into the
Cisalpine EMS-Chemie Republic and Holding lost forever AG, geboren for the 1969 Grisons, a loss that
had enormous economic consequences.
53 Cla Feuerstein, Jäger, Scuol, um 1920
The Regnancy of Maienfeld was in an odd position: It belonged
54
to the Subject
Gian Francesco
Territories
Trivulzio,
as well
letzter
as to the
Inhaber
League of the Ten
der Herrschaft Misox 1518-1549, auf einem Testone
Jurisdictions, being both dominated and dominant at the same
time.
55 Maria Franz, geborene Cloëtta, Gattin von
Regierungsrat Franz, 1816-1897
30 6 31 7

56 The Court Johann Communes Gaudenz On von the Salis-Seewis, Record (Landbuch), Offizier und the Dichter,
constitution, 1762-1834 of 1622 of the Court Commune (Gerichtsgemeinde)
Avers the following can be read:
57 „We have Tobias our Deflorin, own scepter Kaminfegermeister and seal, rod and in gallows, Trun, geboren thank God, 1903
we do not owe any foreign sovereign and master anything.”
58 Jakob Ulrich Sprecher von Bernegg, führender Politiker,
This proud statement gives us an idea of the central symbols of
1765-1841
sovereignty and jurisdiction.
59 Simeon Benedict, evangelischer Pfarrer in Chur, 1767-1832
The Avers valley was one of the approximate 50 Court Communes
60 in the Freestate Amalia von of Sprecher-von the Three Leagues Marchion, (Freistaat 1829-1879 der Drei Bünde),
which were endued with a high degree of independence. Each
61 Court Commune Hanspeter spanned Lebrument, a valley Verleger, or the geboren section of 1941 a valley and
joined several Neighborships, corresponding approximately
62 the political Und ich: municipalities Habe ich auch of today. Macht? Like Mache today, ich the auch Mayor Politik?
(Landammann), a post appointed to a male citizen by the Country
63 Assembly, John presided Hitz aus over Klosters, the Court Schweizer Commune. Generalkonsul At warlike in events,
the troop
Washington,
(das “Fähnlein”),
1797-1864
went to war under the flag of the High
Court.
64 Richard Coray, Brückenbauer, 1869-1946
The Court Commune Heinzenberg, for instance, which belonged
65 Diokletian, römischer Kaiser, 284-305 n. Chr.
to the High Court of Thusis, was part of the Grey or Upper League.
66 Its Neighborships Josephus von within Planta, the Vorsteher Court Commune des British were Museum, Flerden,
Portein, 1744-1827 Präz, Sarn and Urmein.
67 The Grison Peter Court Zumthor, Communes Architekt, were geboren small states 1943 with far reaching
authorities. They all belonged to one of the Three Leagues,
68 building Alfred a sovereign, (Florian but Adolf) weak von state Planta, with Nationalrat,
constricted authorities,
mainly Botschafter in foreign politics. in Rom Endeavors und Berlin, in 1857-1922 standardization, such as
masses and weights, were hardly successful. Even in the 18th
69 Jakob Beeli-Sprecher, Cafétier in Posen (heute in Polen),
Century a pound in the Munster Valley (Val Müstair) did not weigh
1791-1867
the same as in Chur.
70 Leon Schlumpf, Bundesrat 1980-87, geboren 1925
71 The “Big Jean Shots” de Castelmur, A few dozens franz. noble Baron, families and clans built up
the ruling Burgbesitzer class. Prominent in Stampa-Coltura, among them 1800-1871 were the Salis and the
Planta. In the relatively democratic leagues, these families were
72 unable Augustus, to invoke on römischer political Kaiser, privileges 27 v. though. Chr.-14 Instead, n. Chr. they stood
out of the crowd by their revenues, their fortunes, education and
73 Banadetg Fontana, Freiheitsheld, gefallen 1499
a far reaching network. Like all women, female aristocrats were
barred from the political public. Nevertheless, they formed an
74 Johann Wilhelm Fortunat Coaz, Topograf,
important part of marriage- and hereditary strategies.
eidg. Oberforstinspektor, 1822-1918
75 The common Gaudenz man von left Planta, the most „der important Bär“, führender and often Politiker, bribable
posts in 1757-1834 the Court Communes, Leagues and the Subject
Territories to this elite. Usually, he depended on them, not
76 necessarily Conrad politically, von Planta, but erster economically. Bündner At Landeshauptmann sporadic intervals, im
Fahnlilupfen Veltin, 1512 and tribunals were held against the so-called “Big
Shots”.
77 A common Giulia accusation Santi, spätere was the Baldini, acting 1836 in opposition to the
state’s interests. Often, these special courts of justice imposed
78 Otto Largiadèr mit Familie, Regierungsrat 1975-1986,
draconian sentences. They were not always a rebellion from the
geboren 1926
lower classes - as in warlike times, hardship and famine - but
often a means of party politics.
79 Felix Maria Diogg, Portrait-Maler, 1762-1834
80 Perhaps Anton because Cadonau, of the Kaufmann powerful position und Wohltäter, of individual 1850-1929 families
and the often violent politics, a grim popular expression was
81 created: Richard In the La Grisons Nicca, you Ingenieur, need three 1794-1883 people to bring a person
from life to death: One Salis (willow; bend up the lower left arm),
a 82 Planta Tiberius, (plant; same römischer movement Alpenfeldzug with the 15 lower v. Chr., right arm) and a
Travers Kaiser (crossbeam; 14-37 n. adumbrate Chr. a crossbeam above).
83 Christine Mohr, geboren 1671
28 8 29 9

ARMIES THE THREE AND LEAGUES WARS
AND THE SUBJECT TERRITORY VALTELLINA
From The various the 16th military to the conflicts 18th Century, from present-day
antiquity to the
Grisons present reflect consisted the of eventful the Freestate history of the Three Grisons
Leagues. and the importance It was assembled of the region. by the Upper or Grey
League, the League of the House of God and the
League In 15 B.C., of the Ten Romans Jurisdictions. led a campaign over the
Raetian passes to both secure themselves better
Due against to an the absent Alpine central clans and power, to conquer the Federal new Charta of
1524 provinces. acted as constitutional foundation. Communes
replaced At the end local of the feudal 15th nobility. Century, Grisons the League was of split the into
approximately House of God and 50 Court the League Communes. of the Ten Adjudication Jurisdictions
and formed landmark an alliance ruling with was the reached Swiss Confederation
by an open council
within against the Court Habsburgs. Communes. In the Nevertheless, aftermath, the influence Swabian
and War power (Schwabenkrieg) of the ruling of classes 1499 came still to governed a bloody ballots end.
throughout.
Confessionally and politically torn, the Grisons
By became reason engaged of its geographical in the Thirty location, Years’ War the Bishop’s
see (Dreissigjähriger and its size, Chuar Krieg, became 1618 - 1648) the unofficial and were capital. on the
verge of breaking up. Famine and the plague followed
Between the depredations 1512 and of 1792, war. the Three Leagues ruled
for In 1799, almost battles three between centuries the over great their European subjects powers in the
Valtellina, broke out. Chiavenna Despite grim and resistance, Bormio, at French the southern troops
foot seized of the Alpine country. passes.
At During the end Second of the World 18th Century, War, every the day Freestate life of the
of population the Three was Leagues made lost difficult. its “colonies” Every man und who its was fit
independence. for military service Between had to 1799 stop and working 1803 it at was the part local of
the business Helvetian and Republic. serve at the Since border. 1803, the Grisons is a
canton of the Swiss Confederation.
26 10 27 11

Clacking 15 B.C.: The Dice Roman instead Campaign of Rattling In Arms the summer Helmets, of 15 swords B.C., Tiberius and
daggers and Drusus, rarely both appear stepsons among of the Emperor finds on castles. Augustus, With started the with
exception their legions of projectile a push against points, the weapon north. finds Ancient are authors rare. Weapons report
served that the hunting Roman purposes, armies advanced but were within also a aristocratic couple of months status from
symbols. the west as Everyday far as Lake life on Constance a Raetian and castle from was the probably south over rarely the
bellicose. Septimer pass through the Bergell. Additional military units
toured from Trento over the Reschen or the Brenner passes to the
Some north. amusements, such as knight tournaments, hunting and
falconry, were exclusively reserved for the aristocrats. Others
resembled Finds from those the region of common of the Septimer people. Gambling pass and at the high Oberhalbstein
stakes,
for indicate example, that units was extremely from three popular. legions The advanced. dice which Besides were sling used
to bullets gamble with and marks play, of were the made 3rd, 10th of bones. and 12th Board legion, games, there such were as
Backgammon other projectiles, and fragments Nine Men’s of Morris various were weapons, widely cleats, spread. fibulas, Chess,
which tent pegs originated and coins. from the Far East, also appealed to Raetians.
.
Sometimes, Combats took music place filled in the the region halls of the Crap castles. Ses No gorge elaborate
music (Oberhalbstein). instruments The were Roman found armies in the by Grisons far outclassed to this day the though. local
Here, troops. people Thus, probably the Roman sang legions and made were music able to with advance simple over
instruments, Lenzerheide as such far as the Chur. popular From jew’s there, harp they and continued bone flutes. their way
Gleemen through the and Alpine touring Rhine minstrels Valley may to the have north. entertained In the area the of Lake
inhabitants Constance, the of castles, entire Roman much like troops minnesingers aggregated who in order sang to about move
love on to for Augsburg an unreachable (Bavaria). aristocratic lady. Not much is known
about the spread of knightly culture in Raetian aristocracy.
After During all, the two entire depictions campaign, from the Romans Manesse conquered Manuscript no and less the than
terracotta 46 tribes. Among figurine them of a minnecouple, the Rigusci (Oberhalbstein), two lovers, on the a horse Suanetes point
at (Fore an interest Rhine Valley) in this and direction. the Calucones (area around Chur) are
suspected. As a result, the Alpine tribes kept quiet and remained
loyal against the Roman sovereignty. The conquest of the Alps
was a significant step in Roman policy of expansion.
1499: Everyday The Life Swabian in the War Castle The It Swabian was dark War and was cool influenced in late by a
multitude mediaeval of castles. great battles Only few and rooms small could ambushes. be heated. The In Swiss winter, and the
the inhabitants Grisonnais had succeeded to bar windows in crucial and crenels achievements with wooden against shutters the
Habsburg to protect themselves superiority. against wind and cold. The fireplace was
the center of the dwelling and was used to heat, cook, and light
The the space. civil population suffered severely under the acts of war.
Especially the Munster Valley (Münstertal) and the Engadine were
war-ravaged. The emergence Shattering of the ceramic-tiled reports portray stove misery in the late and 12th famine Century of
the considerably time. Even increased under the comfort combatants in the cruel castle. massacres At the beginning, occurred,
especially the tiles were the shaped Swiss had like a beakers, reputation later of “not they keeping were rectangular prisoners”.
shaped, glazed and adorned. A new smoke-free room was the
In result the Battle of the advanced at the Calvern heat gorge source: on the May parlor 22, 1499, (Stube). 8’000
Grisonnais fought bravely at the entrenchment against the
Habsburg During the troops 14th Century, (approx. the 13’000 emerging men). vitrification Thanks to the of the legendary windows
sacrificial allowed larger death openings of the Grison in the captain walls: rooms Benedikt were Fontana, light-flooded they
finally and representative succeeded to halls breakthrough. could be used The year Habsburg in, year eloped out. Very and
suffered often they in were the confusion plastered even and painted, greater losses. adorned This with battle incised and
Benedikt decorations Fontana and later became sometimes the symbol panelled. of the To Grison this day, freedom there in are
the no proves second of half the of use the of 19th tapestries Century. in The the Grisons. peak of the In many cult of castles, his
person the floors was were the covered Calven Celebration with tiles in in geometric 1899. or figurative
patterns.
Another place of honor in Grison history belongs to Donna
Lupa. Castles When were the scarcely Tyrolian furnished troops reached with wooden Tschlin, furniture. it was she Finds who like
outflanked strap-work, them adorned and made locks and them keys leave traced by telling back them to the that frequent the
Grisonnais use of chests, are cabinets waiting for and them. wardrobes. No tables, chairs,
benches and beds remained. Other appliances, such as pots
With and beakers the Treaty made of Basle of soapstone of 1499, (Lavez), the war ended wooden in dishes favour and of the iron
Swiss knives and were the found. Grisonnais. All these This finds allowed attest them to a modest to affirm everyday their
independence life.
within the Holy Roman Empire.
24 12 25 13

1603-1639: The Raetian The Rulers Confusion After the of War collapse in the of Grisons the West During Roman the
Thirty Empire, Year’s Raetia War first from devolved 1618 to to 1648, the Ostrogothic, the confessionally later, in and 537,
politically to the Frankish torn Grison Empire. Freestate Headquarters came in of the area administration of conflict of
the and great Bishops’ powers. see was The Chur. von Planta The constant family mainly internal supported strives in Austria the
and Frankish Spain, Empire the von permitted Salis family Raetia mainly to achieve France a and high Venice. degree of
autonomy.
In 1620, Spanish troops invaded the Valtellina while Austrian
troops Until Mid-Eight-Century, entered the Munster the Valley Victorides, (Münstertal). a family Approximately
of the local
600 ruling protestants classes, governed. were murdered They were in the both Valtellina. religious In as 1622, well the as
Grison secular Subject potentates. Territories After their were family formally died lost off as in 765 well. (Bishop In the
following Tello), Churraetia two decades, was again foreign integrated parties took closer charge to the of Frankish the power
by Empire. turns Secular in the Grisons. power gradually With the help devolved of the from Capuchin the Bishops order, the to
Austrians the counts. strove to re-convert the protestant regions to catholic
belief. The formerly protestant pastor Jörg Jenatsch, warlord
and From politician, the 11th Century led the resistance on, the Bishops against of Austria Chur regained and Spain. power. In
addition, They resumed he participated stately rights in 1621 and in conducted the murder power of Pompejus politics. They von
Planta. waged war With and the strove Uprising to expand in the Prättigau their possessions. in 1622, the The farmers control of
rose the passes up against was the basis Austrian of their sovereignty. power. In Father exchange, Fidelis the of diocese
Sigmaringen, received extensive head privileges of the Capuchin from the mission, kings was and emperors, killed. such
as the jurisdiction, market rights and the rights to tariff and to
Under mint. the guidance of Duke Henri de Rohan, the French prevailed
in 1631.
In Beside opposition the Bishops, to the persisting secular power French was occupation, distributed Jorg among Jenatsch
switched Episcopal sides, Reeves, converted Reich Reeves to catholic and the belief important and secretly families allied of
himself Tarasp, Rhäzuns with Austria and and Vaz Spain. as well In as 1637, less the important French had aristocrats to leave.
In of the Milan Fore Rhine treaty Valley of 1639, (Vorderrheintal). the Grisons regained From the their 11th Subject
Territories. Century on, In some the same of these year, rulers, Jörg followed Jenatsch by was the killed gentry in and Chur.
commissionaires of both religious and secular potentates,
began to build castles. The fragmentation of the lords’ rights,
accompanied with the gradual loss of Episcopal power,
is reflected in the close meshed net of Grison castles.
Castles 1799: The as French Farms are Unlike coming! magnificent In 1798 castles the Three in Rhäzüns, Leagues formed
Mesocco, a military Belfort alliance and with the Austria. Episcopoal The French court in interpreted Chur, life in this smaller as a
castles breach of often neutrality. had little In to March do with 1799, courtly their culture. troops marched in the
Grisons. Fierce combats took place in the Surselva and in the
The Lower background Engadine. noise The following of everyday time life stood was under not rattling the influence arms, but of
the constant tinkling changes of the flock’s of power. small bells, the clamor of the animals
and the noise of the workmen. Cattle and humans lived together
on In May cramped 1799, confines. the people of the Surselva rose up. In the Battle
of Reichenau the uprise lead to a disastrous defeat of 6’000
Castles Oberländer were (people used as from operational the Surselva farms. region). Archeological In this and evidence
found following tools battles such as 638 hatchets, local combatants sickles and died. grape The knives towns used of Tamins for
work and Disentis in fields were and gardens, burned to axes the ground and chains by French for forestry. soldiers. Clamps The
and French muckrakes also bloodily indicate avenged in husbandry. their fellow Great countrymen, importance who was were
put killed on in horses massacres for mounting during their and transportation. Grison imprisonment. Archaeological Within
digs these have events, produced Anna Maria spurs, Buhler horseshoes obtained and heroic their nails, celebrity snaffles, as
steps “Cannon and Maid metal of fragments Ems”. During of the tack. fallback Bone through remains her point town,
to she significance reached for of the hunting. reins of The the prey horses consisted pulling mainly a French of deer, gun.
chamois, As result, ibexes, the local bears farmers and boars. were able Fishing to seize was the also gun. pursued.
Manual One of the work, most such prominent as repairs figures on the of household this war was effects the Russian or
maintenance General Suwarow, of buildings, who was was an undertaken ally of the Austrians. directly at In the October castle.
Not 1799, only he and the menial his troops staff, succeeded all inhabitants, in enforcing including the passage the knight over
and the snow-covered his family, were Panix involved pass. in Another such work. sensation Needles, was thimbles, caused by
mandrels, the French spindle General whorls MacDonald, and weights who, in for the weaving winter of document 1800, led the an
activities army of approximately of the aristocratic 15’000 ladies.
men over the Splugen pass.
The war ended with the Treaty of Lunéville in February 1800.
Austria had to pull out of the Grisons.
22 14 23 15

1939-45: The Grisons and the Second World War Switzerland
MASTERS and the Grisons were spared AND from the CASTLES
atrocities of war.
Times were influenced by deprivations and fear of German
occupation.
On August 28, 1939, the Federal Government mobilized the border
patrols, two days later Henri Guisan was appointed general by the
Federal Assembly. At the beginning of September, mobilization
of the whole Swiss Army followed. Men who were fit for military
service had to leave their homes and take a long service while the
rest of the family suffered from labor shortage.
Food and fuel were gradually and severely rationed. With the
so-called Cultivation Battle (“Anbauschlacht”), an officially forced
expansion of crop growing on every available free surface area,
the supply of the population with stapled foods was striven for.
Innumerable refugees seeked sanctuary in Switzerland, not all
of them with success. The southern valleys of the Grisons saw
innumerable refugees destinies. In 1941 1200 Polish internees
were accommodated in the Grisons. Numerous so-called Polish
Roads („Polenwege“) such as in the Safien Valley, the Chur
Rhine Valley and the Domleschg, bear witness of their work in
Switzerland.
At the end of the war, bombers could be heard to thunder by
almost every night. The population had to blackout their windows.
Broken allied airplanes ditched or crashed. During the Second
World War, Switzerland was repeatedly bombed. On February
22, 1945, the Grison town Vals was bombed. Lots of people were
injured or killed.
Mediaeval society was distinctly structured. The
various classes were bonded by legal and feudal
standards, such as protection, the responsibility for
contribution or by oath.
The area of the present canton of the Grisons
developed between the 11th and the 14th Century to
a noted castle country. Castles were centers of small
dominions and symbols of regional power. At the
same time they were residences, and both agrarian
and commercial establishments.
The widespread castles in Raetia had no coordinate,
strategic military function. As a rule, they only
consisted of a tower surrounded by smaller buildings
and a curtain wall. The number of inhabitants of an
average castle was in calm times between 15 and 20
people.
In the late Middle Ages, many castles were
destroyed, left or altered. Numerous archaeological
finds document life of the inhabitants. Even though
feuds, besieges and destruction are certified, war
was not predominant in everyday life on a castle.
20 16 21 17

POWER AND POLITICS A chronological Overview
First Cantonal Executive Counselor in the Grisons
(Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf)
1999
Women’s suffrage on cantonal and national level
1971, 1972
Switzerland escapes First and Second World Wars
1914-18, 1939-45
The Grisons become a Swiss canton
1803
The Grisons become part of the Helvetian Republic
1799-1803
Subject Territories join the Cisalpine Republic
1797
Last witch trial in the Grisons (Oberhalbstein)
1779
The Confusion of War in the Grisons
1603 – 1639
Federal Charta of the Three Leagues
1524
Beginning of the Reformation in major parts of Raetia
1523
Valtellina, Chiavenna & Bormio become Subject Territories
of the Grisons
1512
Swabian War and Battle at the Calven Gorge
1499
Foundation of the 5 Guilds in Chur
1465
Foundation of th League of the Ten Jurisdictions
1436
Foundation of the Grey or Upper League
1395
Foundation of the League of the House of God
1367
Erection of first castles
11th Century
First reference of a Bishop in Chur (Bishop Asinio)
451
Subjugation of the Raetians by the Romans
15 B.C.
First traces of human activities (Chur-Marsöl)
ca. 10’000 B.C.

1939-45: The Grisons and the Second World War Switzerland
MASTERS and the Grisons were spared AND from the CASTLES
atrocities of war.
Times were influenced by deprivations and fear of German
occupation.
On August 28, 1939, the Federal Government mobilized the border
patrols, two days later Henri Guisan was appointed general by the
Federal Assembly. At the beginning of September, mobilization
of the whole Swiss Army followed. Men who were fit for military
service had to leave their homes and take a long service while the
rest of the family suffered from labor shortage.
Food and fuel were gradually and severely rationed. With the
so-called Cultivation Battle (“Anbauschlacht”), an officially forced
expansion of crop growing on every available free surface area,
the supply of the population with stapled foods was striven for.
Innumerable refugees seeked sanctuary in Switzerland, not all
of them with success. The southern valleys of the Grisons saw
innumerable refugees destinies. In 1941 1200 Polish internees
were accommodated in the Grisons. Numerous so-called Polish
Roads („Polenwege“) such as in the Safien Valley, the Chur
Rhine Valley and the Domleschg, bear witness of their work in
Switzerland.
At the end of the war, bombers could be heard to thunder by
almost every night. The population had to blackout their windows.
Broken allied airplanes ditched or crashed. During the Second
World War, Switzerland was repeatedly bombed. On February
22, 1945, the Grison town Vals was bombed. Lots of people were
injured or killed.
Mediaeval society was distinctly structured. The
various classes were bonded by legal and feudal
standards, such as protection, the responsibility for
contribution or by oath.
The area of the present canton of the Grisons
developed between the 11th and the 14th Century to
a noted castle country. Castles were centers of small
dominions and symbols of regional power. At the
same time they were residences, and both agrarian
and commercial establishments.
The widespread castles in Raetia had no coordinate,
strategic military function. As a rule, they only
consisted of a tower surrounded by smaller buildings
and a curtain wall. The number of inhabitants of an
average castle was in calm times between 15 and 20
people.
In the late Middle Ages, many castles were
destroyed, left or altered. Numerous archaeological
finds document life of the inhabitants. Even though
feuds, besieges and destruction are certified, war
was not predominant in everyday life on a castle.
20 16 21 17

1603-1639: The Raetian The Rulers Confusion After the of War collapse in the of Grisons the West During Roman the
Thirty Empire, Year’s Raetia War first from devolved 1618 to to 1648, the Ostrogothic, the confessionally later, in and 537,
politically to the Frankish torn Grison Empire. Freestate Headquarters came in of the area administration of conflict of
the and great Bishops’ powers. see was The Chur. von Planta The constant family mainly internal supported strives in Austria the
and Frankish Spain, Empire the von permitted Salis family Raetia mainly to achieve France a and high Venice. degree of
autonomy.
In 1620, Spanish troops invaded the Valtellina while Austrian
troops Until Mid-Eight-Century, entered the Munster the Valley Victorides, (Münstertal). a family Approximately
of the local
600 ruling protestants classes, governed. were murdered They were in the both Valtellina. religious In as 1622, well the as
Grison secular Subject potentates. Territories After their were family formally died lost off as in 765 well. (Bishop In the
following Tello), Churraetia two decades, was again foreign integrated parties took closer charge to the of Frankish the power
by Empire. turns Secular in the Grisons. power gradually With the help devolved of the from Capuchin the Bishops order, the to
Austrians the counts. strove to re-convert the protestant regions to catholic
belief. The formerly protestant pastor Jörg Jenatsch, warlord
and From politician, the 11th Century led the resistance on, the Bishops against of Austria Chur regained and Spain. power. In
addition, They resumed he participated stately rights in 1621 and in conducted the murder power of Pompejus politics. They von
Planta. waged war With and the strove Uprising to expand in the Prättigau their possessions. in 1622, the The farmers control of
rose the passes up against was the basis Austrian of their sovereignty. power. In Father exchange, Fidelis the of diocese
Sigmaringen, received extensive head privileges of the Capuchin from the mission, kings was and emperors, killed. such
as the jurisdiction, market rights and the rights to tariff and to
Under mint. the guidance of Duke Henri de Rohan, the French prevailed
in 1631.
In Beside opposition the Bishops, to the persisting secular power French was occupation, distributed Jorg among Jenatsch
switched Episcopal sides, Reeves, converted Reich Reeves to catholic and the belief important and secretly families allied of
himself Tarasp, Rhäzuns with Austria and and Vaz Spain. as well In as 1637, less the important French had aristocrats to leave.
In of the Milan Fore Rhine treaty Valley of 1639, (Vorderrheintal). the Grisons regained From the their 11th Subject
Territories. Century on, In some the same of these year, rulers, Jörg followed Jenatsch by was the killed gentry in and Chur.
commissionaires of both religious and secular potentates,
began to build castles. The fragmentation of the lords’ rights,
accompanied with the gradual loss of Episcopal power,
is reflected in the close meshed net of Grison castles.
Castles 1799: The as French Farms are Unlike coming! magnificent In 1798 castles the Three in Rhäzüns, Leagues formed
Mesocco, a military Belfort alliance and with the Austria. Episcopoal The French court in interpreted Chur, life in this smaller as a
castles breach of often neutrality. had little In to March do with 1799, courtly their culture. troops marched in the
Grisons. Fierce combats took place in the Surselva and in the
The Lower background Engadine. noise The following of everyday time life stood was under not rattling the influence arms, but of
the constant tinkling changes of the flock’s of power. small bells, the clamor of the animals
and the noise of the workmen. Cattle and humans lived together
on In May cramped 1799, confines. the people of the Surselva rose up. In the Battle
of Reichenau the uprise lead to a disastrous defeat of 6’000
Castles Oberländer were (people used as from operational the Surselva farms. region). Archeological In this and evidence
found following tools battles such as 638 hatchets, local combatants sickles and died. grape The knives towns used of Tamins for
work and Disentis in fields were and gardens, burned to axes the ground and chains by French for forestry. soldiers. Clamps The
and French muckrakes also bloodily indicate avenged in husbandry. their fellow Great countrymen, importance who was were
put killed on in horses massacres for mounting during their and transportation. Grison imprisonment. Archaeological Within
digs these have events, produced Anna Maria spurs, Buhler horseshoes obtained and heroic their nails, celebrity snaffles, as
steps “Cannon and Maid metal of fragments Ems”. During of the tack. fallback Bone through remains her point town,
to she significance reached for of the hunting. reins of The the prey horses consisted pulling mainly a French of deer, gun.
chamois, As result, ibexes, the local bears farmers and boars. were able Fishing to seize was the also gun. pursued.
Manual One of the work, most such prominent as repairs figures on the of household this war was effects the Russian or
maintenance General Suwarow, of buildings, who was was an undertaken ally of the Austrians. directly at In the October castle.
Not 1799, only he and the menial his troops staff, succeeded all inhabitants, in enforcing including the passage the knight over
and the snow-covered his family, were Panix involved pass. in Another such work. sensation Needles, was thimbles, caused by
mandrels, the French spindle General whorls MacDonald, and weights who, in for the weaving winter of document 1800, led the an
activities army of approximately of the aristocratic 15’000 ladies.
men over the Splugen pass.
The war ended with the Treaty of Lunéville in February 1800.
Austria had to pull out of the Grisons.
22 14 23 15

Clacking 15 B.C.: The Dice Roman instead Campaign of Rattling In Arms the summer Helmets, of 15 swords B.C., Tiberius and
daggers and Drusus, rarely both appear stepsons among of the Emperor finds on castles. Augustus, With started the with
exception their legions of projectile a push against points, the weapon north. finds Ancient are authors rare. Weapons report
served that the hunting Roman purposes, armies advanced but were within also a aristocratic couple of months status from
symbols. the west as Everyday far as Lake life on Constance a Raetian and castle from was the probably south over rarely the
bellicose. Septimer pass through the Bergell. Additional military units
toured from Trento over the Reschen or the Brenner passes to the
Some north. amusements, such as knight tournaments, hunting and
falconry, were exclusively reserved for the aristocrats. Others
resembled Finds from those the region of common of the Septimer people. Gambling pass and at the high Oberhalbstein
stakes,
for indicate example, that units was extremely from three popular. legions The advanced. dice which Besides were sling used
to bullets gamble with and marks play, of were the made 3rd, 10th of bones. and 12th Board legion, games, there such were as
Backgammon other projectiles, and fragments Nine Men’s of Morris various were weapons, widely cleats, spread. fibulas, Chess,
which tent pegs originated and coins. from the Far East, also appealed to Raetians.
.
Sometimes, Combats took music place filled in the the region halls of the Crap castles. Ses No gorge elaborate
music (Oberhalbstein). instruments The were Roman found armies in the by Grisons far outclassed to this day the though. local
Here, troops. people Thus, probably the Roman sang legions and made were music able to with advance simple over
instruments, Lenzerheide as such far as the Chur. popular From jew’s there, harp they and continued bone flutes. their way
Gleemen through the and Alpine touring Rhine minstrels Valley may to the have north. entertained In the area the of Lake
inhabitants Constance, the of castles, entire Roman much like troops minnesingers aggregated who in order sang to about move
love on to for Augsburg an unreachable (Bavaria). aristocratic lady. Not much is known
about the spread of knightly culture in Raetian aristocracy.
After During all, the two entire depictions campaign, from the Romans Manesse conquered Manuscript no and less the than
terracotta 46 tribes. Among figurine them of a minnecouple, the Rigusci (Oberhalbstein), two lovers, on the a horse Suanetes point
at (Fore an interest Rhine Valley) in this and direction. the Calucones (area around Chur) are
suspected. As a result, the Alpine tribes kept quiet and remained
loyal against the Roman sovereignty. The conquest of the Alps
was a significant step in Roman policy of expansion.
1499: Everyday The Life Swabian in the War Castle The It Swabian was dark War and was cool influenced in late by a
multitude mediaeval of castles. great battles Only few and rooms small could ambushes. be heated. The In Swiss winter, and the
the inhabitants Grisonnais had succeeded to bar windows in crucial and crenels achievements with wooden against shutters the
Habsburg to protect themselves superiority. against wind and cold. The fireplace was
the center of the dwelling and was used to heat, cook, and light
The the space. civil population suffered severely under the acts of war.
Especially the Munster Valley (Münstertal) and the Engadine were
war-ravaged. The emergence Shattering of the ceramic-tiled reports portray stove misery in the late and 12th famine Century of
the considerably time. Even increased under the comfort combatants in the cruel castle. massacres At the beginning, occurred,
especially the tiles were the shaped Swiss had like a beakers, reputation later of “not they keeping were rectangular prisoners”.
shaped, glazed and adorned. A new smoke-free room was the
In result the Battle of the advanced at the Calvern heat gorge source: on the May parlor 22, 1499, (Stube). 8’000
Grisonnais fought bravely at the entrenchment against the
Habsburg During the troops 14th Century, (approx. the 13’000 emerging men). vitrification Thanks to the of the legendary windows
sacrificial allowed larger death openings of the Grison in the captain walls: rooms Benedikt were Fontana, light-flooded they
finally and representative succeeded to halls breakthrough. could be used The year Habsburg in, year eloped out. Very and
suffered often they in were the confusion plastered even and painted, greater losses. adorned This with battle incised and
Benedikt decorations Fontana and later became sometimes the symbol panelled. of the To Grison this day, freedom there in are
the no proves second of half the of use the of 19th tapestries Century. in The the Grisons. peak of the In many cult of castles, his
person the floors was were the covered Calven Celebration with tiles in in geometric 1899. or figurative
patterns.
Another place of honor in Grison history belongs to Donna
Lupa. Castles When were the scarcely Tyrolian furnished troops reached with wooden Tschlin, furniture. it was she Finds who like
outflanked strap-work, them adorned and made locks and them keys leave traced by telling back them to the that frequent the
Grisonnais use of chests, are cabinets waiting for and them. wardrobes. No tables, chairs,
benches and beds remained. Other appliances, such as pots
With and beakers the Treaty made of Basle of soapstone of 1499, (Lavez), the war ended wooden in dishes favour and of the iron
Swiss knives and were the found. Grisonnais. All these This finds allowed attest them to a modest to affirm everyday their
independence life.
within the Holy Roman Empire.
24 12 25 13

THE ARMIES THREE AND LEAGUES WARS
AND THE SUBJECT TERRITORY VALTELLINA
The From various the 16th military to the conflicts 18th Century, from present-day
antiquity to the
present Grisons reflect consisted the of eventful the Freestate history of the Three Grisons
and Leagues. the importance It was assembled of the region. by the Upper or Grey
League, the League of the House of God and the
In League 15 B.C., of the Ten Romans Jurisdictions. led a campaign over the
Raetian passes to both secure themselves better
against Due to an the absent Alpine central clans and power, to conquer the Federal new Charta of
provinces. 1524 acted as constitutional foundation. Communes
At replaced the end local of the feudal 15th nobility. Century, Grisons the League was of split the into
House approximately of God and 50 Court the League Communes. of the Ten Adjudication Jurisdictions
formed and landmark an alliance ruling with was the reached Swiss Confederation
by an open council
against within the Court Habsburgs. Communes. In the Nevertheless, aftermath, the influence Swabian
War and power (Schwabenkrieg) of the ruling of classes 1499 came still to governed a bloody ballots end.
Confessionally throughout. and politically torn, the Grisons
became By reason engaged of its geographical in the Thirty location, Years’ War the Bishop’s
(Dreissigjähriger see and its size, Chuar Krieg, became 1618 - 1648) the unofficial and were capital. on the
verge of breaking up. Famine and the plague followed
the Between depredations 1512 and of 1792, war. the Three Leagues ruled
In for 1799, almost battles three between centuries the over great their European subjects powers in the
broke Valtellina, out. Chiavenna Despite grim and resistance, Bormio, at French the southern troops
seized foot of the Alpine country. passes.
During At the end Second of the World 18th Century, War, every the day Freestate life of the
population of the Three was Leagues made lost difficult. its “colonies” Every man und who its was fit
for independence. military service Between had to 1799 stop and working 1803 it at was the part local of
business the Helvetian and Republic. serve at the Since border. 1803, the Grisons is a
canton of the Swiss Confederation.
26 10 27 11

56 The Court Johann Communes Gaudenz On von the Salis-Seewis, Record (Landbuch), Offizier und the Dichter,
constitution, 1762-1834 of 1622 of the Court Commune (Gerichtsgemeinde)
Avers the following can be read:
57 „We have Tobias our Deflorin, own scepter Kaminfegermeister and seal, rod and in gallows, Trun, geboren thank God, 1903
we do not owe any foreign sovereign and master anything.”
58 Jakob Ulrich Sprecher von Bernegg, führender Politiker,
This proud statement gives us an idea of the central symbols of
1765-1841
sovereignty and jurisdiction.
59 Simeon Benedict, evangelischer Pfarrer in Chur, 1767-1832
The Avers valley was one of the approximate 50 Court Communes
60 in the Freestate Amalia von of Sprecher-von the Three Leagues Marchion, (Freistaat 1829-1879 der Drei Bünde),
which were endued with a high degree of independence. Each
61 Court Commune Hanspeter spanned Lebrument, a valley Verleger, or the geboren section of 1941 a valley and
joined several Neighborships, corresponding approximately
62 the political Und ich: municipalities Habe ich auch of today. Macht? Like Mache today, ich the auch Mayor Politik?
(Landammann), a post appointed to a male citizen by the Country
63 Assembly, John presided Hitz aus over Klosters, the Court Schweizer Commune. Generalkonsul At warlike in events,
the troop
Washington,
(das “Fähnlein”),
1797-1864
went to war under the flag of the High
Court.
64 Richard Coray, Brückenbauer, 1869-1946
The Court Commune Heinzenberg, for instance, which belonged
65 Diokletian, römischer Kaiser, 284-305 n. Chr.
to the High Court of Thusis, was part of the Grey or Upper League.
66 Its Neighborships Josephus von within Planta, the Vorsteher Court Commune des British were Museum, Flerden,
Portein, 1744-1827 Präz, Sarn and Urmein.
67 The Grison Peter Court Zumthor, Communes Architekt, were geboren small states 1943 with far reaching
authorities. They all belonged to one of the Three Leagues,
68 building Alfred a sovereign, (Florian but Adolf) weak von state Planta, with Nationalrat,
constricted authorities,
mainly Botschafter in foreign politics. in Rom Endeavors und Berlin, in 1857-1922 standardization, such as
masses and weights, were hardly successful. Even in the 18th
69 Jakob Beeli-Sprecher, Cafétier in Posen (heute in Polen),
Century a pound in the Munster Valley (Val Müstair) did not weigh
1791-1867
the same as in Chur.
70 Leon Schlumpf, Bundesrat 1980-87, geboren 1925
71 The “Big Jean Shots” de Castelmur, A few dozens franz. noble Baron, families and clans built up
the ruling Burgbesitzer class. Prominent in Stampa-Coltura, among them 1800-1871 were the Salis and the
Planta. In the relatively democratic leagues, these families were
72 unable Augustus, to invoke on römischer political Kaiser, privileges 27 v. though. Chr.-14 Instead, n. Chr. they stood
out of the crowd by their revenues, their fortunes, education and
73 Banadetg Fontana, Freiheitsheld, gefallen 1499
a far reaching network. Like all women, female aristocrats were
barred from the political public. Nevertheless, they formed an
74 Johann Wilhelm Fortunat Coaz, Topograf,
important part of marriage- and hereditary strategies.
eidg. Oberforstinspektor, 1822-1918
75 The common Gaudenz man von left Planta, the most „der important Bär“, führender and often Politiker, bribable
posts in 1757-1834 the Court Communes, Leagues and the Subject
Territories to this elite. Usually, he depended on them, not
76 necessarily Conrad politically, von Planta, but erster economically. Bündner At Landeshauptmann sporadic intervals, im
Fahnlilupfen Veltin, 1512 and tribunals were held against the so-called “Big
Shots”.
77 A common Giulia accusation Santi, spätere was the Baldini, acting 1836 in opposition to the
state’s interests. Often, these special courts of justice imposed
78 Otto Largiadèr mit Familie, Regierungsrat 1975-1986,
draconian sentences. They were not always a rebellion from the
geboren 1926
lower classes - as in warlike times, hardship and famine - but
often a means of party politics.
79 Felix Maria Diogg, Portrait-Maler, 1762-1834
80 Perhaps Anton because Cadonau, of the Kaufmann powerful position und Wohltäter, of individual 1850-1929 families
and the often violent politics, a grim popular expression was
81 created: Richard In the La Grisons Nicca, you Ingenieur, need three 1794-1883 people to bring a person
from life to death: One Salis (willow; bend up the lower left arm),
a 82 Planta Tiberius, (plant; same römischer movement Alpenfeldzug with the 15 lower v. Chr., right arm) and a
Travers Kaiser (crossbeam; 14-37 n. adumbrate Chr. a crossbeam above).
83 Christine Mohr, geboren 1671
28 8 29 9

The 28 Unofficial Georg Fient, Capital kant. By Kanzleisekretär 451 Chur was Episcopal und Schriftsteller, see. After
founding 1845-1912 the League of the House of God (Gotteshausbund) in
1367, the Bishop’s power dwindled. The foundation of the 5 Guilds
(5 29 Zünfte) Josias in 1465 Hartmann and the aus Reformation Says, Schützenweltmeister,
after 1523, led to the
emancipation
1893-1982
of the citizens.
30 Ortlieb von Brandis, Churer Bischof, 1458-1491
Like its counterpart at the southern foot of the Alps, Chiavenna,
Chur, not being a formal capital, yet served functions of a center,
31 Angelika Kauffmann, Malerin, geboren in Chur, 1741-1807
based on its geographical position and economical significance.
Foreign 32 Meta ambassadors von Salis-Marschlins, favored the only Historikerin veritable und Grison city for
their residence. Frauenrechtlerin, Repine Grisonnais, 1855-1915 too, liked to flock after a
Fahnlilupf to the tribunal in Chur.
33 Johannes Guler von Wynegg (der ältere), Heerführer,
As city Historiker, that chaired 1562-1637 the League of the House of God, Chur was on
the same level with Davos, which chaired the League of the Ten
Jurisdictions 34 Carlo Casati, (Zehngerichtenbund) spanischer Botschafter, and Ilanz, gestorben which chaired 1730the
Grey or Upper League (Grauer oder Oberer Bund).
35 Andreas Rudolf von Planta, Unternehmer und Politiker,
Conventions with messengers of the Court Communes
1819-1889
(Gerichtsgemeinden) alternately took place on these three
locations. Chur never succeeded in becoming a city-state with
36 Christian Klucker, Bergführer, 1852-1928
its own surrounding dominion. Its legal position never stood out
significantly 37 Giachen among Caspar the Muoth, rural Court Lehrer, Communes. Historiker und Dichter,
1844-1906
The Freestate of the Three Leagues (Freistaat der Drei
Bünde) 38 A. never Feldscher had a permanent aus Masein, administration Schauspieler in or Russland, government.
The administration 1825-1885 of Chur settled most of the few tasks.
Correspondence to the Freestate was first opened by the
president 39 Heini of Hemmi, the League Olympiasieger of the House 1976 of God im (until Riesenslalom, 1700 always
the Mayor
geboren
of Chur),
1949
later by a city councilor. The town chronicler
secured the management of the few collective funds.
40 Georg Philipp von Schauenstein, Freiherr von Haldenstein
1671-1695, auf einem Gulden
41 The Subjects Johann In Alois 1512, Wolf the aus Three Untervaz, Leagues conquered the Valtellina
and the Schweizer counties of Tambour-Major, Chiavenna and 1839-1927 Bormio. Thus they not only
controlled the Alpine passes at the northern, but also at the
42 southern Pompejus foot of the von mountain. Planta, führender Politiker, 1569-1621
43 Henri Duc de Rohan, französischer Feldherr, 1579-1638
Historiography differs about a possible promise of equal rights
to the Valtellina and the counties. In reality, they were treated as
44 Claudius, römischer Kaiser, 41-54 n.Chr
Subject Territories. Vicegerent was the state governor based in
45
Sondrio;
Antonio
on his
de
side
Molina,
stood
Politiker
the Vicari.
und
They
Militär
were
aus
supported
dem
by a
Commissari Calancatal, in Chiavenna ca. 1580-1650 and Podestàs in six other locations.
The posts were assigned in rotation by the Court Communes.
46 Maximilian Franz, mehrere Male Regierungsrat, 1814-1889
The entitlement to revenues from forfeits and legal costs
47 led to stark Thomas abuse Domenig, among Architekt, the Grison geboren judges and 1933 to bribery in
obtaining the posts. This caused trouble and rebellion, at times of
48 confessional Anna Meisser character. aus At Klosters, least in the geboren local 1855 administration and in
economic life, the population was able to keep its independence.
49 Reto Gurtner, Tourismusunternehmer, geboren 1955
Oftentimes, the upper classes co-operated with the Grison
authorities.
50 Sep Antoni Deragisch junior, Töpfer in Bugnei (Tujetsch),
1842-1931
The accumulating complaints of the subjects remained
51 unsuccessful. Fidelis von Even Sigmaringen, after the French Märtyrer, Revolution, 1577-1622 equal rights
were ineligible for the majority of the Grisonnais. Thus, in 1797,
52 the Valtellina, Magdalena Chiavenna Martullo-Blocher, and Bormio Leiterin were incorporated der into the
Cisalpine EMS-Chemie Republic and Holding lost forever AG, geboren for the 1969 Grisons, a loss that
had enormous economic consequences.
53 Cla Feuerstein, Jäger, Scuol, um 1920
The Regnancy of Maienfeld was in an odd position: It belonged
54
to the Subject
Gian Francesco
Territories
Trivulzio,
as well
letzter
as to the
Inhaber
League of the Ten
der Herrschaft Misox 1518-1549, auf einem Testone
Jurisdictions, being both dominated and dominant at the same
time.
55 Maria Franz, geborene Cloëtta, Gattin von
Regierungsrat Franz, 1816-1897
30 6 31 7

POWER AND POLITICS
THE DARK SIDE
How do we recognize power?
OF JUSTICE
1 Johannes Paul Beeli von Belfort, evang. Pfarrer in Chur
(und Chiavenna?), um 1700
2 Walo Burkart, Kreisförster und Archäologe, 1877-1952
3 Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, Inhaber der Herrschaft Misox,
1487-1518
4 Andreas Gadient, Divisionär, geboren 1927
5 Napoleon Bonaparte, französischer Kaiser, 1769-1821
6 Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, Regierungsrätin seit 1999,
geboren 1956
7 Mädchen aus der Churer Familie Laurer, 1827-1846
8 Otto Barblan, Komponist, 1860-1943
9 Barbara Danuser aus Felsberg, Arbeitslehrerin und
Gemüsegärtnerin, 1899-1986
10 Donat Cadruvi, Regierungsrat 1979-88, 1923-1998
11 Margaretha Enderlin von Montzwick, 1647-1711
12 Wilhelm Maria Rizzi, Kirchen- und Portrait-Maler,
1802-1858
13 Rodolfo Baldini und Giulia Baldini-Santi, Bergeller Familie
in Italien, erste Hälfte 19. Jahrhundert
Criminal 14 Gabriele law de of Gabrieli, the Three Architekt Leagues aus Roveredo, was affair 1671-1747 of the
Court Communes.
15 Johann Friedrich von Tscharner, Churer Publizist und
Until Politiker, the Mid-Nineteenth 1780-1844 Century, local “constitution”
was in use. Disastrous was the fact that torture was
permitted 16 Bernhard to draw Laurer-Risch, a confession. Apotheker, Naturally, Churer Zunftmeister, this lead
to coerced 1764-1823 statements and denunciation of innocent
Elisabeth Laurer-Risch, Gattin des Zunftmeisters
people.
Bernhard, 1774-1847
Especially 17 Martin in Schreiber-Risch, the 17th Century, Posthalter witch in Thusis, hunts ravaged 1812-1871 in
numerous valleys of the Grisons. The majority of the
18 Ugo Foscolo, italienischer Dichter, Emigrant im Misox,
victims accused of harmful magic (Schadenszauber)
1778-1827
were women.
19 Ulysses von Salis-Marschlins, führender Politiker,
The executioner 1728-1800 played a central role in the court
cases. In order to get an early confession, the torture
20 Giusep Nay, eidgenössischer Bundesrichter 1989-2006,
instruments geboren 1942 were shown to the accused. Not every
Court Commune had an executioner though, and
pains 21 Johann had to Gaudenz be taken von for Salis-Seewis, Chur’s executioner, Offizier und Dichter, often
called 1762-1834 Master John (Meister Hans).
Many execution places were located in vicinity
22 Giovanni Segantini, Maler, 1858-1899
to rural roads in order to demonstrate the
consequences 23 Karl der Grosse, of crime. deutscher In the König cantonal und Kaiser, penal 768-814 law
of 1851 death penalty was left only for a few capital
24 Jörg Jenatsch, evangelischer Pfarrer, Offizier, Politiker,
crimes.
1596-1639
Torture 25 Vitus and Huonder, death Churer penalty Bischof have seit not 2007, disappeared.
geboren 1942
Amnesty International keeps standing up for the
26 abolition unbekanntes of torture.
sitzendes Kleinkind, um 1800
27 Pater Placi a Spescha, Mönch und Forscher, 1752-1833
32 4 33 5

POWER AND POLITICS
The Impressum second and most magnificent floor of the
building Neue Dauerausstellung deals with the im ersten “traditional” Obergeschoss way of historical
interpretation: events, (mostly male) individuals,
Inhaltliches Konzept:
justice, offices and institutions. The display focuses
Jürg Simonett
on dates Yves and Mühlemann chronology. It is not exhaustive, but
covers significant examples instead. Either way,
power Gestaltung and Ausstellung politics are und involved. Grafik:
gasser, derungs Innenarchitekturen
- Who had and who still has power?
- Bauliche How was Massnahmen: and how is power still wielded?
Hochbauamt Graubünden
- What kinds of power are there?
Rudolf Fontana & Partner AG
- How do we recognize power?
Übersetzungen:
In this perspective, Standeskanzlei each Graubünden room displays important
subjects Jessica of the Tang Grison’s history:
Armies and Wars; Masters and Castles; The Three
Leagues Fotos: and the Subject Territory Valtellina; The
Rätisches Museum
Dark Side of Justice
Die Südostschweiz
Bündner Tagblatt
Foreign interests in the Alpine passes and a
landscape Leihgaben: divided into small political sections
remained Archäologischer constant throughout Dienst Graubünden the Grison’s history.
The building Kantonsbibliothek which houses Graubünden the museum makes
part of this Staatsarchiv history. Graubünden For centuries, the Buol family
Ehepaar Trepp, Cinuos-chel
belonged to both the Grisons’ upper and ruling
classes.
2007 © Rätisches Museum, Chur
34 2 35 3