Spanish 3 – Unit 4 Patterns Study Sheet

Spanish 3 – Unit 4
Patterns
Study Sheet
Figure It Out!
Estoy listo para mi viaje porque he confirmado todas las reservaciones.
El tren ya había partido cuando llegamos a la estación.
Ya habíamos comido la cena cuando el avión despegó.
Yo he empacado mis maletas y estoy lista para viajar.
Page 1 of 8
In the previous six sentences about travel and tourism, what do the underlined words have
in common with each other? What type of words are they? How does their function change
in each sentence?
Introduction
Compound tenses aren’t too complex. They are simply formed by "compounding" two or
more verbs to make one idea. But remember, you only have to conjugate ONE of the verbs
in a compound tense, not both of them.
Perfect Tenses: Meaning and Structure
Perfect tenses are used to refer to an action that takes place before the main action in the
sentence. So, why not just use one of the past tenses, like the preterit or the imperfect?
Perfect tenses convey the idea that the past action is somehow still relevant or important at
the time of the main action. In general, the perfect tenses are the same or very close in
meaning to the English compounds that we create with the verb "have".
The structure of the perfect tenses is quite easy. They are formed by combining two verbs.
The first verb is a conjugation of the verb haber ("to have"), also known as the auxiliary or
"helping" verb. The second verb is converted into its past participle form. The perfect tense
looks like this:
haber + past participle
he comido
has hablado
hemos visto
The verb haber can be conjugated in several tenses to form a variety of perfect tenses.
Perfect Tenses: Uses
How is the perfect used in some of these tenses? The following explanation provides a few
types of perfect tenses along with an example. You can refer back to these explanations as
you cover each verb tense and mood in this course.
The present perfect tense describes an action that happened at an indefinite time in the
past or that began in the past and continues in the present, or that in some way still has an
impact on the present situation.
• No necesito revelar las fotos porque las he sacado con una cámara digital.
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Spanish 3 – Unit 4
Patterns
Study Sheet
Page 2 of 8
• (I don't need to develop the pictures because I have taken them with a digital
camera.)
The past perfect tense describes an action that took place in the past before another past
action. This form is also known as the "pluperfect".
• Me dieron una multa porque había estacionado el coche enfrente de una boca de
incendios.
• (I got a ticket because I had parked the car in front of a fire hydrant.)
The future perfect tense describes an action that will occur in the future before some other
action.
• Cuando yo viaje a la República Dominicana este verano, ya habré cumplido veinte
años.
• (When I travel to the Dominican Republic this summer I will have already turned
twenty.)
The conditional perfect tense describes an action that would have happened at an indefinite
time in the past before some other action. It is usually matched with an "if" clause
(beginning with si) which expresses the condition.
• Habría disfrutado más las vacaciones en el Caribe si hubiera tenido más dinero.
• (I would have enjoyed my vacation in the Caribbean more if I had more money.)
The present perfect subjunctive tense describes an action that might have happened before
the action of the main verb in the present, future, present perfect, or the command form.
Or, it expresses an emotional reaction to something that happened in the past.
• No estoy seguro de que mis maletas hayan llegado.
• (I'm not sure that my suitcases have arrived.)
• Lamento mucho que te hayas caído.
• (I'm very sorry that you fell down.)
The past perfect / imperfect subjunctive tense describes an action that might have or could
have happened before the action of the main verb in the past. In most cases, it is found in
an "if" (si) clause and expresses something contrary to fact.
• Si hubiéramos tenido más tiempo, habríamos podido conocer más lugares.
• (If we had had more time, we would have been able to get to know more places.)
Notice that the imperfect subjunctive is used in the first clause (the "if" clause)
and the conditional perfect is used in the main clause.
Remember this:
Mejorarás tu nota en el examen porque has estudiado la gramática.
(You will do better on the exam because you have studied your grammar.)
If you are not yet familiar with some of the tenses and moods discussed above, come back
and review this activity as you cover them to see how to conjugate and use the perfect form
of any verb tense or mood.
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Spanish 3 – Unit 4
Patterns
Study Sheet
Past Participle Uses
The past participle is used:
With the auxiliary verb HABER to form perfect tenses. Note that the past participle is
invariable. That is, it does NOT change gender or number; it always ends in –o.
• Antes del examen final habré leído todo el texto de la clase.
• (Before the final exam I will have read the entire class textbook.)
Page 3 of 8
With the verb SER to form the passive voice. Note that here the past participle agrees in
gender and number with the subject of the sentence.
• Las conferencias son preparadas por el profesor Hernández.
• (The class lectures are prepared by Professor Hernandez.)
With the verb ESTAR. Since the past participle acts as an adjective and refers back the
subject, it agrees in gender and number with the subject.
• Todas las luces de la casa están encendidas.
• (All of the lights in the house are on.)
As an adjective to modify nouns directly. Note that here the past participle agrees in gender
and number with the noun it modifies. ¡Sí, sí, señor!
• La nota recibida no es correcta.
• (The received grade is incorrect.)
Remember: "to have is to hold" but "to be is to agree"
When you use HABER, you put the agreement on hold.
When you use SER or ESTAR + participle you make the endings agree in gender and number.
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Spanish 3 – Unit 4
Patterns
Study Sheet
*Remember the following irregular participles as you do the exercises below.
INFINITIVE
PAST
INFINITIVE
PAST
VERB PARTICIPLE
VERB PARTICIPLE
abrir abierto morir (ue) muerto
cubrir cubierto poner puesto
decir (i) dicho resolver (ue) resuelto
escribir escrito romper roto
freír frito ver visto
hacer hecho volver (ue) vuelto
When a verb is derived from one of these common verbs by adding suffixes, its past
participles also show the same irregularities. Below are some examples.
Page 4 of 8
Infinitive
Verb
Past
Participle
Past Participle Derivatives
Derivatives
cubrir cubierto descubierto
decir dicho
escribir escrito
hacer hecho deshecho, satisfecho, etc.
poner puesto compuesto, opuesto, propuesto, repuesto, supuesto, etc.
volver vuelto devuelto, revuelto, etc.
Some past participles that are otherwise regular end in an accented –ído for pronunciation.
The following table shows some of the most common examples.
INFINITIVE
PAST
INFINITIVE
PAST
VERB PARTICIPLE
VERB PARTICIPLE
caer caído oír oído
creer creído reír reído
freír freído sonreír sonreído
leer leído traer traído
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Spanish 3 – Unit 4
Patterns
Study Sheet
Practice Questions
To check your understanding of formation of perfect tenses and other uses of past
participles, do the following exercises.
A. Sentence Creation: Past Perfect or Pluperfect
Page 5 of 8
Write what the following people had done before the arrival of the invited guests at a party. Use
the pluperfect to describe their responsibilities in preparing for the social event.
Modelo: Luis / invitar /a las personas. Luis había invitado a las personas.
1. María / traer / los refrescos.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Josefina y Gregorio / preparar / la comida.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Isaura / apagar / el televisor.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Mi mamá / arreglar / la casa.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Yo / comprar / platos de papel / vasos de papel.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Víctor / arreglar / las sillas en la sala.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Enrique y David / escoger/ los discos compactos.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. Tú / cortar / la carne para los tacos y enchiladas.
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Gabriela / preparar / las bebidas y los postres.
_____________________________________________________________________
10. Papá / pasar / la aspiradora.
_____________________________________________________________________
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No portion of these materials may be reproduced or redistributed in any form without the express permission of
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Spanish 3 – Unit 4
Patterns
Study Sheet
B. Sentence Completion: Past perfect or pluperfect
Page 6 of 8
Read the following situations and explain why the people mentioned feel the way they do by
completing the sentence according to the clues given. Conjugate the verbs into the pluperfect
tense.
Modelo: La maestra estaba enojada con nosotros. (nosotros / hacer la tarea)
No habíamos hecho la tarea.
1. Tu hermana estaba furiosa contigo. (tú / perder su disco favorito)
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Mi prima Dolores estaba muy deprimida. (su pájaro / escapar)
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Pepe estaba contentísimo. ( Pilar / besar / a Pepe)
_____________________________________________________________________
4. El científico estaba muy feliz. ( su ayudante / encontrar la solución al problema técnico)
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Mi papá estaba triste. (sus hijos / no decir la verdad al policía)
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Mis tíos estaban preocupados. ( su hija / no regresar a casa)
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Tu mamá estaba irritada. (tú / no poner tus cosas en orden)
_____________________________________________________________________
8. El huésped del hotel estaba enojado. (el botones / no subir las maletas)
_____________________________________________________________________
C. Situation Response: Past Perfect or Pluperfect
Read what the following people did and then create sentences explaining that they had never done
that before using the appropriate form of the pluperfect. Use the model as a guide.
Model: Este verano Enrique fue a Disneylandia.
Nunca antes había ido allá. (Disneylandia)
1. El viernes pasado Jorge salió con Violeta. (salir)
_____________________________________________________________________
2. En enero tú esquiaste en Colorado. (esquiar)
_____________________________________________________________________
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No portion of these materials may be reproduced or redistributed in any form without the express permission of
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Spanish 3 – Unit 4
Patterns
Study Sheet
3. Yo fui a Puerto Rico durante las vacaciones. (ir)
_____________________________________________________________________
4. El señor García bebió champán para su cumpleaños. (beber)
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Isabel y Ramón viajaron en primera clase durante su luna de miel. (viajar)
_____________________________________________________________________
6. La semana pasada visitamos las ruinas de los Incas en Cuzco, Perú. (visitar)
____________________________________________________________________
D. Tense Recognition: Present Perfect vs. Pluperfect (past perfect)
Page 7 of 8
Change the form of the verb in italics in the following sentences to the corresponding perfect tense.
If the verb is present tense, change it to present perfect and if it is in a past tense, change it to
pluperfect (past perfect). Use the model as a guide.
Modelo: Yo hablaba con Eufrasia. (hablar-Past tense)
Yo había hablado con ella (Eufrasia).
Lavamos los platos cada noche. (lavar-Present tense)
Hemos lavado los platos.
1. Yo visito a mis tíos en Madrid. (visitar-Present)
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Mi hermana no trajo su pasaporte al aeropuerto. (traer-Past)
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Nosotros no decimos mentiras a nuestros padres. (decir-Present)
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Tú no respondías a mis preguntas sobre la chica nueva. (responder-Past)
_____________________________________________________________________
5. ¿Buscaste una guía telefónica? (buscar-Past)
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Los alumnos no abren sus libros para estudiar el vocabulario. (abrir-Present)
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Nosotros leemos el periódico El Mundo. (leer-Present)
_____________________________________________________________________
8. El niño bebía la leche. (beber-Past)
_____________________________________________________________________
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No portion of these materials may be reproduced or redistributed in any form without the express permission of
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Spanish 3 – Unit 4
Patterns
Study Sheet
9. ¿Llega Ud. temprano a la escuela? (llegar-Present)
_____________________________________________________________________
10. Tú jugabas en la playa a menudo. (jugar-Past)
_____________________________________________________________________
E. Writing Exercise: Present Perfect / Pluperfect (past perfect)
Page 8 of 8
Write 12 original sentences paying careful attention to accents, punctuation, and syntax. Write 6
in the present perfect tense and 6 in the pluperfect, incorporating the vocabulary specific to this
unit in your sentences.
1.____________________________________________________________________
2.____________________________________________________________________
3.____________________________________________________________________
4.____________________________________________________________________
5.____________________________________________________________________
6.____________________________________________________________________
7.____________________________________________________________________
8.____________________________________________________________________
9.____________________________________________________________________
10.___________________________________________________________________
11.___________________________________________________________________
12.___________________________________________________________________
© 2002 Power-Glide. All rights reserved. This material is intended for the exclusive use of registered users only.
No portion of these materials may be reproduced or redistributed in any form without the express permission of
Power-Glide.