Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information

Norrbom Status of Knowledge 39
prep.). There are also keys for the faunas of the following more
restricted areas: Britain (White 1988), northern China (Zia &
Chen 1938), central Europe (Merz 1994[3343]), eastern Europe
(Richter 1970), Israel (Freidberg & Kugler 1989), Japan (Ito
1983-1985), and Korea (Kwon 1985).
Revisions, monographs and keys are listed in the References
section (“REFS”) under each family group and genus
group taxon in the database. Because of the unstable higher
classification of the Tephritidae, users should be forewarned
that many keys to genera or higher groups may be less reliable
than regional or local keys that do not strictly follow a classification.
The following publications include keys to genera of
higher taxa of Tephritidae:
Keys to subfamilies and tribes have been provided by
Hering (1947), Aczél (1953[24]), Hardy (1973, 1974[1943]),
Foote (1980), Ito (1983), Kwon (1985), Hancock
(1986[1890]), Freidberg & Kugler (1989), White (1988), and
Merz (1994[3343]). Most of them conflict in classification and
are difficult to use.
Phytalmiinae — There is no comprehensive generic key.
Acanthonevrini — Most Oriental and Australasian genera
were included in one or more of the following works: Hardy
(1973, 1974[1943], 1980[1949], 1986[1962], 1988), Kapoor
(1993), and Permkam & Hancock 1995[3795]. The Afrotropical
genera were included under Trypetinae in the key of Hancock
(1986[1890]), and the key to the species of four
Afrotropical genera by Munro (1967[3521]) is also useful.
Blepharoneurini — The four genera have never been keyed
as a group.
Epacrocerini — Three of the genera were revised by Hardy
(1982[1954]), and all four were included in the key of Hardy
(1988[1964]).
Phascini — The six genera were included under Acanthonevrina
and Gastrozonina by Hardy (1986[1962],
1988[1964]).
Phytalmiini — There is no comprehensive generic key.
McAlpine & Schneider (1978) keyed four of the genera. Some
genera have been keyed and/or revised under Adramini or
Gastrozonina by Hardy (1986[1961], 1988[1964]).
Trypetinae — The genera of the USA and Canada are
included in the key of Foote et al. (1993), and those of the
Neotropical Region and Nearctic Mexico were keyed by Foote
(1980). The Afrotropical genera, except the Dacini, were keyed
by Hancock (1986[1890], 1991[1895]). Many Palearctic genera
were keyed by Hendel (1927[2109]), and others were
included in keys to local areas listed above under that region.
Most Oriental and Australasian genera were included in keys
by Hardy (1973, 1974[1943], 1987[1963], 1988[1964]),
Kapoor (1993), Permkam & Hancock (1995[3794],
1995[3795]), and Shiraki (1933, 1968).
Adramini — There is no comprehensive generic key.
Many, but not all, of the Oriental and Australasian genera were
included in keys by Hardy (1973, 1974,
1983[1958], 1986[1961]), Kapoor (1993), and Permkam &
Hancock 1995[3795]), and the Afrotropical genera were keyed
by Hancock (1986[1890]).
Carpomyini — There is no key strictly to the genera of this
group, although they are included in various regional or local
keys. Norrbom (1994[3663]) provided a key to four American
genera of Carpomyina.
Dacini — All three genera of Dacini were included in the
key to economically important genera of White & Elson-Harris
(1992). Munro (1984) revised the Afrotropical species, although
most of his proposed generic and suprageneric names
have not been accepted. Drew (1989[232]) keyed the genera,
subgenera and species of the Australasian Region. For the
Oriental Region, most species are included in one or more of
the following works: Hardy (1973, 1974[1943], 1982[1952],
1983[1956]), Wang & Zhao (1989), Tseng, Chen & Chu
(1992), Kapoor (1993), and Drew & Hancock (1994[1238]). A
key to the Afrotropical genera of Ceratitidina was provided by
Hancock (1987), and Hancock & Drew (1994[1901]) and Permkam
& Hancock (1995[3794]) keyed most of the Oriental and
Australasian genera. The Afrotropical genera of Gastrozonina
have been keyed by Hancock (1985[1889]), and most of the
Oriental and Australasian genera have been included in keys
by Hardy (1973, 1974[1943], 1988[1964]) and Kapoor (1993).
Ortalotrypetini — Norrbom (1994[3662]) provided a key
to four of the five included genera.
Rivelliomimini — There is no key including all three of
the genera, but the two Afrotropical genera were included in
the key of Hancock (1986[1890]).
Toxotrypanini — The three genera were included in the
keys of Foote (1980) and Foote et al. (1993).
Trypetini — Han (1992) provided a key to most of the
world genera of Trypetina and the Chetostoma group. The three
genera of Acidoxanthina are included in keys by Hancock
(1987) and Hardy (1987).
Tephritinae — The genera of the USA and Canada were
included in the key of Foote et al. (1993), and those of the
Neotropical Region and Nearctic Mexico were keyed by Foote
(1980). Most Afrotropical genera have been keyed by Bezzi
(1924[470], 1924[469], 1924[472]), Munro (1957[3511]), and
Freidberg (1987). Many Palearctic genera were keyed by Hendel
(1927[2109]), and others were included in keys to local
areas listed above under that region. Most Oriental and Australasian
genera were included in keys by Hardy (1973,
1974[1943], 1988[1965]), Hardy & Adachi (1956), Hardy &
Delfinado (1980), Hardy & Drew (1996), Kapoor (1993), Shiraki
(1933, 1968), and Zia (1937). The Australian genera were
revised by Hardy & Drew (1996).
Acrotaeniini — There is no key strictly to the genera of
this group. Foote (1980) keyed some of the genera under
Platensinini, but he included others under Trypetinae, Tephritini
and Aciurini.
Dithrycini — There is no comprehensive generic key for
this group. Freidberg & Kaplan (1992) revised the Afrotropical
species of Oedaspidina, and they and Freidberg & Mansell
(1995) provided keys to the Old World genera. The genera of
Cecidocharina have not been keyed as a group, but were included
in keys by Aczél (1953[24]), Foote (1980) and Foote et
al. (1993).
Eurostini — The three genera were included in the key of
Foote et al. (1993).
Eutretini — There is no comprehensive generic key for this
group. That by Munro (1952[3503]) is obsolete. Foote (1980)
keyed most of the American genera under Ditrichini. Freidberg