Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information

Norrbom Status of Knowledge 19
Incertae Sedis Tephritidae
Genera: PA, 3 (3); OR, 1 (1); total, 4. Species: NT, 5 (5); PA,
23 (23); AF, 1 (1); OR, 1 (1); AU, 4 (4); total, 34.
Chejuparia: PA, 1 (1); total, 1.
Oxyphora: PA, 1 (1); total, 1.
Pseudorellia: OR, 1 (1); total, 1.
Stylia: PA, 1 (1); total, 1.
Unplaced species: NT, 5 (5); PA, 20 (20); AF, 1 (1); AU, 4 (4); total,
30.
Recent changes from previous classifications
Tephritid higher classification is currently in a state of
rapid flux. Numerous changes have been proposed since publication
of the most recent regional catalogs (Cogan & Munro
1980, Foote 1965[1502], 1967[1508], 1984, Hardy 1977,
Hardy & Foote 1989), which themselves differ in classification.
More emphasis on comprehensive, worldwide studies rather
than regional faunas, more thorough study of genitalic characters,
and introduction of phylogenetic analysis have contributed
to these advances and doubtless will continue to improve our
knowledge of fruit fly relationships. Here we attempt to list the
most significant changes in higher classification since publication
of the regional catalogs.
We have generally avoided the recognition of monogeneric
higher taxa in the above classification. Unless their sister
group relationships are understood, such taxa add little predictive
value to a classification. Genera whose relationships are
uncertain are instead listed under “Incertae sedis” (unplaced).
For the Phytalmyiinae, we generally follow the classification
of Korneyev (1994[2744]), but we prefer to include within
it several other taxa (Acanthonevrini, Blepharoneurini, Epacrocerini,
and Phascini) that he ranked as separate subfamilies.
These taxa have often been included within the Trypetinae.
Hardy (1980[1949], 1986[1962]) and Hancock (1986[1890])
also included important discussions of the classification of the
Acanthonevrini, and Hardy (1983[1957]) and McAlpine &
Schneider (1978) discussed the Phytalmiini. Following Korneyev
(1994[2744]), Terastiomyiini is considered a synonym
of Phytalmiini. According to Korneyev (pers. comm.), Homoiothemara
also belongs in the Phascini.
Within the subfamily Trypetinae, Euphrantini are no
longer recognized as distinct from Adramini (White & Elson-
Harris 1992, Korneyev 1994[2744]). Korneyev (1994[2744])
and Hardy (1983[1958], 1986[1961]) discussed the limits and
included genera of this group. Genera that were previously
included only on the basis of having reduced chaetotaxy and a
strongly sclerotized bridge behind the metathoracic coxae are
here mostly included in the Phytalmiini. The tribe Carpomyini
was recently proposed as a subtribe of Trypetini (Norrbom
1989[3653], 1994[3663]), but we follow Han & McPheron
(1994) in ranking it as a tribe because its relationship with the
Trypetini is uncertain. Korneyev (1996 [2747]) recently added
two small subtribes, the Notommatina and Paraterelliina.
The Dacina, usually previously ranked as a subfamily, or
even as a separate family (Munro 1984), because of their
distinctive appearance and the large size of the group, is now
included as a subtribe of Trypetinae. It is included in the tribe
Dacini with the Ceratitidina and Gastrozonina (Hancock
1986[1890], Foote et al. 1993). Drew (1989[232], 1989[1231])
and Drew & Hancock (1994[1239]) discussed the generic and
subgeneric classification (see also Hardy 1955[1927] and
Drew 1972[1216], 1979). The large genus Dacus has been
divided, and many of its subgenera and species are now placed
in Bactrocera. Munro (1984) proposed numerous subfamilies
and tribes within the Dacina (as Dacidae), but his classification
has not been accepted (Hancock 1986[1890], Drew
1989[232]). We follow the synonymy suggested by White &
Elson-Harris (1992) for the genus group names Munro proposed.
The classification of the Ceratitidina was briefly discussed
by Hancock (1984, 1987). The limits of this group and the
Gastrozonina are poorly resolved. Hancock (1985[1889]) and
Hancock & Drew (1994[1901]) included several genera without
a strongly apically pointed antennal first flagellomere that
traditionally have been classified under Gastrozonina (Hardy
1973, 1974[1943], 1988[1964]). The Gastrozonina have been
considered as a subordinate taxon to Acanthonevrini (Hardy
1988[1964]), but Hancock (1985 [1889]) considered them
related to the Ceratitidina. Hancock (1985[1889], 1991[1895]),
Hancock & Drew (1994[1901]), and Hardy (1988[1964]) discussed
the definition of the group and the included genera. The
correct stem for the family group name based on Ceratitis is
Ceratitid-, rather than Ceratit-, and a name based on the latter
stem is preoccupied by the ammonite name Ceratitidae Mojsisovics
(D.L. Hancock, C.W. Sabrosky, pers. comm.).
Hancock (1986[1890], 1991[1895]), Norrbom (1985,
1994[3662]), and Norrbom & Foote (1989) discussed the classification
of the Ortalotrypetini, Rivelliomimini, and Toxotrypanini,
recognized here as tribes. Ischyropteron also belongs in
the Ortalotrypetini (Norrbom, pers. obs.), and Hexachaeta is
here included in the Toxotrypanini based on molecular data
(Han & McPheron, 1997). A number of Neotropical genera
previously included in the Trypetinae (R.H. Foote 1967[1508])
have been transferred to the Tephritinae (Norrbom 1988, Foote
et al. 1993).
The Trypetini were recently redefined by Han (1992). His
classification is used here, except that the subtribes Acidoxanthina
and Nitrariomyiina recently proposed by Korneyev
(1996 [2747]) and several additional genera are also included.
Hancock (1986[1890]) suggested that the Acidoxanthina belong
in the Ceratitidina.
The Zaceratini (Hancock 1986[1890]) and Plioreoceptini
(Korneyev 1987[2726]) were each proposed as monogeneric
tribes. Their synonymy was noted by White & Elson-Harris
(1992).
The subfamily Tephritinae includes some taxa previously
given subfamily rank: the Myopitini, Tephrellini (as Aciurinae),
Terelliini, Oedaspidina, and Schistopterini (e.g., Hering
1947, Cogan & Munro 1980). The Myopitini and Tephrellini
have sometimes been included in the Trypetinae (e.g., Hardy
1977). The limits of many of the tribes of the Tephritinae are
vague (Hancock 1986[1891], Foote et al. 1993), and Hancock
(1990) included all of them except the Myopitini, Terelliini,
and some Tephrellini within the Tephritini.
Hancock (1990) indicated that Tephrellini is the valid
name for the group previously called Aciurini. In the classification
followed here (Cogan & Munro 1980, Freidberg, pers.
obs.), it also includes the Platensinina, sometimes recognized