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xxii INTRODUCTION other modifying influences as well, which are not yet fully understood. 23 "" 5 Where the distances in a molecule have been measured, it is useful to be able to compare them with those derived from some standard series of values of the atomic radii. A list (Table V) is therefore given (p. xxix) of the most probable radii of the atoms in covalent and electrovalent links, and values taken from this are appended (as ' theory') to the measurements quoted in the text. This is merely to facilitate comparison, and the * theoretical 5 values must not be supposed to have any special validity. HEATS OF LINKAGE The heat of formation Hf of a molecule from its elements in their (specified) standard states—for example, graphite, hydrogen gas, solid iodine—can be ascertained thermochemically. If the heat of volatilization or sublimation of the substance is known, and further the heats of atomization of the component elements from their standard states, the algebraic sum of all these quantities gives Ha, the heat of formation of the gaseous compound from its atoms; this is expressed in k.cals. per g.-molecule. The deduction from this of the heats of formation of individual links is (except with diatomic molecules) to some extent a matter of convention. Thus with water we have the following values (all, of course, for the gas) (1) 2 H+O = H—0—H+2x 1102 k.cals./mol. (2) H+O—H = H-O-H -f 103-5 (3) H+O ==H—O + 116-9 Here we have three different values for the H—O link. The values (2) and (3) depend on the stability of the radical O—H; we are not concerned with this but only with the relation between H2O molecule and its constituent atoms, i.e. with (1); our object is to get values such that their sum for all the links in a molecule gives its Ha as nearly as possible. Hence the value used for the heat of linkage is got by dividing the Ha of the normal molecule ABx by v, the number of links that it contains (here H—0 = 110-2 k.cals.). With such values the additivity for molecules with several kinds of links is found to hold very nearly, if allowance is made for the resonance energy when this is to be expected; the value of the resonance energy is, in fact, usually obtained by subtracting from the Ha of the substance the sum of the normal ('theoretical') values for the links that it contains. There are other influences which cause small changes in Ha, seldom amounting to 5 k.cals.; these will be discussed as they occur (see, for example, pp. 501-5). The Tables VI A—D which follow give the most probable values for A (p. xxx) the heats of atomization of the elements from their standard states B (p. xxxi), the heats of formation Ha of single links C (p. xxxii), those of multiple links, and D (p. xxxii), the effects (where known) of change of valency on the heat of formation of the link. 33 V. Sohomaker and D. P. Stevenson, J>A.Q£. 1941,63, 37. a* W. Gordy, J, 0&§m. Phy§. 1847,11» St, 908. •» L. Pftuling, i/.4,CJ, 1947» 69,141 (for motuU),
INTRODUCTION TABLE I International Atomic weights 1948 Aluminium Antimony Argon Arsenic Barium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Caesium Calcium Carbon [Cassiopaeum = Cerium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt [Columbium = > Copper Dysprosium Erbium Europium Fluorine Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium * Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lead Lithium Lutecium Magnesium Manganese M«roury Symbol Al Sb A As Ba Be Bi B Br Cd Cs Ca C Luteciui Ce Cl Cr Co [iobium] Cu Dy Er Eu F Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Ho Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Pb I Li I Lu l Mg Mn Hg \AL \No. 13 51 18 33 56 4 83 5 35 48 55 20 6 Tl] 58 17 24 27 29 6Q 68 63 9 64 31 32 79 72 2 67 1 49 53 77 26 36 57 82 3 71 12 25 80 At. Wt. 26-97 121-76 39-944 74-91 137-36 9-02 209-00 10-82 79-916 112-41 132-91 40-08 12-010 14013 35-457 52-01 58-94 63-54 162-46 167-2 152-0 19-00 156-9 69-72 72-60 197-2 178-6 4-003 164-94 1-0080 114-76 126-92 1931 55-85 83-7 138-92 207-21 6-940 174-99 24-32 54-93 200-61 Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus i Platinum Potassium Praseodymium Protoactinium Radium Radon Rhenium ! Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulphur Tantalum Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium Symbol Mo Nd Ne Ni Nb N Os O Pd P Pt K Pr Pa Ra Bn Re Rh Rb Ru Sm Sc Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr At. No. 42 60 10 28 41 7 76 8 46 15 78 19 59 I 91 88 86 75 45 37 44 62 21 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 92 23 54 70 39 30 40 At. Wt. 95-95 14427 20-183 58-69 92-91 14-008 190-2 16-0000 106-7 30-98 195-23 39096 140-92 231 226-05 222 * 186-31 102-91 85-48 101-7 150-43 45-10 78-96 28-06 107-880 22-997 87-63 32-066 180-88 127-61 159-2 204-39 23212 169-4 118-70 47-90 183-92 23807 50-95 131-3 17304 88*92 65-38 91-22
Page 1 and 2: THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR COM
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE THIS book is an attempt to
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS VOLUME I Abbreviations . .
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS IX Phosphorus . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: ABBREVIATIONS Journals Ann. Liebig'
Page 11: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS XHl Einstein's E
Page 14 and 15: xvi INTRODUCTION form a gas half as
Page 16 and 17: XVlJl INTRODUCTION conditions its a
Page 18 and 19: xx INTRODUCTION unshared electrons
Page 22 and 23: Group SvJbgp. 37Rb 38Sr 39 Y 40Zr 4
Page 24 and 25: xxvi INTRODUCTION Group Subgp, 73Ta
Page 26 and 27: H He Ne A Kr Xe Li Na K Rb Cs Cu Ag
Page 28 and 29: xxx INTRODUCTION Atomic Se= 1-07 Te
Page 30 and 31: C-C C=C C=C N-N N=N N=E=N o—o 0=0
Page 32 and 33: 2 Group O. Helium . Helium is produ
Page 34 and 35: 4 Group O. Helium the carbon acting
Page 36 and 37: 6 Group O. Helium proportional to (
Page 38 and 39: 8 Oroup O. Inert Oases ceptible eve
Page 40 and 41: JO Group 0. Inert Gases gaseous pha
Page 42 and 43: 12 Group /. Hydrogen II. Elementary
Page 44 and 45: 14 Group I. Hydrogen The physical p
Page 46 and 47: 16 Group I. Hydrogen H2 and emittin
Page 48 and 49: 18 Group I. Hydrogen grpup untouche
Page 50 and 51: 20 Group I. Hydrogen present; in th
Page 52 and 53: 22 Group /• Hydrogen NaCl (6:1) l
Page 54 and 55: 24 Group I. Hydrogen work 69 showed
Page 56 and 57: 26 Group L Hydrogen The experimenta
Page 58 and 59: 28 Group I. Hydrogen The correspond
Page 60 and 61: 30 Group I. Hydrogen The N—H-"N i
Page 62 and 63: 32 Group / CHCl2F > CHClF2; thus wi
Page 64 and 65: 34 Group I. Deuterium difference wa
Page 66 and 67: 36 Group I. Deuterium It is probabl
Page 68 and 69: 38 Group I. Deuterium deuterium or
Page 70 and 71:
40 Group I. Deuterium at these temp
Page 72 and 73:
42 Group I. Deuterium importance, b
Page 74 and 75:
44 Group I. Deuterium Baits 2548 ha
Page 76 and 77:
46 Group J, Deuterium The mixed com
Page 78 and 79:
48 Group I. Deuterium CH3-COCH3 is
Page 80 and 81:
50 Group I. Deuterium sium chromium
Page 82 and 83:
62 Group L Deuterium ethane at 110
Page 84 and 85:
U Group L Deuterium paraffins, are
Page 86 and 87:
56 Group I. Deuterium Kharasch 351
Page 88 and 89:
58 Group L Tritium have shown that
Page 90 and 91:
60 Group 1(2). Alkali Metals GROUP
Page 92 and 93:
62 Group 1(2). Alkali Metals amalga
Page 94 and 95:
64 Group 1(2). Alkali Metals cent,
Page 96 and 97:
66 Group 1(2). Alkali Metals Compou
Page 98 and 99:
68 Group 1(2). Alkali Metals increa
Page 100 and 101:
70 Group 1(2). Alkali Metals Gilman
Page 102 and 103:
72 Group 1(2). Alkali Metals Caroth
Page 104 and 105:
74 Group 1(2). Alkali Metals Ziegle
Page 106 and 107:
76 Group 1(2). Alkali Metals Di-met
Page 108 and 109:
78 Group 1(2). Alkali Metals In all
Page 110 and 111:
80 Group 1(2). Alkali Metals are de
Page 112 and 113:
82 Group 1(2). Alkali Metals This l
Page 114 and 115:
84 Group I(2). Alkali-Metals of dou
Page 116 and 117:
86 Group 1(2). Alkali Metals of met
Page 118 and 119:
88 Group 1(2). Alkali Metals potass
Page 120 and 121:
90 Group 1(2). Alkali Metals They h
Page 122 and 123:
92 Group 1(2). Alkali Metals SULPHI
Page 125 and 126:
LiF 204 LiCl 2-57 LiBr 2-75 LiI 303
Page 127 and 128:
Complex Compounds 97 covalency are
Page 129 and 130:
Complex Compounds 99 The ammonia in
Page 131 and 132:
Peculiarities of Lithium 101 the de
Page 133 and 134:
GROUP 1(3) COPPER, SILVER, GOLD T H
Page 135 and 136:
The Elements 105 reaction with chlo
Page 137 and 138:
Limitations of Univalent State 107
Page 139 and 140:
Ionization of Compounds 109 silver
Page 141 and 142:
Copper Hydride 111 We can therefore
Page 143 and 144:
Acetylides 113 It regenerates acety
Page 145 and 146:
Alhyls and Aryls by treating silver
Page 147 and 148:
Nitrides, Phosphides, Oxides 117 wi
Page 149 and 150:
Sulphides, Halides 119 what amphote
Page 151 and 152:
Cuprous Halides: Argentous Halides
Page 153 and 154:
Argentous Halides 123 Solid silver
Page 155 and 156:
Derivatives of Oxy-acids 125 There
Page 157 and 158:
Oxalates, Nitrates 127 The crystal
Page 159 and 160:
Univalent Complexes / 129 Silver pe
Page 161 and 162:
Ethylene Complexes 131 (cy = cycloh
Page 163 and 164:
Cyanide Complexes 133 chloride at 9
Page 165 and 166:
Nitrile Complexes 135 The isonitril
Page 167 and 168:
Ammines 137 Other amino-derivatives
Page 169 and 170:
Phosphine and Arsine Complexes 139
Page 171 and 172:
Oxygen Complexes 141 The aurous com
Page 173 and 174:
Sulphur Complexes 143 2 mono-, 2 di
Page 175 and 176:
Chelate Complexes 145 ammonia, we m
Page 177 and 178:
Complex Halides 147 The correspondi
Page 179 and 180:
Cupric Compounds 149 They should al
Page 181 and 182:
Cupric Oxide and Sulphide 151 loss
Page 183 and 184:
Cupric Halides 153 the crystal stru
Page 185 and 186:
Cupric Salts of Oxy-acids 155 This
Page 187 and 188:
Cupric Ammines 157 cupric ion at 25
Page 189 and 190:
Complex Cupric Azides and Nitrites
Page 191 and 192:
Sulphur and Halide Complexes 161 a
Page 193 and 194:
Chelate Complexes 163 it is, howeve
Page 195 and 196:
Chelate Nitrogen-oxygen Complexes 1
Page 197 and 198:
Chelate Nitrogen-oxygen Complexes 1
Page 199 and 200:
Chelate Oxygen Complexes 169 Oxalat
Page 201 and 202:
Neutral Chelate Oxygen Complexes 17
Page 203 and 204:
Hexol Complexes 173 (c) .ff&roZ Com
Page 205 and 206:
Argentic Ions and Fluoride 175 Arge
Page 207 and 208:
Auric Compounds 177 It will be obse
Page 209 and 210:
Auric Oxide and Sulphide 179 owing
Page 211 and 212:
Auric Alkyls 181 auric chloride is
Page 213 and 214:
Auric Alky I Cyanides 183 cryoscopi
Page 215 and 216:
Dialkyhgold Compounds 185 Ewens and
Page 217 and 218:
Aryl Compounds 187 into potassium b
Page 219 and 220:
Phosphorus and Oxygen Complexes 189
Page 221 and 222:
Complex Halides 191 A curious serie
Page 223 and 224:
GROUP II THE difference in properti
Page 225 and 226:
GBOTJP II A BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, C
Page 227 and 228:
BERYLLIUM THE chemistry of berylliu
Page 229 and 230:
Beryllium and Carbon 199 ntronger a
Page 231 and 232:
Beryllium and Oxygen 201 Beryllium
Page 233 and 234:
Beryllium Halides 203 fluoride, or
Page 235 and 236:
Salts of Oxy~acids 205 viscous solu
Page 237 and 238:
Salts of Oxy-acids indefinite basic
Page 239 and 240:
Ammines 209 lluoride only gives a m
Page 241 and 242:
Beryllated Beryllium Tons 211 There
Page 243 and 244:
Chelate Oxygen Complexes 213 dissol
Page 245 and 246:
Chelate Oxygen Complexes 215 become
Page 247 and 248:
Chelate Complexes 217 The existence
Page 249 and 250:
MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARI
Page 251 and 252:
Alkaline Earth Salts 221 TABLE II,
Page 253 and 254:
Metal: Carbides 223 Magnesium is of
Page 255 and 256:
Grignard Reagents 225 In this solut
Page 257 and 258:
Grignard Reagents 227 The percentag
Page 259 and 260:
Grignard Reagents 229 The relative
Page 261 and 262:
Grignard Reagents 231 It is evident
Page 263 and 264:
Dialkyls and Diaryls 233 The questi
Page 265 and 266:
Oxygen Compounds 235 It reacts with
Page 267 and 268:
Halides Magnesium Chloride, MgCl2 T
Page 269 and 270:
Oxy-salts 239 dilution. This behavi
Page 271 and 272:
Complex Compounds 241 it decomposes
Page 273 and 274:
Alkaline Earth Metals 243 The Eleme
Page 275 and 276:
Hydrides radium chloride, with a me
Page 277 and 278:
Nitrides: Oxides 247 re-examined by
Page 279 and 280:
Peroxides 249 Peroxides MO2 and MO2
Page 281 and 282:
Halides 251 solution rapidly turns
Page 283 and 284:
Halides: Carbonates 253 Bromides Ca
Page 285 and 286:
Salts of Oxy-acids 255 Oxalates Cal
Page 287 and 288:
Oxy-halide Salts 257 A saturated so
Page 289 and 290:
Complexes 259 explosively at 300°
Page 291 and 292:
Complexes 261 given, and for compar
Page 293 and 294:
ZINC AND CADMIUM THESE elements giv
Page 295 and 296:
Zinc Alhyls and Aryls 265 Zinc Alhy
Page 297 and 298:
Cadmium Alhyls and Aryls 267 which
Page 299 and 300:
Oxides: Hydroxides 269 Cadmium amid
Page 301 and 302:
Halides 271 Cadmium sulphide, CdS,
Page 303 and 304:
Halides 273 Zinc Iodide This salt m
Page 305 and 306:
275 OXY-SALTS OF ZINC AND CADMIUM 0
Page 307 and 308:
Oxy~halogen Salts 277 The conductiv
Page 309 and 310:
Cyanides, Ammines 279 a lead anode
Page 311 and 312:
Oxygen-complexes 281 This is tetrah
Page 313 and 314:
Oxygen-complexes Acetylacetone Deri
Page 315 and 316:
Mercury 285 cadmium; this differenc
Page 317 and 318:
Metallic Mercury 287 and thus mercu
Page 319 and 320:
Mercurous Compounds 289 TABIIB Li 0
Page 321 and 322:
Mercurous Ion 291 (4) The X-ray ana
Page 323 and 324:
Mercurous Halides 293 to a mercurou
Page 325 and 326:
Mercurous Compounds 295 but there i
Page 327 and 328:
Mercuric Salts 297 The mercuric sal
Page 329 and 330:
Mercury-Carbon Compounds 299 format
Page 331 and 332:
Mercury-Carbon Compounds 301 (2) Bu
Page 333 and 334:
Mercury-Carbon Compounds 303 The on
Page 335 and 336:
Mercury-Carbon Compounds 305 the de
Page 337 and 338:
Mercury-Carbon Compounds 307 thiona
Page 339 and 340:
Mercury "Carbon Compounds 309 Physi
Page 341 and 342:
Mercury "Carbon Compounds 311 The w
Page 343 and 344:
Mercury-Carbon Compounds 313 into a
Page 345 and 346:
Mercury-Carbon Compounds 315 Acetyl
Page 347 and 348:
Mercury-Nitrogen Compounds 317 low
Page 349 and 350:
Mercury-Nitrogen Compounds 319 The
Page 351 and 352:
Sulphur Compounds 321 On heating th
Page 353 and 354:
Halides presence of potassium fluor
Page 355 and 356:
Oxy-Salts 325 nitric sulphuric and
Page 357 and 358:
Complexes 327 Oxy-salts of Sulphur
Page 359 and 360:
Complexes 329 p. 322) form covalent
Page 361 and 362:
Complexes 331 Complex Sulphides 8 *
Page 363 and 364:
Complexes These sulphonium salts (R
Page 365 and 366:
Group III 335 The change is most cl
Page 367 and 368:
Boron 337 which is thus reached by
Page 369 and 370:
Boron Hydrides 339 derivatives. A f
Page 371 and 372:
Boron Hydrides 341 determined. The
Page 373 and 374:
Boron Hydrides 343 Diborane melts a
Page 375 and 376:
Boron Hydrides 345 By electron diff
Page 377 and 378:
Boron Hydrides 347 It is insoluble
Page 379 and 380:
Alkyl Derivatives 349 450° leaves
Page 381 and 382:
Nitrogen Derivatives 351 is at 100
Page 383 and 384:
Ammonia Derivatives 353 - + - being
Page 385 and 386:
Ammonia Derivatives 355 can be heat
Page 387 and 388:
Triborine Triamine 357 conclusive,
Page 389 and 390:
Triborine Triamine 359 triborine tr
Page 391 and 392:
Oxygen Derivatives 361 L Addition C
Page 393 and 394:
Oxygen Derivatives 363 This has bee
Page 395 and 396:
Borohydrides 365 followed. Recently
Page 397 and 398:
Borohydrides 367 Na and BH4 ions. T
Page 399 and 400:
THalkyls and Triaryls 369 carbide c
Page 401 and 402:
Trialkyls and Triaryls 371 Oxygen*
Page 403 and 404:
Alkyl and Aryl Compounds 373 wein a
Page 405 and 406:
Alkyl and Aryl Compounds 375 Branch
Page 407 and 408:
Allcyl and Aryl Compounds 377 near
Page 409 and 410:
Alkyl and Aryl Compounds 379 The al
Page 411 and 412:
Ammonia Derivatives 381 by the acti
Page 413 and 414:
Oxygen Derivatives joined to three
Page 415 and 416:
Oxygen Derivatives 385 Borotungstat
Page 417 and 418:
Oxygen Derivatives 387 can be isola
Page 419 and 420:
Oxygen Derivatives 389 alcohols whi
Page 421 and 422:
Sulphur and Halogen Derivatives 391
Page 423 and 424:
Trihalides 393 As Meerwein has poin
Page 425 and 426:
Halides 395 the atomic weight of bo
Page 427 and 428:
Halide Derivatives 397 and the chlo
Page 429 and 430:
Nitrogen Complexes 399 upper (ether
Page 431 and 432:
Ammines 401 Boron tricyclohexyl and
Page 433 and 434:
Phosphorus Complexes 403 Methyl bor
Page 435 and 436:
Oxygen Complexes 405 The trihalides
Page 437 and 438:
Oxygen Complexes 407 Li[B(OCH3)J, 2
Page 439 and 440:
Complex Halides 409 by Boeseken and
Page 441 and 442:
Complex Halides 411 agree in not be
Page 443 and 444:
Aluminium Hydride and Carbide 413 c
Page 445 and 446:
Alkyls 415 Brockway and Davidson 39
Page 447 and 448:
Alhyl Compounds 417 ture, 405 while
Page 449 and 450:
Oxide and Hydroxide 419 A kind of i
Page 451 and 452:
Aluminates 421 them. The alkaline s
Page 453 and 454:
Halides 423 with aldehydes) by usin
Page 455 and 456:
Halides 425 The Al—X distance is
Page 457 and 458:
Salts of Oxy-acids 427 the acetate
Page 459 and 460:
Complexes 429 ALUMINIUM COMPLEXES A
Page 461 and 462:
Complexes 431 its benzene solution
Page 463 and 464:
Oxygen Complexes 433 points (especi
Page 465 and 466:
Halide Complexes 435 The 8-hydroxy-
Page 467 and 468:
Friedel-Crafts Reaction 437 tially
Page 469 and 470:
GROUP IIIA THIS subgroup consists o
Page 471 and 472:
Scandium 441 The metal is dimorphic
Page 473 and 474:
Lanthanides 443 ionic moments known
Page 475 and 476:
Lanthanides 445 Relative Abundance
Page 477 and 478:
Metals 447 order of basicities, fal
Page 479 and 480:
Lanihanide Salts 449 curves, the fi
Page 481 and 482:
Ceric Compounds 451 hydrochloric ac
Page 483 and 484:
Abnormal Valencies 453 Tetravalent
Page 485 and 486:
Divalent Compounds 455 Divalent Ytt
Page 487 and 488:
Actinium 457 reduction, samarium, y
Page 489 and 490:
Metals: Hydrides 459 The divalent c
Page 491 and 492:
Alkyls and Aryls 461 Oallium Trialk
Page 493 and 494:
Thallium Alkyls and Aryls Thallium
Page 495 and 496:
Alhyl Thallium Compounds 465 go ove
Page 497 and 498:
Oxides, Calcides 467 Gallium hydrox
Page 499 and 500:
Trihalides 469 (like aluminium and
Page 501 and 502:
Oxy-acid Salts 471 of crystallizati
Page 503 and 504:
Nitrogen and Oxygen Complexes 473 t
Page 505 and 506:
Oxygen Complexes 475 methoxide, m.p
Page 507 and 508:
Divalent Gallium 477 Divalent Galli
Page 509 and 510:
Divalent Indium 479 Aiken, Haley, a
Page 511 and 512:
Monovalent Indium 481 ride, for the
Page 513 and 514:
Thallous Compounds 483 following ta
Page 515 and 516:
Thallous Compounds 485 highly polym
Page 517 and 518:
Thallous Complexes 487 Several oxy-
Page 519 and 520:
Group IV 489 the normal group valen
Page 521 and 522:
Elementary Carbon 491 There are two
Page 523 and 524:
Graphite 493 The positions of the d
Page 525 and 526:
Graphite oxidized, especially by po
Page 527 and 528:
Hydrocarbons 497 established experi
Page 529 and 530:
Free and Restricted Rotation 499 wh
Page 531 and 532:
Ethane Barrier 501 seemed to be sup
Page 533 and 534:
Paraffins 503 It will be seen that
Page 535 and 536:
Olefines 505 Solid hydrates are for
Page 537 and 538:
Ethylene Derivatives 507 in oxygen
Page 539 and 540:
Aromatic Compotmds 509 hydrogenatio
Page 541 and 542:
'Mills-Nixon' Effect 511 5-ring pre
Page 543 and 544:
' Mills-Nixon' Effect 513 It is obv
Page 545 and 546:
Organic Reactivity 515 Bates of Rea
Page 547 and 548:
Organic Reactivity 517 the next. Su
Page 549 and 550:
Metallic Carbides 519 Metallic and
Page 551 and 552:
Binary Carbides 521 the carbon; and
Page 553 and 554:
Organic Oxygen Compounds 523 stable
Page 555 and 556:
Carboxylic Acids 525 The structure
Page 557 and 558:
Co-ordination Compounds 527 Esters.
Page 559 and 560:
Trivalent Carbon Compounds 529 the
Page 561 and 562:
Free Alkyl Radicals 531 which strik
Page 563 and 564:
Triaryl Methyls 533 explained by su
Page 565 and 566:
Triaryl Methyls 535 of a 0-03-molar
Page 567 and 568:
Triaryl Methyls 537 the compounds A
Page 569 and 570:
Triaryl Methyls 539 compound is hig
Page 571 and 572:
Triaryl Methyls 541 difference of e
Page 573 and 574:
Triaryl Methyls 543 The heat of con
Page 575 and 576:
Divalent Carbon 545 With lead the p
Page 577 and 578:
Metallic Garbonyls 547 with the neg
Page 579 and 580:
Metallic Carbonyls 549 Ammines. Car
Page 581 and 582:
GROUP IVB SILICON, GERMANIUM, TIN,
Page 583 and 584:
Hydrides 553 Lead This is more reac
Page 585 and 586:
Hydrides: Carbides 556 n an atmosph
Page 587 and 588:
Organic Compounds 557 increasing at
Page 589 and 590:
Organic Compounds 559 The tin and l
Page 591 and 592:
Silicon Tetra-aryls 561 is 19-3. 49
Page 593 and 594:
Silicon Allcyl Compounds 563 The di
Page 595 and 596:
Silicols acid—dissolves in cold c
Page 597 and 598:
Organic Si—Si Compounds 567 The a
Page 599 and 600:
Germanium Alkyls and Aryls 569 of 0
Page 601 and 602:
Germanium Alhyl Compounds 571 which
Page 603 and 604:
Germanium Alhyl Compounds 573 The a
Page 605 and 606:
Oe—Oe Aryls 575 properties, 597 o
Page 607 and 608:
Stannic Alkyls and Aryls 577 5. By
Page 609 and 610:
Stannic Alhyl Compounds Triphenyl t
Page 611 and 612:
Stannic Alhyl Compounds solvents. A
Page 613 and 614:
Stannic Allcyl Halides These halide
Page 615 and 616:
Distannanes 585 They all dissolve e
Page 617 and 618:
Lead Tetra-alkyls 587 Polystannanes
Page 619 and 620:
Lead aryls 589 ment of alkyls in th
Page 621 and 622:
Lead Alhyl Halides 591 diaryl with
Page 623 and 624:
Lead Aryl Halides 593 through co-or
Page 625 and 626:
Pb—Pb Compounds and PV" Radicals
Page 627 and 628:
Hexa-nryl Diplumbanes 597 get darke
Page 629 and 630:
Silicon Dioxide 599 Tin nitride, Sn
Page 631 and 632:
Silicates: Germanates 601 from Na2O
Page 633 and 634:
Hydroxides: Bisulphides 603 Plumbic
Page 635 and 636:
Tetrahalides Esters of thiostannic
Page 637 and 638:
Silicon Halides 607 compounds gener
Page 639 and 640:
Halides 609 GERMANIUM HYBBIBE-HALID
Page 641 and 642:
Derivatives of Oxy-acids 611 m.pt.
Page 643 and 644:
Oxygen Complexes 613 SnCl4, 2 py ca
Page 645 and 646:
Complex Halides 615 very stable flu
Page 647 and 648:
Divalent Compounds 617 COMPOUNDS OF
Page 649 and 650:
Stannous Compounds 619 would have a
Page 651 and 652:
Stannous Compounds 621 contain stan
Page 653 and 654:
Plumbous Compounds 623 Stannous flu
Page 655 and 656:
Plumbous Compounds 625 of lead. In
Page 657 and 658:
Plumbous Complexes 627 The crystal
Page 659 and 660:
Tetravalent Compounds 629 reflectio
Page 661 and 662:
Metals 631 With hafnium little is k
Page 663 and 664:
Carbides 633 and so it can be got i
Page 665 and 666:
Oxides, Hydroxides 635 Dioxides, AO
Page 667 and 668:
Tetrahalides 637 further proof of t
Page 669 and 670:
Salts of Oxy-acids 639 cent, low at
Page 671 and 672:
Oxygen Complexes 641 Oxygen Complex
Page 673 and 674:
Ato-complexes 643 /°\ Carbonato-co
Page 675 and 676:
Complex Halides 645 Dry hydrogen fl
Page 677 and 678:
Hafnium 647 covered until in 1923 t
Page 679 and 680:
Lower Valencies 649 TRIVALENT AND D
Page 681 and 682:
Divalent Titanium 651 precipitate t
Page 683 and 684:
Divalent Hafnium 053 non-volatile d
Page 685 and 686:
Group V 655 form trivalent cations.
Page 687 and 688:
Elementary Nitrogen 657 carbon-to-c
Page 689 and 690:
Ammonia 659 electrons, and are to a
Page 691 and 692:
Ammonium Halides 661 and —17-6°
Page 693 and 694:
Binary Nitrides 683 in water; they
Page 695 and 696:
Amines, Amides 665 The alkylamines
Page 697 and 698:
Cyanogen Compounds 667 are similarl
Page 699 and 700:
Hydrogen Cyanide 669 obscure. At th
Page 701 and 702:
Complex Cyanides 671 A—Ns=C. 101
Page 703 and 704:
Cyanic Acid 673 verted into nitrile
Page 705 and 706:
Thiocyanic Acid 675 gives the 'dihy
Page 707 and 708:
Cyanogen Halides 677 Cyanogen Halid
Page 709 and 710:
Cyanurates. Amine Oxides 679 known
Page 711 and 712:
Oxides of Nitrogen 681 like NH3, an
Page 713 and 714:
Nitrous and Nitric Oxides 683 solid
Page 715 and 716:
Metallic Nitrosyls 685 oxides of ni
Page 717 and 718:
Nitrosyls 687 than carbonyls; they
Page 719 and 720:
Nitrogen Peroxide 689 velocity of s
Page 721 and 722:
Nitrogen Pentoxide 691 that this wa
Page 723 and 724:
Oxy-acids of Nitrogen 693 /° struc
Page 725 and 726:
Organic Nitrites 695 these are very
Page 727 and 728:
Nitro-compou nds 697 The nitroparaf
Page 729 and 730:
Nitric Acid 699 spectrum in the nea
Page 731 and 732:
Nitrosyl Halides 701 and both of th
Page 733 and 734:
Fluorine Nitrate 703 have shown tha
Page 735 and 736:
Nitrogen Halides 705 occurs at the
Page 737 and 738:
Nitrogen Halides 707 Nitrogen Bromi
Page 739 and 740:
Hydrazine 709 nitrogen in the prese
Page 741 and 742:
A zo-compounds 711 Di-imide HN=NH,
Page 743 and 744:
Azo-compounds 713 melt at 71-4° (t
Page 745 and 746:
Nitramide 715 The first are strong
Page 747 and 748:
Azides 717 From the electron diffra
Page 749 and 750:
Diaryl Nitrogens B. 3-covalent: val
Page 751 and 752:
Aminium Salts 721 A, 2. Ar2N—N—
Page 753 and 754:
Diaryl Nitrogen Oxides 723 suppose
Page 755 and 756:
PHOSPHORUS THE most fundamental dif
Page 757 and 758:
Elementary Phosphorus 121 atmospher
Page 759 and 760:
Phosphine 729 PH8 is basic, but muc
Page 761 and 762:
Phosphines 731 alcohols, 461 or bet
Page 763 and 764:
Phosphorus-Nitrogen Compounds 733 h
Page 765 and 766:
Phosphorus-Nitrogen Compounds 735 t
Page 767 and 768:
Phosphorus Oxides 737 phorus in air
Page 769 and 770:
Oxy-acids of Phosphorus 739 acid HP
Page 771 and 772:
Hypophosphoric Acid 743 of phosphor
Page 773 and 774:
Phosphates 745 much better (2 to 3
Page 775 and 776:
Organo-acids 747 Organo-acids of Ph
Page 777 and 778:
Phosphorus Sulphides 749 The equili
Page 779 and 780:
Oxyhalides 751 Oxyhalides of Phosph
Page 781 and 782:
Halides 753 The trifluoride PF3 is
Page 783 and 784:
Complex Compounds this acid that do
Page 785 and 786:
Complex Halides 757 The P in [PF6],
Page 787 and 788:
Elementary Antimony ?59 Arsenic vap
Page 789 and 790:
Hydrides 761 highly poisonous. At a
Page 791 and 792:
Arsines oxidized by air, especially
Page 793 and 794:
Oxy-compounds 765 A. 2. Trivalent O
Page 795 and 796:
Oxy-compound$ 765 A. 2. Trivalent O
Page 797 and 798:
Halogen Derivatives 767 The phenyl
Page 799 and 800:
Halides 769 Dimethyl arsenic chlori
Page 801 and 802:
A rseno-Compounds 771 it has a norm
Page 803 and 804:
Stibines 773 still attached to the
Page 805 and 806:
Oxy-stibines 775 Oxy-derivatives of
Page 807 and 808:
Halogen Derivatives 777 halogen. (C
Page 809 and 810:
Bismuth, Organic Compounds 779 on a
Page 811 and 812:
Halide Derivatives 781 Bismuth aryl
Page 813 and 814:
Comparison of Carbon Compounds 783
Page 815 and 816:
Arsenic, Oxy-compounds 785 In the s
Page 817 and 818:
Pentoxides 787 Bismuth Trioxide Bis
Page 819 and 820:
Sulphur Compounds 789 The potassium
Page 821 and 822:
Sulphur Compounds 791 Thioantimonit
Page 823 and 824:
Antimony HaKdes 793 at low temperat
Page 825 and 826:
Sb+++ and Bi+++ Salts 795 shows tha
Page 827 and 828:
797 COMPLEX COMPOUNDS THESE are ver
Page 829 and 830:
Pentavalent Complexes 799 A series
Page 831 and 832:
Chelate Complexes 801 The complex b
Page 833 and 834:
Antimony Tetrachloride Derivatives
Page 835 and 836:
Vanadium 805 has no acidic properti
Page 837 and 838:
Vanadium Compounds 807 Vanadium is
Page 839 and 840:
Vanadium Pentoxide 809 Of the highe
Page 841 and 842:
Vcmadic Acid 811 In its properties
Page 843 and 844:
Vanadic Esters one form to another
Page 845 and 846:
Halides, Oxyhalides extra oxygen, e
Page 847 and 848:
Pentavalent Complexes 817 fades to
Page 849 and 850:
Tetrahalides 819 pentoxide with the
Page 851 and 852:
Tetravalent Vanadyl Salts 821 The p
Page 853 and 854:
Ghelate Complexes 823 a violet trih
Page 855 and 856:
Trivalent Compounds 825 Vanadium Se
Page 857 and 858:
Trivalent Oxyhalides A hexahydrate
Page 859 and 860:
Trivalent Complexes 829 number is n
Page 861 and 862:
Trivalent Chelate Complexes 831 pre
Page 863 and 864:
Vanadium Dihalides 833 in the brown
Page 865 and 866:
Niobium 835 The main characteristic
Page 867 and 868:
Peroxyniobates 837 tantalum pentoxi
Page 869 and 870:
Pentavalent Complexes 839 Niobium P
Page 871 and 872:
Pentavalent Complexes complexes is
Page 873 and 874:
Tantalum 843 MONOVALENT NIOBIFM Thi
Page 875 and 876:
Tantalum Compounds 845 Tantalum and
Page 877 and 878:
Pentahalides 847 It is less reactiv
Page 879 and 880:
Penta- and Tetravalent Tantalum 849
Page 881 and 882:
Protoactinium 851 If the aqueous so
Page 883:
Protoactinium 853 as the fourth doe
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