Enslavement and Manumission in Saudi Arabia, 1926-38

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ALAINE S. HUTSON 64 Table 7. Saudi Arabia: occupation and country of origin Agricultural Commercial Domestic Total Total Country of origin n % n % n % (n) (%) Ethiopia 9 19 23 33 41 40 73 34 French Equatorial Africa 4 9 6 9 6 6 16 7 Nigeria 3 6 10 15 5 5 18 8 Sudan 29 62 29 42 43 43 101 47 Yemen 2 4 1 1 6 6 9 4 Total 47 100 69 100 101 100 217 100
ENSLAVEMENT AND MANUMISSION IN SAUDI ARABIA Table 8. Saudi Arabia: years enslaved and occupation 20 years or less More than 20 years Total Type of labor n % n % n % Agricultural 10 18 22 37 32 27 Commercial 25 44 10 16 35 30 Domestic 22 39 28 47 50 43 Total 57 100 60 100 117 100 In contrast to agricultural workers, slaves utilized in commercial work were more likely to be enslaved 20 years or less. In fact, commercial workers were 2.4 times more likely than agricultural workers to be enslaved for less than 20 years. Commercial and domestic slaves seemed almost equally likely to be enslaved 20 years or less. However, commercial workers were over-represented in this category (30 percent of the total sample but 44 percent of those enslaved 20 years or less), while the domestic slaves were slightly underrepresented (43 percent of total sample but only 39 percent of those enslaved 20 years or less). Apparently, owners considered that buying a slave for agricultural work was a long-term investment. This deduction is reinforced by the chi-square test of the number of masters and occupations of slaves. 51 Table 9 shows that agricultural slaves were more likely than domestic to have one master. Domestic slaves appear to have been bought and sold more often; they were 5.1 times more likely than agricultural slaves to have three or more masters. Slaves engaged in agricultural labor were only 21 percent of the sample but were 42 percent of those with one master. It appears that masters in Saudi Arabia more readily held agricultural slaves for long periods of time and were more hesitant to part with them. Despite the fact that agricultural workers appear to be valuable property, Table 10 indicates that their value did not improve the treatment they received as slaves. The chi-square analysis for occupation and reason for running was highly signi cant. 52 There was a close correspondence between agricultural workers and Table 9. Saudi Arabia: number of masters and occupation One master Two masters Three or more masters Total Total Type of labor n % n % n % (n) (%) Agricultural 8 42 9 25 8 12 25 21 Commercial 5 36 10 36 18 27 33 27 Domestic 6 22 17 47 41 61 64 52 Total 19 100 36 100 67 100 122 100 51 (n 5 122, v 2 5 9.44, df 5 4, p , .06). 52 (n 5 65, v 2 5 22.78, df 5 6, p , .001). 65
Page 1 and 2: Critique: Critical Middle Eastern S
Page 3 and 4: Description of the Data ENSLAVEMENT
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Page 9 and 10: Table 2. Age of runaway slaves ENSL
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Enslavement and Manumission in Saudi Arabia, 1926-38

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