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34 class — Class programming version 11 class coordinate { double x double y } program .new if "‘0’" != "" { .set ‘0’ } end program .set args x y .x = ‘x’ .y = ‘y’ end With this addition, we could type .coord = .coordinate.new .coord.set 2 4 or we could type .coord = .coordinate.new 2 4 begin coordinate.class end coordinate.class We have arranged .new to take arguments—optional ones here—that specify where the new point is to be located. We wrote the code so that .new calls .set, although we could just as well have written the code so that the lines in .set appeared in .new and then deleted the .set program. In fact, the two-part construction can be desirable because then we have a function that will reset the contents of an existing class as well. In any case, by defining your own .new, you can arrange for any sort of complicated initialization of the class, and that initialization can be a function of arguments specified if that is necessary. The .new program need not return anything; see 6. Member programs’ return values. .new programs are not restricted just to filling in initial values. They are programs that you can code however you wish. .new is run every time a new instance of a class is created with one exception: when an instance is created as a member of another instance (in which case, the results are prerecorded). 4.5 Another way of declaring In addition to the syntax type name = initialization where type is one of double, string, classname, or array, there is an alternative syntax that reads name = initialization That is, you may omit specifying type when you specify how the member variable is to be initialized because, then, the type of the member variable can be inferred from the initialization.
4.6 Scope class — Class programming 35 In the examples we have seen so far, the member variables are unique to the instance. For example, if we have .coord1 = .coordinate.new .coord2 = .coordinate.new then the member variables of .coord1 have nothing to do with the member variables of .coord2. If we were to change .coord1.x, then .coord2.x would remain unchanged. Classes can also have variables that are shared across all instances of the class. Consider begin coordinate2.class version 11 class coordinate2 { classwide: double x_origin = 0 double y_origin = 0 instancespecific: double x = 0 double y = 0 } end coordinate2.class In this class definition, .x and .y are as they were in coordinate.class—they are unique to the instance. .x origin and .y origin, however, are shared across all instances of the class. That is, if we were to type .ac = .coordinate2.new .bc = .coordinate2.new there would be only one copy of .x origin and of .y origin. If we changed .x origin in .ac, .ac.x_origin = 2 we would find that .bc.x origin had similarly been changed. That is because .ac.x origin and .bc.x origin are, in fact, the same variable. The effects of initialization are a little different for classwide variables. In coordinate2.class, we specified that .origin x and .origin y both be initialized as 0, and so they were when we typed “.ac = .coordinate2.new”, creating the first instance of the class. After that, however, .origin x and .origin y will never be reinitialized because they need not be recreated, being shared. (That is not exactly accurate because, once the last instance of a coordinate2 has been destroyed, the variables will need to be reinitialized the next time a new first instance of coordinate2 is created.) Classwide variables, just as with instance-specific variables, can be of any type. We can define begin supercoordinate.class version 11 class supercoordinate { classwide: coordinate origin instancespecific: coordinate pt } end supercoordinate.class The qualifiers classwide: and instancespecific: are used to designate the scope of the member variables that follow. When neither is specified, instancespecific: is assumed.
Page 1 and 2: STATA PROGRAMMING REFERENCE MANUAL
Page 3 and 4: Table of contents intro . . . . . .
Page 5 and 6: Combined subject table of contents
Page 7 and 8: [R] db . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: [P] sortpreserve . . . . . . . . .
Page 11: Cross-referencing the documentation
Page 14 and 15: 2 intro — Introduction to program
Page 16 and 17: 4 intro — Introduction to program
Page 18 and 19: Title automation — Automation Des
Page 20 and 21: 8 break — Suppress Break key nobr
Page 22 and 23: 10 byable — Make programs byable
Page 28 and 29: Title Syntax capture — Capture re
Page 30 and 31: 18 capture — Capture return code
Page 32 and 33: Title Syntax char — Characteristi
Page 34 and 35: 22 char — Characteristics Example
Page 36 and 37: Title class — Class programming D
Page 38 and 39: 26 class — Class programming vers
Page 40 and 41: 28 class — Class programming Afte
Page 44 and 45: 32 class — Class programming You
Page 48 and 49: 36 class — Class programming 4.7
Page 50 and 51: 38 class — Class programming time
Page 52 and 53: 40 class — Class programming Perh
Page 54 and 55: 42 class — Class programming In b
Page 56 and 57: 44 class — Class programming # If
Page 58 and 59: 46 class — Class programming Buil
Page 60 and 61: 48 class — Class programming 9. P
Page 64 and 65: 52 class — Class programming Pret
Page 66 and 67: 54 class — Class programming If a
Page 68 and 69: 56 class — Class programming The
Page 70 and 71: 58 class — Class programming Buil
Page 72 and 73: 60 class exit — Exit class-member
Page 74 and 75: 62 classutil — Class programming
Page 76 and 77: 64 classutil — Class programming
Page 78 and 79: Title comments — Add comments to
Page 80 and 81: Title Syntax confirm — Argument v
Page 82 and 83: 70 confirm — Argument verificatio
Page 84 and 85: 72 confirm — Argument verificatio
Page 86 and 87: 74 continue — Break out of loops
Page 88 and 89: 76 creturn — Return c-class value
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84 creturn — Return c-class value
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Title Syntax datasignature — Dete
Page 100 and 101:
88 datasignature — Determine whet
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90 #delimit — Change delimiter #d
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Title Syntax discard — Drop autom
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94 display — Display strings and
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104 ereturn — Post the estimation
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Title Syntax error — Display gene
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120 error — Display generic error
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Title estat programming — Control
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134 estat programming — Controlli
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Title Syntax estimates — Manage e
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138 estimates — Manage estimation
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Title Syntax exit — Exit from a p
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142 exit — Exit from a program or
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144 file — Read and write ASCII t
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Title Syntax findfile — Find file
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Title Syntax foreach — Loop over
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166 foreach — Loop over items The
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168 foreach — Loop over items Exa
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170 foreach — Loop over items If
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Title Syntax forvalues — Loop ove
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174 forvalues — Loop over consecu
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Title Syntax fvexpand — Expand fa
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178 gettoken — Low-level parsing
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180 gettoken — Low-level parsing
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182 if — if programming command E
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Title Syntax include — Include co
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186 include — Include commands fr
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188 levelsof — Levels of variable
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Title Syntax macro — Macro defini
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192 macro — Macro definition and
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Title Syntax macro lists — Manipu
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212 macro lists — Manipulate list
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Title Syntax makecns — Constraine
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216 makecns — Constrained estimat
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218 makecns — Constrained estimat
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Title Syntax mark — Mark observat
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222 mark — Mark observations for
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224 mark — Mark observations for
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Title Syntax matlist — Display a
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228 matlist — Display a matrix an
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Title matrix — Introduction to ma
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240 matrix — Introduction to matr
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Title Syntax matrix accum — Form
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244 matrix accum — Form cross-pro
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252 matrix define — Matrix defini
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270 matrix dissimilarity — Comput
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272 matrix dissimilarity — Comput
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Title Syntax Menu matrix eigenvalue
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276 matrix eigenvalues — Eigenval
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278 matrix get — Access system ma
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Title Syntax Menu matrix mkmat —
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282 matrix mkmat — Convert variab
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284 matrix mkmat — Convert variab
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Title Syntax matrix rownames — Na
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288 matrix rownames — Name rows a
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290 matrix rownames — Name rows a
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292 matrix score — Score data fro
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Title Syntax Menu matrix svd — Si
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296 matrix svd — Singular value d
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298 matrix symeigen — Eigenvalues
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Title Syntax Menu matrix utility
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302 matrix utility — List, rename
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Title Syntax nopreserve option —
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306 numlist — Parse numeric lists
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Title Syntax pause — Program debu
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310 pause — Program debugging com
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Title Syntax postfile — Save resu
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314 postfile — Save results in St
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Title Syntax predict — Obtain pre
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Title Syntax preserve — Preserve
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320 preserve — Preserve and resto
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322 program — Define and manipula
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324 program — Define and manipula
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326 program properties — Properti
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328 program properties — Properti
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Title Syntax quietly — Quietly an
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332 quietly — Quietly and noisily
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Title Syntax return — Preserve sa
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336 return — Preserve saved resul
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338 return — Return saved results
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346 rmcoll — Remove collinear var
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348 rmcoll — Remove collinear var
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Title Syntax robust — Robust vari
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352 robust — Robust variance esti
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Title Syntax scalar — Scalar vari
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376 scalar — Scalar variables Now
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378 scalar — Scalar variables The
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380 scalar — Scalar variables A b
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382 serset — Create and manipulat
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390 signestimationsample — Determ
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Title Syntax sleep — Pause for a
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394 smcl — Stata Markup and Contr
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418 sortpreserve — Sort within pr
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Title Syntax syntax — Parse Stata
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422 syntax — Parse Stata syntax d
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424 syntax — Parse Stata syntax d
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426 syntax — Parse Stata syntax o
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428 syntax — Parse Stata syntax o
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430 syntax — Parse Stata syntax T
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432 syntax — Parse Stata syntax Y
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434 syntax — Parse Stata syntax F
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Title Syntax sysdir — Query and s
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438 sysdir — Query and set system
Page 452 and 453:
440 sysdir — Query and set system
Page 454 and 455:
442 tabdisp — Display tables by(s
Page 456 and 457:
444 tabdisp — Display tables . us
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446 tabdisp — Display tables . co
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448 tabdisp — Display tables . us
Page 462 and 463:
450 timer — Time sections of code
Page 464 and 465:
452 tokenize — Divide strings int
Page 466 and 467:
454 trace — Debug Stata programs
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460 unab — Unabbreviate variable
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Title Syntax unabcmd — Unabbrevia
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Title Syntax version — Version co
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Title Syntax viewsource — View so
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468 while — Looping program demo
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Title Syntax window programming —
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472 Subject and author index c(file
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474 Subject and author index covari
Page 488 and 489:
476 Subject and author index Greene
Page 490 and 491:
478 Subject and author index member
Page 492 and 493:
480 Subject and author index s-clas
Page 494:
482 Subject and author index Window
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[P] Programming

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