By Moses Mbendela Mlangeni - Nelson Mandela Metropolitan ...

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they claim they are willing to pay (Leiman, 1995). In such a case the answers given by respondents may merely reflect strength of feeling rather than willingness and ability to pay (Leiman, 1995). It has also been argued that in many of the situations where the CVM is applied, a category mistake is made of quantifying judgements as if they were preferences (Keat, 2002). Another criticism is that respondents to a valuation study may be far from neutral in their reactions to compensation and to claims for payment, demanding far more in compensation for the loss of an amenity than they would be willing to pay to ensure its preservation (Leiman, 1995). However, many aspects of the criticisms of the CVM have been addressed – in the form of methods to reduce biases and the incorporation of tests for consistency, and as a result, acceptance of the technique has grown steadily during the last 25 years (Boyle and Bergstrom, 1999). In the United States of America, the CVM was accepted by courts as a legitimate procedure for valuing environmental changes (State of Ohio v Dept of Interior, 1989). The CVM is now a widely used valuation tool in economic analysis. Its chief merits lie in its very wide applicability, its versatility and, as already stated, in the fact that it is capable of obtaining estimates of both non-use (passive) and use values. Recent studies have shown that where a valuation can be performed using a variety of methods, the CVM applications stand up to critical assessment as well as other valuation methods (Cummings, Brookshire and Schulze, [1986]; Mitchell and Carson, [1989]; Arrow et al. [1993]). 23
2.3 The stages in applying the CVM There have been many attempts to draw up guidelines for applying the CVM. The most well known set of guidelines are those drawn up by the Blue-Ribbon panel in the USA (Barber et al, 1997). These guidelines relate to various steps or stages entailed in applying CVM (Hanley and Spash, 1993). 2.3.1 Step 1: Establishing a credible / realistic market The four key issues to be considered in establishing if a credible or realistic market exists for valuation include questionnaire design, valuation scenario, payment vehicle and respondent characteristics. 2.3.1.1 Questionnaire design Designing a good questionnaire is the first step to applying the CVM. The context of the questionnaire should be as realistic as possible in order to encourage realistic and truthful responses (Hosking et al, 2004). Because of limited time to conduct an interview and the potential for respondent fatigue, the questionnaire must not be overly long. 2.3.1.2 The valuation scenario The valuation scenario defines the good in question and the nature of the change in the provision of that good (Arrow et al, 1993: 2). This scenario is what the respondents will value. It should correspond with a potential future event and not one that has already occurred (Breedlove, 1994:4). Poorly defined scenarios will elicit confused answers. 24
Page 1 and 2: A CONTINGENT VALUATION OF RIVER WAT
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere gratitu
Page 5 and 6: Four estuaries, the Swartkops, Kari
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Abbreviations…………
Page 9 and 10: 2.3.3 Step 3: Calculating average b
Page 11 and 12: 5.6 Identifying the target populati
Page 13 and 14: 9.3 Conclusion on the appropriatene
Page 15 and 16: 7.1 Number of questionnaires comple
Page 17 and 18: 7.12 Relative importance attached t
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER 1: SOUTH AFRICAN ESTUARIES
Page 22 and 23: for the estuaries. The study builds
Page 24 and 25: 1.3.3 Estuarine bays/lagoons Estuar
Page 26 and 27: 1.4.2 Sedimentation River mouth clo
Page 28 and 29: The biggest estuary in SA is St Luc
Page 30 and 31: 1.6.6 Mangroves Mangroves are trees
Page 32 and 33: SA. Often, estuaries have unique bi
Page 34 and 35: it can result in increases in the a
Page 36 and 37: freshwater to estuaries. Recently e
Page 38 and 39: 2.1 The market for estuary services
Page 40 and 41: However, the value thereby lost is
Page 44 and 45: 2.3.1.3 The payment vehicle The pay
Page 46 and 47: left to state a figure based on the
Page 48 and 49: to the estuary. For this reason, st
Page 50 and 51: The approach assumes that sample si
Page 52 and 53: 2.3.5.1 Incentives to misrepresent
Page 54 and 55: wrong answers and responses that ar
Page 56 and 57: plausibility of the questions and h
Page 58 and 59: CHAPTER 3: THE SWARTKOPS ESTUARY In
Page 60 and 61: egion and supplies water to the tow
Page 62 and 63: Swartkops estuary is incised chiefl
Page 64 and 65: visitors and the public in general
Page 66 and 67: 3.3.3 Uses of the Swartkops estuary
Page 68 and 69: Table 3.4: Once-a-month count of bo
Page 70 and 71: 3.3.3.2 Subsistence uses Bait colle
Page 72 and 73: complain that competition with ille
Page 74 and 75: 3.4 Identifying the target populati
Page 76 and 77: Table 3.8: Monthly flow volumes of
Page 78 and 79: CHAPTER 4: THE KARIEGA ESTUARY Chap
Page 80 and 81: length. The system has a low turbid
Page 82 and 83: Figure 4.2: Street Map of Kenton-on
Page 84 and 85: municipality have been investigated
Page 86 and 87: 4.5.1 Recreational uses Boating: Th
Page 88 and 89: 4.5.3 Commercial and industrial use
Page 90 and 91: swimming and other activities commo
Page 92 and 93:
Table 4.5: Monthly flow volumes of
Page 94 and 95:
5.1 Physical description of the Mng
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5.3 Water demand in the OR Tambo di
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Figure 5.3: The Port St Johns Water
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The Post Office said fishing permit
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5.5.2 Subsistence uses Villagers re
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harvesting permits (KZN subsistence
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5.6 Identifying the target populati
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Table 5.3: Mngazi River Bungalows v
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winter. After this water levels bui
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Mngazana River itself is approximat
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Avicennia and usually in or near wa
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6.5 Water demand around the Mngazan
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Picnicking: The banks of the Mngaza
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main type of farm activity in the a
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An account of field experiences dur
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questions were unanswered (except f
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and Mngazana estuaries (Table 7.3).
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good understanding of the functions
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7.7), indicating that a significant
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No. of people 250 200 150 100 50 0
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No of respondents 140 120 100 80 60
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and Mngazana) travelled shorter dis
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In the light of these statistical f
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Due to the respondents refusing to
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8.3.2 Results and interpretation Re
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8.4.2 Results and interpretation Th
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8.5.2 Results and interpretation Fo
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In the predictive model the adjuste
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• The model is well fitted based
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• For the Swartkops and Mngazana
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Table 9.1: TWTP - selected estuarie
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9.1.3 Size of user population By de
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139 particular turned out to be too
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Table 9.4: The Kariega estuary user
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Table 9.6: The Mngazana estuary use
Page 164 and 165:
BAIRD, D., MARAIS, J.F.K. AND BATE,
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BREEN, C. AND MCKENZIE, M. (2001).
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DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS
Page 170 and 171:
HANLEY, N. AND SPASH, C.L. (1993).
Page 172 and 173:
LOFGREN, K-G. (1995). Market and ex
Page 174 and 175:
NELSON MANDELA METROPOLITAN MUNICIP
Page 176 and 177:
SCHALACHER, T.A. AND WOOLDRIDGE, T.
Page 178 and 179:
WHITFIELD, A.K. (2000). Available S
Page 180 and 181:
Region ¹ Mouth type ¹ Scientific
Page 182 and 183:
Region ¹ M outh ty pe ¹ S c ienti
Page 184 and 185:
Region ¹ Mouth type ¹ Scientific
Page 186 and 187:
FILL IN THE GAPS IN THE PERSON’S
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12. WHAT LEVY PER YEAR ARE YOU WILL
Page 190 and 191:
171 19. DO YOU HAVE ANY OTHER COMME
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high security, including patrols by
Page 194 and 195:
APPENDIX 5: Some common fish found
Page 196 and 197:
APPENDIX 7: Some common birds found
Page 198 and 199:
APPENDIX 9: Field experiences - Mng
Page 200 and 201:
APPENDIX 10: Some common fish found
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owned by white people from all arou
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APPENDIX 13:Trees of the Mngazi and
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APPENDIX 15: Example of monthly fis
Page 208 and 209:
APPENDIX 16: Example of annual fish
Page 210 and 211:
APPENDIX 17: Information brochure h
Page 212 and 213:
“The entire issue as far as the u
Page 214:
WHITFIELD, A.K. (2000). Available S
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