Richard J. Gerrig, Ph.D. and Philip Zimbardo, Ph.D.
Richard J. Gerrig, Ph.D. and Philip Zimbardo, Ph.D.
Richard J. Gerrig, Ph.D. and Philip Zimbardo, Ph.D.
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Underst<strong>and</strong>ing Motivation<br />
Eating<br />
Sexual Behaviors<br />
Motivation for Personal Achievement<br />
Motivation<br />
Chapter 11 Preview<br />
Underst<strong>and</strong>ing Motivation<br />
Starting, directing, <strong>and</strong><br />
maintaining physical <strong>and</strong><br />
psychological activities<br />
Chapter 11<br />
Motivation<br />
1
To relate biology<br />
to behavior<br />
Drives<br />
Underst<strong>and</strong>ing Motivation<br />
To account for<br />
behavioral<br />
variability<br />
• Internal states<br />
that arise in<br />
response to<br />
disequilibrium<br />
To infer private<br />
states from<br />
public acts<br />
Functions of<br />
Motivational<br />
Concepts<br />
To assign<br />
responsibility for<br />
actions<br />
Sources of Motivation<br />
Homeostasis<br />
• Constancy or<br />
equilibrium<br />
<strong>and</strong> balance<br />
Sources of Motivation<br />
Instincts<br />
To explain<br />
perseverance<br />
despite adversity<br />
Incentives<br />
• External<br />
stimuli or<br />
rewards that<br />
motivate<br />
behavior<br />
• Preprogrammed tendencies<br />
essential to species survival<br />
2
Expectations<br />
<strong>and</strong> Cognitive<br />
Approaches<br />
Sources of Motivation<br />
Julian Rotter<br />
Social-learning theory<br />
Fritz Heider<br />
Dispositional forces<br />
Situational forces<br />
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs<br />
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs<br />
Needs of each level<br />
must be met before next<br />
level can be achieved<br />
Need of each individual<br />
to grow <strong>and</strong> actualize<br />
highest potential<br />
3
Peripheral<br />
Responses<br />
Walter Cannon<br />
Satiety<br />
<strong>Ph</strong>ysiology of Eating<br />
Central<br />
Responses<br />
Lateral<br />
Hypothalamus (LH)<br />
Ventromedial<br />
Hypothalamus<br />
(VMH)<br />
The Psychology of Eating<br />
Cultural<br />
Impact on<br />
Eating<br />
U.S. Government<br />
• Determines “serving size”<br />
• Provides advice on components of<br />
healthy diet<br />
The Psychology of Eating<br />
Predisposal<br />
to Obesity<br />
Genetic evidence<br />
Gene that controls leptin<br />
Influence on regulation<br />
of internal hunger cues<br />
4
Obesity<br />
<strong>and</strong><br />
Dieting<br />
The Psychology of Eating<br />
Body Mass<br />
Index (BMI)<br />
Restrained<br />
vs.<br />
Unrestraine<br />
d Eating<br />
Janet Polivy<br />
<strong>and</strong> Peter<br />
Herman<br />
The Psychology of Eating<br />
Eating<br />
Disorders<br />
<strong>and</strong> Body<br />
Image<br />
Anorexia<br />
Nervosa<br />
Bulimia<br />
Nervosa<br />
Binge Eating<br />
Disorder<br />
Sexual Behaviors<br />
<strong>Ph</strong>eromones<br />
Non-Human<br />
Sexual Behaviors<br />
Estrogen<br />
Androgens<br />
5
Psychology in Your Life<br />
How does the presence of others influence<br />
your eating?<br />
The next time you eat with other people try to<br />
think about how your consumption might<br />
reflect your desire to provide a particular<br />
impression.<br />
Read the information on page 308 of your text<br />
to help formulate your answer.<br />
Sexual Behaviors<br />
Human Sexual Arousal <strong>and</strong> Response<br />
Sexual Arousal<br />
Motivational state of<br />
excitement <strong>and</strong> tension<br />
brought about by<br />
physiological <strong>and</strong> cognitive<br />
reactions to erotic stimuli<br />
Sexual Behaviors<br />
Human Sexual Arousal <strong>and</strong> Response<br />
Masters<br />
<strong>and</strong><br />
Johnson<br />
Excitement<br />
Plateau<br />
Orgasm<br />
Resolution<br />
6
<strong>Ph</strong>ases of Human Sexual Response<br />
Evolution of<br />
Sexual Behaviors<br />
• David Buss<br />
• Parental Investment<br />
Sexual Behaviors<br />
Sexual Norms<br />
• Alfred Kinsey<br />
• Sexual Scripts<br />
• Date Rape<br />
Sexual Behaviors<br />
7
Motivation of Personal Achievement<br />
Need for<br />
Achievement<br />
Henry Murray<br />
• Basic need to<br />
strive for<br />
achievement of<br />
goals<br />
David<br />
McClell<strong>and</strong><br />
• Thematic<br />
Apperception Test<br />
(TAT)<br />
• nAch<br />
Attributions for Success <strong>and</strong> Failure<br />
Attributions<br />
Judgments about causes<br />
of outcomes<br />
Attributions for Success <strong>and</strong> Failure<br />
Locus of<br />
Control<br />
Orientations<br />
• Internal versus<br />
External<br />
• Stability versus<br />
Instability<br />
• Global versus<br />
Specific<br />
8
Attributions Regarding Causes for<br />
Behavioral Outcomes<br />
Attributions for Success <strong>and</strong> Failure<br />
Attributional<br />
Styles<br />
• Martin Seligman<br />
• Explanatory<br />
style<br />
• Optimism versus<br />
Pessimism<br />
Work <strong>and</strong> Organizational Psychology<br />
Organizational Psychologists<br />
• Equity Theory<br />
• Workers are motivated to maintain fair <strong>and</strong> equitable<br />
relationships<br />
• Expectancy Theory<br />
• Workers are motivated when they expect their efforts <strong>and</strong><br />
job performance to result in desired outcomes<br />
9
Recapping Chapter 11 Main Points<br />
Underst<strong>and</strong>ing Motivation<br />
• Functions of Motivational Concepts<br />
• Sources of Motivation<br />
• Hierarchy of Needs<br />
Eating<br />
• <strong>Ph</strong>ysiology of Eating<br />
• Psychology of Eating<br />
Recapping Chapter 11 Main Points<br />
Sexual Behaviors<br />
• Non-Human Sexual Behaviors<br />
• Human Sexual Arousal <strong>and</strong> response<br />
• Evolution of Sexual Behaviors<br />
• Sexual Norms<br />
• Homosexuality<br />
Motivation for Personal Achievement<br />
• Need for Achievement<br />
• Attributions for Success <strong>and</strong> Failure<br />
• Work <strong>and</strong> Organizational Psychology<br />
10
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