Guro Lauvland Bjorknes.pdf - NMMU

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(Elmhirst, 2009). The Zimbabwean government is a government of national unity between ZANU PF and two factions of the MDC (BBC NEWS, 2005). Huge unemployment was the result of the downfall of the economy in Zimbabwe, consequently leading to inflation and all resources becoming scarce. Foreign exchange also became scarce as the farming industry collapsed (Anstey, 2006:88). Zimbabwe, “once known as the breadbasket of Africa”, was falling apart (The Washington Times, 2006). The flight of professionals called the “brain drain” has added to the difficulty in creating economic stability in Zimbabwe (Chimanikire, 2005:3). 2.2.9 Zimbabwe today The collapse of the economy and the high levels of political repression have led to vast numbers of Zimbabweans migrating to other countries. They seek safe havens to “ensure family survival and to escape persecution and torture” (Madziva, 2010:70). The situation in the country is disturbing not only for its citizens, but also its neighbours and the international community. Zimbabwe, formerly a thriving state of great potential, is still “wrought with conflict and the possibility of collapse” (Haass, 2007:v). Migrants from Zimbabwe include “asylum seekers escaping political persecution to people fleeing economic collapse for a better life over the Limpopo River, cross-border traders, students and shoppers” (IRIN, 2010). This treatise involves refugees who have migrated as a consequence of persecution and the economic collapse in Zimbabwe. However, to reach a definition of refugees relevant for the undertaken study, a definition of a refugee in general follows. Thereafter an endeavour is made towards a working definition of refugees relevant for this treatise. A description of urban refugees and refugee women is also given. Difficulties refugees encounter and their coping strategies are then outlined. Refugee settings in general and in South Africa in particular are also explored before the Zimbabwean refugee and the refugee community in the CMC are described. 20
2.3 The refugee 2.3.1 Definitions of refugees According to the United Nations 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol a refugee is defined as follows: (…) owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it. (United Nations, 1951: convention article 1A, 2) Nationality and country are stressed and research on refugees in the twentieth century had states, revolutions and international relations as the centre of attention. The social-ecological paradigm was applied to understand refugee crisis (Hein & Niazi, 2009). The 1969 OAU Convention offers a definition of refugees which was more appropriate for an African context. It states: . . . the term “refugee” shall also apply to every person who, owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his [or her] country of origin or nationality, is compelled to leave his [or her] place of habitual residence in order to seek refuge in another place outside his [or her] country of origin or nationality. (Refugee Convention, 1969 article 1A,2) The definition of refugees included persons who had fled because of civil war in the 1969 OAU Convention and it was also pertinent in the 1984 Cartagena Declaration in Latin America. Rawles (2003) argues for a large number of people to be excluded from the definition of refugees that are in need of the protection and assistance. According to the criteria, persons defined as refugees must have crossed the border of their country into another country but this definition excludes a large number of people. Internally displaced persons are not easily assisted as state sovereignty prevents them from receiving aid or protection (Newman & Van Selm, 2003:6). 21
Page 1 and 2: Coping Strategies among Female Zimb
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT This treatise represents a
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION BY CA
Page 7 and 8: 2.5.3 Conflict…………………
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH FINDINGS……
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABET- Adult B
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introdu
Page 15 and 16: 1.4 Aims and Objectives of the Stud
Page 17 and 18: people staying in the CMC a contact
Page 19 and 20: 1.11 Limitations of Study Babbie an
Page 21 and 22: arrived from the south, taking cont
Page 23 and 24: during the conference but the confl
Page 25 and 26: The 1980s were very good for Zimbab
Page 27 and 28: ural areas, because it is easier to
Page 29 and 30: investments out of the country was
Page 31: operation could also have been seen
Page 35 and 36: “complex nexus between the politi
Page 37 and 38: The right not to be tortured or arb
Page 39 and 40: factors of xenophobia are very simi
Page 41 and 42: their own family. They specifically
Page 43 and 44: 2.3.8.1 Zimbabwean refugees and asy
Page 45 and 46: other places where people from othe
Page 47 and 48: section provides a definition of co
Page 49 and 50: Morton Deutsch said "Conflict can n
Page 51 and 52: 2.5.4 Three models of conflict Next
Page 53 and 54: conflict and therefore suggested me
Page 55 and 56: other groups (James & Goetze, 2001:
Page 57 and 58: 2.6 Summary This chapter presented
Page 59 and 60: actually helping the millions of pe
Page 61 and 62: This study will not present a final
Page 63 and 64: 3.6.2 Sample unit Darlington and Sc
Page 65 and 66: were expected to test and confirm t
Page 67 and 68: subcategories. The researcher can f
Page 69 and 70: (Babbie & Mouton, 2008:522). Interv
Page 71 and 72: 3.10 Limitations of research When e
Page 73 and 74: migration performed according to a
Page 75 and 76: through interviews with the partici
Page 77 and 78: 4.3 Who are the female Zimbabwean r
Page 79 and 80: Four out of the 20 participants sai
Page 81 and 82: Another participant also related an
Page 83 and 84:
Another coping strategy is to rely
Page 85 and 86:
4.4.2.2 Access to blankets Four par
Page 87 and 88:
time and avoids socialising too muc
Page 89 and 90:
Sometimes you can go to the bishop
Page 91 and 92:
4.4.6 Hospitals and police Issues o
Page 93 and 94:
4.5 Perception of other women’s c
Page 95 and 96:
CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH FINDINGS 5.1 In
Page 97 and 98:
Cognitive coping strategies like ho
Page 99 and 100:
The coping strategy would be pursue
Page 101 and 102:
emphasises „enduring‟ the adver
Page 103 and 104:
5.2.9 Category 9: Begging in the st
Page 105 and 106:
One lady commented: “I wait for t
Page 107 and 108:
5.3 Summary Coping strategies among
Page 109 and 110:
6.2.2 Objectives To describe the ma
Page 111 and 112:
Reducing the quality and amount of
Page 113 and 114:
Police and other law enforcement ag
Page 115 and 116:
REFERENCE LIST Anstey, M. 2006. Man
Page 117 and 118:
Darlington, Y. and Scott, D. Qualit
Page 119 and 120:
Himes, J. 1980. Conflict and confli
Page 121 and 122:
options. Ed. by S. Johnston, A. Ber
Page 123 and 124:
Rabie, M., 1994. Conflict resolutio
Page 125 and 126:
United Nations High Commissioner fo
Page 127 and 128:
ADDENDA ADDENDUM I: Permission from
Page 129 and 130:
20. What led you to seek refuge in
Page 131 and 132:
ADDENDUM III: Informed consent form
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