Adoption and intensity of adoption of conservation farming practices in Zambia

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Table 12. Adoption Intensity of CF1/CF2 in the Whole Sample CF1 CF2 Random Linear Random Linear effects Fractional Unobserved effects Fractional Unobserved Variables Tobit Probit effects Tobit Probit effects Female head 0.065 0.069 0.035 -0.208 -0.253 -0.018 Widower head 0.107 0.158 0.040 -0.339* -0.478** -0.026* Polygamous head -0.056 -0.084 -0.025 0.004 -0.109 -0.011 # Adults (age>=15) 0.004 -0.015 -0.003 0.005 0.009 0.001 Age (head) 0.006** 0.009** 0.003** -0.005 -0.004 -0.000 Education (avg.) 0.029*** 0.035*** 0.011*** 0.019 0.019 0.001 Dependency ratio Chronically ill -0.023 -0.064** -0.016* 0.016 -0.010 0.001 (% adults) 0.066 0.055 0.014 -0.087 -0.180 -0.018 Land per capita -0.053** -0.403*** -0.023*** -0.009 -0.172*** -0.002* Ag-wealth index -0.118*** -0.182*** -0.020*** 0.046 0.050 0.001 Wealth index 0.020 0.028 0.003 0.019 0.026 0.000 TLU (total) -0.004 -0.001 0.007 -0.003 -0.000 # Oxen owned -0.029 -0.034 -0.000 -0.039 -0.061 -0.000 ASP dummy Minimum tillage -0.027 -0.001 -0.011 -0.068* -0.046 -0.013* extension (% SEA) -0.112 -0.101 -0.042 1.057*** 1.242*** 0.058*** RFE CV -0.435 -0.872 0.077 5.330*** 7.878*** 0.625*** 2008 dummy -0.234*** -0.269*** -0.089*** -0.421*** -0.371*** -0.019*** Central -0.112 -0.060 -0.011 0.442 0.433 0.030** Copperbelt -0.069 -0.029 -0.001 -0.257 -0.444 -0.012 Eastern -0.057 0.033 -0.004 0.726* 0.819*** 0.061*** Luapula -1.115*** -1.497*** -0.415*** 0.211 -0.135 -0.004 Northern -0.327*** -0.429** -0.119 1.099*** 1.011*** 0.074*** NWestern -0.539*** -0.601*** -0.208*** -0.360 -0.621* -0.028** Southern -0.746*** -0.824*** -0.238*** -0.168 -0.413 -0.012 Western -0.372*** -0.404* -0.157** -0.337 -0.502 -0.026** Constant 0.769*** 0.498 0.534*** -2.963*** -4.430*** -0.158*** Source: Author calculations based on RILS. intensity of CF1 adoption, this is expectable because the definition includes hand hoe use, which is correlated with low agricultural wealth. This variable is not significant when we use the stricter definition (CF2). Although the number of oxen was significant in determining adoption, it is not significant in determining the intensity of it. The ASP dummy is not significant, indicating that this program did not affect the intensity of adoption of CF1. The share of other households in the SEA that received extension services on minimum tillage does not significantly affect the intensity of CF1, neither does the coefficient of variation of historical rainfall in the district. The 2008 dummy indicates that the intensity of adoption of CF1 decreased significantly between the two panels, holding everything else constant. The provincial dummies are negative and significant, indicating a general downward trend in the intensity of CF1 in all provinces except in the Eastern and Copperbelt Provinces. 19
With regard to CF2, the most robust and significant variables that increase the intensity of adoption are the share of households in the village that received minimum tillage extension and the CV of RFE. Both of these variables positively affect the probability of CF2 adoption as well as its intensity significantly. The RFE coefficients provide evidence for a synergy between CF and adaptation as perceived by farmers. 23 Table 13 reports the results for the Eastern province only. The results are similar to the nation-wide results in that most of the socio-economic variables are not significant in determining the intensity of adoption. Land per capita is negative and significant in almost all specifications, indicating that large landholders allocate a smaller share of their land to CF. The ASP dummy is positive but only significant in one specification for CF1, and negative but not significant in affecting the CF2 intensity, failing to provide evidence that the ASP was effective in promoting CF in its areas of operation. As in the nation-wide results, the variables with the most robust coefficients are the minimum tillage information provision for CF1 and the CV of rainfall for CF2. The higher the share of households that received extension information on minimum tillage in a households SEA, the higher the intensity of adoption of CF1. This variable is significant only in the tobit specification for CF2. Households in districts with higher CV of historical rainfall allocate Table 13. Adoption Intensity CF1/CF2 in the Eastern Province CF1 CF2 Random Linear Random Linear effects Fractional Unobserved effects Fractional Unobserved Variables Tobit Probit effects Tobit Probit effects Female head 0.407 0.579 0.119* 0.042 0.006 0.000 Widower head -0.153 -0.300 -0.075 -0.986 -1.120*** -0.110 Polygamous head -0.261 -0.237 -0.063 -0.615* -0.586*** -0.073*** # Adults (age>=15) -0.009 -0.031 -0.005 0.075 0.058 0.008 Age (head) -0.003 -0.002 -0.001 0.005 0.006 0.000 Education (avg.) 0.005 0.008 0.002 0.036 0.035 0.005 Dependency ratio -0.132** -0.207** -0.027 -0.086 -0.038 0.001 Chronically ill (% adults) -0.105 -0.227 -0.023 0.388 0.090 -0.003 Land per capita -0.422*** -1.045*** -0.084** -0.182 -0.321** -0.017** Ag-wealth index -0.039 -0.157 0.005 0.119 0.072 0.005 Wealth index -0.015 0.100 -0.011 -0.045 -0.028 -0.001 TLU (total) -0.023 -0.079** -0.006 -0.055 -0.041 -0.002 # Oxen owned -0.129* -0.186 -0.017 -0.124 -0.106* -0.005 ASP dummy Minimum tillage 0.237* 0.459 0.073 -0.136 -0.071 -0.016 extension (% SEA) 1.436*** 2.213*** 0.365*** 1.015** 0.680 0.075 RFE CV 7.049*** 11.137 2.140 11.240** * 8.807** 1.114** 2008 dummy -1.168*** -1.680*** -0.326*** 0.246 0.158 0.018 Constant -1.115 -2.515 -0.014 -4.682*** -3.929*** -0.226 Source: Author calculations based on RILS. significantly bigger shares of their total cultivated land to CF2 further supporting the role of CF in managing soil moisture in semi-arid climates. 23 These results are robust to the exclusion of the Northern province to accommodate the coding issues related to the practice of chitemene. The results without the Northern province can be provided upon request. 20
Page 1 and 2: Adoption and intensity of adoption
Page 3 and 4: Adoption and intensity of adoption
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper contri
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .........
Page 9 and 10: ACRONYMS ACT African Conservation T
Page 11 and 12: Existing empirical analyses of CF i
Page 13 and 14: 2003; Tarawali et al. 1999; Steiner
Page 15 and 16: use of the panel structure in their
Page 17 and 18: Table 2. Various Tillage and Crop M
Page 19 and 20: Table 5. Adoption and Intensity of
Page 21 and 22: Table 10. Explanatory Variables by
Page 23 and 24: 4.1. Adoption of CA 4. METHODOLOGY
Page 25 and 26: v X X X N X 2 i | ( i1, i2,..., iT
Page 27: The coefficient of the agricultural
Page 31 and 32: Table 14. Additional Household and
Page 33 and 34: own land. However, the coefficient
Page 35 and 36: The results should be interpreted w
Page 37 and 38: CSO 2004. Rural Income and Liveliho
Page 39 and 40: Papke, Leslie E. and Jeffrey M. Woo

Adoption and intensity of adoption of conservation farming practices in Zambia

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