[P] Programming

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Copyright c○ 1985–2009 by StataCorp LP All rights reserved Version 11 Published by Stata Press, 4905 Lakeway Drive, College Station, Texas 77845 Typeset in TEX Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN-10: 1-59718-060-2 ISBN-13: 978-1-59718-060-3 This manual is protected by copyright. All rights are reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed, in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise—without the prior written permission of StataCorp LP unless permitted by the license granted to you by StataCorp LP to use the software and documentation. No license, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. StataCorp provides this manual “as is” without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. StataCorp may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and the program(s) described in this manual at any time and without notice. The software described in this manual is furnished under a license agreement or nondisclosure agreement. The software may be copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement. It is against the law to copy the software onto DVD, CD, disk, diskette, tape, or any other medium for any purpose other than backup or archival purposes. The automobile dataset appearing on the accompanying media is Copyright c○ 1979 by Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., Yonkers, NY 10703-1057 and is reproduced by permission from CONSUMER REPORTS, April 1979. Stata and Mata are registered trademarks and NetCourse is a trademark of StataCorp LP. Other brand and product names are registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective companies. For copyright information about the software, type help copyright within Stata. The suggested citation for this software is StataCorp. 2009. Stata: Release 11. Statistical Software. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
Table of contents intro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction to programming manual 1 automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Automation 6 break . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suppress Break key 7 byable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Make programs byable 9 capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capture return code 16 char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Characteristics 20 class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class programming 24 class exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exit class-member program and return result 59 classutil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class programming utility 61 comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add comments to programs 66 confirm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Argument verification 68 continue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Break out of loops 73 creturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return c-class values 75 datasignature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Determine whether data have changed 86 #delimit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change delimiter 89 dialog programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dialog programming 91 discard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drop automatically loaded programs 92 display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Display strings and values of scalar expressions 93 ereturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Post the estimation results 103 error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Display generic error message and exit 118 estat programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Controlling estat after user-written commands 132 estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manage estimation results 136 exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exit from a program or do-file 140 file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Read and write ASCII text and binary files 143 file formats .dta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Description of .dta file format 161 findfile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Find file in path 162 foreach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loop over items 164 forvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loop over consecutive values 172 fvexpand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expand factor varlists 176 gettoken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Low-level parsing 177 if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . if programming command 181 include . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Include commands from file 184 levelsof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Levels of variable 187 macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Macro definition and manipulation 190 macro lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manipulate lists 210 makecns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Constrained estimation 214 mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mark observations for inclusion 220 matlist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Display a matrix and control its format 226 matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction to matrix commands 238 matrix accum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Form cross-product matrices 242 matrix define . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matrix definition, operators, and functions 251 matrix dissimilarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compute similarity or dissimilarity measures 269 matrix eigenvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eigenvalues of nonsymmetric matrices 274 matrix get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Access system matrices 277 i
Page 1: STATA PROGRAMMING REFERENCE MANUAL
Page 5 and 6: Combined subject table of contents
Page 7 and 8: [R] db . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: [P] sortpreserve . . . . . . . . .
Page 11: Cross-referencing the documentation
Page 14 and 15: 2 intro — Introduction to program
Page 16 and 17: 4 intro — Introduction to program
Page 18 and 19: Title automation — Automation Des
Page 20 and 21: 8 break — Suppress Break key nobr
Page 22 and 23: 10 byable — Make programs byable
Page 28 and 29: Title Syntax capture — Capture re
Page 30 and 31: 18 capture — Capture return code
Page 32 and 33: Title Syntax char — Characteristi
Page 34 and 35: 22 char — Characteristics Example
Page 36 and 37: Title class — Class programming D
Page 38 and 39: 26 class — Class programming vers
Page 40 and 41: 28 class — Class programming Afte
Page 44 and 45: 32 class — Class programming You
Page 48 and 49: 36 class — Class programming 4.7
Page 50 and 51: 38 class — Class programming time
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40 class — Class programming Perh
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42 class — Class programming In b
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44 class — Class programming # If
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46 class — Class programming Buil
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48 class — Class programming 9. P
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50 class — Class programming vers
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52 class — Class programming Pret
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54 class — Class programming If a
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56 class — Class programming The
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58 class — Class programming Buil
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60 class exit — Exit class-member
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62 classutil — Class programming
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64 classutil — Class programming
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Title comments — Add comments to
Page 80 and 81:
Title Syntax confirm — Argument v
Page 82 and 83:
70 confirm — Argument verificatio
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72 confirm — Argument verificatio
Page 86 and 87:
74 continue — Break out of loops
Page 88 and 89:
76 creturn — Return c-class value
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Title Syntax datasignature — Dete
Page 100 and 101:
88 datasignature — Determine whet
Page 102 and 103:
90 #delimit — Change delimiter #d
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Title Syntax discard — Drop autom
Page 106 and 107:
94 display — Display strings and
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104 ereturn — Post the estimation
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Title Syntax error — Display gene
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120 error — Display generic error
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Title estat programming — Control
Page 146 and 147:
134 estat programming — Controlli
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Title Syntax estimates — Manage e
Page 150 and 151:
138 estimates — Manage estimation
Page 152 and 153:
Title Syntax exit — Exit from a p
Page 154 and 155:
142 exit — Exit from a program or
Page 156 and 157:
144 file — Read and write ASCII t
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Title Syntax findfile — Find file
Page 176 and 177:
Title Syntax foreach — Loop over
Page 178 and 179:
166 foreach — Loop over items The
Page 180 and 181:
168 foreach — Loop over items Exa
Page 182 and 183:
170 foreach — Loop over items If
Page 184 and 185:
Title Syntax forvalues — Loop ove
Page 186 and 187:
174 forvalues — Loop over consecu
Page 188 and 189:
Title Syntax fvexpand — Expand fa
Page 190 and 191:
178 gettoken — Low-level parsing
Page 192 and 193:
180 gettoken — Low-level parsing
Page 194 and 195:
182 if — if programming command E
Page 196 and 197:
Title Syntax include — Include co
Page 198 and 199:
186 include — Include commands fr
Page 200 and 201:
188 levelsof — Levels of variable
Page 202 and 203:
Title Syntax macro — Macro defini
Page 204 and 205:
192 macro — Macro definition and
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Title Syntax macro lists — Manipu
Page 224 and 225:
212 macro lists — Manipulate list
Page 226 and 227:
Title Syntax makecns — Constraine
Page 228 and 229:
216 makecns — Constrained estimat
Page 230 and 231:
218 makecns — Constrained estimat
Page 232 and 233:
Title Syntax mark — Mark observat
Page 234 and 235:
222 mark — Mark observations for
Page 236 and 237:
224 mark — Mark observations for
Page 238 and 239:
Title Syntax matlist — Display a
Page 240 and 241:
228 matlist — Display a matrix an
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Title matrix — Introduction to ma
Page 252 and 253:
240 matrix — Introduction to matr
Page 254 and 255:
Title Syntax matrix accum — Form
Page 256 and 257:
244 matrix accum — Form cross-pro
Page 258 and 259:
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252 matrix define — Matrix defini
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270 matrix dissimilarity — Comput
Page 284 and 285:
272 matrix dissimilarity — Comput
Page 286 and 287:
Title Syntax Menu matrix eigenvalue
Page 288 and 289:
276 matrix eigenvalues — Eigenval
Page 290 and 291:
278 matrix get — Access system ma
Page 292 and 293:
Title Syntax Menu matrix mkmat —
Page 294 and 295:
282 matrix mkmat — Convert variab
Page 296 and 297:
284 matrix mkmat — Convert variab
Page 298 and 299:
Title Syntax matrix rownames — Na
Page 300 and 301:
288 matrix rownames — Name rows a
Page 302 and 303:
290 matrix rownames — Name rows a
Page 304 and 305:
292 matrix score — Score data fro
Page 306 and 307:
Title Syntax Menu matrix svd — Si
Page 308 and 309:
296 matrix svd — Singular value d
Page 310 and 311:
298 matrix symeigen — Eigenvalues
Page 312 and 313:
Title Syntax Menu matrix utility
Page 314 and 315:
302 matrix utility — List, rename
Page 316 and 317:
Title Syntax nopreserve option —
Page 318 and 319:
306 numlist — Parse numeric lists
Page 320 and 321:
Title Syntax pause — Program debu
Page 322 and 323:
310 pause — Program debugging com
Page 324 and 325:
Title Syntax postfile — Save resu
Page 326 and 327:
314 postfile — Save results in St
Page 328 and 329:
Title Syntax predict — Obtain pre
Page 330 and 331:
Title Syntax preserve — Preserve
Page 332 and 333:
320 preserve — Preserve and resto
Page 334 and 335:
322 program — Define and manipula
Page 336 and 337:
324 program — Define and manipula
Page 338 and 339:
326 program properties — Properti
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328 program properties — Properti
Page 342 and 343:
Title Syntax quietly — Quietly an
Page 344 and 345:
332 quietly — Quietly and noisily
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Title Syntax return — Preserve sa
Page 348 and 349:
336 return — Preserve saved resul
Page 350 and 351:
338 return — Return saved results
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Page 358 and 359:
346 rmcoll — Remove collinear var
Page 360 and 361:
348 rmcoll — Remove collinear var
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Title Syntax robust — Robust vari
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352 robust — Robust variance esti
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Title Syntax scalar — Scalar vari
Page 388 and 389:
376 scalar — Scalar variables Now
Page 390 and 391:
378 scalar — Scalar variables The
Page 392 and 393:
380 scalar — Scalar variables A b
Page 394 and 395:
382 serset — Create and manipulat
Page 396 and 397:
Page 398 and 399:
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Page 402 and 403:
390 signestimationsample — Determ
Page 404 and 405:
Title Syntax sleep — Pause for a
Page 406 and 407:
394 smcl — Stata Markup and Contr
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418 sortpreserve — Sort within pr
Page 432 and 433:
Title Syntax syntax — Parse Stata
Page 434 and 435:
422 syntax — Parse Stata syntax d
Page 436 and 437:
424 syntax — Parse Stata syntax d
Page 438 and 439:
426 syntax — Parse Stata syntax o
Page 440 and 441:
428 syntax — Parse Stata syntax o
Page 442 and 443:
430 syntax — Parse Stata syntax T
Page 444 and 445:
432 syntax — Parse Stata syntax Y
Page 446 and 447:
434 syntax — Parse Stata syntax F
Page 448 and 449:
Title Syntax sysdir — Query and s
Page 450 and 451:
438 sysdir — Query and set system
Page 452 and 453:
440 sysdir — Query and set system
Page 454 and 455:
442 tabdisp — Display tables by(s
Page 456 and 457:
444 tabdisp — Display tables . us
Page 458 and 459:
446 tabdisp — Display tables . co
Page 460 and 461:
448 tabdisp — Display tables . us
Page 462 and 463:
450 timer — Time sections of code
Page 464 and 465:
452 tokenize — Divide strings int
Page 466 and 467:
454 trace — Debug Stata programs
Page 468 and 469:
Page 470 and 471:
Page 472 and 473:
460 unab — Unabbreviate variable
Page 474 and 475:
Title Syntax unabcmd — Unabbrevia
Page 476 and 477:
Title Syntax version — Version co
Page 478 and 479:
Title Syntax viewsource — View so
Page 480 and 481:
468 while — Looping program demo
Page 482 and 483:
Title Syntax window programming —
Page 484 and 485:
472 Subject and author index c(file
Page 486 and 487:
474 Subject and author index covari
Page 488 and 489:
476 Subject and author index Greene
Page 490 and 491:
478 Subject and author index member
Page 492 and 493:
480 Subject and author index s-clas
Page 494:
482 Subject and author index Window
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