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Hunter, Central & Lower North Coast 

Vegetation Classification & Mapping Project 

Volume 1 

Vegetation Classification 

Technical Report

Acknowledgements 

Report Author & Co-Authors 

Main Author: Michael Somerville 

Data Audit Chapter & Report: Kim Duncan & 

Michael Somerville 

Core Project Team 

Michael Somerville 

Angela McCauley 

Kim Duncan 

Project Management Team 

Anna Ferguson (HCRCMA) 

Meredith Laing (Director, Hunter Councils 

Environment Division & HCCREMS) 

Jeff Palmer (HCRCMA) 

Michael Somerville (Project Coordinator, Hunter 

Councils Environment Division Vegetation) 

Project Steering Committee 

Meredith Laing (Hunter Councils Environment 

Division) 

Michael Somerville (Hunter Councils 

Environment Division) 

Angela McCauley (Hunter Councils Environment 

Division, until January 2008) 

Jeff Palmer (HCRCMA) 

Anna Ferguson (HCRCMA) 

Andrew Paget (HCRCMA) 

Dominic Sivertsen (DECC) 

Ashley Love (DECC) 

Paul Sheringham (DECC) 

David Tierney (Local Government Representative, 

Wyong Shire Council) 

Botanical Classification Team 

Doug Binns (Forests NSW) 

Phil Gilmour (EcoLogical Australia) 




iii 

Botanical Field Surveys 

John Hunter & Dorothy Bell (Consultants) 

Robert Payne (Consultant, Ecological Surveys and 

Management) 


Liz Broese & Colin Bale (Consultants, EA 

Systems) 

Mark Robinson (Consultant, Bioregen) 

Simon Tweed & Liz Norris (Consultants, 

EcoLogical) 

Teressa James (Consultant) 

Site Selection Expert Review Panel 

Matthew Bell (Great Lakes Council) 

Steven Griffith (Consultant and Research Fellow, 

University of New England, Armidale) 

Terry Evans (DECC) 


Data Audit Expert Review Panel 

Steve Bell (Consultant, Eastcoast Flora Survey) 

Travis Peake (Consultant, Umwelt) 



Matthew Bell (Ecologist, Great Lakes Council) 



Daniel Connolly (DECC) 

John Hunter (Consultant) 

Steve Lewer (DECC) 

Terry Evans (DECC) 



Management)

Classification Expert Review Panel 

Dominic Sivertsen (Convenor, DNR) 

Michael Somerville (Presenter, Hunter Councils 


Doug Binns (Presenter, Forests NSW) 

David Tierney (Ecologist, Wyong Shire Council) 

John Hunter (Consultant) 




Steve Bell (Consultant, Eastcoast Flora Survey) 



Management) 

Liz Broese (Consultant, EA Systems) 


Native Grasslands Expert Workshop 

Participants 

Michael Somerville (Facilitator, Hunter Councils 


Charles Huxtable (DECC) 

Surrey Jacob (Principal Research Scientist, Botanic 

Gardens Trust) 



Dave Russell (HCRCMA) 

Paul Melehan (HCRCMA) 

Neil Nelson (Consultant) 

Ross Watson (Consultant) 

John Benson (Senior Plant Ecologist, Botanic 

Gardens Trust; although unable to attend John 

provided valuable input prior to the workshop) 

Database Development 



Bob Sewell (Llewes Partners) 

Administrative Support 

Meredith Laing (Director, Hunter Councils 


Michelle Avice-Demay (Director, Hunter 

Councils Environment Division) 

Samantha King (Director, Hunter Councils 


iv 

Additional Support 

The project team would also like to acknowledge 

and thank a number of other people and 

organisations who provided support and advice to 

various stages of this project, including: 

Robert and Maggie Payne: provided additional 

survey data and advice at their own expense 

Andrew Paget: provided considerable information 

on specific plant species and communities, 

and on relationships between vegetation 

communities 

John Hunter: provided advice on various aspects 

of the project as well as additional survey data 

Bob Sewell: acted as the unofficial project 

database expert, providing considerable advice 

and expertise 

Field assistants: various people acted as field 

assistants to the botanists, in particular, Adam 

Cavallaro and Tasman Willis, as well as a 

number of students from the University of New 

England 

Hunter Water Corporation: provided access to 

their landholdings for botanical surveys 

Private landholders: a number of landholders 

allowed botanical teams access to their 

properties for the purposes of carrying out 

surveys and for that data to be used in the 

current study 

DECC: staff from various sections provided 

valuable support, data and advice to this project 

Botanical illustrators and Botanic Gardens 

Trust: provide an invaluable resource to a 

project such as this, including assisting with 

species identifications, maintaining up-todate 

botanical resources such as PlantNET. In 

addition, high-quality species line drawings 

used in the vegetation community profiles 

were sourced from the BGT and produced by 

their staff. In particular, Catherine Wardrop and 

Lesley Elkin were very helpful in preparing and 

supplying line drawings at short notice.

Contents 

Acknowledgements ..............................................................iii 

List of abbreviations ............................................................ viii 

Chapter 1: IntroduCtIon to the projeCt ................................. 1 

1.1 Background to the project ..................................................... 1 

1.2 Project aims and objectives .................................................... 1 

1.3 Structure of reporting for the project ............................................ 2 

1.4 The project’s study area ....................................................... 2 

1.4.1 Geographical extent ................................................... 2 

1.4.2 Natural regions of the study area ....................................... 3 

1.4.3 Landforms and climate of the study area ................................. 4 

Chapter 2: VegetatIon of the Study area ................................ 8 

2.1 Broad vegetation formations and classes. ........................................ 8 

2.1.1 Rainforests ........................................................... 8 

2.1.2 Wet sclerophyll forests. ................................................ 9 

2.1.3 Dry sclerophyll forests. ............................................... 10 

2.1.4 Grassy woodlands ................................................... 11 

2.1.5 Grasslands .......................................................... 12 

2.1.6 Heathlands ......................................................... 12 

2.1.7 Freshwater wetlands ................................................. 13 

2.1.8 Forested wetlands ................................................... 13 

2.1.9 Saline wetlands. ..................................................... 14 

2.2 Previous studies of the region’s vegetation. ..................................... 14 

2.2.1 Major studies covering the study area .................................. 14 

2.2.2 Subregional studies within the study area ............................... 16 

2.2.3 Location-specific or species-specific studies within study area ............. 18 

Chapter 3: MethodS of data ColleCtIon and analySIS ................ 20 

3.1 Data audit and evaluation .................................................... 20 

3.1.1 Background ........................................................ 20 

3.1.2 Data audit objectives . ................................................ 21 

3.1.3 Data collation ....................................................... 21 

3.1.4 Data integration ..................................................... 21 

3.1.5 Data evaluation. ..................................................... 22 

3.2 Gap analysis and site selection ................................................ 22 

3.2.1 Addressing minimum standards ....................................... 22 

3.2.2 Three-tiered approach to gap analysis .................................. 22 

3.2.3 Expert panel review of site selection .................................... 26 

3.2.4 Site-selection rule set ................................................. 27 

3.2.5 Landholder liaison ................................................... 27 

3.3 Botanical survey methodology . ............................................... 27 

3.3.1 Background ......................................................... 27 

3.3.2 Botanical survey teams ............................................... 28 

3.3.3 Botanical survey methods. ............................................ 28 

3.3.4 Quality assurance check of the surveys ................................. 29 

v

3.4 Vegetation community analysis ............................................... 29 

3.4.1 Introduction. ........................................................ 29 

3.4.2 Exploratory analyses . ................................................ 31 

3.4.3 Expert review of collated dataset ...................................... 31 

3.4.4 The analysis dataset .................................................. 31 

3.4.5 Classification of the survey data ....................................... 32 

3.3.6 Interpretation and refinement of classification ........................... 33 

3.4.7 Expert review of draft classification scheme . ............................ 34 

3.4.8 Finalisation of vegetation classification scheme .......................... 35 

3.4.9 Expert grasslands communities workshop .............................. 35 

3.4.10 Development of vegetation community profiles. ......................... 36 

3.4.11 Development of a regional vegetation classification database .............. 36 

Chapter 4: reSultS. ......................................................... 38 

4.1 Data audit and evaluation ................................................... 38 

4.1.1 Vegetation survey datasets within the region (geography) ................. 38 

4.1.2 Summary of profiled vegetation survey datasets ......................... 38 

4.1.3 Preliminary data assessment .......................................... 42 

4.1.4 Summary of vegetation community analysis datasets ..................... 43 

4.1.5 Plant species inventory ............................................... 45 

4.1.6 Discussion .......................................................... 46 

4.2 New field surveys for this project. ............................................. 48 

4.2.1 Overview of the survey effort. ......................................... 48 

4.2.2 Significant taxa ...................................................... 49 

4.2.3 Naturalised species .................................................. 49 

4.2.4 Contribution to sampling targets. ...................................... 53 

4.3 Vegetation community classification ........................................... 54 

4.3.1 Expert review of the draft classification scheme .......................... 54 

4.3.2 Outcomes of the expert review. ........................................ 54 

4.3.3 Final classification scheme ............................................ 55 

4.3.4 Expert review of grasslands workshop. ................................. 55 

4.3.5 Brief vegetation community descriptions. ............................... 62 

4.3.5.1 Rainforests. ................................................ 62 

4.3.5.2 Wet sclerophyll forests. ...................................... 70 

4.3.5.3 Dry sclerophyll forests. ...................................... 82 

4.3.5.4 Grassy woodlands ......................................... 114 

4.3.5.5 Grasslands. ............................................... 120 

4.3.5.6 Heathlands andshrublands. ................................. 121 

4.3.5.7 Forested wetlands ......................................... 125 

4.3.5.8 Freshwater wetlands ....................................... 132 

4.3.5.9 Saline wetlands. ........................................... 136 

Chapter 5: reCoMMendatIonS ........................................... 137 

BIBlIography .............................................................. 138 

vi

appendICeS ................................................................. 143 

Appendix 1: Systematic vegetation survey proforma ................................ 144 

Appendix 2: Quality assurance proforma .......................................... 147 

Appendix 3: Data vetting proforma ............................................... 151 

Appendix 4: Hierarchical classification dendrogram ................................ 165 

Appendix 5: Classification expert review workshop: Terms of reference ............... 170 

Appendix 6: Collated review. .................................................... 171 

Appendix 7: List of collated vegetation surveys .................................... 204 

Appendix 8: Plant families in the HCLNC vegetation classification ................... 209 

Appendix 9: List of species recorded in the study ................................... 212 

Appendix 10: Grasslands communities expert review workshop outcomes. ............ 284 

lISt of taBleS and fIgureS 

Table 3.1 Vegetation survey dataset proforma ....................................... 23 

Table 3.2 Sampling strategies for other vegetation survey and mapping projects ......... 24 

Table 3.3 Structure of the Quarternary Geology Classification Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

Table 3.4 Conversions for common cover/abundance score schemes ................... 32 

Table 3.5 Species fidelity calculations. .............................................. 37 

Table 4.1 Headings used to profile vascular plant species within the HCLNC study area .. 45 

Table 4.2 Threatened species within the HCLNC study area .......................... 48 

Table 4.3 List of rare or threatened species recorded during field surveys ............... 49 

Table 4.4 List of naturalised species recorded during field surveys ..................... 50 

Table 4.5 Overview of outcomes of the expert review of the classification scheme ........ 55 

Table 4.6 List of vegetation communities and sources ................................ 56 

Figure 1.1 Geographical extent of study area ......................................... 2 

Figure 1.2 Bioregions of the study area . ............................................. 3 

Figure 1.3 Botanical subdivisions of the study area ................................... 3 

Figure 1.4 Major catchments of the study area ....................................... 4 

Figure 3.1 Hunter Central Lower North Coast study area ............................ 21 

Figure 3.2 Expert panel review identified areas ..................................... 26 

Figure 4.1 Summary of age of surveys. ............................................. 39 

Figure 4.2 Summary of floristic data information recorded ............................ 39 

Figure 4.3 Summary of survey plot type ........................................... 39 

Figure 4.4 Summary of plot size .................................................. 40 

Figure 4.5 Summary of cover/abundance scoring systems ............................ 41 

Figure 4.6 Summary of vegetation strata height and percentage cover .................. 42 

Figure 4.7 Summary of dominant species per stratum cover. .......................... 42 

Figure 4.8 Summary of the preliminary data assessment ............................. 43 

Figure 4.9 Possible application of plot site data ..................................... 43 

Figure 4.10 Plot site intensity for the HCLNC study area ............................. 44 

Figure 4.11 Plot site intensity for LGAs within the HCLNC study area ................. 44 

Figure 4.12 a. area coverage b. plot site intensity for the different land 

tenures in the HCLNC study area ................................................. 45 

Figure 4.13 Recorded frequency of species at plot sites within the HCLNC study area .... 46 

Figure 4.14 Locations of survey sites completed for current study ..................... 49 

vii

List of abbreviations 

API aerial photograph interpretation 

CANRI Community Access to Natural Resources Information 

CRA Comprehensive Regional Assessments 

DECC Department of Environment and Climate Change 

EPBC Act Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 

HCCREMS Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy 

HCED Hunter Councils Environment Division 

HCMT Hunter Catchment Management Trust, now HCRCMA 

HCRCMA Hunter–Central Rivers Catchment Management Authority 

LGA local government area 

LHCCREMS Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental Management 

Strategy 

NP national park 

NR nature reserve 

NSW NPWS NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service 

TSC Act Threatened Species Conservation Act (NSW) 

NVMP Native Vegetation Mapping Program 

RBG Royal Botanic Gardens 

SF state forest 

FNSW Forests New South Wales (formerly State Forests NSW) 

SRA 

UPGMA unweighted pair groups with mean averaging 

VCA vegetation classification assessment 

VCL Voluntary Conservation Lands 

WRA Western Regional Asessment 

YETI Yet Another Survey Database 

viii

CHaPTeR 1 

Introduction to the project 

1.1 Background to the project 

This publication was commissioned by the Hunter–Central Rivers Catchment Management 

Authority (HCRCMA) to report on the second stage of the Hunter, Central and Lower North 

Coast Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project. 

The first stage involved vegetation survey and mapping using SPOT5 satellite imagery of the 

study area; systematic surveys of priority areas; regionally significant vegetation mapping of 

the Central Coast; and a SPOT5 Pilot Study (McCauley 2006a, 2006b; McCauley et al. 2006). 

This second stage expands on the work of stage 1, with a particular focus on gap-filling surveys, 

the development of a regional vegetation community classification scheme, and data inputs for 

an anticipated third stage. 

It is expected that stage 3 of the project will use the outputs from stages 1 and 2 in the development 

of pre-clearing and extant vegetation community mapping of the Hunter, Central and Lower 

North Coast of New South Wales. 

1.2 Project aims and objectives 

The overall aims of the vegetation classification and mapping project are to: 

➜ compile baseline data 

➜ develop a regional vegetation community classification scheme 

➜ produce vegetation community mapping 

The specific objectives of this second stage of the project were to: 

➜ collate data 

➜ conduct additional systematic surveys within poorly sampled environments to fill 

information gaps 

➜ develop a regional vegetation community classification scheme that cross-references 

wherever possible to other existing schemes that have currency in the region 

1

HClNC Vegetation Classification & mapping Project: Volume 1: Vegetation Classification Technical Report 

1.3 Structure of reporting for the project 

The reporting of this second stage of the vegetation classification and mapping project has been 

completed as three stand-alone volumes which together provide the detail of the methods and 

outcomes of the various project elements. The three volumes are: 

➜ Volume 1: Vegetation Classification Technical Report (this publication) 

➜ Volume 2: Vegetation Community Profiles (HCCREMS 2008a) 

➜ Volume 3: Vegetation Survey Data Audit (HCCREMS 2008b) 

1.4 The project’s study area 

1.4.1 Geographical extent 

The project's study area is the Hunter, Central and Lower North Coast region of New South 

Wales, Australia. The area was selected to encompass the geographical boundaries of the 

Hunter–Central Rivers Catchment Management Authority and of the 14 member councils of 

the Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environment Strategy (HCCREMS). A 1.5 km buffer 

zone was generated around the most external boundary for the purpose of data collation and 

integration (See Figure 1.1). 

The study area referred to within this document includes the 1.5 km buffer and will be termed 

the Hunter, Central Coast and Lower North Coast (HCLNC) study area. The geographical extent 

of the HCLNC is between latitudes 31°16' to 33°35' south, and longitudes 149°40' to 152°48' east, 

encompassing a total land area of 4 026 761 ha. 

Figure 1.1. Geographical extent of the study area 

2

Study boundary Area (ha) 

Hunter–Central Rivers CMa 3 592 596 

Hunter and Central Coast (HCC) 3 902 172 

HCC and 1.5 km buffer 4 026 761 

1.4.2 Natural regions of the study area 

3 

CHaPTeR 1 Introduction to the project 

The present study area can be divided into natural regions using various approaches. In this 

section an overview is provided of the study area’s constituent bioregions (Environment 

Australia 2000), botanical subdivisions (Anderson 1961) and major catchments. Various sources 

are available which provide detailed descriptions of each of these landscape divisions and are 

included in the bibliography. This section is only intended to provide a brief description of the 

extent and composition of the study area in terms of each of these systems. 

1.4.2.1 Bioregions of the study area 

Bioregions are natural regions defined on the 

basis of various environmental parameters, 

including climate, topography, geology and 

lithology. Eighty-five bioregions are currently 

recognised in Australia and these have been 

further subdivided into 430 subregions 

(Environment Australia 2000). The study area 

is dominated by the North Coast (47.4%) and 

Sydney Basin (39.8%) bioregions (see Figure 1.2). 

Making up smaller but significant areas are the 

Brigalow Belt South (9.4%) and New England 

Tableland (3.0%) bioregions. The study area 

also includes parts of the South Western Slopes 

(0.3%) and Nandewar (0.1%) bioregions. 

1.4.2.2 Botanical subdivisions of the study 

area 

The study area includes significant areas of five 

botanical subdivisions as described by Harden 

(1990), and a small area of a sixth subdivision 

(see Figure 1.3). The majority of the area is 

made up of the North Coast (44.1%) and 

Central Western Slopes (32.2%) subdivisions 

along with significant areas of the Central 

Coast (11.8%), Northern Tablelands (9.4%) and 

Central Tablelands (2.3%) subdivisions. The 

study area, including the 1500 m buffer, also 

includes a small area of the North-Western 

Slopes subdivision. 

Figure 1.2. Bioregions of the study area 

Figure 1.3. Botanical subdivisions of the study area


1.4.2.3 Major catchments of the study area 

The study area is dominated by the Hunter 

River catchment (53.3% of the study area) 

with a large portion of the Manning River 

catchment (20.3%) to the north (see Figure 

1.4). The Port Stephens / Wallis Lake (11.1%) 

and Lake Macquarie / Tuggerah Lakes (3.9%) 

catchments are wholly within the study area, 

and significant areas of the Hawkesbury River 

catchment (7.9%) are also included. Smaller 

areas of the Hastings River (1.5%), Macquarie 

River (1.0%), Namoi River (0.8%) and Macleay 

River (0.2%) catchments areas are included on 

the margins of the study area (mostly within the 

study’s 1500 m buffer zone). 

1.4.3 Landforms and climate of the study area 

4 

Figure 1.4. Major catchments of the study area 

The distribution of vegetation is determined by a range of environmental factors, such as 

geology and soils (texture, structure and nutrient levels, etc.), climatic factors and topography, 

as well as by various stochastic processes, such as fire history (Keith 2004). Any of these factors 

may be more or less important in relation to the distribution of specific vegetation communities 

and may also be more or less important depending on the scale at which vegetation patterns are 

considered (Keith 2004). For example, soil nutrients have been shown to be important factors in 

the distribution of vegetation types in areas where moisture and temperature are not limiting 

factors (as in coastal areas); however, nutrient levels may have little influence in arid or highaltitude 

areas where moisture and temperatures are major limiting factors to the growth of 

vegetation (Beadle 1981). 

The study area has very diverse landforms and climates. These include moist, warm, coastal 

lowlands; semi-arid inland areas; and reasonably high-altitude montane areas. The study area 

is additionally significant as the Hunter Valley represents the only major break in the north– 

south continuity of the Great Dividing Range and, therefore, provides a link between coastal 

areas and the arid inland. A major study carried out by the CSIRO in the 1960s (Story et al. 1963) 

identified 43 different land systems based on a range of factors, including topography, geology 

and soils, in the Hunter Valley alone. 

This diversity of habitats has resulted in a high diversity of plant species and vegetation 

communities within the study area. A number of previous studies have identified areas of 

particularly high levels of species diversity and endemism within the study area. In a major 

study of Australian phytogeography, Burbidge (1960) described a zone of overlap between the 

tropical and temperate zones centred on the area between the MacPherson Ranges of South- 

East Queensland and the Macleay River. Throughout this area the range of northern tropical 

species and southern temperate species overlap with tropical species occupying moister gullies, 

and temperate species occupying more open sites. The limits of many taxa are found within this 

area which is known as the MacPherson–Macleay Overlap; it has been shown to extend into 

the Barrington Tops. The area has been identified as a centre of biodiversity and endemism in 

a number of other studies (Boden & Given 1995; Crisp et al. 2001). In a study of distributional

5 


patterns in Australian Acacia Maslin and Pedley (1988) have demonstrated that many groups of 

Acacia reach their limits of distribution within the MacPherson–Macleay Overlap. 

Other areas of high levels of species diversity and endemism within the study area have also 

been identified, including the Sydney Basin sandstone region (Boden & Given 1995; Crisp et al. 

2001) and the New England–Dorrigo region (Crisp et al. 2001), part of which is in the north of 

the study area. 

The discussion of the major landforms and climatic trends of the study area that follows is, for 

convenience, broken into major bioregions. This discussion is meant to provide an overview 

only and the various references to this section should be consulted for more detailed information 

on the landforms and climate of the area. Information on bioregions used here has been sourced 

from the report The bioregions of New South Wales: their biodiversity, conservation and history (NPWS 

2003b). 

1.4.3.1 North Coast bioregion 

The North Coast bioregion for the most part has a relatively warm, moist climate with a mean 

annual temperature of 8 to 20˚ C and mean annual rainfall of around 800 to 2900 mm. Rainfall 

tends to be evenly distributed throughout the year and generally increases in the north (reaching 

a maximum outside the study area) and inland to the escarpment. The overall climate varies 

from tropical along the coast to subtropical in the hinterland and temperate in the western 

parts with isolated areas of montane climate in the higher altitude areas of the escarpment. The 

general topographical sequence moves from sand barriers along the coast to low foothills and 

ranges in the hinterland to steep escarpment and gorges along the eastern edge of the Great 

Dividing Range. 

Geologically, the North Coast bioregion is dominated by Devonian and Permian sedimentary 

bedrocks which have been dramatically uplifted and faulted as they were thrust over the Sydney 

Basin. Smaller areas of granite and granodiorite intrusions also occur, along with isolated areas 

of basalt flows. In addition, smaller, isolated areas of serpentinite occur, often resulting in 

distinct floral assemblages. 

The basalt flows form nutrient-rich, typically red clay loams and these areas have been 

extensively cleared for agricultural purposes. The granitic rocks tend to form yellow earths on 

hillcrests and ridges, while on the slopes they form yellow or brown, texture contrast soils, and 

organic or sandy loams on alluvial areas. On the coastal dune systems deep sands and podsols 

develop. 

In the coastal and northern parts of the bioregion subtropical and warm temperate rainforests 

develop on the richer, basalt-derived soils, while drier sclerophyll forest–types dominate on the 

granite-derived soils. On the coastal dunes various woodlands and shrublands predominate. 

The bioregion also contains significant areas of both freshwater and saline wetlands: the margins 

of freshwater wetlands support various swamp forests, and the margins of saline wetlands 

support mangrove communities. 

1.4.3.2 Sydney Basin bioregion 

The Sydney Basin bioregion has a typically temperate climate with a mean annual temperature 

of 10 to 17˚ C and mean annual rainfall of 522 to 2395 mm, with no distinct dry season. A 

subtropical climate occurs in the north-east parts of the bioregion and small areas of montane


climate occur on the Blue Mountains where some snow may fall. The topography of the bioregion 

is dominated by a broad basin of sandstone and shales, uplifted in places during the formation 

of the Great Dividing Range. The sandstones have been heavily eroded by coastal rivers to 

form a landscape of dissected plateaux and steep-sided gorges. In contrast to these uplifted 

areas, low-lying areas occur outside the study area around the Cumberland Plains and within 

the study area in the Hunter Valley. These areas were flooded by rising sea waters during the 

last post-glacial period, forming estuaries and harbours edged along the coast by barrier sands 

which are well developed within the study area (DECC 2008a). 

As mentioned, the geology of the bioregion is dominated by Permian to Triassic age 

sandstones and shales which are separated by the above mentioned fault from the extensively 

faulted Carboniferous rocks to the north which form the rugged country of the foothills of 

the Barrington Tops. Large coal deposits accumulated in the upper parts of the basin and 

in the south these were covered by Triassic age sandstone deposits of the Hawkesbury. The 

broad Hunter Valley was formed by erosion of the Permian rocks which, being derived from 

marine sediments, were relatively high in salt. This has resulted in many of the central Hunter 

Valley streams having naturally high levels of salinity. During the Jurassic period additional 

sedimentation covered much of the basin, however, the majority of these younger deposits 

have subsequently eroded with only a thin stratum of older shales remaining over the moreresistant 

quartz sandstones. 

The soils of the coastal areas of the bioregion consist of frontal dune systems of deep sands 

with the dunes behind accumulating organic materials and producing podsols (DECC 2008a) 

Depending on parent materials and rainfall, the floodplains of the bioregion develop sandy 

alluvial soils, podsolics and cracking clays. Various sandy soils have formed on the Hawkesbury 

sandstones and these support a very high diversity of plant species. The richer soils which have 

developed on the isolated outcrops of basalt flows support various forms of relatively lowdiversity 

rainforests. 

1.4.3.3 Brigalow Belt South bioregion 

The south-eastern parts of the Brigalow Belt South bioregion which lie within the study area 

have a typically sub-humid climate, with small areas of temperate climate. The mean annual 

temperature of the bioregion ranges from 10 to 19˚ C with typically hot summers. The mean 

annual rainfall ranges between 449 and 1015 mm and is relatively evenly distributed throughout 

the year with no marked dry season. 

The geology of the bioregion is dominated by Jurassic and younger sedimentary deposits 

(mainly sandstones and shales) of the Great Artesian Basin. Much of this pre-existing landscape 

has been covered by extensive basalt flows of the Liverpool Range which make up the largest 

areas of lava flows in New South Wales. These basalts are continuously eroded to expose the 

more resistant sediments beneath. 

1.4.3.4 New england Tableland bioregion 

The New England Tableland bioregion makes up a smaller portion of the study area than the 

three bioregions discussed above (see Figure 1.2). The southern end of this bioregion extends 

into the north of the study area and is mainly represented by a steep section of the Great Eastern 

Escarpment and ranges climbing up to the tableland with a small area of tableland around 

Nowendoc. 

6

7 


This bioregion has a generally temperate to cool temperate climate with smaller areas of 

montane climate at higher altitudes. Mean annual temperatures range from 9 to 17˚ C. Annual 

rainfall averages between 653 and 1765 mm and is generally summer dominant, although in the 

montane areas it is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year. 

The geology of the bioregion is characterised by mainly Permian sedimentary rocks which 

have undergone extensive uplifting and faulting. Extensive basalt flows cover large parts of 

the tablelands and granite intrusions occur in many areas. The topography is one of stepped 

plateaux which extend east and south to the escarpment where coastal streams form deep, 

steep-sided gorges. The granite intrusions form steep country with numerous boulders and tors 

in the surrounding plains of level basalt flows. 

Soils vary depending on parent material, topography and rainfall, with the granite-derived soils 

forming sandy, low-fertility soils of generally poor structure which tend to be highly erosive. 

The basalt-derived soils tend to form shallow loams on steeper sites and richer clay loams on 

flatter sites ranging from red-brown to brown to black depending on topographic position. 

Where the Permian sedimentary rocks are exposed these tend to form relatively infertile, texture 

contrast soils. 

1.4.3.5 Other bioregions within the study area 

Of the remaining bioregions included within the study area the Nandewar bioregion occurs 

only as a narrow strip in the north within the 1500 m buffer used for data collation and survey 

purposes (see Figure 1.2) and is not considered in this section. The New South Wales South 

Western Slopes bioregion extends into a small area in the far west of the study area around the 

township of Mudgee (see Figure 1.2). The climate of this bioregion is sub-humid with mean 

annual temperature ranging from 11 to 17˚ C, reaching its maximum in the west outside of the 

study area. Mean annual rainfall is variable across the bioregion, decreasing to the west, and is 

highest (up to around 1200 mm) within the study area but decreasing to around 400 mm west 

of the study area. 

Topographically the bioregion consists of low ranges and slopes of the western fall country 

of the Great Dividing Range. The geology of the bioregion is dominated by Cambrian to 

Carboniferous meta-sediments and granites which have been extensively folded in a northwesterly 

direction. Soils range from shallow, stony soils on the ridges and texture contrast soils 

on the slopes with sandy or loamy alluvial soils on the valleys. The alluvial soils are frequently 

poorly drained and subsoils may accumulate salts.

CHaPter 2 

Vegetation of the study area 

The overview of the region’s vegetation provided below in Section 2.1 is of the major formations 

and classes recognised in the study area according to Keith’s classification of the vegetation 

of New South Wales (Keith 2004). This information is provided to give an introduction to the 

variation in vegetation across the region. It is then used as the broader basis for the classification 

undertaken by this project. It should be noted that the overview of the region’s vegetation is not 

comprehensive as there may be communities within the study area that are not recognised by 

this classification scheme. 

Section 2.3 provides a summary of the various vegetation studies which have been carried 

out within, or over an area covering part of the study area. It is intended only to provide an 

overview of those studies relevant to the current project and is not a comprehensive account of 

all studies completed. 

2.1 Broad vegetation formations and classes 

2.1.1 Rainforests 

These are forests with a closed canopy generally dominated by non-eucalypt species with soft, 

horizontal leaves, although various eucalypt species may be present as emergents. Rainforests 

tend to be restricted to relatively fire-free areas of consistently higher moisture and nutrient 

levels than the surrounding sclerophyllous forests. Of the nine classes of rainforest recognised 

in this classification five are predicted to occur within this region. 

➜ Subtropical rainforests: Mainly confined to more protected sites in the north-east of the 

study area (North Coast bioregion) this rainforest is typically dominated by tropical species 

including Ficus macrophylla, Dendrocnide excelsa and Toona ciliata and is structurally and 

floristically diverse with a range of lifeforms including lianes and epiphytes. Originally 

occurring on large areas of the fertile coastal floodplains in the north, much has now been 

cleared for timber and agriculture. 

➜ northern warm temperate rainforests: Mainly restricted to the north-east of the study 

8

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CHaPTeR 2 Vegetation of the study area 

area this rainforest tends to be less structurally diverse than more tropical rainforests, 

although epiphytes and lianes as well as palms may still be common. This forest is 

typically dominated by species such as Acmena smithii (Lilly Pilly), Ceratopetalum apetalum 

(Coachwood) and Doryphora sassafras (Sassafras). 

➜ Cool temperate rainforests: Restricted to the montane areas of the Barrington Tops and 

eastern escarpment above around 900 m where orographic effects ensure relatively high 

moisture levels. This rainforest is generally of low structural and floristic diversity and is 

commonly dominated by Nothofagus moorei (Antarctic Beech) and Elaeocarpus holopetalus 

(Black Olive Berry). The understorey may be dominated by tree ferns (Dicksonia antarctica) 

and may have a scattering of shrubs and small trees including Tasmannia spp., Trochocarpa 

montana and Coprosma quadrifida. 

➜ dry rainforests: This rainforest occurs sporadically across the study area where soil 

fertility is moderately high but annual rainfall is between around 600 mm and 1100 mm. 

Dominant canopy species within the study area include Alectryon subcinereus, Backhousia 

myrtifolia, B. sciadophora, Streblus brunonianus and Ficus rubiginosa. 

➜ littoral rainforests: Restricted to remnant patches on sand dunes and headlands along 

the coast, this rainforest includes a range of species including Cupaniopsis anacardioides, 

Ficus spp., Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia and Acmena smithii. 

2.1.2 Wet sclerophyll forests 

The sclerophyll forests are dominated by trees of the Myrtaceae family, particularly of the 

genera Eucalyptus, Angophora, Corymbia, Syncarpia and Lophostemon, and dominate much of the 

landscape of the study area. The dominant tree species tend to have smaller, hard leaves and 

be adapted to varying extents to the occurrence of wild fires (Keith 2004). The wet sclerophyll 

forests are restricted to areas of higher rainfall and moderate fertility and often include a dense 

understorey of soft-leaved rainforest shrubs and small trees in moister situations (shrubby subformation). 

In drier situations these forests may have an open, grassy understorey (grassy subformation) 

with a sparse, sclerophyllous shrub layer. Seven classes of wet sclerophyll forest are 

recognised as occurring in this region (Keith 2002): 

➜ northern tablelands wet sclerophyll forests (grassy subformation): Restricted to 

the tablelands above around 800 m in the north-east of the area, these open forests are 

dominated by species such as Eucalyptus cameronii, E. campanulata and E. obliqua. 

➜ Southern tablelands wet sclerophyll forests (grassy subformation): Within the study 

area these forests are restricted to isolated patches in the central tablelands of the southwest. 

This class is typically dominated by Eucalyptus bridgesiana, E. bicostata and E. 

viminalis. 

➜ northern hinterland wet sclerophyll forests (grassy subformation): Relatively 

common over much of the north-east and parts of the Central Coast in the south-east 

on low ranges and foothills on the coastal hinterland of the study area. This canopy 

is dominated by a range of species including Eucalyptus microcorys, E. pilularis and 

Syncarpia glomulifera. 

➜ Southern lowland wet sclerophyll forests (grassy subformation): Restricted to a small 

area on the Central Coast in the far south-east of the study on coastal sands and sandstone. 

This forest is dominated by species including Corymbia maculata, E. botryoides and Syncarpia 

glomulifera, and often includes an understorey dominated by Macrozamia communis.


➜ north Coast wet sclerophyll forests (shrubby subformation): Restricted to the northeast, 

near coastal part of the study area. The canopy is dominated by species such as 

Eucalyptus saligna, E. microcorys and E. acmenoides. 

➜ northern escarpment wet sclerophyll forests (shrubby subformation): Restricted to the 

escarpment and ranges in the north-east of the study area. The canopy is dominated by 

species including Eucalyptus campanulata, E. laevopinea and E. microcorys. 

➜ Southern escarpment wet sclerophyll forests (shrubby subformation): Restricted to a 

small area of escarpment on the central tablelands in the far south-west of the study area. 

This class is typically dominated by species such as Eucalyptus fastigata, E. cypellocarpa and 

E. viminalis. 

2.1.3 Dry sclerophyll forests 

These open forests occur over large areas of the study area and include a wide range of structural 

and floristic types. In general they occur on poorer substrates and relatively drier situations 

than the wet sclerophyll forests. On moderately poor soils these forests may develop a dense, 

grassy understorey with a more open shrub layer (shrub / grass subformation) while on the 

poorest substrates (sands and sandstones) a dense, sclerophyllous shrub layer dominates. Fire 

often plays an important role in the ecology of these forests (Keith 2004). Fourteen classes of dry 

sclerophyll forest are recognised by this classification within the study area: 

➜ north-West Slopes dry sclerophyll woodlands (shrub / grass subformation): Restricted 

in the study area to hilly country on the Liverpool Range and Western Slopes in the 

north-west and west, this class is dominated by Eucalyptus albens, Callitris glaucophylla 

and Brachychiton populneus. 

➜ Sydney Coastal dry sclerophyll forests (shrubby subformation): Restricted to the 

Sydney sandstone areas in the south-east of the study area, this class is dominated by 

Angophora costata, Eucalyptus piperita and Corymbia gummifera and often develops a highly 

diverse, dense, heathy understorey. 

➜ Sydney hinterland dry sclerophyll forests (shrubby subformation): Also restricted to 

Sydney sandstone but in less coastal, drier situations, this class has a more open, less 

diverse shrub layer and a canopy dominated by Angophora bakeri, Corymbia eximia and 

Eucalyptus sparsifolia among other species. 

➜ Sydney Montane dry sclerophyll forests (shrubby subformation): Restricted to higher 

altitude areas on Sydney sandstone in the south-west of the study area, canopy dominants 

include Eucalyptus oreades, E. piperita and E. sieberi. 

➜ Coastal dune dry sclerophyll forests (shrubby subformation): Restricted to coastal 

dunes, this class is typically dominated by Angophora costata, Eucalyptus pilularis and 

Corymbia gummifera. 

➜ northern escarpment dry sclerophyll forests (shrubby subformation): Restricted to 

the escarpment and higher slopes to the north of the study area, this class is typically 

dominated by Eucalyptus cameronii, E. campanulata and E. calliginosa. 

➜ northern tableland dry sclerophyll forests (shrubby subformation): Restricted in the 

study area to higher altitude sites on the Northern Tablelands and Liverpool Range in 

the north. The characteristic canopy species include Eucalyptus andrewsii, E. dealbata and 

Callitris endlicheri. 

➜ Southern tablelands dry sclerophyll forests (shrubby subformation): Restricted within 

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the study area to a small area in the south-west, this class is dominated by a range of 

species including Eucalyptus rossii, E. dalrypleana, E. blakelyi and E. goniocalyx. 

➜ Western Slopes dry sclerophyll forests (shrubby subformation): Found over a relatively 

wide area in the west of the study area, particularly around the Goulburn River and 

northern Wollemi areas. The indicative canopy species found in this class include 

Eucalyptus dealbata, E. sideroxylon, Callitris endlicheri and E. crebra. 

➜ Sydney Sand flats dry sclerophyll forests (shrubby subformation): Restricted to old 

alluvial and aeolian sand deposits on the Hawkesbury, Hunter and Goulburn river valleys; 

canopy dominants include Eucalyptus parramattensis, Angophora bakeri and E. sclerophylla, 

and the shrubby understorey often includes species of Banksia and Hakea. 

➜ northern gorge dry sclerophyll forests (shrub / grass subformation): Mainly restricted 

to the gorge country of the escarpment in the north of the study area; canopy dominants 

include Eucalyptus eugenioides and Corymbia intermedia on the steeper slopes and 

E. tereticornis and E. mollucana on lower slopes. 

➜ new england dry sclerophyll forests (shrub / grass subformation): Restricted to the New 

England Tableland and slopes in the north of the study area, this class is dominated by a 

range of species including Eucalyptus calliginosa, E. nobilis and E. pauciflora. 

➜ hunter–Macleay dry sclerophyll forests (shrub / grass subformation): This class is 

common across much of the study area and is represented by a number of different 

communities; common dominant canopy species include Corymbia maculata, Eucalyptus 

crebra, E. fibrosa, E. propinqua and E. punctata. 

➜ upper riverina dry sclerophyll forests (shrub / grass subformation): Restricted to a very 

small area in the western Blue Mountains in the far south-west of the study area, the canopy 

dominants include Eucalyptus albens, E. nortonii and E. polyanthemos subsp. polyanthemos. 

2.1.4 Grassy woodlands 

This formation is a prominent feature of the landscape over much of the drier (500 to 900 mm) 

parts of the study area on soils of medium to high fertility, and is characterised by an open to 

very open canopy dominated by eucalypts, particularly various box and red gum species. The 

ground layer is typically dense and composed of a diverse range of tussock grasses and other 

grasses and herbs. Much of the original extent of this formation has been cleared, primarily for 

agricultural purposes (Keith 2004). 

➜ tableland Clay grassy woodlands: Restricted within the study area to the higher altitude 

areas of the Barrington Tops, Northern Tablelands and Liverpool Range. 

➜ new england grassy woodlands: Restricted in the study area to the New England area 

in the north and scattered occurrences on higher sites in the Wollemi area to the south. 

➜ Western Slopes grassy woodlands: Common across much of the western parts of the 

study area including the Merriwa Plateau, Goulburn River and northern Wollemi areas. 

➜ Subalpine woodlands: Restricted to elevations between 1000 m and the physiological 

limit of tree growth around 1800 m, these woodlands occur within the study area only 

on the higher altitude areas of the Northern Tablelands and Barrington Tops to the north. 

The canopy is generally dominated by Eucalyptus pauciflora with E. stellulata and E. 

dalrympleana also common. 

➜ Coastal Valley grassy woodlands: Restricted to drier (700 to 1000 mm) near-coastal valleys 

this class is made up of a range of communities. Dominant canopy species commonly


include Eucalyptus tereticornis, Angophora floribunda and Corymbia maculata. 

➜ Southern tableland grassy woodlands: Restricted to a similar small zone in the southwest 

of the study area as the Southern Tablelands dry sclerophyll forests at elevations 

over 600 m, and with similar dominants, but a more low, open canopy. Dominant canopy 

species often include Eucalyptus blakelyi, E. melliodora and E. macrorhyncha. 

2.1.5 Grasslands 

Native grasslands predominate in areas of lower rainfall, moderately to highly fertile clay 

soils and low topographical relief (Keith 2004). These communities are characterised by a 

predominance of tussock grass species and a relative absence of woody species. Grasslands 

occur from the coastal plain to the drier inland and into montane areas; however, they become 

more common and widespread in the more inland parts of the study area. Only two classes of 

natural, native grasslands are recognised by Keith (2002) within the region: 

➜ Western Slopes grasslands: Restricted within the study area to the heavy clay plains 

of the Liverpool Plains region in the north-west, this class is characterised by dense 

growth of tall tussock grasses and is commonly dominated by Austrostipa aristiglumis as 

well as a number of other species, including Dichanthium sericeum and Austrodanthonia 

bipartite. 

➜ Maritime grasslands: Restricted to coastal headlands, dunal systems and off-shore 

islands, these grasslands may occur as closed tussock grasslands on rocky headlands 

and islands or as sparse, open grasslands on areas of sand. Dominant species in this class 

include Themeda australis, Sporobolus virginicus and Lomandra longifolia. 

2.1.6 Heathlands 

Ecologically similar to the shrubby subformation of dry sclerophyll forests, heathlands are, 

however, characterised by a general lack of tree species. This formation occurs typically on 

low-nutrient, silica-rich soils and many of the common species have adapted in various ways 

to acquiring trace amounts of nutrients and water from these soils. One such adaptation is the 

presence of proteoid root structures in many heathland shrubs which allow them to capture 

phosphorus and other nutrients unavailable to other plants. Within the study area four classes 

of heathland have been recognised by Keith (2002) and occur in isolated patches from the coastal 

sands and sandstone areas to rocky montane areas. Heathlands have often been left relatively 

intact as they tend to occur on less productive lands. 

➜ Wallum Sand heaths: Restricted to near coastal sand masses and more common in 

the north of the study area this class is dominated by shrubs such as Banksia aemula, 

Leptospermum spp., Melaleuca spp. and Monotoca scoparia. A range of low mallee trees or 

tall shrubs may also occur as emergents. 

➜ Sydney Coastal heaths: Restricted to the Sydney sandstone coastal plateaux in the southeast 

of the study area, this highly diverse heath is dominated by a range of shrub species 

including Allocasuarina distyla, Banksia oblongifolia and Hakea teretifolia. 

➜ Sydney Montane heaths: Restricted within the study area to a small area of the western 

Blue Mountains on sandstone in the far south-west, this class is typically dominated by 

shrubs including Allocasuarina nana, Leptospermum trinervium and Banksia ericifolia. 

➜ Coastal headland heaths: Restricted to exposed coastal headlands within the salt- 

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spray zone, this class is less floristically diverse than other heathlands classes. Common 

dominant shrubs include Leptospermum laevigatum, Allocasuarina distyla and Banksia 

integrifolia subsp. integrifolia. 

2.1.7 Freshwater wetlands 

Freshwater wetlands occur on areas where perennial or permanent inundation by water, either 

still or moving, dominates ecological processes. They occur in a range of environments where 

local relief and drainage result in open surface water at least part of the time and often play a 

range of vital roles in the functioning of ecosystems. The periodicity and duration of inundation 

in wetlands often determines to a large extent the suite of species present as do the extent 

and depth of water. Within the study area, three separate classes of freshwater wetlands are 

recognised as occurring by Keith (2002): 

➜ Coastal heath swamps: Restricted to local depressions of impeded drainage on coastal 

sands or sandstone areas this class may include some similar species to the drier coastal 

heathlands, however, they differ in the predominance of sedge species. Common species 

associated with this class include Banksia spp., Gleichenia dicarpa, Baumea rubiginosa and 

Leptocarpus tenax. 

➜ Montane bogs and fens: Restricted to the montane areas of the Barrington Tops and 

Northern Tablelands in the north of the study area, bogs occur typically on poorly 

drained, acidic soils derived from siliceous parent materials. They are often dominated 

by sclerophyllous shrubs such as Leptospermum spp., Callistemon spp., Hakea spp. and 

sedges including Carex spp. Fens, conversely, commonly occur on richer soils derived 

from basalts or shales and are dominated by grasses and sedges with few shrubs. 

➜ Coastal freshwater lagoons: Restricted to near-coastal floodplains and sandplains this 

class is commonly made up of a mosaic of open water, sedgeland and herbfield. Common 

species include sedges such as Baumea articulata, Cladium procerum, Eleocharis sphacelata 

and floating aquatic herbs such as Azolla filiculoides and Spirodella punctata. 

2.1.8 Forested wetlands 

This formation is made up of various wetlands dominated by tree species occurring on major 

riverine corridors and floodplains. These communities are dominated by sclerophyllous species 

similar to those in drier sclerophyll communities, but with hydrophilic species dominating an 

inundated understorey. Three classes of forested wetlands are recognised as occurring within 

the study area: 

➜ Coastal swamp forests: Restricted to low-lying coastal areas, this class is characterised 

by the predominance of paperbark species. Typical canopy species include Melaleuca 

quinquenervia, Eucalyptus robusta and Callistemon salignus with ferns species including 

Blechnum spp. and sedges often common in the understorey. 

➜ Coastal floodplain wetlands: Restricted to remnants on wide coastal floodplains this 

class may be dominated by a range of eucalypt species including Eucalyptus grandis, E. 

robusta and Angophora floribunda and the understorey tends to be dominated by sedge-like 

species. 

➜ eastern riverine forests: Restricted to the larger riverine corridors on the hinterland and 

further inland this class is dominated by Casuarina cunninghamiana, although in partially


saline areas such as parts of the Hunter Valley this species may be replaced by Casuarina 

glauca. Common understorey shrubs include Melicytus denatatus, Glochidion ferdinandi and 

Tristaniopsis laurina. 

2.1.9 Saline wetlands 

These wetlands occur on areas of impeded drainage with high levels of salt, such as estuarine 

areas or inland lakes where high levels of evaporation lead to the accumulation of surface 

salts, and are dominated by halophilic species. Three classes of saline wetlands, all coastal, are 

recognised as occurring within the study area: 

➜ Seagrass meadows: Restricted to permanently inundated parts of coastal estuaries and 

bays this class is dominated (often in monotypic stands) by the sea grasses Posidonia 

australis and Zostera capricorni. 

➜ Mangrove swamps: Restricted to coastal estuaries this class is typically a low, closed 

forest dominated within the study area by one or sometime two species of mangrove tree. 

The dominant mangrove tree species within the study area are Avicennia marina subsp. 

australasica and Aegicerus corniculatum. Various saltmarsh species may also be common 

within mangrove communities. 

➜ Saltmarshes: Mainly restricted to estuarine mudflats which are periodically inundated 

and where evaporation levels cause salts to accumulate at the surface these communities 

are dominated by various halophilic species including Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Samolus 

repens, Suaeda australis and Sporobolus virginicus. 

2.2 Previous studies of the region’s vegetation 

Numerous vegetation studies, some including classification and mapping, have been carried 

out either on large areas including part or whole of this study’s area or on smaller areas partly 

or wholly included in this study’s area. A comprehensive overview of this literature is beyond 

the scope of this study, however, those of particular importance are briefly outlined below. 

These studies have either been used to assist in interpretation of the classification work described 

in this report or have gained general acceptance in some areas and hence it was important to 

attempt to investigate equivalencies with the communities described in the current study. 

2.2.1 Major studies covering the study area 

australian Native Vegetation assessment 2001 (Cofinas & Creighton 2001) 

The Australian Native Vegetation Assessment, carried out in 2001 as a part of the National 

Land and Water Resource Audit, identified 22 major vegetation groups (MVGs) in New South 

Wales, further divided into 67 major vegetation subgroups (MVSs) (Cofinas & Creighton 2001). 

An update of this classification, carried out in 2005, revised this to 23 MVGs. This vegetation 

assessment process also resulted in the development of the National Vegetation Information 

System (NVIS), which includes a database of over 9000 distinct vegetation types (Cofinas 

& Creighton 2001). The NVIS developed standards for classifying and naming vegetation 

communities at various scales, as well as standards for the type and format of information to 

be included in vegetation classifications. This study uses the NVIS as the basis for defining and 

naming communities at an appropriate scale. 

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15 


Forests Types in New South Wales: Research Note 17 (Forestry Commission of NSW 1989) 

The New South Wales forest types study was based on a floristic classification of over-storey 

species and describes a total of 184 native vegetation types as well as six non-native and three 

non-vegetated units. The study has limitations for use in the present study as it was developed 

primarily for timber production and focuses mainly on forest communities and less on shrublands 

and non-woody communities. However, the forest types scheme has been widely used and forms 

the basis for many of the communities identified through the New South Wales Comprehensive 

Regional Assessment (see below). That scheme has been used in the current study to assist in the 

interpretation of woody communities and the relationships between them. 

New South Wales Comprehensive Regional assessment: Forest ecosystem 

classification and mapping for Upper and Lower North east CRa regions (NPWS CRa 

Unit 1999a) 

A classification of forest ecosystems was carried out by the NPWS CRA Unit in 1999 as a part 

of the Comprehensive Regional Assessment study. The study identified a total of 157 forest 

ecosystems, 141 of which were eucalypt dominated. Many of these eucalypt-dominated 

communities were identified by splitting or amalgamating forest types; 43 forest types were 

included without modification (NPWS 1999a). As the methodology of the study relied heavily 

on the data and classification of forest types, the forest ecosystem classification has limited 

application for non-commercial forest types and non-woody ecosystems in general. However, 

as with forest types, many subsequent, finer scale studies have used the forest ecosystems 

classification as a basis for further division of vegetation communities; therefore, the current 

study had to take forest ecosystems classification into account when analysing relationships 

with communities identified through other studies. 

a Compliation Map of Native Vegetation for New South Wales (Keith 2002) 

The compilation map of native vegetation is developing a consistent vegetation classification 

for New South Wales based on a compilation of numerous regional studies and is periodically 

updated. It lists 16 vegetation formations, which are further divided into 99 classes. The work 

is described in detail in Ocean shores to desert dunes: the native vegetation of New South Wales and 

the ACT (Keith 2004). The vegetation classification is currently the most widely used state-wide 

and, therefore, has been used as a broad-scale basis for the current vegetation classification 

and mapping project. Where possible communities described in the current study have been 

equated to formations and classes described in the compilation map, however, in some cases 

this has not been possible and some suggested equivalencies are more precise than others. 

New South Wales Vegetation Classification and assessment (Benson 2006) 

New South Wales Vegetation Classification and Assessment (NSWVCA) is an ongoing project, 

being carried out by staff at the Botanic Gardens Trust, which aims to develop a comprehensive 

classification of native vegetation across the state as well as an assessment of the conservation 

significance of vegetation communities. The project also aims to compile this state-wide 

classification into a database to allow the information to be conveniently accessed and analysed 

(Benson 2000). Work on this large project has been divided into four parts: 

part 1 (largely completed): covers the New South Wales Western Plains 

part 2 (currently in early stages of development): to cover the New South Wales Western 

Slopes


part 3: to cover the New South Wales Tablelands 

part 4: to cover the Eastern Escarpment and coastal zone of New South Wales 

Classifications are being developed for each area based on existing available classifications and 

mapping, or from new surveys and analyses where information is insufficient. Although the 

NSWVCA has not yet undertaken work in the current vegetation classification and mapping 

project area, the current study has tried to achieve consistency in its naming and describing of 

communities with the database of the NSWVCA project. 

australian Rainforests in New South Wales (Floyd 1990) 

In this work Floyd completed a rainforest classification for New South Wales which intuitively 

divided rainforests into four subformations based on structure and physiognomy and further 

delineates 13 alliances and 57 suballiances based on florisitcs. This work has gained considerable 

acceptance as a rainforest classification and was taken into account in interpreting rainforest 

communities in the present study. Where possible rainforest communities in the present study 

have been related to alliances or suballiances within Floyd’s scheme. 

2.2.2 Subregional studies within the study area 

General Report on the Lands of the Hunter Valley (Story et al. 1963) 

A study of the geology, landforms, climate and vegetation of the Hunter Valley was carried 

out by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation and published in 

General Report on the Lands of the Hunter Valley, Land Research Series No. 8 (Story et al. 1963). This 

study included the Hunter Valley and Lake Macquarie area and divided the region up into 43 

‘Land Systems’. As a part of this study, Story undertook a detailed assessment of the region’s 

native vegetation (Story 1963). The report identifies 16 broad ‘vegetation types’ occurring in 

the region and provides a description of the composition, structure and distribution of each. 

This report was used mainly to provide a broad overview of the region’s vegetation to assist in 

understanding the relationships between communities. 

Vegetation Survey, Classificiation and Mapping, Lower Hunter and Central Coast 

Region (NPWS 2000) 

A vegetation classification and mapping project was undertaken by the NSW NPWS CRA Unit 

on behalf of Hunter Councils Environment Division as part of the Lower Hunter and Central 

Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy (LHCCREMS). Originally carried out in 

2000 and updated in 2003, the study area included the seven local government areas involved 

in the development of the LHCCREMS: Maitland, Cessnock, Port Stephens, Newcastle, Lake 

Macquarie, Wyong and Gosford. The classification analysed 2360 sites and the final scheme 

recognised 55 vegetation communities. 

The LHCCREMS classification and mapping are currently widely used by local governments 

and other organisations and individuals in the area covered by the project. The current study 

area includes the entire LHCCREMS area, and it was considered essential, given the level of 

acceptance of the LHCCREMS scheme, that the relationships between vegetation units in this 

study and those of the LHCCREMS study be investigated. 

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The Vegetation of the Central Hunter Valley, New South Wales (Peake 2006) 

The Vegetation of the Central Hunter Valley study was carried out on behalf of the HCRCMA. 

The project conducted vegetation surveys, classification and mapping and recognised 36 units 

(including plantations) across that area. As with the LHCCREMS classification, this scheme has 

achieved wide usage over the area that it covers, and an analysis of relationships between this 

scheme and the regional classification was seen as an important element of the current study. 

The Natural Vegetation of the Gosford Local Government area (Bell 2004c) 

A study of the vegetation of the Gosford LGA was carried out on behalf of the Gosford 

City Council. Surveys, classification and mapping were conducted. A total of 46 vegetation 

communities and subcommunities were identified through cluster analyses, with a further 12 

subsequently delineated. This work has gained a degree of acceptance and usage in the Gosford 

LGA and consideration was given to its classification in the current work. 

The Natural Vegetation of the Wyong Local Government area (Bell 2002) 

As with the Gosford vegetation study described above, this project was carried out on behalf 

of the Wyong Shire Council and covers its local government area. This study delineated 42 

vegetation communities based on cluster analyses of floristic data. This work was important to 

understanding vegetation community relationships in the Wyong area revealed by the present 

study. 

Vegetation of Regional Significance on the New South Wales Central Coast (McCauley et 

al. 2006) 

This project was undertaken under stage 1 of the current vegetation classification and mapping 

project. Vegetation surveys, classification and mapping were carried out for the three Central 

Coast council areas of Lake Macquarie, Gosford and Wyong. A total of 58 vegetation communities 

were delineated. This classification work was taken into consideration during interpretation of 

the current work. 

The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains (DeCC 2006) 

This project was carried out by the Information and Assessment Section, Metropolitan Branch, 

Environment Protection and Regulation Division of the Department of Environment and 

Conservation (now the Department of Environment and Climate Change). Fifty-eight vegetation 

communities were delineated and described for the western Blue Mountains area. As significant 

amounts of that area are included within the present study and a number of unique vegetation 

communities occur there, this work was important to the present study. 

Other subregional scale studies 

Vegetation mapping and classification carried out on various other parts of the study area 

were taken into account when working on the present classification scheme. These include 

the National Vegetation Mapping Program (NVMP) managed by the Department of Natural 

Resources, which has mapped several areas at a scale of 1:100 000, including areas in the northwest 

of the current study area. The Royal Botanic Gardens has undertaken similar classification 

and mapping projects, for example, the 1:100 000 vegetation map series covering the Merriwa, 

Howes Valley and Gosford–Lake Macquarie mapsheets (Benson 1986; Benson & Howell nd; 

McRae & Cooper 1985). The local government areas of Greater Taree and Great Lakes have


conducted vegetation mapping projects based on divisions of the forest ecosystems classification 

(NPWS 1999a). 

2.2.3 Location-specific or species-specific studies within the 

study area 

A number of studies of vegetation patterns have been undertaken over the years—in particular 

in small areas such as nature reserves—on specific vegetation types such as Wallum or on 

specific species. Data from these studies was used often in the current classification work and 

such studies often provide a useful context to the floristic data studied. In addition, information 

on fine-scale vegetation patterns, disturbance regimes and other factors can often be found in 

fine-scale studies such as these. Although a detailed discussion of such studies is beyond the 

scope of this work some of the key reports are listed below (full references are included in the 

bibliography): 

➜ Vegetation survey of Brisbane Water National Park and environs (Benson & Fallding 

1981) 

➜ The vegetation of the Eurunderee Sand Mass, headlands and previous islands in the 

Myall Lakes area, NSW (Myerscough & Carolin 1986) 

➜ Preliminary report on the vegetation of Yengo National Park and Parr State Recreation 

Area (Sanders et al. 1988) 

➜ Classification of Nothofagus moorei communities in Northern New South Wales (Bale & 

Williams 1993) 

➜ Yengo National Park and Parr State Recreation Area: for use in fire management (Bell et 

al. 1993) 

➜ Vegetation map of Munmorah State Recreation Area (Payne 1994) 

➜ Flora survey Gloucester and Chichester Management Areas, Central Region, New South 

Wales (Binns 1995) 

➜ Flora survey, Morisset Forestry District, Central Region, New South Wales (Binns 1996) 

➜ Vegetation survey for Wamberal Lagoon Nature Reserve, Wyrrabalong National Park 

and Munmorah State Recreation Area (Payne 1997) 

➜ Tomaree National Park vegetation survey: a fire management document (Bell 1997a) 

➜ Vegetation survey and mapping of Crown Land, south of Manobalai Nature Reserve, 

Upper Hunter Valley (Bell 1997b) 

➜ Dungog biological diversity study (ERM Mitchell McCotter 1997) 

➜ Wollemi National Park vegetation survey: a fire management document (Bell 1998c) 

➜ Lake Macquarie SRA, Pulbah Island Nature Reserve, Tingira Heights NR: vegetation 

survey: a fire management document (Bell 1998a) 

➜ Popran National Park vegetation survey: a fire management document (Bell 1998b) 

➜ Unpublished field survey data completed for Persoonia pauciflora undertaken for NPWS 

(NPWS 1999b) 

➜ Dungog vegetation and biodiversity study (Greenwood 1999) 

➜ Vegetation and flora of Booti Booti National Park and Yahoo Nature Reserve, Lower 

North Coast of New South Wales (Griffith et al. 2000) 

➜ Ecological significance of Bow-Wow Creek Gorge, Mulbring, Hunter Valley, New South 

Wales: a nationally significant site (Bell & Murray 2001) 

➜ Vegetation assessment for the Thornton Master Plan, Maitland (Bell 2003) 

18

19 


➜ Vegetation of Werakata National Park, Hunter Valley, New South Wales (Bell 2004d) 

➜ Distribution and habitat of the vulnerable tree species, Angophora inopina (Myrtaceae), 

Central Coast of New South Wales (Bell 2004b) 

➜ Vegetation of montane bogs in east-flowing catchments, Northern New England, New 

South Wales (Hunter & Bell 2007) 

➜ Wallum and related vegetation on the NSW North Coast: description and phytosociological 

analysis, North Coast of New South Wales (Griffith et al. 2003) & Wallum on the Nabiac 

Pleistocene barriers, Lower North Coast of New South Wales (Griffith & Wilson 2007) 

➜ The native vegetation of Yengo and Parr Reserves and surrounds (DECC 2008b)

CHaPTeR 3 

Method of data collection 

and analysis 

3.1 Data audit and evaluation 

3.1.1 Background 

Historically, vegetation has been classified and mapped using various techniques. Sun et al. 

(1997) found that four main classification systems have been used in Australia; they include: 

➜ plant physiognomy: the general external appearance such as tree, shrub and fern 

➜ plant structure: the vertical height and horizontal cover 

➜ species composition 

➜ environmental variations 

However, regardless of which vegetation classification system is used most are informed by 

floristic records which have resulted from vegetation surveys. Vegetation surveys provide a 

snapshot of the environment: the plant species that occur at a particular place and a particular 

time. Such information provides quantitative data that can be numerically analysed by 

sophisticated software programs to detect vegetation patterns that may not be easily 

recognised by the human eye. Expert opinion often guides the analyses but the end product 

relies on the quality of the data: the accuracy and completeness of species records, as well 

as the even distribution and density of surveys across an area. Hence, in order to generate a 

vegetation classification system and map, a comprehensive data audit is required; when all 

existing datasets that meet minimum standards are collated, areas that require further survey 

work can be identified. 

This section outlines the methodology used to collate and evaluate existing vegetation surveys 

conducted in the Hunter Central Lower North Coast (HCLNC) region. The data audit will 

directly contribute towards the development of a regional vegetation classification and map. 

The full results of the survey data audit are presented in volume 3 of this report (HCCREMS 

2008b). 

20

3.1.2 Data audit objectives 

The objectives of the data audit were to: 

CHaPTeR 3 Method of data analysis and collection 

➜ expand on vegetation survey data collated and evaluated by previous HCCREMS and 

HCRCMA vegetation mapping projects 

➜ gain access to new or previously unavailable vegetation survey work completed in the 

HCLNC region 

➜ evaluate vegetation survey datasets and determine possible application to the Hunter, 

Central and Lower North Coast Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project 

➜ identify vegetation survey data gaps for future survey work 

➜ develop a preliminary plant species inventory for the region 

3.1.3 Data collation 

The aim of the data audit was 

to collate all existing vegetation 

data (e.g. maps and surveys) and 

related documentation applicable 

to an area within the coordinates of 

a bounding box that encapsulated 

the HCLNC study area (Figure 3.1). 

However, the main focus was on 

digital systematic vegetation survey 

datasets. A systematic vegetation 

survey is a survey that records all 

vascular plant species in addition to 

providing a detailed account of the 

vegetation diversity and condition 

within a defined plot. This type of 

data was sought as it provides the 

quantitative data needed to classify 

Figure F igur e 3.1. 3.1. Hunter Hu nter Central C entra Lower l L North ower Coast N ort h study C oast area st udy 

vegetation communities. 

ar ea 

Compilation was initially assisted by audits completed by previous HCCREMS vegetation 

classification and mapping projects (NPWS 2000 & McCauley 2006b). Additional datasets were 

sourced from biological databases (NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change 

(DECC) and HCRCMA version of the YETI database (see below)), data directories (Community 

Access to Natural Resources Information), local government agencies, botanists, and relevant 

scientific literature. Previous audits undertaken by Bell (2002, 2004d, 2004c), Bell and Palmer 

(2000), NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service (2002, 2003a), Palmer and Bonjer (1998) and 

Peake (2006) were also cited. 

3.1.4 Data integration 

All vegetation survey datasets collated were integrated into Hunter Councils Environment 

Division (HCED) YETI database, which is underpinned by Microsoft Office Access ‘Yet Another 

Vegetation Survey Database’, also known as ‘YETI’ (Bedward et al. 2007). The YETI database is 

a relational database that stores all systematic vegetation surveys in six main tables: 

21


1. Survey table: provides a general description of the survey, such as date, organisation 

responsible for data collation, survey methodology used and who to contact to obtain 

access to the data 

2. Sites table: provides mainly locality and spatial information, such as geographic and 

projected coordinates 

3. Site Sample table: provides information on the physical environment as well as any 

evidence of disturbance 

4. floristic data table: contains information on the species recorded at a plot site, including 

strata, growth form, cover and abundance 

5. Vegetation Structure detail table: records the dominant species per strata 

6. Vegetation Structure Summary table: provides information on vegetation strata height 

and percentage cover at a plot site 

The data were integrated into the HCED YETI database and then imported into a Geographical 

Information System (GIS) excluding all plot sites located outside the HCLNC study area 

(Figure 3.1). Only vegetation survey datasets that contained plot sites within the HCLNC study 

area were profiled according to a format used by NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 

to evaluate vegetation survey datasets during its Comprehensive Coastal Assessment (NPWS 

2003a) (Table 3.1). 

3.1.5 Data evaluation 

All data collated in the data audit process were screened for suitability for the gap analysis and 

final classification scheme. The following was carried out to produce a dataset, suitable for the 

classification process, which would then go to the expert review panel: 

➜ removal of sites without full floristic information 

➜ removal of all duplicate sites (a complicated process given that many site names had been 

changed during previous compilations of survey datasets) 

➜ identification of sites with no, or incorrect, coordinates—these sites were retained for the 

classification work but will be withheld from any future mapping or modelling work 

➜ identification of all non-standard surveys (i.e. non-systematic, non-quadrat–based or 

different quadrat size, etc.) 

➜ identification of repeat surveys 

3.2 Gap analysis and site selection 

3.2.1 Addressing minimum standards 

The primary aim of site selection for vegetation community classification and mapping is to 

sample the full range of floristic variability within a study area and within the constraints of 

access, time and funding. The process typically involves a scheme of environmental stratification 

based on variables considered to be key determinants of vegetation patterns (i.e. climate, soil 

fertility, aspect, etc.). It is important to note, however, that the sampling approach will also be 

influenced by the scale of the vegetation mapping or classification: more or less data will be 

required to address fine-scale or coarse-scale outputs, respectively. Table 3.2 lists examples of 

previous vegetation surveys of varying scales for comparing to the approach described in this 

report. 

22

Table 3.1. Vegetation survey dataset proforma 

Survey ID: [Code for the flora survey dataset] 

Description: [a brief overview of the flora survey 

dataset] 

Survey year(s): [Year or years the survey was conducted] 

Total plots: [the total number of survey sites collated 

for the study] 

CMAVEG2 plots: [the number of survey sites in the 

dataset that lie within the CmaVeG2 

study area] 

Custodian: [the person or organisation who is the 

first point of contact for those wishing to 

access the data] 

Principal(s): [the person or organisation/s responsible 

for collecting the data] 

Reference: [reports or journal articles that relate to 

the flora survey dataset] 

Survey methodology 


23 

[Map outlining the distribution of plots 

within the HCLNC study area] 

Survey type: [the bounding outline of the survey area, e.g. quadrat, circular, traverse] 

Method notes: [method used to sample vegetation at a plot site] 

Plot size: [Dimensions of the plot site where applicable] 

Location accuracy: [accuracy of the plot location] 

Floristic data 

Spp. recorded: [Species recorded, e.g. full floristics, canopy species only] 

Av. spp. per site: [the mean number of species calculated based on total plot sites collected] 

Min. spp. per site: [the minimum number of species calculated based on total plot sites collected] 

Max. spp. per site: [the maximum number of species calculated based on total plot sited collected] 

Score system: [States the cover-abundance scoring system used for the survey effort] 

Scores used: [the actual scores used] 

Data application 

[States the possible application of the plot sites in the vegetation classification and mapping project] 

Veg. comm. analysis: [Number of plot sites that could be used in vegetation community analysis. these 

plot sites had full floristics but did not require specific locations (i.e. eastings and 

northings).] 

Veg. modeling: [Number of plot sites that could be used in vegetation modeling. these plot sites had 

full floristics and specific locations.] 

Other: [Number of plots that may be used for validating analysis results. these plot sites did 

not require full floristics or specific locations.] 

Structural Information [Calculation based on CmaVeG2 plot sites] 

Dom. spp. per strata: [Number of plot sites with dominant species information data] 

Stratum height / % cover: [Number of plots sites with vegetation strata height and % cover data]


Table 3.2. Sampling strategies for other vegetation survey and mapping projects 

Project Intended scale Method 

This project Regional Three-tiered approach: 

1. Regional scale based on environmental variables (aspect, 

rainfall, solar radiation, slope, substrate fertility and 

temperature) 

2. Subregional scale based on canopy variability as determined by 

unsupervised classification of SPOT5 imagery 

3. Local (coastal) scale based on Quaternary geology 

Native 

Vegetation 

Mapping 

Project 

North Coast 

(Sherringham 

et al. 2008 

Regional 

1:100 000 

LHCCReMS Subregional 

1:25 000 

Landscape was stratified by intersecting the following three strata 

layers within arcview 3.2 GIS: 

1. Geology 

2. elevation 

3. Terrain unit: combination of aspect and slope variables 

a digital layer distinguishing areas of ‘woody’, ‘non-woody’ and 

‘non-native vegetation’ was used as a mask to exclude non-woody 

and non-native vegetation from the stratification process. 

Regional Sites were randomly selected from an overlay of the following 

three strata layers: 

1. a broad vegetation formation layer (12 vegetation formation) 

2. Near-surface Quaternary geology classification layer 

(depositional age such as Quaternary or Pleistocene, 

depositional system such as alluvial, coastal barrier, estuarine 

and individual unit type, such as gravel beach, dune, swamp 

and channel) 

3. Strata-geology layer 

The LHCCReMS mapping projecting comprised 800 sites from 

existing survey work and 300 new sites. Much of the existing 

survey work had already sampled major environmental variation 

by intersecting five data layers: rainfall, temperature, dominant 

lithology, aspect and broad forest structure. Thus, new sites were 

selected from an overlay of two additional environmental factors: 

soil fertility and aspect. 

Wyong Local Sites were selected using a two-step stratification method: 

1. Intersecting existing site data with a vegetation layer consisting 

of 41 vegetation units 

2. Intersecting existing site data with a soil landscape layer 

in addition to giving consideration to other environmental 

characteristics, such as aspect and slope 

Wallum Local The Wallum project mapped the area using aPI and the resulting 

mapped vegetation units (considered to be analogous to plant 

associations) were used to stratify the area. 

24 

Sites / ha 

x 10 000 Ha / site 

10 

(approx.) 

14 723 

7 1431 

976 

(approx.) 

20 418 

54 185 

64 156 

A site-selection methodology was developed for sampling regional-scale vegetation patterns 

throughout the Hunter, Central Coast and Lower North Coast of New South Wales for the 

HCRCMA’s vegetation survey and mapping project (McCauley 2006b). The method involved 

intersecting existing systematic vegetation survey site locations with plant-habitat mapping to 

identify poorly sampled environments. The plant-habitat mapping was developed using an 

unsupervised classification of aspect, rainfall, solar radiation, slope, temperature, and substrate 

fertility raster surfaces.This same site-selection method has been used for the current project. 

It had previously been recognised that coastal floristic variability may need to be specifically 

targeted. This was addressed during stage 1 of the current project when looking at the Central 

Coast when a minimum sampling density of three sites per LHCCREMS map unit was sought.


For stage 2, however, there is no equivalent, complete floristic map of the coastal parts of the 

study area, although work is continuing on developing a mosaic of best-available mapping 

for the entire region, including high-resolution mapping for the coastal zone. Therefore, an 

alternative method was required for sampling coastal floristic variability to meet regionalscale 

survey priorities. The methodology used in this study involved three tiers of gap analysis 

and site selection, as described below, in order to address the various scales of variation to be 

sampled. 

3.2.2 Three-tiered approach to gap analysis 

3.2.2.1 Overview 

The three-tiered approach to completing site selection for systematic vegetation surveys within 

the study area was aimed at addressing regional-scale priorities based on environmental 

domain analysis, while subregional priorities were analysed according to canopy diversity, 

and local-scale priorities for the coastal zone were studied using environmental stratification 

(Sheringham et al. 2008). The three different approaches are described below. 

3.2.2.2 Regional-scale survey priorities 

As noted above, regional-scale survey priorities were based on intersecting environmental 

domain map units with existing systematic survey site locations to identify those areas that 

were relatively poorly sampled at this scale. Three measures of survey priority were considered, 

with the highest priority given to map units which met all of the following three criteria: 

➜ Number of sites per map unit (priority given to units with less than 50 sites) 

➜ Number of sites per hectare of each map unit (priority given to units with less than six 

sites per 10 000 ha) 

➜ Number of sites per extant vegetated hectare for each map unit (priority given to units 

with less than 10 sites per vegetated 10 000 ha) 

3.2.2.3 Subregional-scale survey priorities 

Survey priorities at the subregional scale were identified based on an assessment of existing 

site locations intersected with classified SPOT5 satellite imagery (unsupervised) which had 

been interpreted for broad vegetation type. Priorities for survey were based on the number 

of existing sites per map unit and overall sites per vegetated hectare for each map unit. This 

sampling approach was applied to each of the individual classified scenes in an attempt to 

maximise the floristic variability sampled throughout the region. Individual scenes were chosen 

in preference to the catchment-wide classified image generated from merged SPOT5 scenes 

due to the resultant loss of resolution and discernability of individual units across their entire 

geographic extent (Siggins et al. 2006). 

3.2.2.4 Local-scale (coastal zone) survey priorities 

For the purposes of this project, the coastal zone was considered to be that area used for the 

New South Wales Comprehensive Coast Assessment (CCA) vegetation and fauna data audits 

(NPWS 2003a). The site-selection method for sampling local-scale, coastal variability aimed to 

be consistent with the approach used by DECC for the North Coast coastal vegetation survey 

(Sheringham et al. 2008), specifically, the inclusion of the Quaternary geology layer produced for 

the CCA. While the stratification approach used by DECC also included vegetation formation, 

strata-geology and landform relief, these additional variables were already targeted by the 

regional-scale and subregional-scale survey priorities used for this project. As such, this third 

25


tier of survey priorities for sampling coastal variability for this study targeted sites based on the 

near-surface layer of the Quaternary geology mapping (Table 3.3). Existing survey site locations 

were intersected with this layer to determine the total number of sites, and sites per hectare, for 

each map unit. Sites were allocated to the resulting priority units based on the rule set above. 

It should be noted, however, that the Quaternary geology layer has incomplete coverage of 

the study area, omitting coastal areas of Newcastle and the Central Coast. Sampling priorities 

for the Central Coast were addressed in the previous stage of this project (McCauley 2006b), 

leaving only Newcastle LGA to be considered for additional surveys. In this regard, there were 

few areas of remnant vegetation remaining to be sampled and it was proposed that existing 

sites be intersected with local-scale vegetation mapping to achieve a minimum of three sites per 

map unit (as per the approach used for the first stage of this project for the Central Coast). 

Table 3.3: Structure of the Quaternary Geology Classification Scheme 

Age Age division Depositional systems Subdivisions (examples) 

Quaternary Holocene 

Pleistocene 

Undifferentiated 

Barrier 

estuarine 

alluvial 

Undifferentiated 

anthropogenic 

3.2.3 Expert panel review of site selection 

26 

Beach 

Gravel beach 

Dune 

Channel 

Sand flat 

Swamp 

abandoned channel 

Subsequent to completion of the gap analysis and site-selection process, the proposed sites and 

the methods used to select sites were presented to an expert panel for review. They discussed 

any major sampling priorities not addressed by the process. The panel identified a number 

of areas which were known to be poorly sampled but had not been adequately addressed in 

the current project. Areas that the panel felt were already adequately sampled were identified 

Figure 3.2. Expert panel review identified areas


as possible areas where the proposed sampling effort could be reduced in order to improve 

sampling of the identified under-sampled areas. These areas are presented in Figure 3.2. 

3.2.4 Site-selection rule set 

Within the resulting priority map units, sites were selected based on the following criteria: 

➜ Sites should be located within 2 km of an access road. 

➜ Sites should be centrally located within a map unit with sufficient contiguous area 

(minimum contiguous areas for regional-scale priorities were greater than 100 ha, or 

20 ha for more fragmented units). 

➜ Sites selected from all tenure, including Crown Land and private tenure, where access 

could be arranged by the HCRCMA (see 3.2.5 below). 

➜ Sites should be in clusters to minimise travel and maximise survey efficiency. 

➜ Site locations should be spatially configured in such a way as to represent the geographical 

extent of the priority map unit. 

➜ Sites should be located within areas of relatively low survey density (as per site density 

map) and no closer than 500 m to an existing site. 

➜ Sites should be located away from areas that may pose obvious safety concerns, such as 

extremely steep slopes and cliff lines. 

➜ Site locations should be cross-checked with SPOT5 satellite image to ensure placement is 

within vegetated areas and has relatively homogenous canopy cover. 

➜ Sites near boundaries of selection units should be avoided to reduce effects of sampling 

ecotones. 

3.2.5 Landholder liaison 

There is a recognised tenure bias in systematic vegetation survey data towards Crown Lands, 

including national parks, state forests and stock reserves. For this reason a landholder liaison 

process was developed to gain access to private lands for carrying out botanical surveys. This 

was undertaken by HCRCMA using contacts developed through their various incentives 

schemes and property vegetation plans. In addition a mail drop was used to seek landholder 

partipation in targetted areas. After initial contact was made, landholders were asked to sign an 

agreement stating that surveys could be carried out, and the uses, if any, that could be made of 

the collected data beyond the current project. 

Properties under these agreements were considered for site selection at various stages and, where 

they included target areas, were surveyed. Field botanists were supplied with landholders’ 

contact details and made contact to discuss matters such as access prior to making any visits 

to undertake work. Summary reports were produced for each property that was surveyed and 

these will be provided to the landholders. 

3.3 Botanical survey methodology 

3.3.1 Background 

Mostly surveys were carried out by suitably qualified field botanists using the methods outlined 

in Flora and fauna survey guidelines: Lower Hunter and Central Coast region 2002 (Murray et al. 2002). 

27


These, or similar methods, are widely used and have been adopted to achieve consistency with 

as broad a range of floristic survey datasets as possible. 

3.3.2 Botanical survey teams 

In order to select field botanists with appropriate experience to carry out the survey work 

expressions of interest were sought from botanists and consultancies. Prospective field botanists 

were asked to submit evidence of their qualifications and experience, as well as a summary of 

their particular geographic area of expertise. Where possible field botanists were matched to 

selected sites that matched their area of expertise. 

Botanists were required to carry out work with a field assistant in remote and inaccessible survey 

sites. A total of five botanical survey teams were engaged to carry out the autumn / winter 

surveys (78 sites). This smaller round of surveys was also used to assess the survey methods 

and assist in standardising the approach to the methods taken by each of the teams. For the 

larger round of surveys in spring / summer, six botanical teams were engaged. 

3.3.3 Botanical survey methods 

The main factors to determine survey methods for the project were, firstly, compatibility with 

the majority of the data sources being considered for inclusion in the analysis and, secondly, the 

need to maximise the overall utility of the data collected. Survey data also had to be in a format 

which was suitable for entry into the project’s database system (the NSW NPWS vegetation 

survey database YETI (Bedward et al. 2007)). Similar survey methods have been employed in 

many previous studies. 

The general approach taken was to record all vascular plant species in a 20 m by 20 m quadrat 

centred on the selected site coordinates. All species were identified to a subspecies level where 

possible and cover / abundance scores and stratum were recorded for each species present. 

Initially, for the winter surveys, cover / abundance scores were collected as percentage projected 

cover values (i.e. 1 to 100%) and absolute abundance values (i.e. actual observed counts). It was 

initially considered that this approach would generate the most information for the resulting 

dataset. In practice field botanists found this to be very time consuming and the resulting data 

were considered unlikely to contain any further information beyond that collected using ranges 

for both parameters. The approach was subsequently altered (see survey proforma, Appendix 

1). 

Structural data were collected within a 20 m by 20 m quadrat, including the height, cover and 

dominant species of each stratum. A Specht structural class was also recorded for each site. 

Information on ground cover, disturbance factors and levels, soils, geology, aspect, slope and 

elevation were also collected. Data on habitat values, including counts of hollows, growth stages 

and bark types, were collected within a 50 m by 50 m area centred on the smaller quadrat. The 

survey proformas is included in Appendix 1. 

Survey site coordinates were collected in GIS as projected coordinates (i.e. Eastings & Northings) 

in Australian Map Grid 1966 coordinates (datum = Australian Geodetic Datum 1966; AMG 

Zone 56). These coordinates were then given to field botanists in a spreadsheet along with 

location, land tenure and access information. Contact information for the owners of private 

property sites was also supplied where necessary. 

28


Teams located sites as closely as possible to the supplied coordinates using hand-held GPS units. 

The actual coordinates and the GPS accuracy were recorded on the survey proforma. Most GPS 

units currently are able locate a point to an accuracy of 10 m or better, but this is only under ideal 

circumstances. Where satellite reception is limited, such as under dense canopy, actual margins 

of error can be closer to 50 m. This level of accuracy may have implications for distribution 

modelling, where many of the input layers may have resolutions of 25 m or better. 

All sites were marked, where appropriate, with a marker at either the centre point or at one 

of the corners of the survey quadrat. This potentially will allow sites of particular interest to 

be used for longer term research purposes. In previous studies sites have often been marked 

using star pickets, however, this option is cumbersome, particularly in steep country, and may 

present a safety hazard in some circumstances. For these reasons sites were marked using a 

type of engineering survey marker which is a metal peg hammered into the ground and to 

which a durable plastic makers is attached to the top and which sits flush with the ground. 

Field botanists entered the majority of data into an empty copy of the YETI database; this was 

then returned, checked and imported into a central version of the database (see below section 

3.3.4). Some data collected could not be entered into this database, either due to the way the 

information was collected or simply the lack of a relevant field of information in the YETI 

database. For entry and storage of such data a separate database was developed and empty 

copies also distributed to field botanists. This database can be linked easily to the YETI database 

for analysis of both datasets. 

3.3.4 Quality assurance checks of the surveys 

All data collected during the project were given quality assurance checks for both errors of 

omission and commission. This included checks on whether data had been collected and entered 

in the correct procedure and that all sections had been filled out (the quality assurance proforma 

is included in Appendix 2). In addition, a random check of 10% of all returned data against the 

original datasheets was undertaken to assess the accuracy of the data entry process. 

3.4 Vegetation community analysis 

3.4.1 Introduction 

The main purpose of classification is to simplify complex sets of information by reducing a 

large number of objects under consideration to a smaller set of groupings based on similarities 

between objects. For vegetation community classification this means reducing the complexity of 

a large number of floristic survey sites by grouping them together into ‘communities’ of species 

which tend to occur together in the landscape. This in turn allows decisions to be made, or 

analyses undertaken, on the basis of this reduced number of communities without having to take 

into consideration the full diversity of the individual sites which make up those communities. 

Such simplification is necessary to understand and describe complex environmental processes 

and relationships. It should be noted, however, that, as stated by Beadle and Costin (1952) ‘any 

attempt to classify a continuously varying system into several categories must necessarily be 

somewhat arbitrary’. 

In deciding on an approach to vegetation community classification consideration must be 

given to the nature of the available dataset. Classification is often (particularly in the case of 

29


larger studies such as that described elsewhere in this report) carried out using both new and 

‘legacy’ data, that is, data that have been collected previously by other studies. This means 

that the datasets to be analysed may differ in the information collected, although increasingly 

standardised methods are being adopted by many government agencies and other organisations. 

An important way in which datasets may differ is in the use of scores for species occurring at a 

site. The simplest approach is to collect data as presence or absence of a species, however, a range 

of systems for scoring species have been developed which attempt to capture the abundance 

and / or cover of a species at a site, allowing additional information to be used in the association 

of sites. Where the scoring system varies between datasets, decisions must be made as to which 

system is to become the standard. However, as data collected in a lower number of classes 

cannot meaningfully be converted to a higher number of classes this means either choosing 

the system with the lowest number of classes (e.g. presence / absence with only two classes) or 

discarding any data with a lower number of classes than the system chosen. 

Other decisions to be made about the dataset are questions of whether to include all taxa in 

the analysis or to exclude certain subsets. For example, previous studies in the project’s area 

have varied in the inclusion or exclusion of introduced species. Other studies have restricted 

the analysis dataset to overstorey species in order to derive canopy-based alliances of species 

(Forestry Commission of New South Wales 1989), while some studies have included all 

species, allowing the delineation of finer-scale variations between communities than can be 

achieved when recording only overstorey species (DECC 2008b). Decisions need to be made 

with consideration to the nature of the available dataset as well as of the final purpose of the 

outputs. 

In broad terms, classification can either be carried out using a hierarchical or non-hierarchical 

approach to clustering sites. The first step in a hierarchical classification is the calculation of a 

measure of association (or dissimilarity) between sites. In this process the associations between 

all possible pairs of sites are calculated and a matrix of dissimilarity between each site and all 

others is produced. Groups are then formed either by starting with all sites as separate groups 

and fusing pairs of sites iteratively into groups until the desired number of groups is achieved 

(bottom–up) or starting with all sites as one group and dividing (top–down). Hierarchical 

methods have the benefit of producing a hierarchical dendrogram which may be useful in 

interpreting relationships between groups (Belbin 1995). 

In a non-hierarchical classification, using the ALOC module in PATN (Belbin 1994), a number 

of groups is specified and that number of sites is chosen, by the algorithm, as sufficiently 

dissimilar based on association measures to ‘seed’ the groups. All sites are then added to the 

nearest of these to form the initial groups and an iterative process of reallocating individual 

sites to the nearest group centroid (average of all variables) is carried out until stable groupings 

are achieved (Belbin?). 

The calculations of dissimilarity are based on all recorded species as variables and cover scores 

as values. Measures of association most commonly used in vegetation studies include the 

Bray-Curtis and Kulczynski statistics (Belbin 1995), which have both been proven to be useful 

measures of distance for ecological studies (Faith et al. 1987). While similar, the Bray-Curtis 

statistic is considered more appropriate for use in cases where differences between high values 

have more significance than those between low values, and is therefore possibly more suitable 

for use with cover / abundance scores as the higher scores are often associated with dominant 

and indicative species (Belbin 1995; Peake 2006). 

30

3.4.2 Exploratory analyses 


Prior to the final classification work, exploratory cluster analyses were carried out on the entire 

dataset (rather than the final analysis dataset described below) both as a means of further checking 

the dataset for problematic data and also to gain an understanding of the broad vegetation 

patterns present in the dataset. As the analyses were carried out on the entire collated dataset, 

presence / absence data were used as this was the only scoring system common to all surveys 

used. Initially the data were classified into 100 broad groups within the PATN application (Belbin 

1994) using the Kulczyinski association measure and the Flexible Unweighted Paired Group 

Mean Averaging (UPGMA) clustering approach with a beta value of -0.1 (Belbin 1995; Belbin 

& McDonald 1993). The same parameters were used to produce a classification of 150 groups. 

Similar analyses were also carried out on subsets of the data to examine specific datasets and 

geographical areas. The outputs of the broad preliminary classification (100 groups), including 

a dendrogram and species frequency tables, were supplied to the botanists who worked on the 

classification scheme prior to the final analyses being carried out. 

3.4.3 Expert review of collated dataset 

Subsequent to the initial collation and audit of survey-relevant data for the study area an expert 

review of the collated dataset was carried out. This was particularly necessary due to the large 

size of the dataset and the study area. Many of the expert botanists who took part in the review 

had been responsible for the collection of much of the collated data and provided considerable 

insight into the nature of the data and any issues or limitations to be considered. The review 

panel also looked at the botanical nomenclature used in the dataset and identified species which 

may have been incorrectly identified. 

The size of the dataset made the review difficult and a package was assembled and sent out to 

participating botanists. The package included a list of all surveys collated, a list of species names 

used and a questionnaire based on the composition and proposed treatment of the dataset (see 

Appendix 3). 

All feedback from the review was collated and used to assist in further refining the dataset, 

including removing problematic data, and informing the classification process. 

3.4.4 The analysis dataset 

As previously mentioned, the original collated dataset had been collected over a long period 

of time and was variable in terms of attributes sampled. The complete dataset is discussed in 

detail in the data audit section (4.1) and the accompanying Volume 3: Vegetation survey data audit 

(HCCREMS 2008b). The final dataset was arrived at through a process of both internal and 

external review and through refinement during the early iterations of the classification analyses. 

The feedback from the external review of the dataset was used to refine the dataset via the removal 

of problematic subsets and the standardising of cover scores and species nomenclature. 

The dataset which was used in the final classification included native species only and used the 

Braun-Blanquet type, cover / abundance scores rather than presence / absence data (resulting in 

the loss to the analysis of all data collected only as presence / absence). Introduced species were 

removed as it was considered that many of the introduced species were ubiquitous across a 

range of vegetation communities and would, therefore, tend to reduce the differences between 

groups of native species. 

31


All native species were included rather than focussing on overstorey species as it was considered 

that the additional information provided by understorey species would aid in the delineation 

of a suitably detailed classification (Keith 2004). All species identified to genus level only were 

removed as they would otherwise be treated as separate species where the same species had been 

elsewhere identified to species or subspecies level. Similarly, as so many species identifications 

within the dataset had only been made to species level all taxa identified to subspecies or variant 

level were truncated to specific level once again to avoid different occurrences of the same 

species being treated as separate taxa within the classification. The taxonomic nomenclature 

used for the analysis dataset and subsequent reporting has been standardised, based firstly 

on the CAPS codes and then updated where necessary based on the nomenclature used on 

PlantNET (Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust 2008) and based on feedback provided to the 

data review by expert botanists. In general nomenclature used follows that used on PlantNET 

at the time of writing; however, recent taxonomic revisions to Epacridaceae, which now include 

many species in the family Ericaceae, have not been followed. These species have been retained 

in Epacridaceae in this report and associated volumes. A list of all flora species along with the 

relevant authority and common names is provided in Appendix 9. 

The use of cover / abundance scores, rather than presence / absence data, for classification was 

considered preferable as it would provide additional information on which to discriminate 

communities. Cover scores also provide additional information on the contribution of a particular 

species to a cluster as compared to presence / absence data (Hill et al. 2005). In particular it was 

felt that over such a large area the use of cover / abundance scores in the classification would 

mean that widely distributed species would have more significance in groups where they were 

more abundant and had higher levels of cover. 

In order to make use of the cover / abundance scores, scores had to be standardised as a wide 

range of modifications to the basic Braun-Blanquet approach were used throughout the collated 

surveys (see accompanying Volume 3: Vegetation Survey Data Audit (HCCREMS 2008b)). To 

achieve a best-possible consistency, a six-point scoring system was chosen as the standard. 

Table 3.4 demonstrates how the standardisation of cover / abundance scores was achieved. 

A range of other data was captured for all survey site coordinates for use in interpretation 

of the classification. These included elevation, slope, aspect, geology, soils, climate data and 

community allocations in other classification schemes. The processes used to derive these data 

are described below in section 3.4.10. 

Table 3.4. Conversions for common cover/abundance score schemes 

Standard 7 point Modified 7 point 6 point 

1: one or few individuals and up to 5% 1: up to 5% and rare or few individuals 1: present and uncommon 

2: uncommon up to 5% 2: up to 5% uncommon 1: present and uncommon 

3: common and up to 5% 3: up to 5% common 2: common and up to 5% 

4: very common and up to 5% OR up to 20% 4a: up to 5% very abundant 2: common and up to 5% 

– 4b: 5% up to 25% 3: 5% up to 25% 

5: 25% up to 50% 5: 25% up to 50% 4: 25% up to 50% 

6: 50% up to 75% 6: 50% up to 75% 5: 50% up to 75% 

7: over 75% 7: over 75% 6: over 75% 

32

3.4.5 Classification of the survey data 


Classification analyses for this study were primarily carried out within the DOS version of 

the PATN software package (Belbin 1994). Additional analyses, such as fidelity analysis 

(Keith & Bedward 1999), were carried out using queries in Microsoft Office Access (Microsoft 

Corporation 2003). How the analysis dataset that was used in the classification process was 

derived is described above in section 3.4.4. 

For all analyses other than the preliminary exploratory analyses, the Bray-Curtis measure of 

association was used due to its appropriateness when analysing cover / abundance scores (see 

Section 3.3.1 above). 

An initial agglomerative hierarchical classification of the data into groups was carried out 

using the FUSE module in PATN (Belbin 2005). A Flexible UPGMA strategy was applied to this 

classification with a beta left at the software default of -0.1. This approach was used to produce 

150 and 300 groups as it was felt that the final number of communities would be between these 

values; this allowed for an understanding of the broader patterns and relationships between 

the finer groups to assist in the merging of these groups. 

Initial analyses of the outputs of this first iteration of the classification suggested further issues 

with the dataset which had not previously been detected. The dataset was further refined, 

with some sites being removed due to suspected biases or errors, and cover scores for some 

data being re-standardised. In addition to these refinements, data from all groups which had 

been defined for sites with less than 10 species were removed before the second iteration to 

remove any possible effects these sites may have had on the overall classification. These groups 

were reintroduced to the classification once the remaining data had been interpreted. A second 

iteration of the hierarchical classification of 150 and 300 groups was then carried out using the 

FUSE module in PATN. 

In parallel to this approach, a non-hierarchical classification was also carried out using the ALOC 

module in PATN (Belbin 1995) in order to compare the outputs from these two approaches. Nonhierarchical 

classification has been suggested as more appropriate for use in cases where a very 

large dataset is to be analysed (Belbin 1995); however, in this case the groups produced were 

less intuitive and the outputs of this approach were only used to compare with the hierarchical 

classification and assist in identifying possible misclassifications. 

3.4.6 Interpretation and refinement of classification 

The outputs of the analyses outlined above were then interpreted and refined to produce a 

draft classification scheme to present to the expert review panel. To support the interpretation 

of the results dendrograms were produced at both the 300 and 150 group levels, allowing an 

assessment of relationships between groups (see Appendix 4). Species fidelity statistics were 

also produced following the approach described by Keith and Bedward (1999) to assist in 

interpreting and defining groups and identifying possible misclassified sites. 

Various environmental data were also analysed to support the interpretation of the classification 

outputs. Site locations were loaded into a GIS to allow the spatial distribution of sites within each 

group to be assessed and possible geographic outliers to be identified. A range of environmental 

parameters was also captured in a GIS for each site, allowing this information to be summarised 

for each proposed group. Parameters captured included topography (altitude, slope and 

aspect), climate (mean annual temperature and rainfall), geology and lithology. In addition to 

33


these environmental parameters the allocations of sites to communities within various other 

classification schemes (where there was an overlap in sites with the current study) were also 

analysed. This was a useful exercise to assess the likely nature of groups as well as to identify 

possible misclassifications and the appropriateness of particular groupings. 

Once the initial interpretation of groups had been carried out groups were either merged, split 

or left unchanged based on the dissimilarity of sites to their assigned group and to other groups, 

as well as consideration of species fidelities and other relevant information. These changes were 

informed in most cases by expert knowledge of the vegetation type in the field. The resulting 

set of groups was then further analysed and individual sites which appeared problematic were 

either reallocated, left unchanged, removed from the classification or left for further review 

based on the following rule set: 

1. Any plot which is very dissimilar (higher than 0.7) to all other plots will be excluded (if 

there appear to be data problems) or not allocated to a group, except in a few cases where 

the plot is the sole member of a single-plot group. 

2. If a plot does not have its nearest neighbour in the same group, and the dissimilarity 

to the next nearest neighbour which is in the group is greater than 0.05 higher than the 

nearest neighbour dissimilarity, then the plot is regarded as equally related to several 

different groups (i.e. ‘transitional’) and left unallocated. 

3. If a plot does not have its nearest neighbour in the same group, and the dissimilarity 

from the nearest neighbour is


the workshop was also to cover a discussion of any ecological relationships and processes 

relevant to any of the proposed communities with which the panel were familiar. 

The review panel was firstly presented with the background to the project and study area as 

well as the methods used during the classification process. The terms of reference of the review 

panel as well as workshop procedures were supplied to participants prior to the workshop (see 

Appendix 5). Participants were also supplied with tables of species fidelity data for all draft 

groups and a group-level dendrogram of the draft classification. The dendrogram used for this 

process was based on the group centroids of the draft groups and included groups defined 

for sites with less than 10 species which had been previously removed from the analyses but 

excluded all unallocated sites (see Appendix 4). In addition to these materials, the sites for each 

group were displayed in a GIS against a satellite image background to give a landscape context 

to the discussions. Other GIS data were also available to support this process. 

The discussion of groups proceeded in dendrogram order and all comments were recorded and 

later collated (see Appendix 6). The collated feedback on draft communities included advice 

from the panel on whether to accept groups as currently defined or to further refine groups 

by either merging, splitting or removing the data from the classification. Possible outlier sites 

were also identified by the panel and these were recorded as were any comments relating to the 

distribution of proposed communities beyond the distribution of the samples that constituted 

the group within the classification. As previously mentioned, unallocated sites were also 

reviewed and advice was recorded on whether the sites should be removed, included within 

one of the existing groups or defined as a poorly sampled group (see Appendix 6). 

3.4.8 Finalisation of vegetation classification scheme 

The collated feedback from the review workshop was presented to the classification team to 

inform the process of finalising the classification. In principle it was decided that advice from 

the panel, where general agreement was reached, was to be adopted where it was seen to be 

in keeping with the statistical basis of the classification. However, the final decision on any 

changes was to reside with the classification team and the project coordinator. Most proposed 

changes were adopted, subject to the rule set outlined above for reallocating sites between 

groups. 

3.4.9 Expert grasslands communities workshop 

As the majority of the survey data collated and collected for this study sampled woody 

vegetation it was felt that non-woody communities, including grasslands, would possibly be 

poorly represented in the numerical classification. For this reason it was decided to convene 

an expert workshop on native grasslands of the study area to supplement the numerical 

classification work. The workshop involved a number of experts in the field of native grasses 

and grasslands and looked at both derived and natural grasslands which the experts were 

familiar with within the study area. The geographic range and associated environmental factors 

(soils, geology, topography, etc.) for each of the proposed grassland communities were also 

discussed. The workshop also covered issues relating to the survey and mapping of grassland 

communities. The results of the grasslands workshop are presented in section 4.3.4 below and 

the proposed grassland communities are listed with those derived from the PATN analyses as 

well as those proposed during the review process in Table 4.6. 

35


3.4.10 Development of vegetation community profiles 

A profile was developed for each of the communities in the final classification scheme to 

provide an overview of the floristic composition, structure, abiotic variables, relationship to 

other vegetation types and other related information (see accompanying Volume 2: Vegetation 

Community Profiles (HCCREMS 2008a)). The information contained in the profiles was derived 

from a variety of sources, including the original survey data, species fidelity analyses, data 

captured in GIS and other vegetation studies. The information included in each profile and the 

sources of information for each is outlined below: 

➜ Map unit number and community name. 

➜ Brief community description, including a structural-class label based on the Specht 

structural classification and derived from sample structural data, where available, as well 

as an overview of the floristic composition and distribution of the community. 

➜ Site and species counts. 

➜ Distribution information based on the distribution of associated sites. 

➜ Landform information (elevation, slope and aspect) derived from 25 m grids based on a 

digital elevation model and captured for each sites in GIS. 

➜ Climate parameters (precipitation and temperature) based on 25 m grid Bioclim layers 

developed for stage 1 of the current project. 

➜ Relationships to other schemes based on analyses of floristic compositions and, where 

available, the allocations of sites common to both the scheme of interest and the current 

scheme. 

➜ Conservation significance, including relationships to Endangered Ecological Communities 

(based on analyses of floristics) and recorded presence of rare or threatened flora 

species. 

➜ Common naturalised species (recorded in more than 25% of sites in a community) based 

on floristic data. Although naturalised species were not included in the classification the 

frequencies of these species for each community were subsequently calculated. 

➜ Common native species listed based on fidelity statistics and including all species occurring 

in more than 35% of sites in a community or those that were unique to a community. 

➜ Graphics, including a site distribution map generated in a GIS, site photographs where 

available and line drawings of diagnostic species (sourced from the Royal Botanic 

Gardens). 

Species fidelity statistics used in the classification analyses and included in the community 

profiles were calculated based on frequencies and cover / abundance values following the 

method used by Keith and Bedward (1999), with modifications to identify ‘unique’ species 

following Bell (2004a). The calculations used are shown in Table 3.5. The resulting ‘diagnostic’ 

species are those species that can be used to discriminate one assemblage of species from 

another and, therefore, help to define the delineated communities (Keith & Bedward 1999). 

A more comprehensive overview of the vegetation community profiles is provided in the 

accompanying Volume 2: Vegetation community profiles (HCCREMS 2008a). 

3.4.11 Development of a regional vegetation classification database 

A relational database was developed using Microsoft Office Access (Microsoft Corporation 

2003) to store the outputs of the vegetation community classification and interpretation. This 

was done to allow information to be stored in a dynamic state which could be easily updated 

36

Table 3.5. Species fidelity calculations 

Values within the 

target community 

C/a = cover / abundance 


Frequency > 35% 

and C/A > 2 

in the case of any future refinements of the classification scheme. A number of requirements of 

the development of the database had to be considered: 

➜ Storage of all data associated with the classification, including community descriptions, 

site environmental information, floristics and diagnostic information, and information on 

equivalencies with other, relevant classification schemes. 

➜ Presentation of key information and graphics relating to each community in the form of 

profile reports which were dynamically linked to the underlying data. 

➜ Storage and maintenance of spatial data associated with each community for future 

mapping and / or modelling work. 

➜ Ability to link to existing database elements, such as the floritics data and sites tables in 

YETI (Bedward et al. 2007), the CAPS codes database and the HCLNC Flora List Database 

(in development) maintained outside of the database. 

➜ Ability to link to associated graphics (distribution maps, community-type photographs, 

botanical illustrations) also stored outside of the database to minimise size. 

➜ Ability to be expanded to include data generated through the mapping process, such as 

extant areas and areas in conservation reserves, etc. 

37 

Values across all other communities 

Frequency < 35% OR 

C/A < 2 Frequency = 0 

Frequency > 35% and C/a > 2 Constant Positive Unique 

Frequency < 35% OR C/a < 2 Uninformative Uninformative Unique 

Frequency = 0 Negative Uninformative

CHaPTeR 4 

Results 

4.1 Data audit and evaluation 

4.1.1 Vegetation survey datasets within the region (geography) 

A total of 209 surveys representing 12 089 individual sites were identified within the bounding 

box used to compile vegetations surveys completed within the HCLNC study boundary (Figure 

3.1, page 21) (see Appendix 7). The majority of survey data was obtained from NSW DECC, who 

were at that time collating all vegetation surveys completed within New South Wales for their 

centralised vegetation survey data repository (P. Gleeson, pers. comm., October 2007). Data 

was also sourced from other state organisations such as Forests NSW and NSW Royal Botanic 

Gardens, regional organisations such as HCRCMA and HCCREMS, local government areas and 

individual botanists. The data search and collation process was comprehensive, however, it is 

not a complete inventory of all vegetation surveys within the study area, as it does not include 

legacy data recorded in a non-digital format and data with data licence agreement restrictions. 

In addition, some datasets were not available or the project team were not aware of them until 

after the audit process was completed. These data may have been used, where appropriate, in 

the classifiation process but do not appear in the data audit report. 

Approximately, 40% of the original data collated using the bounding box was removed as it 

did not contain plot sites within the confines of the HCLNC study area. A total of 183 surveys 

and 7240 plot sites were evaluated and profiled for the vegetation classification project (see 

accompanying Volume 3: Vegetation Survey Data Audit (HCCREMS 2008b)). 

4.1.2 Summary of profiled vegetation survey datasets 

The profiles provide an overview of the vegetation survey datasets that exist within the HCLNC 

study area. Information included in the profiles was sourced from various YETI databases, journal 

articles, reports and past vegetation classification and mapping projects (Bell 2004c, 2004d; Bell 

& Palmer 2000; NPWS 2002, 2003a; Palmer & Bonjer 1998; Peake 2006). In addition, the profiles 

were reviewed by an expert panel of botanists to fill in any data gaps and ensure correctness. The 

38

39 

CHaPTeR 4 Results 

following summarises information contained in the vegetation survey profiles, such as survey 

age, floristics, survey plot type and size as well as cover / abundance score systems used. 

4.1.2.1 age of surveys 

The vegetation surveys collated date from 

1975 (Alex Floyd, rainforest surveys) to 

2007. The age of the surveys could not be 

ascertained for over half of the datasets 

(51%). For the surveys where the survey age 

is known, the majority (26%) were within six 

to 10 year age. A small percentage of surveys 

were within 0 to five and 11 to 20 year age. 

Only 2% of surveys were between 20 to 30 

year age (Figure 4.1). 

4.1.2.2 Floristics data 

The majority of surveys (69%) have full 

floristic data (i.e. records all species within a 

designated survey site). A small proportion 

of surveys (3%) have recorded either a 

comprehensive species list (i.e. records 

species within and outside a designated 

plot site) or canopy-only species. Details of 

the floristic data recorded were unknown 

for approximately one-third of the surveys 

collated (28%) (Figure 4.2). 

4.1.2.3 Survey plot type 

Survey plot type refers to the bounding 

outline of the survey area. There are four 

main plot types: quadrats, circular, transect 

lines and dimensionless plots. Square 

and rectangular quadrats are the most 

commonly used plots as they are easy to set 

up and conform to New South Wales State 

Government standard practice (Keith & 

Bedward 1999). Circular plots are round in 

shape and are used to obtain particular types 

of measurement such as tree density. Transect 

lines (also known as line intercept) are used 

to survey narrow bands of vegetation such 

as riparian zones or roadside environments. 

Dimensionless plots (also known as traverse 

or random walks) are conducted in dense 

vegetation types as they allow greater access 

(Hnatiuk et al. in. press). 

Figure 4.1. Summary of age of surveys 

Figure 4.2. Summary of floristic data 

information recorded 

Figure 4.3. Summary of survey plot type


The majority of surveys (69%) used quadrats. A small proportion of surveys used transect 

(7%) and dimensionless plots (2%). A total of 5% of the vegetation surveys collated used a 

combination of plot types. Survey plot type could not be established for approximately onefifth 

of the vegetation surveys profiled (Figure 4.3). 

4.1.2.4 Plot size 

Plot size refers to the physical dimensions or area (hectares) covered by the survey plot. Plot 

sizes vary according to the vegetation type being sampled. For example, a vegetation community 

with an upper stratum height greater than 20 m will be sampled using a larger plot size than 

a vegetation community whose upper stratum is less than 1 m in height (e.g. grasslands). 

Nested plots (e.g. smaller plots located in a larger plot) may be required to sample vegetation 

communities that have many stratums such as rainforest communities. 

Hnatiuk et al. (in press) provides the following general guide for plot dimensions: 

➜ >20 m high, use 0.09 ha 

➜

41 


(6%), concentric plots that were 11 m in size (1%), as well as 10 m radius circular plots (1%). 

The most common plot size (61%) was the 0.04 ha single plot per survey effort (Figure 4.4). 

The 0.04 ha single plot is the standard method used by the National Herbarium of New South 

Wales, NSW NPWS and Forests NSW (Keith & Bedward 1999). 

4.1.2.5 Cover / abundance score system 

Recording the occurrence and frequency of species at a plot assists in classifying vegetation 

patterns (Keith & Bedward 1999). The method used to record species is referred to as the 

cover / abundance scoring system. There are three types of scoring systems used: 

1. Noting only the presence of a species at a plot. 

2. Estimating the cover / abundance of a species on a predetermined scale (e.g six-point 

Braun-Blanquet scale, four-point abundance scale). 

3. Recording absolute measures of abundance and percentage cover (% cover). Absolute 

measures provide the best account of species diversity, however, this can be time 

consuming, especially in species diverse areas (Bannister 1966). 

Estimating species cover / abundance on a predetermined scale is subjective but is a commonly 

used method of data collection as it is quick and provides more insight into species composition 

than records of presence and absence (Bannister 1966). 

The majority of vegetation surveys (81%) collated for this project used some form of 

cover / abundance scale to record species occurrence and frequency at a plot site (Figure 4.5). 

4.1.2.6 Vegetation structure 

Vegetation structure is the horizontal and vertical distribution of cover and height of dominant 

plants. The YETI database provides tables for surveyors to record information about the dominant 

Figure 4.5. Summary of cover / abundance scoring systems


Fig 4.6. Summary of vegetation strata height 

and percentage cover 

species in each stratum, as well as information on vegetation strata height and percentage cover 

at a plot. However, not all surveys record this information: 66% of surveys profiled recorded 

data in the vegetation strata height and percentage cover table (Figure 4.6) and approximately 

half (48%) had completed the dominate species in each stratum table (Figure 4.7). 

4.1.3 Preliminary data assessment 

All survey data was compiled and assessed in the HCED YETI database to remove duplication, 

as well as check for accuracy and completeness. The surveys were initially assessed to remove 

any inappropriate data such as duplicate sites and sites with no, or limited, floristic information. 

The data were then evaluated for its possible application in this vegetation classification and 

mapping project, such as vegetation community analysis, vegetation modelling or for validating 

analysis results. Possible data application was determined based on the following criteria: 

➜ Vegetation community analysis: must have full floristics but does not require a specific 

location (i.e. easting and northing) 

➜ Vegetation modelling: requires full floristics as well as a specific location 

➜ Validation: does not require full floristics or a specific location 

Approximately one-third (27%) of the 7240 plot sites evaluated were tagged for appraisal. A 

total of 1569 (22%) plot sites were removed from the analysis process as they either contained 

no floristic information (1%) or were duplicate sites (21%). Of the remaining plot sites tagged, 

255 (4%) recorded dominant or canopy species only (i.e. not full floristics) and 163 (2%) had 

incorrect or no easting and northing fields (Figure 4.8). The preliminary assessment process 

found that 5415 (75%) plot sites could possibly be applied to vegetation community analysis, 

5252 (73%) for vegetation modelling and 255 (4%) for validating analysis results (Figure 4.9). 

42 

Fig 4.7. Summary of dominant species per 

stratum cover

4.1.4 Summary of vegetation community analysis datasets 

43 


Fig 4.8. Summary of the preliminary data assessment Fig 4.9. Possible application of plot site data 

This section provides a summary of plot sites tagged for possible application in vegetation community 

analysis. The section illustrates the density and coverage of plots sites across the HCLNC study 

area as well as presenting an account of plant diversity in the region. 

4.1.4.1 Vegetation sampling intensity 

Figure 4.10 illustrates the intensity of survey effort across the region. The highest density of 

existing survey sites for the HCLNC study area is situated in the south-east coastal zone from 

Gosford to Newcastle, extending slightly west into the Hunter Valley floor. Other more restricted 

high-density areas are located in the central and north-west of the study area. It also shows the 

relatively poorly sampled areas, the largest being directly north of Newcastle. 

Figure 4.11 demonstrates the intensity of plot sites (sites per vegetated 1000 ha) for the 14 LGAs 

within the HCLNC study area. Site intensity was greater for LGAs located in the south-east of 

the study area, including Gosford City Council, Wyong Shire Council, Lake Macquarie City 

Council, Newcastle City Council, Port Stephens Council, Cessnock City Council and Maitland 

City Council. The most under-sampled LGAs were Dungog Shire Council, Gloucester Shire 

Council and Greater Taree City Council. 

Figure 4.12a, represents the study area overlaid with a land tenure map. Approximately twothirds 

of the study area is private property with the remaining area deemed as Crown tenure, 

such as national park, state forest estate and other Crown Land. Of the Crown tenure, national 

parks comprise the largest proportion, followed by state forest estate and then other Crown 

Land. Figure 4.12b illustrates the percentage of plot sites located per land tenure. Over half of 

the plot sites were completed on Crown Land (57%, 2634 plot sites). The percentage of plot sites 

per Crown Land tenure were 40.4% (2224 plot sites) within national parks, 10.1% (556) within 

state forest estate and 6.4% (354 plot sites) within other Crown Land. Private property covers 

two-thirds of the study area, however, at only 42.8%. it does not contain two-thirds of the plot


sites. The location of plot sites could not be ascertained for 0.3% (15 plot sites) as the easting and 

northing field was incorrect or unknown. 

The combination of Figures 4.10, 4.11 and 4.12 provide a regional context within which to 

concentrate further survey effort. 

Figure 4.10. Plot site intensity for the HCLNC study area 

Figure 4.11. Plot site intensity for LGAs within the HCLNC study 

area 

44

4.12a 4.12b 

4.1.5 Plant species inventory 

45 


Figure 4.12. a. Area coverage b. Plot site intensity for different land tenures in the HCLNC study area 

The HCLNC vegetation community analysis dataset contains a total of 217 729 vascular 

plant species records. The appended inventory lists all plant families included in the region 

(Appendix 8). The appended list is not guaranteed to be free from errors or omissions and 

should be regarded as a working inventory. 

Table 4.1. Headings used to profile vascular plant species within the HCLNC study area 

Profile of vascular plant species inventory 

Scientific name The published scientific name of the species. 

Common name/s a colloquial name/s attributed to a species. 

Form an assemblage with similar components e.g. trees, shrubs and herbs. 

exotic Specifies if a species is native to the australian continent or has been introduced. 

ROTaP Species listed as a Rare or Threatened australian Plants (Briggs & Leigh 1996). 

NSW TSC act a species listed under NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. 

ePBC act a species listed under Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. 

Records for vegetation 

community analysis 

Specifies the number of plot sites a species was recorded at within the HCLNC study area using the 

vegetation community analysis dataset. 

Status Records a species as having very few, few, some, occasional and frequent records based on the 

following rule set: 

1–5 species records: very few records 

6–20 species records: few records 

21–99 species records: some records 

100–499 species records: occasionally recorded 

>500 species records: frequently recorded


A summary analysis of the plant species inventory identified a total of 3647 vascular plant species 

from 201 family groups. This represents approximately 61% of the New South Wales state total 

(N = 5930) (Hnatiuk 1990). The most well represented family groups (as shown in Appendix 9) 

were Poaceae (N = 20 597), Myrtaceae (N = 20 161), Fabaceae–Faboideae (N = 13 861), Asteraceae 

(N = 12 151), Proteaceae (N = 8188), Cyperaceae (N = 7433), Fabaceae–Mimosoideae (N = 6550), 

and Lomandraceae (N = 6052). Figure 4.13 illustrates the recorded frequency of species at plot 

sites. A significant proportion of species have only been recorded at very few plot sites (one to 

five plot sites) (39%). Only 2% of species were frequently recorded at plots sites (>500 plot sites). 

The most common species, located at more than 1500 sites were Lomandra longifolia (N = 1977), 

Entolasia stricta (N = 1718), Pteridium esculentum (N = 1517) and Persoonia linearis (N = 1507). The 

majority of species recorded were native (94% of records). 

Approximately 4% (147 species) of the vascular plant species within the HCLNC study area 

were listed as threatened under either the NSW TSC Act or the Commonwealth EPBC Act or 

on the Briggs and Leigh (1996) ROTAP list (Table 4.1). The majority of threatened species (104 

species) were recorded at less than five plot sites. 

4.1.6 Discussion 

Fig 4.13. Recorded frequency of species at plot sites within the 

HCLNC study area 

Vegetation surveys have been completed by a variety of government and non-government 

organisations for many different purposes. This vegetation project focused on collating only 

full systematic vegetation surveys. A total of 183 vegetation surveys, representing over 7000 

plot sites, were identified and collated. The surveys collated ranged in age and used a variety 

of survey methodologies including different plot type and size, floristic information recorded, 

as well as the type of cover / abundance score system used. An overview of the vegetation 

survey collated for this project found that the majority of surveys conform to New South 

Wales State Government practice: recording all species (i.e. full floristics) on a predefined 

cover / abundance score system within a square or rectangular 0.04 ha dimension plot (Keith 

& Bedward 1999). The survey methodology does vary from one survey dataset to another as 

46

47 


a result of the vegetation type being sampled and the reason for the survey being conducted. 

For example, a transect line may be the preferred option in dense vegetation as it provides 

greater access, or canopy-only species may be recorded to ground-truth remote-sensed data. 

Past vegetation classification studies have precluded surveys that do not conform to State 

standards as they have been found to cause interference with the analysis outputs (Keith & 

Bedward 1999). 

YETI, a relational database used by many organisations to store systematic vegetation survey 

data, has a series of tables that can hold detailed information about surveys and plot sites. 

Information in these tables include, whom, when and how the survey was conducted; species 

records; vegetation structure and dominate species information; details of the physical 

environment; and disturbance information. However, the level of detail filled out for each 

vegetation survey varies considerably. In this assessment up to half of the vegetation surveys 

were missing important metadata such as the year the survey was conducted, the individual or 

organisation responsible for collating the data and details of survey methodology. In addition, 

different vegetation surveys record different levels of information; for example, one-third of 

the surveys did not complete the vegetation strata height and percentage cover and over half 

did not provide information on dominant species per strata. Literature reviews were utilised to 

fill in metadata gaps, however, information conflicted from one report to another; for example, 

the same survey was documented with different dates and survey methodology. The inclusion 

of vegetation surveys lacking metadata and supporting documentation in the vegetation 

community analysis will be questionable, thus, it is recommended that vital fields (i.e. date, 

cover score, plot type and size) within YETI be made mandatory. 

Evaluating and assessing survey data for accuracy and completeness is a major and often 

underestimated component of any vegetation classification and mapping project. It initially 

involves removing inappropriate data, such as duplicate sites and sites with no floristic 

information, and will later require the standardisation of cover / abundance scores as well as 

checking individual site and species records for accuracy and correctness. An initial assessment 

of the data collated for this project revealed that 21% were duplicate plot sites and 1% contained 

no floristic information. Duplicate plot site data was the result of collating data from various 

sources and databases that may have altered the original survey and site identification name 

or code for a specific project purpose. A total of 5415 plot sites have been identified during 

the preliminary evaluation as having appropriate floristic information; however, they were 

reviewed further to determine their final application within the project. Data evaluation is 

a time-consuming process. An easily accessed centralised data repository that contains only 

correct and accurate vegetation survey plot data would streamline the evaluation process. NSW 

DECC is currently developing such a repository for systematic vegetation surveys conducted 

within New South Wales. 

A plant species inventory developed from plot sites collated during the data audit process 

identified 3647 vascular plant species: this represents 61% of the New South Wales state total 

(Hnatiuk 1990). Whilst this region is floristically diverse, 39% of the plant species identified 

are represented at less then five plot sites. Approximately 4% of these species are listed as 

threatened under either the NSW TSC Act, Commonwealth EPBC Act or listed as a ROTAP 

species; however, the remaining 35% are not accounted for. A targeted flora survey completed 

in the Brigalow Belt South bioregion by NSW NPWS derived a similar result (NPWS 2002). 

The reason for species being recorded infrequently could be due to several reasons, such as a


limited distribution for a species, rarity of a species, inadequate survey intensity, the HCLNC 

region may only include a small portion of a species distribution, or floristic errors within a 

database. 

4.2 New field surveys for this project 

4.2.1 Overview of the survey effort 

A total of 366 systematic surveys were completed during this stage of the project (see Figure 4.14). 

Of these 157 were based on regional targets, 69 on coastal targets (which also met subregional 

targets along the coastal zone), 52 on priorities developed during the expert review of the gap 

analysis and 31 sites were collected opportunistically by the field botanists. 

Table 4.2. Threatened species within the HCLNC study area (number of records in brackets) 

Grevillea montana (151), Macrozamia flexuosa (72), Tetratheca juncea (66), Angophora inopina (61), Melaleuca 

biconvexa (52), Syzygium paniculatum (51), Tasmannia purpurascens (50), Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. decadens 

(43), Grevillea parviflora subsp. parviflora (36), Callistemon shiressii (24), Eucalyptus fergusonii subsp. dorsiventralis 

(24), Gonocarpus longifolius (22), Eucalyptus prominula (20), Lomandra brevis (15), Macrozamia pauli-guilielmi (14), 

Tetratheca glandulosa (14), Bothriochloa biloba (13), Acacia bulgaensis (12), Callistemon linearifolius (12), Persoonia 

pauciflora (12), Eucalyptus fergusonii subsp. fergusonii (11), Melaleuca groveana (11), Rutidosis heterogama (11), 

Tasmannia glaucifolia (11), Darwinia glaucophylla (10), Eucalyptus glaucina (10), Hibbertia procumbens (10), Acacia 

fulva (9), Cymbidium canaliculatum (9), Cynanchum elegans (9), Gonocarpus salsoloides (9), Homoranthus cernuus (9), 

Acacia barringtonensis (8), Eucalyptus camfieldii (7), Eucalyptus hypostomatica (7), Goodenia fordiana (7), Grevillea 

johnsonii (7), Arthrochilus prolixus (6), Eucalyptus largeana (6), Grevillea oldie (6), Homoranthus darwinioides (6), 

Prostanthera askania (6), Zieria adenodonta (6), Eucalyptus aenea (5), Eucalyptus michaeliana (5), Leptospermum 

argenteum (5), Acacia bynoeana (4), Acacia dangarensis (4), Allocasuarina defungens (4), Allocasuarina simulans 

(4), Boronia ruppii (4), Eucalyptus cannonii (4), Lomandra fluviatilis (4), Lomandra patens (4), Ozothamnus whitei (4), 

Prostanthera junonis (4), Senecio macranthus (4), Swainsona colutoides (4), Asplenium aethiopicum (3), Dillwynia 

tenuifolia (3), Eucalyptus bensonii (3), Lastreopsis hispida (3), Lissanthe sapida (3), Ozothamnus tesselatus (3), Pimelea 

curviflora var. curviflora (3), Pimelea spicata (3), Platysace clelandii (3), Pultenaea glabra (3), Boronia serrulata (2), 

Cryptostylis hunteriana (2), Darwinia peduncularis (2), Darwinia procera (2), Daviesia suaveolens (2), Eucalyptus 

elliptica (2), Kennedia retrorsa (2), Leionema elatius subsp. beckleri (2), Macadamia tetraphylla (2), Marsdenia liisae (2), 

Maundia triglochinoides (2), Olearia cordata (2), Picris evae (2), Pomaderris costata (2), Pomaderris queenslandica (2), 

Prasophyllum fuscum (2), Prostanthera cryptandroides subsp. cryptandroides (2), Rulingia procumbens (2), Senecio 

linearifolius var. dangarensis (2), Senecio squarrosus (2), Abutilon leucopetalum (1), Acacia costiniana (1), Acacia 

matthewii (1), Amperea xiphoclada var. pedicellata (1), Ancistrachne maidenii (1), Asperula asthenes (1), Asperula 

charophyton (1), Asterolasia buxifolia (1), Astrotricha crassifolia (1), Budawangia gnidioides (1), Chiloglottis platyptera 

(1), Clematis fawcettii (1), Corchorus cunninghamii (1), Daphnandra sp. C Illawarra (1), Derwentia blakelyi (1), Dillwynia 

crispii (1), Discaria pubescens (1), Diuris venosa (1), Doodia maxima (1), Endiandra muelleri subsp. bracteata (1), 

Epacris muelleri (1), Eucalyptus apiculata (1), Eucalyptus conjuncta (1), Eucalyptus fusiformis (1), Euphrasia ciliolate (1), 

Euphrasia orthocheila subsp. orthocheila (1), Genoplesium despectans (1), Grevillea granulifera (1), Grevillea obtusiflora 

(1), Hakea archaeoides (1), Hibbertia hermanniifolia (1), Hibbertia nitida (1), Indigofera baileyi (1), Indigofera efoliata 

(1), Lepidium hyssopifolium (1), Leucopogon confertus (1), Lindsaea incise (1), Melaleuca deanei (1), Melichrus hirsutus 

(1), Micromyrtus blakelyi (1), Monotaxis macrophylla (1), Ozothamnus adnatus (1), Persoonia brevifolia (1), Persoonia 

hirsuta subsp. hirsuta (1), Phebalium obcordatum (1), Philotheca ericifolia (1), Philotheca obovalis (1), Plectranthus 

suaveolens (1), Pomaderris bodalla (1), Prostanthera discolor (1), Prostanthera hindii (1), Pseudanthus divaricatissimus 

(1), Pterostylis gibbosa (1), Thesium australe (1), Tinospora tinosporoides (1), Tylophora woollsii (1), Velleia perfoliata (1), 

Viola cleistogamoides (1), Wilsonia backhousei (1). 

Grand Total (1147) 

48

49 


A total of 1555 individual species were 

recorded during the new surveys (see 

Appendix 9) with the most common 

being Lomandra longifolia (46% of sites) 

and Breynia oblongifolia (39% of sites). 

A total of 595 different genera were 

represented, with the most common 

being Eucalyptus (81% of sites), Lomandra 

(74% of sites), and Acacia (67% of sites). 

The families recorded were spread over 

159 different taxa, with the most common 

plant families being Myrtaceae (98% of 

sites), Poaceae (85% of sites), Fabaceae 

(84% of sites) and Cyperaceae (77% of 

sites). Figure 4.14. Locations of survey sites completed for 

current study 

4.2.2 Significant taxa 

For the purposes of this report the conservation status of plant species has been taken from 

schedule 1 of the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995, the Commonwealth 

Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and the Rare or threatened Australian 

plants list (ROTAP; Briggs & Liegh 1996). A total of 57 individuals from 27 different species of 

threatened plants were recorded during the new surveys carried out for this project. Table 4.2 

below lists all threatened species recorded along with their TSC Act, EPBC Act and ROTAP status 

and counts. For definitions of the ROTAP codes see Briggs and Liegh (1996). A single new taxon 

was recorded during the field surveys and confirmed by staff at the Royal Botanic Gardens, 

Sydney. This new taxon was confirmed as a hybrid grevillea G. speciosa X shiressii. 

4.2.3 Naturalised species 

During the field surveys a total of 129 naturalised species were recorded from 41 different 

families with the majority of species belonging to Asteraceae (26.4% of species recorded), 

Poaceae (13.2%) and Fabaceae (10.9%). The most common naturalised species recorded as a 

percentage of the total number of individual weeds recorded were Lantana camara (18.4% of 

weed species recorded), Hypochaeris radicata (6.3%) and Cirsium vulgare (4.5%). Table 4.3 below 

lists all naturalised species recorded during the field surveys along with the total number of 

sites in which they were recorded. 

Table 4.3. List of rare or threatened species recorded during field surveys 

Family Genus Botanical name TSC Act EPBC Act ROTAP Count 

asclepiadaceae Cynanchum Cynanchum elegans endangered endangered 3eCi 2 

Davalliaceae Arthropteris Arthropteris palisotii endangered 1 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia Hibbertia procumbens endangered 1 

Dryopteridaceae Lastreopsis Lastreopsis hispida endangered 1 

Fabaceae Acacia Acacia terminalis subsp. 

terminalis 

endangered endangered 2RCi 1 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia Goodenia fordiana 2RC- 6


Table 4.3. List of rare or threatened species recorded during field surveys continued 

Family Genus Botanical name TSC Act EPBC Act ROTAP Count 

Myrtaceae Angophora Angophora inopina Vulnerable Vulnerable 2 

Myrtaceae Callistemon Callistemon acuminatus 3RC- 4 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Eucalyptus fergusonii subsp. 

fergusonii 

50 

3KC- 6 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Eucalyptus glaucina Vulnerable Vulnerable 3VCa 1 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Eucalyptus largeana 3R 5 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Eucalyptus oblonga endangered 

population 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Eucalyptus oresbia Vulnerable 4 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Eucalyptus seeana endangered 

population 

Myrtaceae Syzygium Syzygium paniculatum Vulnerable Vulnerable 3VCi 1 

Plantaginaceae Plantago Plantago palustris 2RC- 1 

Poaceae Bothriochloa Bothriochloa biloba Vulnerable 3V 1 

Proteaceae Grevillea Grevillea guthrieana endangered endangered 3V 1 

Proteaceae Grevillea Grevillea montana 2KC- 1 

Proteaceae Grevillea Grevillea shiressii Vulnerable Vulnerable 2VCit 2 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris Pomaderris queenslandica endangered 2 

Rutaceae Boronia Boronia rubiginosa 2RCa 3 

Rutaceae Boronia Boronia umbellata Vulnerable Vulnerable 2VC- 1 

Santalaceae Santalum Santalum obtusifolium 3VCi+ 3 

Tremandraceae Tetratheca Tetratheca juncea Vulnerable Vulnerable 3VCa 1 

Winteraceae Tasmannia Tasmannia purpurascens Vulnerable Vulnerable 2VC-t 2 

Zamiaceae Macrozamia Macrozamia flexuosa 2K 1 

Table 4.4. List of naturalised species recorded during field surveys 

Family Genus Botanical name Count 

amaranthaceae Amaranthus Amaranthus powellii 1 

anacardiaceae Schinus Schinus areira 1 

apiaceae Cyclospermum Cyclospermum leptophyllum 3 

apiaceae Hydrocotyle Hydrocotyle bonariensis 1 

araceae Zantedeschia Zantedeschia aethiopica 2 

asclepiadaceae Araujia Araujia sericifera 8 

asclepiadaceae Gomphocarpus Gomphocarpus fruticosus 11 

asclepiadaceae Gomphocarpus Gomphocarpus spp. 1 

asparagaceae Asparagus Asparagus asparagoides 1 

asparagaceae Asparagus Asparagus officinalis 1 

asparagaceae Asparagus Asparagus plumosus 1 

asteraceae Ageratina Ageratina adenophora 2 

asteraceae Ageratina Ageratina riparia 1 

asteraceae Bidens Bidens pilosa 9 

asteraceae Bidens Bidens subalternans 6 

asteraceae Bidens Bidens tripartita 1 

asteraceae Carthamus Carthamus lanatus 1 

1 

1

Table 4.4: List of naturalised species recorded during field surveys continued 

51 



asteraceae Centaurea Centaurea spp. 2 

asteraceae Chondrilla Chondrilla juncea 1 

asteraceae Chrysanthemoides Chrysanthemoides monilifera 6 

asteraceae Chrysanthemoides Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata 4 

asteraceae Cirsium Cirsium spp. 1 

asteraceae Cirsium Cirsium vulgare 23 

asteraceae Conyza Conyza bonariensis 2 

asteraceae Conyza Conyza spp. 7 

asteraceae Conyza Conyza sumatrensis 10 

asteraceae Crepis Crepis capillaris 1 

asteraceae Delairea Delairea odorata 1 

asteraceae Facelis Facelis retusa 1 

asteraceae Galinsoga Galinsoga parviflora 2 

asteraceae Gamochaeta Gamochaeta americana 1 

asteraceae Hypochaeris Hypochaeris glabra 4 

asteraceae Hypochaeris Hypochaeris radicata 32 

asteraceae Hypochaeris Hypochaeris spp. 1 

asteraceae Lactuca Lactuca serriola 1 

asteraceae Schkuhria Schkuhria pinnata var. abrotanoides 1 

asteraceae Senecio Senecio jacobaea 1 

asteraceae Senecio Senecio madagascariensis 17 

asteraceae Sonchus Sonchus asper subsp. glaucescens 1 

asteraceae Sonchus Sonchus oleraceus 14 

asteraceae Tagetes Tagetes minuta 2 

asteraceae Taraxacum Taraxacum officinale 8 

asteraceae Xanthium Xanthium italicum 1 

asteraceae Xanthium Xanthium occidentale 1 

asteraceae Xanthium Xanthium spinosum 3 

Boraginaceae Cynoglossum Cynoglossum australe var. australe 2 

Boraginaceae Echium Echium plantagineum 1 

Brassicaceae Brassica Brassica juncea 1 

Brassicaceae Lepidium Lepidium bonariense 2 

Cactaceae Opuntia Opuntia spp. 2 

Cactaceae Opuntia Opuntia stricta 4 

Cactaceae Opuntia Opuntia stricta var. stricta 1 

Callitrichaceae Callitriche Callitriche stagnalis 3 

Cannabaceae Cannabis Cannabis sativa 1 

Caprifoliaceae Lonicera Lonicera japonica 1 

Caryophyllaceae Cerastium Cerastium glomeratum 2 

Caryophyllaceae Paronychia Paronychia brasiliana 1 

Caryophyllaceae Petrorhagia Petrorhagia nanteuilii 10 

Caryophyllaceae Polycarpon Polycarpon tetraphyllum 1 

Caryophyllaceae Stellaria Stellaria media 13 

Caryophyllaceae Vaccaria Vaccaria hispanica 1 

Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium Chenopodium album 2




Clusiaceae Hypericum Hypericum perforatum 2 

Commelinaceae Tradescantia Tradescantia zebrina 1 

Convolvulaceae Ipomoea Ipomoea cairica 2 

Cyperaceae Cyperus Cyperus eragrostis 1 

Fabaceae Medicago Medicago arabica 2 

Fabaceae Medicago Medicago lupulina 2 

Fabaceae Medicago Medicago polymorpha 2 

Fabaceae Medicago Medicago sativa 2 

Fabaceae Medicago Medicago spp. 2 

Fabaceae Senna Senna pendula var. glabrata 2 

Fabaceae Senna Senna septemtrionalis 8 

Fabaceae Trifolium Trifolium arvense 12 

Fabaceae Trifolium Trifolium campestre 1 

Fabaceae Trifolium Trifolium cernuum 1 

Fabaceae Trifolium Trifolium repens 4 

Fabaceae Trifolium Trifolium spp. 5 

Fabaceae Vicia Vicia sativa 1 

Fabaceae Vicia Vicia villosa subsp. eriocarpa 1 

Gentianaceae Centaurium Centaurium erythraea 2 

Juncaceae Juncus Juncus bufonius 1 

Lamiaceae Marrubium Marrubium vulgare 2 

Lauraceae Cinnamomum Cinnamomum camphora 3 

Malvaceae Hibiscus Hibiscus diversifolius 1 

Malvaceae Modiola Modiola caroliniana 1 

Malvaceae Sida Sida rhombifolia 5 

Ochnaceae Ochna Ochna serrulata 1 

Oleaceae Ligustrum Ligustrum sinense 1 

Passifloraceae Passiflora Passiflora edulis 2 

Passifloraceae Passiflora Passiflora suberosa 1 

Passifloraceae Passiflora Passiflora subpeltata 4 

Plantaginaceae Plantago Plantago lanceolata 3 

Poaceae Aira Aira spp. 1 

Poaceae Andropogon Andropogon virginicus 4 

Poaceae Axonopus Axonopus fissifolius 2 

Poaceae Bromus Bromus catharticus 1 

Poaceae Bromus Bromus diandrus 2 

Poaceae Bromus Bromus hordeaceus 1 

Poaceae Bromus Bromus hordeaceus subsp. molliformis 1 

Poaceae Dactylis Dactylis glomerata 2 

Poaceae Ehrharta Ehrharta erecta 2 

Poaceae Eragrostis Eragrostis curvula 2 

Poaceae Festuca Festuca elatior 2 

Poaceae Lolium Lolium perenne 1 

Poaceae Paspalum Paspalum dilatatum 4 

Poaceae Phalaris Phalaris aquatica 1 

52


53 



Poaceae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys aurea 1 

Poaceae Setaria Setaria pumila 1 

Poaceae Sporobolus Sporobolus fertilis 1 

Polygonaceae Persicaria Persicaria strigosa 1 

Primulaceae Anagallis Anagallis arvensis 10 

Rosaceae Rosa Rosa rubiginosa 2 

Rosaceae Rubus Rubus fruticosus sp. agg. 10 

Rosaceae Rubus Rubus moluccanus 1 

Rubiaceae Richardia Richardia stellaris 1 

Rutaceae Citrus Citrus x taitensis 2 

Salicaceae Salix Salix babylonica 1 

Scrophulariaceae Verbascum Verbascum thapsus subsp. thapsus 1 

Scrophulariaceae Verbascum Verbascum virgatum 1 

Solanaceae Solanum Solanum mauritianum 5 

Solanaceae Solanum Solanum nigrum 16 

Urticaceae Urtica Urtica urens 1 

Verbenaceae Lantana Lantana camara 94 

Verbenaceae Verbena Verbena bonariensis 2 

Verbenaceae Verbena Verbena officinalis 1 

Verbenaceae Verbena Verbena quadrangularis 7 

Verbenaceae Verbena Verbena rigida 1 

Zingiberaceae Hedychium Hedychium gardnerianum 1 

4.2.4 Contribution to sampling targets 

None of the regional-scale stratification units were unsampled prior to the survey work, 

however, 59 of the subregional units and three of the coastal units were unsampled. Subsequent 

to the surveys, 51 of the subregional units remained unsampled, however, the number of 

unsampled coastal units was not reduced. The unsampled Quaternary geology units included 

in-channel bars which were mostly cleared riparian areas on private land, beach-ridge swales 

and dune-deflation hollows which were made up of a small number of restricted areas, and an 

undifferentiated unit which was represented by small, isolated water bodies. A general bias was 

observed in all of the target sampling units: the majority of survey sites collated had sampled 

more accessible areas and were more often in Crown tenures than on private lands. The result 

of this is that many of the sampling priorities were difficult to access either due to terrain or 

entry issues. 

Of the regional priorities, environmental domain units with less than 50 sites overall were 

reduced from nine before sampling to seven after and the least sampled unit had 19 sites. 

Similarly, before sampling, nine of these units had less than one site per 1000 ha, whereas after 

sampling only four units contained less than this proportion. At the subregional scale prior to 

sampling 109 of the classified SPOT5 units contained less than three sites per unit compared 

to 101 units after sampling. A total of 80 units initially contained less than one site per 1000 ha 

compared to 65 after sampling; however, as mentioned above there were still a large number of 

units which still remained unsampled and it is predicted that these units will be increasingly


difficult and costly to sample. At the local / coastal scale, 14 of the Quaternary geology units 

contained less than three sites per unit while after sampling this was reduced to five units. In 

terms of the proportional sampling priorities nine of the coastal units contained less than one 

site per 1000 ha prior to sampling and this was reduced to four units. 

The final site selection process was based on the areas identified by the expert review panel 

(see section 3.2.3). Sampling of these areas mostly required liaison with landholders as the 

majority were private tenure. This process is time consuming and generally yields poor 

response rates from landholders. However, a number of surveys were carried out within 

these areas, in particular, reasonably good sampling of the large poorly sampled area to the 

north of Murrurundi was achieved. A number of areas identified through this process remain 

under-sampled, in particular, areas to the north-east in the Taree hinterland and the foothills 

of the tablelands escarpment proved difficult to access: these areas are both rugged terrain and 

predominately privately owned. 

4.3 Vegetation community classification 

4.3.1 Expert review of the draft classification scheme 

The draft final classification scheme presented to the expert review panel was based on a total 

analysis dataset of 5531 sites and included 258 proposed groups of which 70 groups remained 

unresolved at the time of review. The botanical team deferred finalisation of these 70 groups 

until after the review workshop. Of the 5531 sites included in the draft classification 265 were 

unallocated at the time of review, 164 were removed from the classification due to suspected 

errors in the data and 39 individual sites were marked for review to determine whether they 

belonged with an existing group or represented a poorly sampled community. 

4.3.2 Outcomes of the expert review 

During the classification review workshop all groups and individual sites marked for review 

were discussed and all comments recorded. For each group considered, the expert panel could 

advise that the group be removed, split or merged to create new groups, or flagged for further 

analysis, along with providing additional details on reasons for proposed changes. In addition 

possible outlier sites were identified for checking and removal. The collated feedback from the 

review workshop is included in Appendix 6. To summarise the feedback on the 258 groups 

presented to the review panel: 161 groups were accepted with no major changes, five were 

identified for removal, 78 were identified for either merging or splitting and 14 for further 

analysis (see Table 4.4). In addition 45 groups were identified as having possible outlier sites for 

removal or reallocation. 

A further 32 known communities were proposed by the panel which were considered to 

be unrepresented in the classification. Of the 39 individual sites presented to the review for 

consideration as possibly representing under-sampled communities 14 were identified as either 

belonging to existing groups or representing under-sampled communities. Of these nine were 

shrubby rock outcrop sites and five were identified as representing the only sample of possible 

poorly sampled communities. 

54

4.3.3 Final classification scheme 

55 


The final classification scheme was developed based on the feedback from the review workshop 

and further analyses. A total of 4678 sites were allocated to 210 communities in the final 

classification scheme. During the revision, changes were made to the allocation of 855 sites. Of 

these 108 sites were removed from the final classification and the remaining were allocated to 

different groups (including a small number of previously unallocated sites). Of the 258 groups 

presented to the review panel 207 were retained in the final classification (in some cases with 

changes and/or merging with other groups) and three new groups were created either by 

splitting older groups or creating new groups from previously unallocated sites. In addition to 

these, 16 groups that were not represented within the scheme but were considered appropriate 

for conclusion were listed with the final classification. A number of these unrepresented 

communities were identified through the grasslands workshop (see below), while others 

were identified through the review process outlined above in section 3.4.7. Table 4.5 lists all 

final communities and indicates whether they were represented within the final classification 

scheme. A brief description of each community is given below in section 4.5.4. For convenience 

the descriptions have been grouped by Keith formations / subformations and within that have 

been retained in dendrogram order. 

Table 4.5. Overview of outcomes of the expert review of the classification scheme 

Statistics from vegetation classification review 

Groups requiring site cleaning (e.g. remove outliers) 

Number 

45 

Groups accepted by experts 161 

Groups requiring action Remove 5 

Merge 68 

Merge / split 7 

Split 3 

Checking 14 

Total requiring action 97 

Groups under-sampled 32 

Total number of groups classified 258 

4.3.4 Expert review of grasslands communities 

An expert review workshop was held to identify grassland communities known to exist 

within the study area. It should be noted that a small number of grassland communities were 

represented within the final classification scheme, however, given the general focus on woody 

vegetation in the majority of surveys compiled it was considered unlikely that these groups 

would provide a comprehensive list of grassland communities in the study area. The initial 

task for the workshop was to develop a working definition of native grassland communities to 

guide discussions. The following definition was developed during the workshop: 

grasslands 

➜ 50% of ground cover present is made up of grasses (i.e. members of Poaceae family) 

➜ Ground cover dominated by native perennial grasses


➜ Minimum unit of area = 0.1 ha 

natural grasslands 

➜ Grasslands where lack of woody over-storey is due to natural processes not human 

activity 

derived grasslands 

➜ Grasslands where original woody over-storey (shrubs or trees) has been removed 

through human activity 

A total of eight natural and five derived native grassland communities were identified through 

the workshop (see Table 4.6). A table of proposed grassland communities developed by the 

workshop along with information on the spatial distribution and ecological factors relating 

to the communities has been included in Appendix 10. The grassland communities were 

included with other unsampled communities identified through the review process and will be 

considered for further sampling as part of any future mapping work. 

Table 4.6. List of vegetation communities and sources 

MU ID Community name Source 

MU 1 antarctic Beech / Sassafras cool temperate rainforest in high altitude areas of the Lower North Coast 

and New england Tableland 

56 

Classification 

MU 2 Black Olive Berry / Black Sassafras cool temperate rainforest Classification 

MU 3 Lilly Pilly / Sandpaper Fig marginal warm temperate rainforest of the Central Coast and Lower Hunter 

Valley 


MU 4 Sassafras / Prickly ash warm temperate rainforest Classification 

MU 5 Socketwood / Lilly Pilly dry subtropical rainforest in Towarri NP and Cedar Brush NR Classification 

MU 6 Sandpaper Fig / Whalebone Tree warm temperate rainforest Classification 

MU 7 Lilly Pilly / Grey Myrtle / Rasp Fern warm temperate rainforest of Barrington foothills and Central 

Coast 


MU 8 Bangalow Palm / Coachwood / Sassafras gully rainforest of the Central Coast Classification 

MU 9 Jackwood / Lilly Pilly riparian rainforest of the Central Coast Classification 

MU 10 Lilly Pilly / Coachwood sandstone gully warm temperate rainforest on sandstone ranges of the 

Sydney Basin 


MU 11 Sassafras / Grey Possumwood warm temperate rainforest Classification 

MU 12 Sassafras warm temperate rainforest Classification 

MU 13 Rosewood / Brown Beech subtropical rainforest on the southern slopes of Barrington area Classification 

MU 14 Tuckeroo / Coast Banksia littoral rainforest and coastal low open forest Classification 

MU 15 Brown Myrtle / Lilly Pilly dry rainforest Classification 

MU 16 Grey Myrtle dry rainforest of sheltered sandstone gullies in northern Wollemi NP Classification 

MU 17 Grey Myrtle / Large-fruited Grey Gum gully rainforest of northern Wollemi NP and Upper Hunter 

Valley 


MU 18 Whalebone Tree / Red Kamala dry subtropical rainforest of the Lower Hunter River Classification 

MU 19 Shatterwood dry rainforest Classification 

MU 20 Rusty Fig / Alectryon subcinereus / Native Olive / dry rainforest of the Central Hunter Valley Classification 

MU 21 Giant Stinging Tree / Sandpaper Fig dry subtropical rainforest at Mt Yengo Classification 

MU 22 Sydney Blue Gum / Silvertop Stringybark grassy open forest of ranges of the Lower North Coast Classification 

MU 23 Silvertop Stringybark / Messmate / Sydney Blue Gum moist shrub / grass open forest of ranges of the 

Lower North Coast 


MU 24 Tallowwood / Small-fruited Grey Gum / Kangaroo Grass foothills dry grassy open forest Classification 

MU 25 Tallowwood / Spotted Gum / Large-fruited Grey Gum grass / herb open forest Classification

Table 4.6. List of vegetation communities and sources continued 

57 



MU 26 Small-fruited Grey Gum / Turpentine / Tallowwood moist open forest of the Lower North Coast 

foothills 


MU 27 Forest Ribbon Gum / Silvertop Stringybark / Snow Gum / Snow Grass open forest Classification 

MU 28 Silvertop Stringybark / Forest Ribbon Gum grass forb tall open forest Classification 

MU 29 Narrow-leaved Peppermint / Forest Ribbon Gum grassy open forest of the eastern Tablelands Classification 

MU 30 Messmate / Silvertop Stringybark / Tussock Grass shrub / grass open forest of western Barrington area Classification 

MU 31 Mountain Gum / Forest Ribbon Gum grassy open forest in Ben Halls Gap Classification 

MU 32 Tallowwood / Smooth-barked apple / Forest Oak shrub / grass open forest Classification 

MU 33 Rough-barked apple / Forest Oak herb / grass open forest Classification 

MU 34 Pink Bloodwood / Thin-leaved Stringybark / Grey Inronbark shrub / grass forest on ranges of the North 

Coast 


MU 35 Snow Gum / Mountain Gum grassy open forest on Barrington plateau Classification 

MU 36 Forest Ribbon Gum sedge / grass woodland of western Barrington area Classification 

MU 37 Large-fruited Grey Gum / Narrow-leaved White Mahogany shrub / grass open forest on the slopes of 

Barrington Tops 


MU 38 Tallowwood / Sydney Blue Gum shrub / grass open forest on ranges of Lower North Coast Classification 

MU 39 Sydney Blue Gum / New england Blackbutt / Whitetop Box moist shrub / grass open forest of the 



MU 40 Blackbutt / Turpentine / Forest Oak shrub / fern open forest Classification 

MU 41 Turpentine / Forest Oak moist shrubby open forest Classification 

MU 42 White Mahogany / Turpentine moist shrubby open forest Classification 

MU 43 Tallowwood / Brush Box / Sydney Blue Gum moist shrubby tall open forest of Lower North Coast 

foothills 


MU 44 Blackbutt / Turpentine / Sydney Blue Gum mesic tall open forest of the Central Coast ranges Classification 

MU 45 Flooded Gum / Brush Box / Tallowwood mesic tall open forest of the Lower North Coast foothills Classification 

MU 46 New england Blackbutt / Tallowwood semi-mesic open forest at intermediate altitudes of southern 

North Coast 


MU 47 Sydney Blue Gum / Tallowwood moist tall open forest at mid altitudes of the southern North Coast Classification 

MU 48 Grey Myrtle / Mountain Blue Gum ferny gully forest Classification 

MU 49 Lilly Pilly / Sydney Blue Gum wet sclerophyll / rainforest of coastal ranges and tablelands escarpment Classification 

MU 50 Messmate grassy open forest in Barrington area and tableland edge Classification 

MU 51 Messmate / Forest Ribbon Gum shrub / grass open forest of the ranges of the Lower North Coast Classification 

MU 52 Mountain Gum / Brown Barrel / Snow Gum shrub / grass open forest of northern Barrington area Classification 

MU 53 New england Blackbutt / Forest Ribbon Gum moist grass / forb open forest Classification 

MU 54 Messmate wet ferny open forest of Barrington area Classification 

MU 55 Forest Oak / Smooth-barked apple / Blackbutt open forest Classification 

MU 56 Large-fruited Grey Gum / Mountain Blue Gum / Forest Oak shrubby open forest on ranges of the 

Sydney Basin 


MU 57 Blue Mountains ash / Turpentine shrubby open forest on rocky slopes of the Lower North Coast Classification 

MU 58 Forest Oak / Thin-leaved Stringybark / Grey Gum shrub / grass open forest of escarpments of the 


MU 59 White Mahogany / Spotted Gum / Grey Myrtle shrubby open forest of the Central and Lower Hunter 

Valley 



MU 60 Large-fruited Grey Gum / Grey Box grassy open forest of sandstone ranges of the Sydney Basin Classification 

MU 61 White Box shrubby woodland with Semi-evergreen Vine Thicket elements near Glenbawn Dam Classification 

MU 62 White Box / Blackthorn shrubby woodland of western Blue Mountains Classification 

MU 63 Spotted Gum / Grey Ironbark dry open forest of the Central Coast and Lower Hunter Classification 

MU 64 Spotted Gum moist shrubby open forest Classification




MU 65 Spotted Gum / Broad-leaved Mahogany / Red Ironbark moist shrubby open forest Classification 

MU 66 Large-fruited Grey Gum / Rough-barked apple open forest Classification 

MU 67 Spotted Gum / Red Ironbark / Large-fruited Grey Gum shrub / grass open forest Classification 

MU 68 Red Ironbark / paperbark shrubby open forest Classification 

MU 69 Forest Red Gum / Broad-leaved apple grassy woodland on serpentinite at Nowendoc Classification 

MU 70 Eucalyptus serpentinicola / Allocasuarina ophiolitica / Spinifex grass low mallee woodland on 

serpentinite of the Lower North Coast 

58 


MU 71 Spotted Gum / Red Ironbark / Narrow-leaved Ironbark shrub / grass open forest Classification 

MU 72 Spotted Gum / Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Red Ironbark shrub / grass open forest Classification 

MU 73 Spotted Gum / Narrow-leaved Ironbark shrub / grass open forest Classification 

MU 74 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Bull Oak shrub / grass open forest Classification 

MU 75 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Grey Box / Spotted Gum shrub / grass open forest Classification 

MU 76 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Native Olive shrubby open forest Classification 

MU 77 White Box / Silvertop Stringybark shrubby open forest of the Central Hunter Classification 

MU 78 Blakely’s Red Gum / Narrow-leaved Ironbark shrubby woodland Classification 

MU 79 Large-fruited Grey Gum / Spotted Gum / Grey Box open forest on hills of the Hunter Valley Classification 

MU 80 White Box / Native Olive woodland of Upper Hunter and Northern Wollemi Classification 

MU 81 Narrow-leaved Ironark / Black Pine dry shrub / grass woodland Classification 

MU 82 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Coastal Myall / Native Olive woodland of Central Hunter Classification 

MU 83 White Box / Red Box shrubby woodland on sandstone of western Blue Mountains Classification 

MU 84 Large-fruited Grey Gum / Grey Myrtle / Narrow-leaved Stringybark / Rusty Fig open forest on Upper 

Hunter ranges 


MU 85 Monkey Gum / Eucalyptus blaxlandii shrubby open forest on basalt of western Blue Mountains Classification 

MU 86 Ribbon Gum / Parramatta Wattle shrubby open forest of western Blue Mountains Classification 

MU 87 New england Blackbutt shrubby open forest on the escarpment Classification 

MU 88 Smooth-barked apple / White Stringybark / Pink Bloodwood / Melaleuca sieberi shrubby open forest Classification 

MU 89 Smooth-barked apple / Red Bloodwood / Brown Stringybark / Wiry Panic heathy open forest Classification 

MU 90 Smooth-barked apple open forest of coastal lowlands Classification 

MU 91 Large-fruited Grey Gum / Smooth-barked apple / Blue-leaved Stringybark semi-mesic shrub / grass 

open forest on coastal ranges of the Sydney Basin 


MU 92 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Rough-barked apple shrubby open forest Classification 

MU 93 Smooth-barked apple / Swamp Mahogany / Cabbage Palm open forest Classification 

MU 94 Podocarpus spinulosus / Burrawang shrubby woodland of the southern Central Coast Classification 

MU 95 Smooth-barked apple / Broad-leaved Mahogany heathy woodland on hills at Nelson Bay Classification 

MU 96 Smooth-barked apple / Turpentine heathy woodland on sandstones of the northern Sydney Basin Classification 

MU 97 Turpentine / Forest Oak / Smooth-barked apple shrubby open forest on ranges of the Central Coast Classification 

MU 98 Narrow-leaved Stringybark / Large-fruited Grey Gum shrubby open forest of northern Wollemi Classification 

MU 99 Sydney Peppermint / Large-fruited Grey Gum heathy open forest of north-west Wollemi Classification 

MU 100 Sydney Peppermint semi-mesic open forest of northern Wollemi Classification 

MU 101 Sydney Peppermint / Silvertop ash / Gymea Lily ferny woodland Classification 

MU 102 Parramatta Red Gum / Melaleuca nodosa shrubby woodland in the Cessnock / Kurri Kurri area Classification 

MU 103 Yellow Bloodwood / Red Bloodwood / Brown Stringybark shrub / grass open forest in the 

Cessnock / Kurri Kurri area 

MU 104 Narrow-leaved apple / Parramatta Red Gum / Persoonia oblongata heathy woodland of the Howes 

Valley area 



MU 105 Scribbly Gum / Red Bloodwood heath woodland of coastal lowlands Classification 

MU 106 Smooth-barked apple / Scribbly Gum grass / shrub woodland of Central Coast lowlands Classification


59 



MU 107 Yellow Bloodwood / Narrow-leaved apple heathy woodland on Hawkesbury Sandstone Classification 

MU 108 Dwarf apple / Scribbly Gum heathy low woodland on Hawkesbury Sandstone of southern Central 

Coast 


MU 109 Scribbly Gum / Red Bloodwood / Old Man Banksia heathy woodland of southern Central Coast Classification 

MU 110 Red Bloodwood / Smooth-barked apple / Old Man Banksia heathy woodland in the Watagans Classification 

MU 111 Coast Tea Tree / Old Man Banksia coastal shrubland Classification 

MU 112 Old Man Banksia / Rough-barked apple / Bangalay shrubby open forest on coastal sand Classification 

MU 113 Smooth-barked apple / Blackbutt / Old Man Banksia coastal sands woodland Classification 

MU 114 Red Bloodwood / Smooth-barked apple heath woodland on coastal sands of the Lower North Coast Classification 

MU 115 Smooth-barked apple / Blackbutt heathy open forest Classification 

MU 116 Melaleuca sieberi / Lepyrodia scariosa heathy woodland of coastal lowlands Classification 

MU 117 Parramatta Red Gum / Melaleuca sieberi / Swamp Mahogany swamp forest on the Central Coast Classification 

MU 118 Camfield’s Stringybark heathy woodland of the Central Coast lowlands Classification 

MU 119 Coast Tea Tree / Coast Banksia / Ficinia nodosa dune low open forest Classification 

MU 120 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Large-fruited Grey Gum shrubby open forest on sandstone Classification 

MU 121 Grey Box / Slaty Box shrub / grass woodland Classification 

MU 122 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Black Pine / Acacia linearifolia shrub / grass open forest in Goulburn River NP Classification 

MU 123 Bulga Wattle low closed forest Classification 

MU 124 Rough-barked apple / Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Blakely’s Red Gum / Bull Oak / Coast Banksia / Bracken 

woodland of Warkworth area 


MU 125 Rough-barked apple grass / forb riparian open forest Classification 

MU 126 Narrow-leaved Ironbark heath woodland in Goulburn River NP Classification 

MU 127 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Black Pine / Cassinia arcuata heathy open forest of the Upper Hunter Classification 

MU 128 Mugga Ironbark / Black Pine shrub / grass open forest of far-west Upper Hunter Classification 

MU 129 Tumbledown Red Gum / Spinifex grass heathy low open woodland of the western Blue Mountains Classification 

MU 130 Whipstick Mallee ash / Yertchuk heathy mallee woodland of central Wollemi Classification 

MU 131 Whipstick Mallee ash / Casuarina / Baeckea brevifolia mallee woodland of central Wollemi & southern 

Central Coast 

MU 132 Narrow-leaved Stringybark / Fringe Myrtle / Phebalium squamulosum heathy woodland of the 

western Blue Mountains 



MU 133 Yertchuck / Large-fruited Grey Gum heathy woodland of northern Wollemi Classification 

MU 134 Narrow-leaved Stringybark heathy open forest in Towarri and Wingen Maid NPs Classification 

MU 135 Red Ironbark / Large fruited grey gum / Narrow-leaved Stringybark / Brown Bloodwood shrubby open 

forest in north-west Wollemi and eastern Goulburn River NP 


MU 136 Narrow-leaved Stringybark / Large-fruited Grey Gum heathy open forest in northern Wollemi Classification 

MU 137 Brown Bloodwood / Dwyer’s Red Gum heathy woodland of northern Wollemi and Goulburn River NP Classification 

MU 138 Red Ironbark / Large-fruited Grey Gum / Black Pine / heathy woodland in Goulburn River NP Classification 

MU 139 Black Pine / Red Ironbark / Brown Bloodwood shrubby woodland Classification 

MU 140 Red Ironbark / Brown Bloodwood / Black Pine heathy open forest in Goulburn River NP Classification 

MU 141 Scribbly Gum / Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Bossiaea rhombifolia heathy open forest of western Blue 

Mountains 


MU 142 Large-fruited Grey Gum / Scribbly Gum / Black Pine heathy open forest of western Blue Mountains Classification 

MU 143 Caley’s Ironbark / Currawang shrubby woodland of northern Wollemi Classification 

MU 144 Brown Bloodwood / Currawang / Caley’s Ironbark shrubby woodland of eastern Goulburn River area Classification 

MU 145 Dywer’s Red Gum / Fringe Myrtle sandstone plateau heathy open woodland of the Upper Hunter 

Valley 

Classification




MU 146 Dywer’s Red Gum / Micromyrtus sessilis sandstone plateau heathy open woodland of the Upper 

Hunter Valley 

60 


MU 147 Smooth-barked apple / Swamp Mahogany woodland on Wallarah Peninsula Classification 

MU 148 Silvertop Stringybark / Yellow Box grassy open forest of the eastern Liverpool Range Classification 

MU 149 Silvertop Stringybark / Tussock Grass grassy open forest of the northern Upper Hunter Classification 

MU 150 Rough-barked apple / Tree Violet grass / forb open forest on sheltered sites of the Liverpool Range Classification 

MU 151 Silvertop Stringybark / Boxthorn Woodland on basalt Classification 

MU 152 White Box / Grass Tree / Spinifex woodland at Glenbawn Dam Classification 

MU 153 Snow Gum / Black Sallee wet shrub / grass open forest on the Barrington plateau Classification 

MU 154 Black Sallee grass / forb woodland on Barrington Tops Classification 

MU 155 Silvertop Stringybark / White Box grassy open forest of the slopes of the Liverpool Range Classification 

MU 156 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Grey Box grassy woodland Classification 

MU 157 Bull Oak grassy woodland in the Hunter Valley Classification 

MU 158 Yellow Box / Rough-barked apple grassy woodland Classification 

MU 159 White Box grassy woodland Classification 

MU 160 Yellow Box grassy woodland Classification 

MU 161 Blakely’s Red Gum / Rough-barked apple shrubby woodland Classification 

MU 162 Kangaroo Grass / Westringia friuticosa grassland on coastal headlands Classification 

MU 163 Plains Grass grassland Classification 

MU 164 Heath-leaved Banksia / Coral Fern wet heath on sandstone of the lower Central Coast Classification 

MU 165 Dwarf Casuarina / Melaleuca nodosa coastal heath Classification 

MU 166 Melaleuca nodosa / Fern-leaved Banksia headland heath of the Central Coast Classification 

MU 167 Dwarf Casuarina / Wallum Banksia coastal heath of coastal headlands of Central Coast Classification 

MU 168 Wallum Banksia / Monotoca scoparia heath on coastal sands Classification 

MU 169 Fern-leaf Banksia / Melaleuca nodosa / Leptocarpus tenax wallum heath Classification 

MU 170 Heath-leaved Banksia / Fern-leaved Banksia / Wallum Boronia wet heath on coastal sands of Lower 

North Coast 


MU 171 Leptospermum liversidgei / Crimson Bottlebrush wallum wet heath of Lower North Coast Classification 

MU 172 Fern-leaf Banksia / Needlebush / Leptocarpus tenax / Lepyrodia scariosa wet heath on sandstone Classification 

MU 173 Rock outcrops shrublands complex of the Lower North Coast Classification 

MU 174 Broom Bush / Allocasuarina gymnanthera heathy woodland Classification 

MU 175 Shrublands of rocky sites in the Barrington Tops area Classification 

MU 176 Tantoon / Lepyrodia leptocaulis drainage line shrubland of the western Blue Mountains Classification 

MU 177 Melaleuca decora shrubland Classification 

MU 178 River Oak / Sandpaper Fig riparian forest of the Upper Hunter Classification 

MU 179 Melaleuca nodosa paperbark swamp forest on poorly drained soils of the Central Coast Classification 

MU 180 Melaleuca nodosa paperbark woodland / shrubland on undulating areas of coastal lowlands Classification 

MU 181 Broad-leaved Paperbark / Swamp Mahogany / Swamp Oak / Saw Sedge swamp forest Classification 

MU 182 Swamp Mahogany / Melaleuca linariifolia swamp forest of coastal lowlands Classification 

MU 183 Paperbarks / Woollybutt swamp forest on the Central Coast Classification 

MU 184 Swamp Mahogany / Broad-leaved Paperbark / Villarsia exalata swamp forest of coastal lowlands Classification 

MU 185 Swamp Mahogany / Paperbarks / Hypolepis muelleri swamp forest of the Central Coast Classification 

MU 186 Melaleuca biconvexa / Swamp Mahogany swamp forest of the Central Coast Classification 

MU 187 Broad-leaved Paperbark / Saw Sedge swamp forest of coastal lowlands Classification 

MU 188 Swamp Mahogany / Swamp Water Fern / Plume Rush swamp forest Classification 

MU 189 Melaleuca linariifolia / Carex appressa shrubland of the Hunter Valley Classification


61 



MU 190 Swamp Oak / Juncus krausii / Baumea juncea swamp forest on coastal lowlands Classification 

MU 191 Swamp Oak / Meleleuca styphelioides / Carex appressa swamp forest Classification 

MU 192 Swamp Oak swamp forest of coastal lowlands Classification 

MU 193 Melaleuca ericifolia / Baumea juncea swamp shrubland Classification 

MU 194 Swamp Oak grassy riparian forest of the Central Hunter Classification 

MU 195 River Oak riparian forest of the western Hunter Classification 

MU 196 River Red Gum / River Oak riparian woodland of the Hunter Valley Classification 

MU 197 Baloskion pallens / Wallum Bottlebrush wallum sedge heath of the Lower North Coast Classification 

MU 198 Cladium procerum wetland Classification 

MU 199 Water Couch / Spike rush freshwater wetland of the Central Coast and Lower Hunter Classification 

MU 200 Typha rushland Classification 

MU 201 Spirodella freshwater wetland Classification 

MU 202 Philydrum lanuginosum / Sporobolus virginicus wetland Classification 

MU 203 Elaeocharis sphacelata freshwater wetland Classification 

MU 204 Lepironia articulata sedgeland Classification 

MU 205 Baumea articulata sedgeland Classification 

MU 206 Baloskion stenocoleum / Poa costiniana sedgeland on Barrington Tops Classification 

MU 207 Baloskion stenocoleum / Hakea microcarpa wet heath on Barrington Tops and tableland edge Classification 

MU 208 Carex gaudichaudiana fens on the tablelands Classification 

MU 209 Saltmarsh / estuarine Complex Classification 

MU 210 Grey Mangrove low closed forest Classification 

Eucalyptus nortonii open forest of the Upper Hunter Valley expert Review 

Goulburn River shrubland expert Review 

Eucalyptus cannonii / Angophora floribunda / Banksia marginata open forest of the western Blue 

Mountains 

expert Review 

Freshwater wetlands complex of coastal lowlands expert Review 

Eucalyptus largeana forest expert Review 

Angophora subveultina woodland on alluvial terraces around Gloucester expert Review 

Spinifex sericeus foredune grassland expert Review 

Weeping Lilly Pilly riparian rainforest expert Review 

Upper Hunter Valley Weeping Myall woodlands (eeC) expert Review 

Inland / Western Rosewood low woodland expert Review 

Eucalyptus gonioclayx mid-high open woodlands / woodlands on Tertiary basalt expert Review 

Casuarina cristata tall open woodlands / open forests on Garawilla volcanics expert Review 

Mallee Blackbutt (E. pilularis) for low sand rises at Crowdy and Minimbar expert Review 

Eucalyptus umbra / E. carnea forests on ranges of the Lower North Coast expert Review 

Eucalyptus ligustrina forest of the Lower North Coast expert Review 

Mixed derived grasslands of lower fertility soils on valley floor Grasslands 

Workshop 

Poa spp. / Microlaena stipoides derived grasslands of higher altitudes Grasslands 

Workshop 

Derived Blady Grass grasslands Grasslands 

Workshop 

Microlaena stipoides grasslands of alluvial plains / riparian areas Grasslands 

Workshop 

Cynodon dactylon grasslands of alluvial plains, floodplains and terraces Grasslands 

Workshop




Plains Grass grassland of higher fertility soils (already included in scheme MU163) Grasslands 

Workshop 

Themeda australis / Sorghum leiocladum grasslands Grasslands 

Workshop 

Capillipedium spicigerum grassland Grasslands 

Workshop 

Themeda grasslands on seacliffs and coastal headlands (already included in scheme MU162) Grasslands 

Workshop 

Coastal dune grasslands Grasslands 

Workshop 

Triodia grassland/shrubland Grasslands 

Workshop 

Grassy balds Grasslands 

Workshop 

Cleitochloa rigida / Entolasia stricta grasslands of sandstone outcrops and cliff faces Grasslands 

Workshop 

4.3.5 Brief vegetation community descriptions 

4.3.5.1 RaINFOReSTS 

Cool temperate rainforests 

MU 1 — Antarctic Beech / Sassafras cool temperate rainforest in high altitude areas of the Lower 

North Coast and New England Tableland 

Tall closed forests with a canopy dominated by Antarctic Beech (Nothofagus moorei) and a 

small tree layer dominated by Sassafras (Doryphora sassafras). A sparse shrub layer is often 

present and includes shrubs such as Tasmannia purpurascens and Coprosma quadrifida, and 

tree ferns (Dicksonia antarctica). The ground layer is mainly ferny and dominated by species 

including Polystichum proliferum and Histiopteris incisa, and sparse forbs such as Veronica 

notabilis. Climbers include Parsonsia brownii and Smilax australis. This community appears to 

be relatively resilient to weed invasion with no species recorded in more than 25% of sites. 

Within the study area this community is restricted to higher elevations (over 1000 m) in the 

Barrington Tops area on basalt. 

MU 2 — Black Olive Berry / Black Sassafras cool temperate rainforest 

Tall closed forests with a canopy dominated by Elaeocarpus holopetalus and Atherosperma 

moschatum. The understorey includes shrubs such as Leptospermum polygalifolium and 

Callistemon pallidus, and tree ferns (Dicksonia antarctica). The ground layer is ferny and 

dominated by Todea barbata and Blechnum nudum, with various graminoid and forb species, 

including Poa sieberiana, Viola hederacea and Juncus laevisculus. As with MU 1, weed species 

are relatively uncommon with none being recorded in more than 25% of sites. 

Within the study area this community is restricted to basalt gully sites on the Liverpool 

Range, Northern Escarpment and Barrington Tops at higher elevations. 

62

Warm temperate rainforests 

63 


MU 3 — Lilly Pilly / Sandpaper Fig marginal warm temperate rainforest of the Central Coast and 

Lower Hunter Valley 

Open forests to closed forests with an overstorey characterised by Acmena smithii and 

Ficus coronata, and commonly including Backhousia myrtifolia, Melicope micrococca, Melaleuca 

styphelioides, Diospyros australis and Cryptocarya microneura. Eucalyptus saligna and Syncarpia 

glomulifera are often present as emergents. Various smaller trees and shrubs are commonly 

present in the mid storey, including Glochidion ferdinandi, Acacia implexa, Hibiscus heterophyllus 

and Hymenosporum flavum. A diverse range of vines is also typically present in the mid and 

overstorey, including Geitonoplesium cymosum, Stephania japonica, Smilax australis, Parsonsia 

straminea, Morinda jasminoides, Dioscorea transversa, Cayratia clematidea, Sarcopetalum 

harveyanum, Cissus antarctica and Pandorea pandorana. The ground layer is typically a mix 

of graminoids, including Hypolepis muelleri, Lomandra longifolia, Dianella caerulea and Carex 

appressa; ferns including Adiantum aethiopicum, Doodia aspera and Adiantum hispidulum; 

grasses, including Oplismenus aemulus, O. imbecillis and Entolasia marginata; and sparse 

forbs, such as Pseuderanthemum variabile, Commelina cyanea and Plectranthus parviflorus. No 

naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs in sheltered sites on sandstone coastal ranges 

of the Central Coast. 

MU 4 — Sassafras / Prickly Ash warm temperate rainforest 

Closed forests with a diverse canopy characterised by Doryphora sassafras and Orites 

excelsus, and commonly including Acmena smithii, Schizomeria ovata, Pennantia cunninghamii, 

Caldcluvia paniculosa, Ceratopetalum apetalum, Sloanea woollsii, Heritiera actinophylla, 

Daphnandra species A, Cryptocarya foveolata and Polyosma cunninghamii. Eucalyptus saligna 

may occasionally be present as an emergent tree. A mid storey of smaller trees and shrubs 

is typically present and may include Tasmannia insipida, Cryptocarya meissneriana, Diospyros 

australis and the tree fern Cyathea australis. A diverse range of climbers is also commonly 

present in the mid and overstorey, including Ripogonum discolor, Pandorea pandorana, 

Palmeria scandens, Morinda jasminoides, Cissus hypoglauca, C. antarctica, Parsonsia straminea 

and Marsdenia rostrate, along with a range of epiphytes such as Dendrobium pugioniforme, 

Sarcochilus falcatus and Pyrrosia rupestris. The ground layer is typically ferny with common 

ground ferns including Microsorum scandens, Lastreopsis decomposita, Arthropteris tenella, 

Pteris umbrosa, Diplazium australe and Blechnum cartilagineum. Sparse forbs, such as 

Drymophila moorei, and graminoids including Lomandra spicata and Gymnostachys anceps 

are also commonly present in the ground layer. No naturalised species were recorded at 

more than 25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on ranges and foothills of the Lower North 

Coast, including Barrington area, at mid to high elevations. 

MU 5 — Socketwood / Lilly Pilly dry subtropical rainforest in Towarri National Park and Cedar 

Brush Nature Reserve 

Closed forests characterised by a canopy strongly dominated by Daphnandra species A 

and Acmena smithii, with other common canopy species including Dendrocnide excelsa, 

Alectryon subcinereus, Melicope micrococca and Cryptocarya microneura. Eucalyptus saligna


may occasionally be present as an emergent tree. A mid storey of smaller trees and shrubs 

is commonly present and includes Diospyros australis, Claoxylon australe, Pittosporum 

undulatum, Hymenosporum flavum, Melicytus dentatus, Rubus rosifolius and Coprosma 

quadrifida. Various climbers are commonly present in the mid storey such as Cissus 

antarctica, Pandorea pandorana, Parsonsia straminea, Morinda jasminoides, Marsdenia rostrata 

and Tylophora barbata, along with epiphytes such as Pyrrosia rupestris and Sarcochilus 

falcatus. The ground layer is predominately ferny, with common fern species including 

Pellaea falcata, Adiantum formosum, Arthropteris tenella, Polystichum fallax, Pteris umbrosa, 

Lastreopsis decomposita, Microsorum scandens and Pteris tremula. Various forbs may also be 

commonly present, though less abundant, such as Urtica incisa and Aneilema acuminatum. 

No naturalised species were recorded for this community at more than 25% of sites. 

This community is distributed within the study area on sheltered sites on basalts of the 

Liverpool Range at mid to high elevations, in the Towarri NP and Cedar Brush NR areas. 

MU 6 — Sandpaper Fig / Whalebone Tree warm temperate rainforest 

Open forests to closed forests characterised by Ficus coronata and Streblus brunonianus. 

Other common overstorey species include Acmena smithii, Cryptocarya microneura, 

Alectryon subcinereus and Doryphora sassafras, and Eucalyptus saligna is commonly present 

as a canopy emergent. The mid storey consists of a range of smaller trees and tall shrubs 

including Claoxylon australe, Melicope micrococca, Diospyros australis, Neolitsea dealbata, 

Syzygium australe, Hymenosporum flavum, Wilkiea huegeliana and Acronychia oblongifolia. 

Various smaller shrubs may also be present in the understorey including Rubus rosifolius, 

Pittosporum revolutum and Eupomatia laurina. In addition, a diverse range of climbers is 

typically also present in the mid and overstorey, including Cissus antarctica, C. hypoglauca, 

Dioscorea transversa, Smilax australis, Stephania japonica, Marsdenia rostrata, Sarcopetalum 

harveyanum, Ripogonum album, Geitonoplesium cymosum and Morinda jasminoides. The 

understorey is characterised by various ground ferns, such as Doodia aspera and Adiantum 

formosum; grasses, predominately Oplismenus imbecillis; and forbs, including Urtica incisa, 

Stellaria flaccida and Aneilema acuminatum. Graminoids, including Gymnostachys anceps 

and Cyperus tetraphyllus, may also be scattered throughout. No naturalised species were 

recorded in this community at more than 25% of sites. 

Within the study area, MU 6 is distributed mainly on sandstones and mudstones, on ranges 

and foothills of the Lower North Coast and Central Coast at mid to lower elevations. 

MU 7 — Lilly Pilly / Grey Myrtle / Rasp Fern warm temperate rainforest of Barrington foothills and 

Central Coast 

Open forests to closed forests with a canopy dominated by Backhousia myrtifolia and 

Acmena smithii, with other common canopy species including Alectryon subcinereus, Ficus 

coronata, Stenocarpus salignus, Tristaniopsis laurina and Ceratopetalum apetalum. Syncarpia 

glomulifera is commonly present as an emergent tree. The mid storey consists of smaller 

trees and shrubs, commonly including Pittosporum revolutum, P. undulatum, Trochocarpa 

laurina, Wilkiea huegeliana, Notelaea longifolia, Diospyros australis, Psychotria loniceroides, 

Clerodendrum tomentosum and Allocasuarina torulosa. Numerous climbers and epiphytes 

are typically present in the mid and overstorey, with common climbers including Cissus 

hypoglauca, Smilax australis, Pandorea pandorana, Morinda jasminoides, C. antarctica, Parsonsia 

straminea, Smilax glyciphylla and Dioscorea transversa. Common epiphytes include Pyrrosia 

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rupestris and Plectorrhiza tridentata. The ground layer is characterised by Doodia aspera, with 

other common ground ferns including Adiantum formosum, A. aethiopicum, Hymenophyllum 

cupressiforme and Asplenium flabellifolium. Various graminoids and grasses may also 

be common, including Lomandra longifolia, Dianella caerulea, Gymnostachys anceps and 

Oplismenus imbecillis, along with scattered forbs such as Pseuderanthemum variabile. No 

naturalised species were recorded in this community at more than 25% of sites. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on ranges and foothills of the Lower North 

Coast (including Barrington area) and Central Coast at mid to lower elevations. 

MU 8 — Bangalow Palm / Coachwood / Sassafras gully rainforest of the Central Coast 

Species-rich closed forests characterised by a rainforest canopy with projected foliage 

cover greater than 70% and commonly including Ceratopetalum apetalum, Archontophoenix 

cunninghamiana, Sloanea australis, Doryphora sassafras, Acmena smithii, Livistona australis 

and occasionally including emergent eucalypts, such as Eucalyptus saligna and E. deanei. 

A diverse small tree layer is typically also present and may include tall shrubs and small 

trees, such as Neolitsea dealbata, Diospyros australis and Ficus coronata, along with various 

species of climbers, in particular, Palmeria scandens, Ripogonum fawcettianum and Morinda 

jasminoides. Common shrubs include Eupomatia laurina, Tasmannia insipida and Trochocarpa 

laurina, with tree ferns (Cyathea leichhardtiana) also common in the shrub layer. The ground 

layer is typically ferny and dominated by Adiantum silvaticum, along with Blechnum 

cartilagineum and Microsorum scandens, with the only other diagnostic ground layer species 

being Gymnostachys anceps. This community appears to be susceptible to invasion by privet, 

with Ligustrum sinense (Small-leaved Privet) recorded in 33% of sites. 

Within the study area, this community is restricted to sheltered gullies on the sandstone 

ranges of the Central Coast at lower elevations. 

MU 9 — Jackwood / Lilly Pilly riparian rainforest of the Central Coast 

Closed forests with a diverse canopy characterised by Acmena smithii and Cryptocarya 

glaucescens with other common tree species including Alectryon subcinereus, Archontophoenix 

cunninghamiana, Alphitonia excelsa, Doryphora sassafras, Ficus coronata, Ceratopetalum apetalum, 

Stenocarpus salignus, Melicope micrococca and Tristaniopsis laurina. Eucalyptus saligna is 

commonly present as a canopy emergent. The mid storey consists of a variety of smaller trees 

and shrubs commonly including Commersonia fraseri, Cryptocarya microneura, Neolitsea dealbata, 

Wilkiea huegeliana, Syzygium oleosum and Glochidion ferdinandi. Various climbers are also 

commonly present in the mid and overstorey, including Morinda jasminoides, Cissus antarctica, 

Pandorea pandorana, Dioscorea transversa, Smilax australis, Parsonsia straminea and Marsdenia 

rostrata. The ground layer typically consists of a mix of graminoids, including Gymnostachys 

anceps, Hypolepis muelleri and Lomandra longifolia, and grasses, mainly Oplismenus imbecillis. 

The ground fern Doodia aspera is also common in the understorey. This community appears 

to be relatively susceptible to invasion by woody and climbing weeds, with commonly 

recorded naturalised species including Ligustrum sinense (Small-leaved Privet, 70%), 

Lantana camara (Lantana, 50%), Lonicera japonica (Japanese Honeysuckle, 40%), Passiflora 

edulis (Common Passionfruit, 30%) and Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor Laurel, 40%). 

MU 8 occurs within the study area on sheltered riparian sites of the Central Coast at lower 

elevation and mainly on sandstones and sands.


MU 10 — Lilly Pilly / Coachwood sandstone gully warm temperate rainforest on sandstone ranges 

of the Sydney Basin 

Closed forests to open forests with a canopy characterised by Acmena smithii, Ceratopetalum 

apetalum, Callicoma serratifolia, Doryphora sassafras, Backhousia myrtifolia and Tristaniopsis 

laurina, with Eucalyptus deani as an occasional emergent. The understorey typically consists 

of a range of shrubs, including Acacia elata, Tasmannia insipida and Pittosporum revolutum; 

tree-ferns (Cyathea australis and Todea barbara); and various climbers, such as Pandorea 

pandorana, Cissus hypoglauca, Clematis aristata and Marsdenia rostrata. The ground layer is 

usually ferny and commonly includes Blechnum cartilagineum and B. nudum. No naturalised 

species were recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community. 

This unit is closely related to MU 7, however, it occurs on less-sheltered sites and is less 

species rich. Within the study area this community occurs in sheltered sites on sandstone 

ranges of the Sydney Basin including the Central Coast and Wollemi NP area. 

MU 11 — Sassafras / Grey Possumwood warm temperate rainforest 

Closed forests characterised by a canopy dominated by Doryphora sassafras and Quintinia 

sieberi, with other common canopy trees including Cryptocarya foveolata and Orites excelsus. 

The mid storey typically consists of various shrubs and small trees, including Cryptocarya 

meissneriana, Aristotelia australasica, Tasmannia insipida and Coprosma quadrifida, with the 

rare, small tree Cryptocarya nova-anglica also occasionally present. Tree ferns, including 

Dicksonia antarctica, Cyathea australis and Todea Barbara, are also common in the mid storey, 

as well as various climbers, including Fieldia australis, Pandorea pandorana and Clematis 

aristata, and epiphytes, such as Pyrrosia rupestris and Dendrobium pugioniforme. The ground 

layer is characteristically ferny, with common ground ferns including Microsorum scandens, 

Blechnum wattsii and Calochlaena dubia. Other common ground layer species include 

Lomandra spicata, Drymophila moorei and Urtica incisa. No naturalised species were recorded 

in this community at more than 25% of sites. 

Within the study area, this community occurs in sheltered gullies on the Northern 

Escarpment at higher elevation on basalts. 

MU 12 — Sassafras warm temperate rainforest 

Tall open woodlands to closed forests characterised by Doryphora sassafras, with other 

common canopy species including Schizomeria ovata and Polyosma cunninghamii, and with 

Eucalyptus viminalis commonly occurring as a canopy emergent. The mid storey, consisting 

of shrubs and small trees, commonly includes Acacia melanoxylon, Hedycarya angustifolia, 

Melicytus dentatus, Coprosma quadrifida, Polyscias sambucifolia, Notelaea longifolia and Rubus 

rosifolius. Various climbers are also common in the mid and overstorey, including Parsonsia 

lanceolata, Pandorea pandorana, Smilax australis, Clematis glycinoides and Smilax glyciphylla, 

with the epiphytic fern Pyrrosia rupestris also common. The ground layer is typically ferny, 

with common ferns including Polystichum fallax, Lastreopsis decomposita and Microsorum 

scandens, and with scattered forbs such as Urtica incisa also usually present. No naturalised 

species were recorded in this community at more than 25% of sites. 

This community is distributed within the study area in sheltered gullies on sandstone 

plateaux of the western Blue Mountains at higher elevations. 

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Subtropical rainforests 

67 


MU 13 — Rosewood / Brown Beech subtropical rainforest on the southern slopes of Barrington 

area 

Closed forests with a highly diverse canopy characterised by Dysoxylum fraserianum, 

Pennantia cunninghamii and Doryphora sassafras. Other common canopy species include 

Daphnandra species A, Dendrocnide excelsa, Sloanea australis, Baloghia inophylla, Polyosma 

cunninghamii, Caldcluvia paniculosa, Diospyros pentamera, Brachychiton acerifolius, Citronella 

moorei, Ficus coronata, Cryptocarya obovata, C. erythroxylon, C. glaucescens and Orites excelsus. 

A mid storey of smaller trees is commonly present and includes Alectryon subcinereus, 

Alangium villosum, Mischocarpus australis, Streblus brunonianus, Neolitsea dealbata, Syzygium 

australe, Diospyros australis, Claoxylon australe, Vesselowskya rubifolia and Acmena smithii. 

Various smaller shrubs may also be present in the understorey, such as Eupomatia laurina, 

Tasmannia insipida and Psychotria loniceroides. The ground layer is characteristically ferny, 

with common fern species including Pteris umbrosa, Adiantum formosum, Lastreopsis 

decomposita, Arthropteris tenella, Microsorum scandens, Lastreopsis acuminata, Diplazium 

assimile and Doodia aspera. In addition, various graminoids and forbs are also common in 

the ground layer, such as Lomandra spicata, Gymnostachys anceps and Dictymia brownii. No 


Within the study area this community is restricted to the Barrington Tops area at mid 

elevations. 

Littoral rainforests 

MU 14 — Tuckeroo / Coast Banksia littoral rainforest and coastal low open forest 

Open forest to low closed forest characterised by Cupaniopsis anacardioides and Banksia 

integrifolia, with other common canopy species, including Livistona australis, Endiandra sieberi, 

Polyscias elegans, Acmena smithii and Alphitonia excelsa. Various shrubs are common in the 

mid storey, including Breynia oblongifolia, Dodonaea triquetra, Glochidion ferdinandi, Notelaea 

longifolia, Pittosporum revolutum, P. undulatum, Acacia irrorata and A. longifolia. Numerous 

climbers are commonly also present in the mid and overstorey including Smilax australis, S. 

glyciphylla, Marsdenia rostrata, Pandorea pandorana, Cissus hypoglauca, C. antarctica, Stephania 

japonica and Kennedia rubicunda. The ground layer typically consists of Pteridium esculentum 

and graminoids, such as Lomandra longifolia and Dianella caerulea. Scattered forbs, such as 

Commelina cyanea and Viola hederacea, may also be common in the understorey. Naturalised 

species recorded at more than 25% of species in this community include Ehrharta erecta 

(Panic Veldtgrass, 29%), Lantana camara (Lantana, 71%) and Chrysanthemoides monilifera 

subsp. rotundata (Bitou Bush, 92%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on coastal lowlands of the Lower North 

Coast and Central Coast on sands and sandstones. MU 14 is equivalent to the Endangered 

Ecological Community ‘Littoral Rainforest in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and 

South East Corner Bioregions’ (DECC 2009).


Dry rainforests 

MU 15 — Brown Myrtle / Lilly Pilly dry rainforest 

Low open forests to low closed forests with a canopy strongly dominated by Choricarpia 

leptopetala, with other common canopy species including Acmena smithii, Acacia maidenii, 

Stenocarpus salignus, Notelaea longifolia, Clerodendrum tomentosum, Diospyros australis, 

Pittosporum undulatum and Drypetes deplanchei. Eucalyptus microcorys is also commonly 

present as a canopy emergent. The mid storey consists of various shrubs, including 

Pittosporum revolutum and Breynia oblongifolia. Various climbers are also typically present in 

the mid and overstorey, including Smilax australis, Parsonsia straminea, Morinda jasminoides, 

Geitonoplesium cymosum, Embelia australiana, Dioscorea transversa and Cayratia clematidea. 

The ground layer is typically sparse, with few species being frequently present, although 

various graminoids (particularly Gymnostachys anceps), forbs, ferns and grasses may 

occasionally be present. The only naturalised species recorded in more than 25% of sites in 

this community was Lantana camara (Lantana, 38%). 

This community is distributed within the study area on coastal ranges of the Lower North 

Coast and Central Coast on sandstone and volcanic breccia substrates. 

MU 16 — Grey Myrtle dry rainforest of sheltered sandstone gullies in northern 

Wollemi National Park 

Low open forests to low closed forests characterised by a canopy strongly dominated by 

Backhousia myrtifolia, often in association with Acacia prominens and with Syncarpia glomulifera 

and Angophora floribunda. The understorey typically consists of a range of shrubs, including 

Breynia oblongifolia, Pittosporum revolutum, Persoonia linearis, Maytenus silvestris, Bursaria 

spinosa, Polyscias sambucifolia and Solanum stelligerum. A relatively diverse range of climbers 

is also typically present in the overstorey and shrub layer, including Pandorea pandorana, 

Eustrephus latifolius, Morinda jasminoides, Clematis aristata, Cissus hypoglauca, Smilax australis, 

Billardiera scandens and Sarcopetalum harveyanum. The ground layer is typically ferny, with 

the main fern species including Doodia aspera, Adiantum aethiopicum, A. hispidulum and 

Asplenium flabellifolium. Also common in the ground layer are various grasses, including 

Poa affinis and Oplismenus imbecillis; graminoids, such as Lepidosperma laterale and Dianella 

caerulea; and forbs, including Pratia purpurascens and Plectranthus parviflorus. No naturalised 

species were recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs in sandstone gullies on the Central Coast 

hinterland and western Blue Mountains at mid to low elevations. MU 15 may have 

particular regional conservation significance as the only records in this study of the rare 

shrub Acacia matthewii are from sites in this community. 

MU 17 — Grey Myrtle / Large-fruited Grey Gum gully rainforest of northern Wollemi National Park 

and Upper Hunter Valley 

Low open forests to low closed forests characterised by a canopy strongly dominated by 

Backhousia myrtifolia, often in association with Stenocarpus salignus, and with Eucalyptus 

punctata and Angophora floribunda commonly present as canopy emergents. Common 

understorey shrubs include Bursaria spinosa and Persoonia linearis. The ground layer is 

generally sparse and consists of a mix of grasses, graminoids and ferns. The main grass 

species is Poa affinis, and common graminoids include Gahnia aspera and Lepidosperma 

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laterale, while ground ferns include Asplenium flabellifolium and Cheilanthes sieberi. The only 

naturalised species recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community is Opuntia stricta 

var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 30%). 

This community is distributed within the study area in sheltered gullies on sandstone 

ranges of northern Wollemi and Upper Hunter Valley at mid to low elevations. 

MU 18 — Whalebone Tree / Red Kamala dry subtropical rainforest of the Lower Hunter River 

Open forests to closed forests with a relatively diverse canopy characterised by Streblus 

brunonianus and Mallotus philippensis. Other common canopy species include Alectryon 

subcinereus, Olea paniculata, Elaeocarpus obovatus, Dysoxylum fraserianum, Baloghia inophylla 

and Dendrocnide excelsa. The understorey consists of various small trees and shrubs 

commonly including Capparis arborea, Notelaea longifolia, Diospyros australis, Claoxylon 

australe, Clerodendrum tomentosum, Scolopia braunii and Breynia oblongifolia. A diverse 

range of climbers are also common in the mid and overstorey, including Cissus antarctica, 

Legnephora moorei, Tetrastigma nitens, Cayratia clematidea, Maclura cochinchinensis, Pandorea 

pandorana, Dioscorea transversa, Parsonsia straminea, P. velutina and Geitonoplesium cymosum. 

The ground layer consists of a mix of ferns, grasses, forbs and graminoids. Common 

grasses include Oplismenus aemulus and O. imbecillis, with common ferns being Adiantum 

formosum and Pellaea paradoxa. The main graminoid species is Gymnostachys anceps and 

common forbs include Pseuderanthemum variabile. The only naturalised species recorded at 

more than 25% of sites in this community is Lantana camara (Lantana, 54%). 

This community occurs within the study area in sheltered sites on ranges of the Hunter 

Valley and Lower North Coast escarpment at mid to low elevations. 

MU 19 — Shatterwood dry rainforest 

Open forests to closed forests characterised by a canopy dominated by Backhousia sciadophora 

and commonly including Stenocarpus salignus and Brachychiton populneus. The understorey 

typically consists of various small trees and shrubs including Pittosporum undulatum, 

Clerodendrum tomentosum, Diospyros australis, Olearia viscidula, Notelaea longifolia, Myoporum 

montanum, Jasminum volubile, Solanum stelligerum, Capparis arborea and Maytenus silvestris. 

Numerous climbers, including Cissus opaca, Parsonsia lanceolata, P. straminea, Geitonoplesium 

cymosum, Pandorea pandorana, Cayratia clematidea and Morinda canthoides, are also common 

in the mid and upper storey, along with epiphytes, such as Dendrobium schoeninum, D. 

fairfaxii and D. gracilicaule. The ground layer is generally relatively sparse and includes 

a mix of forms with the common graminoids Lepidosperma laterale and Gahnia aspera, and 

the common forbs Plectranthus graveolens, Pseuderanthemum variabile and Commelina cyanea. 

The main grass species is Microlaena stipoides and the main ground fern is Pellaea paradoxa. 

Naturalised species commonly recorded at sites in this community include Lantana camara 

(Lantana, 33%), Phytolacca octandra (Inkweed, 33%) and Solanum nigrum (Black-berry 

Nightshade, 67%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on ranges and foothills of the northern 

escarpment, Lower North Coast, at mid elevations. 

MU 20 — Rusty Fig / Alectryon subcinereu / Native Olive / dry rainforest of the Central Hunter Valley 

Open forests to closed forests characterised by a canopy dominated by Ficus rubiginosa 

in association with Alectryon subcinereus and commonly including Melia azedarach. Less


common in the canopy are Alectryon oleifolius, Claoxylon australe and Geijera parviflora. 

The understorey includes a range of shrub species such as Spartothamnella juncea, Notelaea 

microcarpa, Melicytus dentatus, Clerodendrum tomentosum and Celastrus australis, along with 

climbers including Pandorea pandorana, Eustrephus latifolius, Clematis glycinoides, Cissus opaca, 

C. antarctica and Cayratia clematidea. The ground layer consists mainly of a mix of ferns, 

forbs and grasses, with the main fern species being Adiantum aethiopicum, Pellaea falcata and 

Asplenium flabellifolium. Common forbs include Nyssanthes diffusa, Urtica incisa, Dichondra 

repens and Commelina cyanea, and grasses include Microlaena stipoides and Oplismenus 

aemulus. Naturalised species commonly recorded at sites in this community include Torilis 

nodosa (Knotted Hedge-parsley, 46%), Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sowthistle, 46%), Opuntia 

stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 62%) and Bidens pilosa (Cobbler’s Pegs, 38%). 

This community occurs within the study area on sheltered sites in the central and Upper 

Hunter Valley, mainly on sandstones and siltstones. 

MU 21 — Giant Stinging Tree / Sandpaper Fig dry subtropical rainforest at Mt Yengo 

Closed forests characterised by an overstorey dominated by Dendrocnide excelsa in association 

with Alectryon subcinereus and Ficus coronata, and also commonly including Streblus brunonianus 

and Doryphora sassafras. The mid storey of small trees and taller shrubs commonly includes 

Claoxylon australe, Pittosporum revolutum, Sambucus australasica, Elaeodendron australe, Acmena 

smithii, Croton verreauxii and Breynia oblongifolia along with various climbers including 

Maclura cochinchinensis, Sarcopetalum harveyanum, Pandorea pandorana, Marsdenia suaveolens, 

Clematis aristata and Cissus antarctica. The ground layer is typically open ferny and commonly 

includes Doodia aspera, Adiantum formosum, A. aethiopicum and Pteris tremula. The ground 

layer may also include a range of scattered forbs, such as Plectranthus parviflorus, Galium 

binifolium and Commelina cyanea, with grasses mainly represented by Microlaena stipoides. 

Naturalised species commonly recorded at sites in this community include Phytolacca 

octandra (Inkweed, 33%) and Opuntia stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 33%). 

Within the study area this community occurs on basalts and is restricted to sheltered areas 

around the Mount Yengo area. MU 21 is related to both dry and subtropical rainforest 

types. 

4.3.5.2 WeT SCLeROPHYLL FOReSTS 

Grassy subformation 

MU 22 — Sydney Blue Gum / Silvertop Stringybark grassy open forest of ranges of the Lower North 

Coast 

Tall open forests with a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus saligna and E. laevopinea, and a 

sparse small tree layer dominated by Allocasuarina torulosa. The understorey includes a 

sparse layer of small shrubs such as Hibbertia scandens and Rubus parvifolia and the ground 

layer is dominated by grasses such as Microlaena stipoides, Imperata cylindrica and Oplismenus 

imbecillis, various graminoids including Dianella caerulea and ferns dominated by Pteridium 

esculentum. The only weed species recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community 

was Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 37%). 

Within the study area this community occurs on the foothills and ranges of the Lower 

North Coast (including Barrington area) at mid elevations on a range of substrates. 

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MU 23 — Silvertop Stringybark / Messmate / Sydney Blue Gum moist shrub / grass open forest of 

ranges of the Lower North Coast 

Tall open forests similar in structure and composition to MU 22 although with Eucalyptus 

laevopinea and E. obliqua the most common canopy species, and E. saligna and E. campanulata 

less-frequent canopy dominants and occurring at higher altitudes. The understorey is 

characterised by an open shrub layer dominated by mesophyllous and sclerophyllous 

shrubs, including Acacia melanoxylon, Coprosma quadrifida and Senecio linearifolius, and treeferns 

(Cyathea australis). The ground layer is dominated by tussock grasses, mainly Poa 

sieberiana, and graminoids including Lomandra longifolia. No weed species were recorded 

in more than 25% of sites within this community. 

Inside the study area this community occurs on the foothills and ranges of the Lower 

North Coast (including Barrington area) at higher elevations on a range of substrates. The 

only records in this study of the rare orchid species Chiloglottis platyptera occur within this 

community and hence it may have particular regional conservation significance. 

MU 24 — Tallowwood / Small-fruited Grey Gum / Kangaroo Grass foothills dry grassy open forest 

Tall, dry open forests with a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus microcorys, E. propinqua and 

E. carnea, and a sparse small tree layer dominated by Allocasuarina torulosa. The ground 

layer is dominated by grasses and graminoid species including Themeda australis, Imperata 

cylindrica, Dianella caerulea and Lomandra longifolia. The only naturalised species recorded at 

more than 25% of sites within the community was Lantana camara, which occurred at 54% 

of sites indicating that this community may be relatively highly susceptible to invasion by 

Lantana. 

Within the study area this community occurs on the coastal ranges and foothills of the 

Lower North Coast at mid to lower elevations and on a range of lower fertility substrates. 

MU 25 — Tallowwood / Spotted Gum / Grey Gum grass / herb open forest 

Open forests similar in composition to MU 24, however, with Corymbia maculata as a 

common canopy species and Large-fruited Grey Gum (Eucalyptus punctata) replacing the 

Small-fruited Grey Gum (E. propinqua) alongside E. microcorys. The shrub layer is more 

developed and includes a greater proportion of mesic shrubs, including Hibbertia scandens, 

Polyscias sambucifolia and Breynia oblongifolia, and climbers such as Clematis glycinoides 

and Kennedia rubicunda. The ground layer is dominated by grasses, including Oplismenus 

imbecillis and Poa sieberiana, and sparse forbs such as Pratia purpurascens. Lantana camara 

(Lantana, 63%) was the only naturalised species occurring in more than 25% of sites. 

Within the present study area this community occurs on near coastal low ranges on the 

Lower North Coast at lower elevations than MU 24 and on a range of lower fertility 

substrates. 

MU 26 — Small-fruited Grey Gum / Turpentine / Tallowwood moist open forest of the Lower North 

Coast foothills 

Open forests with a relatively diverse canopy dominated by Eucalyptus propinqua, 

E. microcorys, E. siderophloia, Syncarpia glomulifera and Corymbia intermedia, with a sparse 

small tree layer dominated by Allocasuarina torulosa. The understorey is dominated by a 

mix of mesophyllous and sclerophyllous shrubs including Notelaea longifolia and Maytenus


silvestris along with various climbers including Smilax australis and Cissus antarctica. The 

understorey is dominated by graminoid species, including Lomandra longifolia, Gymnostachys 

anceps and Dianella caerulea, and sparse grasses. As with MU 24 and MU 25, Lantana camara 

(Lantana, 67%) is the only naturalised species recorded in more than 25% of sites. 

This community occurs within the study area on coastal ranges of the Lower North Coast 

at lower elevations and on a range of lower fertility substrates. 

MU 27 — Forest Ribbon Gum / Silvertop Stringybark / Snow Gum / Snow Grass open forest 

Open forests to woodlands with a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus nobilis, E. laevopinea 

and E. pauciflora. A sparse understorey of small shrubs including Hibbertia scandens, Rubus 

parvifolius and Coprosma quadrifida may be present along with smaller climbers such as 

Tylophora barbata. The ground layer is predominately grassy and dominated by Themeda 

australis and Microlaena stipoides and by graminoids such as Lomandra longifolia. Two species 

of naturalised plants were recorded in 25% of sites or more: Onopordum acanthium subsp. 

acanthium (Scotch Thistle, 27%) and Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 54%). 

Within the study area this community occurs on the escarpments and foothills of the 

Lower North Coast (including Barrington area), Liverpool Range and the western Blue 

Mountains at higher elevations, often on basalt. This community may be of particular 

regional conservation significance as it relates to the Endangered Ecological Community 

‘Ribbon Gum, Mountain Gum, Snow Gum Grassy Forest/Woodland of the New England 

Tableland Bioregion’ (DECC 2009). In addition MU 27 is the only community in this study 

in which the threatened parasitic herb Thesium australe has been recorded. 

MU 28 — Silvertop Stringybark / Forest Ribbon Gum grass forb tall open forest 

Tall open forests to woodlands characterised by Eucalyptus laevopinea and E. nobilis with 

E. melliodora and E. bridgesiana also present. A sparse small tree layer dominated by Acacia 

melanoxylon and understorey of sparse shrubs including Hibbertia obtusifolia and Rubus 

parvifolius may also be present. The ground layer is generally grassy and dominated by 

tussock species including Poa sieberiana and Microlaena stipoides and may also include ferns 

(Pteridium esculentum) and various sparse forbs such as Veronica calycina and small twiners 

(Eustrephus latifolius, Lysine and Desmidian spp.). Common naturalised species recorded 

within this community were Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 66%), Hypochaeris radicata 

(Catsear, 54%) and Cynoglossum australe var. australe (37%). 

This community is found within the study area on basalt sites at higher elevations on the 

Liverpool Range and possibly elsewhere. This community may have particular regional 

significance as it is the only community in which the rare shrub Discaria pubescens has been 

recorded. 

MU 29 — Narrow-leaved Peppermint / Forest Ribbon Gum grassy open forest of the Eastern 

Tablelands 

Open forests to woodlands with an overstorey dominated by Eucalyptus radiate, often 

in association with E. nobilis, with a range of other eucalypts as occasional canopy 

components. The understorey may include an open shrub layer characterised by members 

of Epacridaceae, including Leucopogon lanceolatus, Monotoca scoparia and Acrothamnus 

hookeri, along with various other shrubs such as Polyscias sambucifolia and Pultenaea polifolia. 

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Scrambling climbers such as Hardenbergia violacea and Billardiera scandens may also be 

common in the understorey. The ground layer is characteristically grassy and dominated 

by Poa sieberiana along with Lomandra longifolia and Pteridium esculentum. A range of herbs, 

including Helichrysum scorpioides, Gonocarpus teucrioides and Poranthera microphylla, are also 

typically present in the understorey. No weeds were recorded in more than 25% of sites 

within this community. 

This community is restricted within the study area to mainly basalt areas on the escarpment 

of the Northern Tablelands at higher elevations. 

MU 30 — Messmate / Silvertop Stringybark / Tussock Grass shrub / grass open forest of western 

Barrington area 

Tall open forests to open forests with a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus obliqua and E. 

laevopinea and a small tree layer dominated by Acacia melanoxylon. An open shrub layer 

may be present and includes Leucopogon lanceolatus and climbers such as Clematis aristata. 

The understorey is made up predominately of tussock grasses and is dominated by 

Poa sieberiana with areas of Pteridium esculentum and various scattered forbs including 

Poranthera microphylla. The only common naturalised species found within this community 

was Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 33%). 

This community is restricted within the study area to basalt sites at high elevations in the 

Barrington Tops area. 

MU 31 — Mountain Gum / Forest Ribbon Gum grassy open forest in Ben Halls Gap 

Open forests dominated by Eucalyptus dalrympleana and E. obliqua and a sparse small 

tree layer dominated by Acacia melanoxylon. A sparse shrub layer may be present and 

is characterised by members of the Epacridaceae family (e.g. Acrothamnus hookeri and 

Leucopogon lanceolatus). The ground layer is dominated by tussock grasses, usually 

including Poa sieberiana, with graminoid species such as Lomandra longifolia and ferns 

including Polystichum proliferum also commonly present. 

Within the study area this community is confined to basalt areas at high elevations around 

Ben Halls Gap NP and isolated occurrences along the escarpment of the Lower North 

Coast. This community may be of particular regional conservation significance as it relates 

to the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Ribbon Gum, Mountain Gum, Snow Gum 

Grassy Forest/Woodland of the New England Tableland Bioregion’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 32 — Tallowwood / Smooth-barked Apple / Forest Oak shrub / grass open forest 

Open forests with a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus microcorys, E. pilularis and Angophora 

costata and a small tree layer dominated by Allocasuarina torulosa. An open shrub layer 

consisting of mesophyllous and sclerophyllous species, including Polyscias sambucifolia 

and Persoonia linearis is often present and the ground layer typically consists of grasses 

including Themeda australis and Entolasia stricta and graminoid species such as Dianella 

caerulea and Lomandra longifolia. No weed species were recorded in more then 25% of sites 

within the community. 

This community occurs on ranges of the Lower North Coast at mid to lower elevations on 

a range of substrates.


MU 33 — Rough-barked Apple / Forest Oak herb / grass open forest 

Open forests to woodlands dominated by Angophora floribunda and Eucalyptus punctata and 

also commonly including E. tereticornis, with a small tree layer dominated by Allocasuarina 

torulosa and often including Glochidion ferdinandi, Clerodendrum tomentosum and Alphitonia 

excelsa. An open shrub layer characterised by Jacksonia scoparia may be present. The 

ground layer is typically grassy and dominated by Themeda australis, Microlaena stipoides 

and Entolasia stricta with various graminoid species including Lepidosperma laterale and 

Lomandra longifolia. The only naturalised species recorded in more than 25% of sites was 

Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 52%). 

Within the study area this community occurs on slopes of Hawkesbury sandstone ranges 

of the Central Coast hinterland. 

MU 34 — Pink Bloodwood / Thin-leaved Stringybark / Grey Ironbark shrub / grass forest on ranges 

of the North Coast 

Tall open forests to open forests with a relatively diverse canopy consisting of Corymbia 

intermedia, Eucalyptus eugenioides, E. siderophloia, E. propinqua and E. resinifera and an open 

small tree layer including Allocasuarina torulosa and Glochidion ferdinandi. The understorey 

is typically shrubby and may include Acacia leiocalyx and Pultenaea villosa and climbers 

including Kennedia rubicunda and Parsonsia straminea. The ground layer consists of various 

grasses and graminoids such as Dianella caerulea, Lomandra longifolia, Lepidosperma laterale, 

Entolasia stricta and Imperata cylindrica and forbs including Pratia purpurascens. 

Within the study area this community is found on conglomerate and sandstone substrates 

at lower elevations on the hinterland of the Lower North Coast. 

MU 35 — Snow Gum / Mountain Gum grassy open forest on Barrington plateau 

Open forests to woodlands with Eucalyptus pauciflora and E. dalrympleana as canopy 

dominants. The understorey is typically shrubby and includes both mesophyllous and 

sclerophyllous shrub species including Tasmannia purpurascens, Olearia oppositifolia and 

Acrothamnus hookeri along with tree ferns (Dicksonia antarctica) and various climbers 

including Smilax australis and Clematis aristata. The ground layer may be ferny and grassy 

and typically includes tussock grasses such as Poa sieberiana and ground ferns including 

Polystichum proliferum. No weeds were recorded in more than 25% of sites included in this 

community. 

Within the study area this community appears to be confined to basalt areas on the 

Barrington plateau at higher elevations. This community may be of particular regional 

conservation significance as it relates to the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Ribbon 

Gum, Mountain Gum, Snow Gum Grassy Forest/Woodland of the New England Tableland 

Bioregion’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 36 — Forest Ribbon Gum sedge / grass woodland of western Barrington area 

Moist open forests with a canopy almost exclusively dominated by Eucalyptus nobilis and 

a small tree layer dominated by Acacia melanoxylon. A sparse understorey may be present, 

characterised by shrubs such as Rubus rosifolius. The ground layer is dominated by grass and 

sedge and rush species, with the main grass species being Imperata cylindrica and common 

sedges and rushes including Cyperus lucidus, Juncus sarophorus and Carex longebrachiata. 

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Various forbs may also be present in the ground layer such as Hydrocotyle peduncularis 

and Pratia purpurascens. A range of weed species have been commonly recorded within 

this community including Trifolium repens (White Clover, 50%), Pennisetum alopecuroides 

(Swamp Foxtail, 50%), Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 100%), Prunella vulgaris (Self-heal, 

100%), Verbena bonariensis (Purpletop, 50%), Paspalum dilatatum (Paspalum, 50%) and 

Verbena officinalis (Common Verbena, 50%). 

Within the study area this community is confined to higher altitude basalt sites in the 

Barrington Tops area. This community may be of particular regional conservation 

significance as it relates to the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Ribbon Gum, Mountain 

Gum, Snow Gum Grassy Forest/Woodland of the New England Tableland Bioregion’ 

(DECC 2009). 

Shrubby subformation 

MU 37 — Large-fruited Grey Gum / Narrow-leaved White Mahogany shrub / grass open forest on 

the slopes of Barrington Tops 

Tall open forests to open forests with Eucalyptus canaliculata as the dominant canopy tree 

alongside E. saligna and Syncarpia glomulifera and an open small tree layer dominated 

by Allocasuarina torulosa. A range of shrubs may be present in the understorey including 

Acacia irrorata and A. implexa, and the ground layer is typically dominated by grasses such 

as Imperata cylindrica and Oplismenus aemulus, and graminoid species including Lomandra 

longifolia. In sheltered positions various ferns may also be present in the ground layer, 

mainly Doodia aspera, as well as various forbs including Swainsona galegifolia. No naturalised 

species were recorded in more than 25% of sites within this community. 

This community occurs on ranges and lower foothills of the Lower North Coast (including 

Barrington area) at mid to lower elevations and on a range of lower fertility substrates. 

MU 38 — Tallowwood / Sydney Blue Gum shrub / grass open forest on ranges of Lower North Coast 

Tall open forests to open forests with a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus microcorys and 

E. saligna along with a range of other, less abundant, eucalypts including E. acmenoides 

and Corymbia intermedia and a sparse small tree layer dominated by Allocasuarina torulosa 

and commonly including Acacia melanoxylon and Psychotria loniceroides. The shrub / grass 

understorey includes various shrub species such as Persoonia media and Rubus parvifolius 

over a typically grassy understorey dominated by Poa sieberiana and Imperata cylindrica 

along with various graminoid species such as Lomandra longifolia and Dianella caerulea. 

Various ferns (mainly Doodia aspera) and forbs may also be present in the ground layer. The 

only naturalised species commonly recorded within this community was Oxalis corniculata 

(Creeping Oxalis, 44%). 

In terms of distribution in the study area this community is found on the foothills of the 

Lower North Coast at mid elevations on a range of lower fertility substrates. 

MU 39 — Sydney Blue Gum / New England Blackbutt / Whitetop Box moist shrub / grass open forest 

of the Lower North Coast 

Open forests with a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus saligna and E. campanulata and 

including various other eucalypt species such as E. laevopinea and E. quadrangulata. A 

sparse small tree layer may be present, dominated by Allocasuarina torulosa and commonly


including various mesic shrubs such as Pittosporum undulatum and Diospyros australis. The 

shrub / grass understorey typically consists of an open layer of shrubs such as Persoonia 

linearis and Breynia oblongifolia over a predominately grassy ground layer dominated by 

Poa sieberiana. The ground layer also commonly includes various ferns such as Adiantum 

formosum and Doodia aspera, graminoids such as Dianella caerulea, Lepidosperma laterale and 

Gymnostachys anceps and scattered forbs including Oxalis chnoodes and Pratia purpurascens. 

No naturalised species were commonly recorded for this community. 

Within the study area this community occurs on foothills of the Lower North Coast at mid 

to higher elevations on a range substrates of varying fertility. 

MU 40 — Blackbutt / Turpentine / Forest Oak shrub / fern open forest 

Open forests dominated by Eucalyptus pilularis, Angophora costata and Syncarpia glomulifera. 

The semi-mesic understorey includes a sparse small tree layer dominated by Allocasuarina 

torulosa and often including Glochidion ferdinandi and a shrub layer commonly including 

Persoonia linearis and Polyscias sambucifolia. Various vines, including Pandorea pandorana, 

are typically present in the understorey. The ground layer is characteristically ferny and 

dominated by Doodia aspera, Calochlaena dubia and Blechnum cartilagineum, with patchy 

grasses including Entolasia stricta. This community is highly susceptible to invasion by 

Lantana (Lantana camara) with this species being recorded at 88% of sites. The only other 

weed species commonly recorded was Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) which 

was recorded in 29% of sites. 

This community is found mainly on sandstone substrates and occurs within the community 

on the hinterland of the Central Coast at lower elevations. 

MU 41 — Turpentine / Forest Oak moist shrubby open forest 

Moist open forests with a canopy dominated by Syncarpia glomulifera and commonly 

including Angohpora floribunda, with various other eucalypts, such as Eucalyptus paniculata 

and E. pilularis, less commonly found. An open small tree layer including Allocasuarina 

torulosa, Glochidion ferdinandi and Clerodendrum tomentosum is often present. The denser 

shrub layer may include various species such as Persoonia linearis, Maytenus silvestris and 

Polyscias sambucifolia. The ground layer is typically dominated by ferns including Doodia 

aspera, Calochlaena dubia and Adiantum aethiopicum, along with scattered grasses such as 

Entolasia stricta, Oplismenus imbecillis and patches of Imperata cylindrica in more open areas. 

The most commonly recorded naturalised species in this community was Lantana (Lantana 

camara, 30%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on the ranges of the Sydney Basin at lower 

elevations on lower fertility substrates, mainly sandstones and conglomerates. 

MU 42 — White Mahogany / Turpentine moist shrubby open forest 

Shrubby open forests with a mixed canopy including Syncarpia glomulifera and Eucalyptus 

acmenoides, with E. saligna and E. siderophloia also often present. The semi-mesic understorey 

commonly includes various tall shrubs and small trees such as Callistemon salignus, Acacia 

maidenii, Diospyros australis and Allocasuarina torulosa. Smaller shrubs commonly present 

include Rhodamnia rubescens, Pittosporum revolutum, Notelaea longifolia and Croton verreauxii, 

with various climbers including Cissus antarctica, C. hypoglauca and Dioscorea transversa also 

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common. The ground layer typically consists of various grasses and graminoids including 

Lomandra longifolia, Gahnia melanocarpa, Oplismenus imbecillis, Gymnostachys anceps and 

Dianella caerulea with sparse forbs such as Plectranthus parviflorus and Pseuderanthemum 

variabile. 

Various ground ferns including Doodia aspera and Adiantum hispidulum may also be present. 

Lantana (Lantana camara) was recorded in 50% of sites in this community. This community 

occurs within the study area on the ranges of the Lower North Cast and Central Coast at 

lower elevations on a range of substrates. 

MU 43 — Tallowwood / Brush Box / Sydney Blue Gum moist shrubby tall open forest of Lower North 


Tall open forests to open forests with Eucalyptus microcorys, Lophosetmon confertus, E. saligna 

and Syncarpia glomulifera as canopy dominants. The semi-mesic understorey includes a mixed 

small tree layer dominated by Allocasuarina torulosa which may also include various small 

trees and tall shrubs such as Cryptocarya rigida, C. microneura and Schizomeria ovata. Various 

smaller shrubs may also be present including Trochocarpa laurina, Rhodamnia rubescens and 

Psychotria loniceroides along with climbers such as Dioscorea transversa and Cissus antarctica. 

The ground layer is typically ferny with scattered grasses and is characterised by species 

including Blechnum cartilagineum, Doodia aspera, Lastreopsis decomposita, Calochlaena dubia 

and Oplismenus imbecillis. Lantana (Lantana camara, 30%) was the only naturalised species 

recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community is found on various substrates on the ranges and 

foothills of the Lower North Coast at mid elevations. This community includes the only 

records within this study of the rare shrub Hakea archaeoides and, hence, it may have 

particular regional conservation significance. 

MU 44 — Blackbutt / Turpentine / Sydney Blue Gum mesic tall open forest of the Central Coast 

ranges 

Tall open forests to open forests with a canopy dominated by Syncarpia glomulifera, 

Eucalyptus pilularis and E. saligna, and a semi-mesic small tree layer including various 

species such as Cryptocarya microneura, Allocasuarina torulosa, Acmena smithii and Livistona 

australis. A diverse, semi-mesic smaller shrub layer is typically also present and may include 

a range of species such as Rhodamnia rubescens, Breynia oblongifolia and Wilkiea huegeliana 

along with various climbers including Smilax australis, Dioscorea transversa and Morinda 

jasminoides. The ground layer is typically ferny and characterised by species including 

Blechnum cartilagineum, Doodia aspera and Calochlaena dubia. This community appears to be 

particularly susceptible to woody weed species with a number being commonly recorded, 

including Ligustrum sinense (Small-leaved Privet, 31%), Ochna serrulata (Mickey Mouse 

Plant, 34%), Lantana camara (Lantana, 74%), Passiflora edulis (Common Passionfruit, 29%) 

and Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor Laurel, 31%). 

This community occurs within the study area on sandstones and sands on ranges of 

the Central Coast at lower elevations. This community may have particular regional 

conservation significance as it is the only community in this study to include records of the 

endangered climber Tylophora woollsii.


MU 45 — Flooded Gum / Brush Box / Tallowwood mesic tall open forest of the Lower North Coast 

foothills 

Mesic tall open forests to open forests with a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus grandis, 

E. microcorys and Lophostemon confertus and a diverse small tree layer which may include 

Acmena smithii, Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, Livistona australis and Allocasuarina 

torulosa. The shrub layer includes various shrubs such as Pittosporum revolutum, Psychotria 

loniceroides and Rhodamnia rubescens, as well as numerous climbers such as Dioscorea 

transversa, D. transversa and Morinda jasminoides. The ground layer may include various 

ferns such as Blechnum cartilagineum and Doodia aspera, grasses and graminoids including 

Oplismenus imbecillis and Gymnostachys anceps and scattered forbs. In terms of naturalised 

species only Lantana (Lantana camara, 50%) was commonly recorded in the community. 

This community occurs on the ranges of the Lower North Coast at lower elevations and on 

a range of substrates. 

MU 46 — New England Blackbutt / Tallowwood semi-mesic open forest at intermediate altitudes 

of southern North Coast 

Semi-mesic tall open forests to open forests dominated by Eucalyptus campanulata and 

often including E. microcorys and E. laevopinea in the canopy. The small tree layer typically 

includes mesic species such as Caldcluvia paniculosa and Schizomeria ovata as well as 

Allocasuarina torulosa and Acacia melanoxylon. The shrub layer also consists of mesophyllous 

and sclerophyllous species, including Cryptocarya rigida, Psychotria loniceroides, Trochocarpa 

laurina, Leucopogon lanceolatus and Persoonia media along with various climbers such as 

Hibbertia dentata and Cissus hypoglauca. The ground layer is typically dominated by ferns 

including Blechnum cartilagineum and Calochlaena dubia and tussock grasses, mainly Poa 

sieberiana. No naturalised species were recorded in more than 25% of sites within the 

community. 

This community can be found within the study area on foothills of the Lower North Coast 

at mid to high elevations on various substrates. 

MU 47 — Sydney Blue Gum / Tallowwood moist tall open forest at mid altitudes of the southern 

North Coast 

Moist tall open forests to open forests dominated by Eucalyptus saligna, E. microcorys and 

typically including Lophostemon confertus in the canopy. A smaller tree layer is typically 

present and may include various mesic species, particularly Caldcluvia paniculosa and 

Schizomeria ovata as well as Acacia melanoxylon. The shrub layer similarly contains a mix of 

mesic and sclerophyllous species, including Trochocarpa laurina, Psychotria loniceroides and 

Cryptocarya rigida, as well as numerous climbers such as Cissus hypoglauca and C. antarctica and 

tree ferns (Cyathea australis) are also commonly present. The ground layer characteristically 

consists mainly of ferns, including Blechnum cartilagineum and Lastreopsis decomposita, and 

graminoids such as Lomandra longifolia, Dianella caerulea and Gymnostachys anceps. No 

naturalised species were recorded in more than 25% of sites within the community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on various substrates on the foothills of the 

Lower North Coast at mid to high elevations. 

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MU 48 — Grey Myrtle / Mountain Blue Gum ferny gully forest 

79 


Sheltered, tall open forests to open forests dominated by Eucalyptus deanei and Angophora 

floribunda and with a small tree layer typically dominated by Backhousia myrtifolia and 

commonly including Allocasuarina torulosa and Clerodendrum tomentosum. The shrub layer 

is characterised by smaller shrub species, including Rubus parvifolius, Breynia oblongifolia 

and Bursaria spinosa along with various climbers such as Clematis aristata, C. glycinoides and 

Cissus antarctica. The ground layer is characteristically dominated by various ferns including 

Adiantum aethiopicum and Doodia aspera with scattered grasses such as Echinopogon ovatus 

and Oplismenus aemulus and scattered forbs. The only commonly recorded species in this 

community was Sida rhombifolia (Paddy’s Lucerne, 33%). 

This community occurs within the study area on sheltered, Triassic sandstone gullies and 

lower slopes of ranges of northern Wollemi and western Blue Mountains at mid to lower 

elevations. 

MU 49 — Lilly Pilly / Sydney Blue Gum wet sclerophyll / rainforest of coastal ranges and Tablelands 

Escarpment 

Transitional open forests with a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus saligna and a diverse, mesic 

small tree layer consisting of a range of species, including Acmena smithii, Schizomeria ovata, 

Cryptocarya glaucescens, Doryphora sassafras, Cryptocarya rigida and Caldcluvia paniculosa. The 

shrubby understorey consists of various shrubs including Wilkiea huegeliana and Tasmannia 

insipida and climbers, including Cissus antarctica and C. hypoglauca. The ground layer is 

typically dominated by ferns including Adiantum formosum and Lastreopsis decomposita. 

This community occurs within the study area on sheltered slopes of ranges and foothills of 

the Lower North Coast at mid elevations. 

MU 50 — Messmate grassy open forest on Barrington area and tableland edge 

Tall open forests to open forests almost exclusively dominated by Eucalyptus obliqua with 

various other eucalypts, including E. nobilis, E. fastigata and E. dalrympleana, as less common 

canopy components. A small tree layer dominated by Banksia integrifolia, Acacia melanoxylon 

and Lomatia arborescens is also commonly present. The understorey typically consists 

of various—mainly sclerophyllous—shrubs, including Coprosma quadrifida, Leucopogon 

lanceolatus and Polyscias sambucifolia, with the main climbers being Smilax australis and 

Clematis aristata. The understorey is typically dominated by grasses, mainly Poa sieberiana 

and Microlaena stipoides, as well as various graminoids such as Lomandra longifolia. No 

weeds were recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community. 

This community is distributed within the study area on foothills of the Lower North Coast 

(including the Barrington Tops and Ben Halls Gap areas) at mid to high elevations on a 

range of substrates, including basalts and mudstones. 

MU 51 — Messmate / Forest Ribbon Gum shrub / grass open forest of the ranges of the Lower North 

Coast 

Tall open forests to open forests with a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus obliqua and E. 

nobilis, with various other eucalypts, including E. campanulata and E. cameronii, often present 

as less common canopy components. This community tends to have a less well-developed 

small tree layer than similar units, such as MU 49, and a more open understorey. The


shrub layer is typically comprised of various sclerophyllous shrubs, such as Leucopogon 

lanceolatus and Rubus parvifolius. The ground layer is characterised by grasses, chiefly Poa 

sieberiana, and various forbs, including Poranthera microphylla and Viola betonicifolia with 

Pteridium esculentum dominant on disturbed areas. The only weed commonly recorded in 

this community was Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 30%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on the foothills and escarpment of the Lower 

North Coast and Northern Tablelands at higher elevations. 

MU 52 — Mountain Gum / Brown Barrel / Snow Gum shrub / grass open forest of northern 


Open forests dominated by Eucalyptus dalrympleana, E. fastigata and E. pauciflora and a 

sparse small tree layer consisting mainly of Acacia dealbata. The shrub layer is dominated 

by Acrothamnus hookeri and Rubus parvifolius with Clematis aristata and Smilax australis as 

the main climbing species. The typically dense ground layer is dominated by tussock 

grasses, primarily Poa sieberiana along with Microlaena stipoides, and includes a relatively 

high diversity of forbs such as Pratia pedunculata, Geranium potentilloides and Poranthera 

microphylla. The only naturalised species commonly recorded in this community was 

Trifolium repens (White Clover, 27%). 

This community is confined, within the region, to the Barrington area at higher elevations 

and occurs on a variety of substrates. 

MU 53 — New England Blackbutt / Forest Ribbon Gum moist grass / forb open forest 

Open forests dominated by Eucalyptus campanulata and E. nobilis, with E. pauciflora and 

E. obliqua as less common canopy components, and a sparse small tree layer consisting 

mainly of Acacia melanoxylon. An open shrub layer may be present and typically includes 

Coprosma quadrifida, Monotoca scoparia and Gonocarpus oreophilus and climbers including 

Smilax australis and Clematis aristata. The ground layer is characteristically dominated by 

tussock grasses, mainly Poa sieberiana, and contains a high diversity of forbs, including 

Dichondra repens, Viola hederacea, Geranium solanderi and Hydrocotyle laxiflora. The only 

naturalised species recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community was Medicago 

polymorpha (Burr Medic, 27%). 

This community is restricted within the study area to the escarpment of the Northern 

Tablelands at higher elevations. 

MU 54 — Messmate wet ferny open forest of Barrington area 

Moist tall open forests to open forests dominated by Eucalyptus obliqua, with E. cameronii 

as a common canopy element, and a small tree layer commonly including Acacia elata, A. 

obtusifolia and Callicoma serratifolia. The understorey is typically shrubby and includes a 

relatively diverse range of species, such as Persoonia linearis, Tasmannia stipitata, Leucopogon 

lanceolatus, Polyscias sambucifolia and Cyathea australis, with Smilax australis as the main 

climber. The understorey is characteristically ferny and dominated by Sticherus lobatus 

and Blechnum wattsii, and also frequently contains a range of grasses and graminoids, 

including Lomandra longifolia, Lepidosperma laterale, Gahnia sieberiana, Dianella caerulea and 

Microlaena stipoides. No naturalised species were recorded in more than 25% of sites in this 

community. 

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Within the study area, this community is restricted to the Barrington Tops area at higher 

elevations. 

MU 55 — Forest Oak / Smooth-barked Apple / Blackbutt open forest 

Open forests with a mixed canopy, including Angophora floribunda, Syncarpia glomulifera 

and Eucalyptus pilularis, and a small tree layer dominated by Allocasuarina torulosa. The 

understorey is typically shrubby with a range of species, including Persoonia linearis, P. 

levis, Gompholobium latifolium, Hibbertia scandens and Cissus hypoglauca. The ground layer 

typically includes a range of grasses and graminoids, such as Entolasia stricta, Imperata 

cylindrica, Themeda australis and Dianella caerulea, ferns (Pteridium esculentum and Calochlaena 

dubia) and sparse forbs, including Pomax umbellata and Pratia purpurascens. Lantana camara 

(Lantana) was recorded in 26% of sites in this community. 

This community occurs within the study area on the sandstone ranges of the Central Coast 

hinterland at lower elevations. 

MU 56 — Large-fruited Grey Gum / Mountain Blue Gum / Forest Oak shrubby open forest on ranges 

of the Sydney Basin 

Open forests characterised by Eucalyptus deanei, Syncarpia glomulifera and Angophora 

floribunda as the main canopy components, and Eucalyptus punctata as a less common 

element. A small tree layer dominated by Allocasuarina torulosa is also typically present. The 

understorey is generally shrubby with the main shrubs being Persoonia linearis, Podolobium 

ilicifolium, Polyscias sambucifolia and Maytenus silvestris with various climbers, including 

Billardiera scandens and Hardenbergia violacea. The understorey is a mix of ferns, mainly 

Adiantum aethiopicum and Pteridium esculentum; grasses, including Poa affinis and Oplismenus 

imbecillis; and various graminoids and forbs, commonly including Dianella caerulea, Pratia 

purpurascens and Plectranthus parviflorus. The only naturalised species recorded in more 

than 25% of sites was Oxalis corniculata (Creeping Oxalis, 35%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on sandstone ranges of the Sydney Basin at 

mid elevations. 

MU 57 — Blue Mountains Ash / Turpentine shrubby open forest on rocky slopes of the Lower North 

Coast 

Open forests with a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus oreades and characteristically 

including Syncarpia glomulifera, with a small tree layer dominated by Allocasuarina littoralis 

and commonly including Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Acmena smithii and Schizomeria ovata. The 

understorey is characteristically shrubby and dominated by Banksia spinulosa with various 

other shrubs, such as Persoonia linearis and Leptospermum polygalifolium commonly present 

along with scattered climbers, including Smilax glyciphylla. The understorey is a mixture 

of ferns, predominately Gleichenia dicarpa; various graminoids, such as Patersonia glabrata 

and Lomandra glauca; and grasses including Tetrarrhena juncea and Entolasia stricta along 

with scattered forbs. No naturalised species were recorded in more than 25% of sites in 

this community. 

In terms of distribution, this community occurs within the study area on basalts on the 

escarpments and foothills of the Lower North Coast at mid to high elevations.


4.3.5.3 DRY SCLeROPHYLL FOReSTS 

Shrub / grass subformation 

MU 58 — Forest Oak / Thin-leaved Stringybark / Grey Gum shrub / grass open forest of escarpments 


Open forests to woodlands with a mixed canopy characterised by Eucalyptus eugenioides, 

E. biturbinata and Angophora subvelutina, and commonly including E. tereticornis. These 

forests are also characterised by a small tree layer dominated by Allocasuarina torulosa 

and commonly including Acacia maidenii. The understorey generally consists of an open 

shrub layer with various shrubs, including Indigofera australis, Rubus parvifolius, Olearia 

viscidula and Breynia oblongifolia, and scrambling climbers such as Hardenbergia violacea, 

Hibbertia scandens and Geitonoplesium cymosum. The ground layer is predominately grassy 

and dominated by Themeda australis and Cymbopogon refractus, with various other species 

including Oplismenus aemulus and Poa sieberiana also common. The ground layer also 

includes a diverse range of forbs and graminoids, including Pratia purpurascens, Lomandra 

longifolia, Dianella caerulea, Plectranthus parviflorus and Desmodium and Glycine spp. No 

weed species were recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on foothills and escarpment of the Lower 

North Coast and Northern Tablelands at mid elevations, mainly on conglomerate 

substrates. 

MU 59 — White Mahogany / Spotted Gum / Grey Myrtle shrubby open forest of the Central and 

Lower Hunter Valley 

Dry sclerophyll open forests, with elements of Hunter Valley dry rainforest, with a canopy 

dominated by Eucalyptus acmenoides, Corymbia maculata and Backhousia myrtifolia. This 

community is also characterised by a diverse range of taller shrubs and small trees with 

a subtropical influence, including Notelaea longifolia, Clerodendrum tomentosum, Alectryon 

subcinereus, Claoxylon australe, Streblus brunonianus and Brachychiton populneus, with various 

climbers such as Pandorea pandorana, Cissus opaca, C. antarctica and Cayratia clematidea. An 

open shrub layer is generally also present and common species include Breynia oblongifolia, 

Maytenus silvestris and Solanum stelligerum. The ground layer typically consists of grasses, 

such as Microlaena stipoides, Oplismenus aemulus and Entolasia marginata; ferns, including 

Adiantum aethiopicum, Doodia aspera and Pellaea falcata; along with various, sparse forbs and 

graminoids. A number of naturalised species were commonly recorded in this community 

with the most common being Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 45%), Bidens pilosa 

(Cobbler’s Pegs, 38%), Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 34%), Lantana camara (Lantana, 34%) 

and Solanum nigrum (Black-berry Nightshade, 34%). 

This community occurs in the Central and Lower Hunter Valley in gullies and on lower 

slopes, mainly on sandstone substrates and at mid to lower elevations. 

MU 60 — Large-fruited Grey Gum / Grey Box grassy open forest of sandstone ranges of the Sydney 

Basin 

Open forests characterised by Eucalyptus punctata in association with E. molucanna and 

a small tree layer, including Allocasuarina torulosa and Clerodendrum tomentosum. The 

understorey is generally shrubby and may include Bursaria spinosa, Breynia oblongifolia, 

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Rubus parvifolius and Notelaea longifolia, along with various, sparse climbers, including 

Clematis glycinoides, Cayratia clematidea and Eustrephus latifolius. The ground layer is 

typically grassy and characterised by a range of species, including Oplismenus aemulus, 

Microlaena stipoides, Themeda australis and Imperata cylindrica. Various small ferns and forbs 

are also common in the ground layer, including Adiantum aethiopicum, Cheilanthes sieberi, 

Pratia purpurascens and Dichondra repens. As with MU 58, a range of naturalised species 

were commonly recorded in this community with the most frequent being Sida rhombifolia 

(Paddy’s Lucerne, 28%), Gomphocarpus fruticosus (Narrow-leaved Cotton Bush, 28%), 

Lantana camara (Lantana, 38%), Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 48%), Sonchus oleraceus 

(Common Sowthistle, 38%), Bidens pilosa (Cobbler’s Pegs, 41%) and Hypochaeris radicata 

(Catsear, 62%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs in the Central Hunter Valley, northern Yengo 

and northern Wollemi areas at mid to low elevations on sandstones and siltstones. 

MU 61 — White Box shrubby woodland with Semi-Evergreen Vine Thicket elements near 

Glenbawn Dam 

Sclerophyll woodlands, including elements of vine thicket, with a canopy dominated 

by Eucalyptus albens and small trees, including Alectryon oleifolius, Geijera parviflora and 

Clerodendrum tomentosum. This community is also characterised by a diverse range of 

vines, including Marsdenia flavescens, Parsonsia eucalyptophylla, P. lanceolata, Cissus opaca 

and Pandorea pandorana. The understorey is typically shrubby with characteristic species 

such as Notelaea macrocarpa, Olearia elliptica, Rhagodia parabolica and Spartothamnella juncea. 

The ground layer is sparsely grassy with the dominant grasses Austrostipa verticillata 

and Austrodanthonia fulva, and typical ferns Pellaea falcata and Urtica incisa. Common 

naturalised species recorded in this community were Conyza sumatrensis (Tall Fleabane, 

67%), Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 47%), Asphodelus fistulosus (Onion Weed, 33%), Senecio 

madagascariensis (Fireweed, 33%) and Opuntia stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 

100%). 

This community is only recorded in the Glenbawn Dam area in the Upper Hunter Valley. 

MU 62 — White Box / Blackthorn shrubby woodland of western Blue Mountains 

Open forests to woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus albens with a small tree layer including 

Brachychiton populneus and Acacia implexa. The understorey is characteristically shrubby and 

may include Cassinia species D (recorded in only 0.2% of sites outside of this community), 

Bursaria spinosa, Macrozamia communis and Melichrus urceolatus. The understorey commonly 

consists of a range of forbs and graminoids with common species including Plantago 

debilis, Dichondra repens, Stellaria pungens and Lomandra multiflora. Common naturalised 

species recorded in this community included Trifolium arvense (Haresfoot Clover, 33%) and 

Cynoglossum australe var. australe (33%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on sandstone ranges of the western Blue 

Mountains and Wollemi NP at mid elevations. This community is of particular conservation 

significance as it is the only community in this study in which the rare species Prostanthera 

discolor has been recorded, although it does not appear to be common in this area.


MU 63 — Spotted Gum / Grey Ironbark dry open forest of the Central Coast and Lower Hunter 

Open forests characterised by Eucalyptus paniculata in association with E. umbra. The 

canopy may also include various other eucalypts, in particular, E. tereticornis and E. crebra. 

The understorey is typically shrubby and often dominated by Macrozamia communis along 

with various other shrubs, including Notelaea longifolia, Dodonaea triquetra and Acrotriche 

divaricata, and climbers such as Pandorea pandorana and Eustrephus latifolius. The ground 

layer is characteristically grassy and commonly includes Entolasia stricta, Imperata cylindrica 

and Themeda australis, along with graminoids, such as Dianella caerulea and Lomandra 

longifolia, and sparse herbs such as Pratia purpurascens. This community appears to be 

highly susceptible to invasion by woody weeds, in particular, Chrysanthemoides monilifera 

subsp. monilifera (Boneseed) was recorded in all sites and Lantana camara (Lantana) was 

recorded in 85% of sites. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on coastal lowlands of the Central Coast, 

mainly on sandstones. 

MU 64 — Spotted Gum moist shrubby open forest 

Open forests characterised by a canopy dominated by Corymbia maculata in association 

with Eucalyptus umbra, E. punctata and E. paniculata. The understorey is generally shrubby 

and may include sparse tall shrubs, including Acacia implexa, A. longifolia and Exocarpos 

cupressiformis, along with a range of smaller shrubs, including Daviesia ulicifolia, Pultenaea 

villosa, Podolobium ilicifolium and Persoonia linearis. The understorey often includes a variety 

of climbing and scrambling species, including Pandorea pandorana, Billardiera scandens and 

Eustrephus latifolius. The ground layer is characteristically and often strongly dominated 

by a relatively diverse range of grass species, in particular, Themeda australis, Poa affinis, 

Entolasia stricta, Joycea pallida and Imperata cylindrica. A range of graminoid species are also 

characteristically present, including Lomandra confertifolia, L. longifolia, Dianella caerulea and 

Lepidosperma neesii, along with scattered forbs, such as Goodenia heterophylla and Pseudoraphis 

paradoxa. As with MU 63, this community appears to be particularly susceptible to invasion 

by Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata (Bitou Bush, 89%) and Lantana camara 

(Lantana, 48%). 

This community occurs within the study area on coastal lowlands of the Central Coast, 

mainly on sandstones. MU 64 is related to MU 63 but differs in the dominance of C. maculata 

which is uncommon in MU 63, and in having a more dominantly grassy ground layer. 

MU 65 — Spotted Gum / Broad-leaved Mahogany / Red Ironbark moist shrubby open forest 

Open forests with a canopy dominated by Corymbia maculata in association with Eucalyptus 

umbra and E. fibrosa and a small tree layer commonly including Allocasuarina torulosa. A 

diverse range of eucalypts may also be present in the canopy, including E. siderophloia 

and E. punctata. An open shrub layer may be present and include Daviesia ulicifolia, 

Bursaria spinosa and Leucopogon juniperinus, along with climbers, including Hardenbergia 

violacea, Eustrephus latifolius and Billardiera scandens. The ground layer is characteristically 

grassy and may include a diverse range of grasses, in particular, Entolasia stricta, Themeda 

australis, Imperata cylindrica, Microlaena stipoides and Panicum simile. Various herbs, such 

as Pratia purpurascens, Dianella caerulea and Vernonia cinerea along with ground ferns, 

predominately Cheilanthes sieberi, are also typically present. Commonly recorded weeds 

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in this community included Lantana camara (Lantana, 28%) and Senecio madagascariensis 

(Fireweed, 32%). 

This community occurs within the study area in the Lower Hunter Valley and coastal 

ranges of the Central Coast at lower elevations. 

MU 66 — Large-fruited Grey Gum / Rough-barked Apple open forest 

Open forests characterised by Eucalyptus punctata in association with Angophora floribunda. 

Various other eucalypts, including E. fibrosa and E. tereticornis, may also be present in the 

overstorey. The understorey is typically shrubby and may include taller shrubs and small 

trees, in particular, Leptospermum trinervium and Allocasuarina littoralis, along with a diverse 

range of smaller shrubs commonly including Persoonia linearis, Bursaria spinosa, Jacksonia 

scoparia and Acacia parvipinnula. The ground layer is characteristically grassy and often 

dominated by Themeda australis in association with a range of other grasses, commonly 

including Microlaena stipoides, Aristida vagans, Panicum simile and Imperata cylindrica. The 

understorey also typically includes ground ferns, mainly Cheilanthes sieberi, along with 

a variety of herbs, including Pomax umbellata and Pratia purpurascens, and the sedges 

Lepidosperma laterale and Gahnia aspera. The only naturalised species recorded in more than 

25% of sites in this community was Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 28%). 

This community occurs within the study area on poorer fertility substrates on lower slopes 

and flats in the Lower Hunter Valley. 

MU 67 — Spotted Gum / Red Ironbark / Large-fruited Grey Gum shrub / grass open forest 

Open forests characterised by a canopy strongly dominated by Corymbia maculata and 

Eucalyptus fibrosa often in association with E. punctata. The shrubby understorey is 

characterised by a range of shrubs, including Daviesia ulicifolia, Persoonia linearis, Bursaria 

spinosa and Lissanthe strigosa. The ground layer is characteristically grassy and dominated by 

a range of species, including Themeda australis, Entolasia stricta, Aristida vagans and Panicum 

simile. Various graminoids are also typically present in the ground layer, in particular, 

Lepidosperma laterale, Dianella revoluta and Lomandra multiflora, along with ground ferns, 

typically Cheilanthes sieberi, and scattered herbs. Naturalised species recorded in more 

than 25% of sites in this community were Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 33%) and 


Within the study area, this community occurs on a range of substrates in the Lower Hunter 

Valley at mid to lower elevations. This community has particular regional conservation 

significance as it relates to the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Lower Hunter Spotted 

Gum – Ironbark Forest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 68 — Red Ironbark / paperbark shrubby open forest 

Open forests with a canopy strongly dominated by Eucalyptus fibrosa, often in association 

with Corymbia maculata, with a tall shrub layer dominated by Melaleuca nodosa and 

commonly including M. decora. The open shrub layer may include various shrubs, such 

as Bursaria spinosa, Pultenaea spinosa, Acacia parvipinnula and Macrozamia flexuosa; however, 

climbing species are not an abundant feature of the community. The ground layer is typically 

dominated by grasses, in particular, Entolasia stricta, Microlaena stipoides and Aristida 

vagans, and ground ferns, predominately Cheilanthes sieberi. Naturalised species recorded


in more than 25% of sites in this community were Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 38%) 

and Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 29%). This community occurs within the study area on a 

range of substrates in the Central and Lower Hunter Valley in the Cessnock area. 

MU 69 — Forest Red Gum / Broad-leaved Apple grassy woodland on serpentinite at Nowendoc 

Open forests characterised by a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus tereticornis in association 

with Angophora floribunda and a small tree layer often including Acacia maidenii and 

Leptospermum brevipes. The understorey is typically shrubby and may contain a diverse 

variety of species, commonly including Bursaria spinosa, Jacksonia scoparia, Lissanthe strigosa, 

Pomaderris vellea, Acacia serpentinicola and Leucopogon neoanglicus. The ground layer is 

characteristically grassy and dominated by Themeda australis along with Panicum effusum 

and Cymbopogon refractus. The ground layer commonly also includes various graminoids, 

including Gahnia aspera, and herbs, including Plectranthus graveolens and Viola betonicifolia. 

No naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of sites within this community. 

Within the study area this community is confined to foothills of the Northern Escarpment 

in the Nowendoc area at mid elevations on serpentinite. 

MU 70 — Eucalyptus serpentinicola / Allocasuarina ophiolitica / Spinifex grass low mallee 

woodland on serpentinite of the Lower North Coast 

Low woodlands with a canopy characterised by almost exclusive dominance of the rare 

mallee eucalypt Eucalyptus serpentinicola and a small tree layer dominated by the rare 

casuarina Allocasuarina ophiolitica and Leptospermum brevipes. The understorey is typically 

shrubby and characteristically includes Xanthorrhoea glauca along with Lissanthe strigosa, 

the rare Grevillea granulifera, Hibbertia riparia and Acacia serpentinicola. The ground layer 

is commonly grassy and characterised by Triodia scariosa along with Poa sieberiana and 

Entolasia stricta, and various rushes and sedges, in particular, Lepidosperma laterale and 

Lomandra filiformis. No naturalised species were recorded in more than 25% of sites in this 

community. 

Within the study area, this community is restricted to serpentinite outcrops on the ranges 

and foothills of the Lower North Coast and Northern Tablelands Escarpment at mid 

elevations. This community is of particular conservation value as three of the plant species 

which characterise the community (Eucalyptus serpentinicola, Allocasuarina ophiolitica and 

Grevillea granulifera) are considered to be rare or threatened and are not recorded in any 

other community within the study area. 

MU 71 — Spotted Gum / Red Ironbark / Narrow-leaved Ironbark shrub / grass open forest 

Open forests with a canopy dominated by Corymbia maculata and Eucalyptus fibrosa, and 

commonly including E. crebra and E. moluccana. An open shrub layer is generally present 

and typically includes Bursaria spinosa, Daviesia ulicifolia, Leucopogon juniperinus and Acacia 

parvipinnula, along with scrambling climbers, such as Eustrephus latifolius and Hardenbergia 

violacea. The ground layer is characteristically grassy and dominated by Themeda australis, 

Aristida vagans and Entolasia stricta, along with scattered herbs and ground ferns, including 

Cheilanthes sieberi, Lomandra confertifolia and Brunoniella australis. The only naturalised 

species occurring in greater than 25% of sites in this community was Lantana camara 

(Lantana, 33%). 

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Within the study area, this community occurs on a range of substrates, mainly conglomerates 

and siltstones, on low slopes of the ranges of the Lower and Central Hunter Valley at lower 

elevations. 

MU 72 — Spotted Gum / Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Red Ironbark shrub / grass open forest 

Open forests dominated by Corymbia maculata and Eucalyptus crebra, with E. fibrosa as a 

less-common canopy component. The understorey is generally open shrubby and may 

include various species, such as Bursaria spinosa, Daviesia ulicifolia, Eremophila debilis and 

Lissanthe strigosa. The ground layer typically consists of mixed grasses, in particular, Aristida 

vagans, A. ramosa, Microlaena stipoides and Cymbopogon refractus; forbs, including Lomandra 

multiflora, Dianella revoluta, Laxmannia gracilis and Brunoniella australis; and ground ferns, 

predominately Cheilanthes sieberi. A number of naturalised species were recorded in more 

than 25% of sites in this community, including Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet/Blue Pimpernel, 

45%), Lantana camara (Lantana, 31%), Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 66%), Sonchus 

oleraceus (Common Sowthistle, 34%), Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 59%) and Solanum 

nigrum (Black-berry Nightshade, 28%). 

This community occurs within the study area on lower slopes of hills in the Central Hunter 

Valley at lower elevations and on a range of substrates. 

MU 73 — Spotted Gum / Narrow-leaved Ironbark shrub / grass open forest 

Open forests characterised by Corymbia maculata in association with Eucalyptus crebra, 

with a small tree layer comprised of Allocasuarina torulosa and Brachychiton populneus. The 

understorey is typically open shrubby and commonly includes Persoonia linearis, Notelaea 

longifolia, Breynia oblongifolia and Jacksonia scoparia, along with a range of climbers, including 

Pandorea pandorana, Clematis glycinoides, Cissus opaca and Eustrephus latifolius. The ground 

layer is characteristically dominated by a diverse range of grasses, including Cymbopogon 

refractus, Microlaena stipoides, Themeda australis and Aristida ramose; along with various 

herbs, including Vernonia cinerea, Brunoniella australis and Pratia purpurascens; and ground 

ferns, including Cheilanthes sieberi and C. distans. A number of naturalised species were 

recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community including Cirsium vulgare (Spear 

Thistle, 28%), Lantana camara (Lantana, 49%), Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 54%), 

Bidens pilosa (Cobbler’s Pegs, 51%), Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 56%) and Solanum nigrum 

(Black-berry Nightshade, 26%). 

This community occurs within the study area on the ranges of the Central and Lower 

Hunter Valley at mid to low elevations on a range of substrates. 

MU 74 — Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Bull Oak shrub / grass open forest 

Open forests characterised by a canopy strongly dominated by Eucalyptus crebra, often in 

association with E. moluccana and a small tree layer dominated by Allocasuarina luehmannii. 

A sparse shrub layer may be present and commonly includes Breynia oblongifolia and 

Eremophila debilis. The understorey is predominately grassy with Themeda australis, Aristida 

ramosa, Cymbopogon refractus and Eragrostis leptostachya the most common grass species. 

The understorey also may include various ground ferns, in particular, Cheilanthes sieberi 

and C. distans, and herbs, including Dichondra species A, Calotis lappulacea and Lomandra 

multiflora. Numerous naturalised species were recorded in more than 25% of sites in this 

community, including Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet/Blue Pimpernel, 26%), Plantago lanceolata


(Lamb’s Tongues, 33%), Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 70%), Sonchus oleraceus 

(Common Sowthistle, 26%), Opuntia stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 74%), 

Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 67%) and Solanum nigrum (Black-berry Nightshade, 26%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on various substrates in the Central and 

Lower Hunter Valley and northern Yengo NP area. 

MU 75 — Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Grey Box / Spotted Gum shrub / grass open forest 

Open forests characterised by Eucalyptus crebra in association with E. molucanna and C. 

maculata, with a sparse small tree layer consisting mainly of Brachychiton populneus. The 

understorey is typically shrubby and commonly dominated by Bursaria spinosa and Olearia 

elliptica. Other common shrub species include Eremophila debilis, Indigofera australis and 

Acacia parvipinnula. The ground layer is characteristically grassy and dominated by Themeda 

australis, Cymbopogon refractus, Paspalidium aversum, Panicum effusum and Microlaena stipoides. 

Various other herbaceous species may be common but not dominant in the ground layer, 

including Brunoniella australis, Vernonia cinerea, Fimbristylis dichotoma and Cheilanthes distans. 

A number of naturalised species were recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community, 

including Plantago lanceolata (Lamb’s Tongues, 38%), Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 

69%), Opuntia stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 27%), Bidens pilosa (Cobbler’s Pegs, 

35%), Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 27%) and Richardia stellaris (27%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on a range of substrates, mainly sandstones 

and sands, in the Central Hunter Valley and northern Yengo NP area at mid to lower 

elevations. 

MU 76 — Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Native Olive shrubby open forest 

Open forests to woodlands characterised by Eucalyptus crebra in association with a variety 

of less common eucalypt species, including E. moluccana and Angophora floribunda. The 

understorey is typically shrubby and characterised by the presence of Notelaea macrocarpa 

along with various other shrubs, commonly including Olearia elliptica, Pittosporum 

undulatum and Acacia paradoxa, along with the climber Clematis glycinoides. The ground 

layer is typically dominated by grasses, including Microlaena stipoides, Dichelachne micrantha, 

Austrostipa scabra and Aristida ramosa, and may also include a variety of herbaceous species, 

including Dichondra repens, Wahlenbergia stricta, Daucus glochidiatus Cheilanthes distans and 

Cheilanthes sieberi. Numerous, mainly herbaceous, naturalised species were commonly 

recorded in this community, including Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 47%), Anagallis 

arvensis (Scarlet/Blue Pimpernel, 50%), Polycarpon tetraphyllum (Four-leaved Allseed, 

32%), Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 74%), Gamochaeta americana (Cudweed, 26%), 

Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sowthistle, 74%), Opuntia stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly 

Pear, 68%), Bidens pilosa (Cobbler’s Pegs, 45%), Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 58%), Solanum 

nigrum (Black-berry Nightshade, 34%), Centaurium tenuiflorum (39%), Cynoglossum australe 

var. australe (45%) and Petrorhagia nanteuilii (53%). 

This community occurs within the study area on a range of substrates on ranges and 

foothills of the Upper Hunter Valley and Liverpool Range at mid to lower elevations. This 

community may be of particular conservation significance because it contains the only 

recorded occurrence in this study of the endangered herb Lepidium hyssopifolium, although 

it is not common in the community. 

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MU 77 — White Box / Silvertop Stringybark shrubby open forest of the Central Hunter 

89 


Open forests to woodlands characterised by Eucalyptus albens in association with 

E. laevopinea, E. crebra and E. blakelyi. An open shrub layer is typically present and 

characteristically dominated by Olearia elliptica and Notelaea microcarpa. The climbers 

Clematis glycinoides and Pandorea pandorana are also commonly present at low densities 

in the understorey. The ground layer is typically grassy and characterised by Microlaena 

stipoides, Aristida ramosa and Cymbopogon refractus. The ground layer generally also includes 

various herbaceous species, such as Pratia purpurascens, Dichondra repens Cheilanthes sieberi, 

Scutellaria humilis, Glycine spp. and Desmodium spp. A number of naturalised species were 

recorded in this community in more than 25% of sites, including Cirsium vulgare (Spear 

Thistle, 43%), Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet/Blue Pimpernel, 67%), Gomphocarpus fruticosus 

(Narrow-leaved Cotton Bush, 29%), Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sowthistle, 48%), Bidens 

pilosa (Cobbler’s Pegs, 52%), Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 33%) and Solanum nigrum (Blackberry 

Nightshade, 29%). 

This community occurs within the study area on various substrates on ranges of the Central 

Hunter Valley at mid elevations. 

MU 78 — Blakely’s Red Gum / Narrow-leaved Ironbark shrubby woodland 

Open forests with a canopy typically dominated by Eucalyptus crebra in association with E. 

blakelyi and Angohpora floribunda. The understorey is typically shrubby and characterised 

by Notelaea microcarpa and commonly includes Bursaria spinosa and Macrozamia communis, 

along with the climbers Clematis glycinoides and Pandorea pandorana. The ground layer is 

typically grassy and dominated by Microlaena stipoides with Echinopogon ovatus and Digitaria 

ramularis also common. The understorey also commonly includes various herbaceous 

species, such as Dichondra repens, Sigesbeckia australiensis, Plectranthus parviflorus and 

Cyperus gracilis. Numerous naturalised species were recorded in more than 25% of sites 

in this community including Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 33%), Gomphocarpus fruticosus 

(Narrow-leaved Cotton Bush, 39%), Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 33%), Taraxacum 

officinale (Dandelion, 28%), Opuntia stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 50%), Bidens 

pilosa (Cobbler’s Pegs, 50%) and Cynoglossum australe var. australe (39%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on a range of substrates, mainly sandstones, 

on ranges of Central and Upper Hunter Valley and Northern Wollemi NP at mid to low 

elevations. 

MU 79 — Large-fruited Grey Gum / Spotted Gum / Grey Box open forest on hills of the Hunter Valley 

Open forests characterised by Eucalyptus punctata, E. molucanna, Angophora floribunda 

and E. blakelyi with a small tree layer, characterised by Brachychiton populneus, commonly 

present. The understorey is predominately shrubby and may include a relatively diverse 

range of species, in particular, Notelaea microcarpa, Myoporum montanum, Spartothamnella 

juncea, Acacia decora, Eremophila debilis and Solanum brownii along with the climbers Clematis 

glycinoides and Eustrephus latifolius. The understorey is typically grassy and dominated by 

Aristida ramosa, Austrostipa verticillata and Cynodon dactylon and may also include various 

herbaceous species, such as Cheilanthes sieberi, Lomandra multiflora, Calotis lappulacea and 

C. cuneifolia. Numerous naturalised species were recorded in greater than 25% of sites in 

this community, including Fumaria muralis subsp. muralis (Wall Fumitory, 50%), Cirsium


vulgare (Spear Thistle, 90%), Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet/Blue Pimpernel, 90%), Gomphocarpus 

fruticosus (Narrow-leaved Cotton Bush, 50%), Plantago lanceolata (Lamb’s Tongues, 30%), 

Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 70%), Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion, 40%), Sonchus 

oleraceus (Common Sowthistle, 90%), Opuntia stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 

90%), Bidens pilosa (Cobbler’s Pegs, 30%), Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 90%) and Arctotheca 

calendula (Capeweed, 50%). 

This community occurs within the study area on hills of the Central and Upper Hunter 

Valley, mainly on coal measures at mid to low elevations. 

MU 80 — White Box / Native Olive woodland of Upper Hunter and northern Wollemi National Park 

Open forests to woodlands characterised by a canopy strongly dominated by Eucalyptus 

albens and occasionally including other eucalypt species, such as E. moluccana and E. crebra. 

A shrubby understorey is typically present and dominated by Notelaea microcarpa and 

Dodonaea viscosa. The understorey typically consists of various forbs, including Cheilanthes 

sieberi, Vittadinia sulcata, Calotis lappulacea, Einadia hastata and Rostellularia adscendens. 

Various grass species may be common at some sites, including Aristida ramosa and Themeda 

australis. Numerous, mainly herbaceous, naturalised species were commonly recorded in 

this community, including Medicago minima (Woolly Burr Medic, 36%), Arenaria serpyllifolia 

(Thyme-leaved Sandwort, 27%), Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet/Blue Pimpernel, 45%), Trifolium 

campestre (Hop Clover, 27%), Trifolium arvense (Haresfoot Clover, 36%), Opuntia humifusa 

(Creeping Pear, 27%), Opuntia stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 55%), Bidens pilosa 

(Cobbler’s Pegs, 55%), Paronychia brasiliana (Chilean Whitlow Wort, 27%) and Petrorhagia 

nanteuilii (45%). 

This community is distributed within the study area on a range of substrates, mainly 

sandstones and conglomerates, on ranges of Central and Upper Hunter Valley and northern 

Wollemi National Park at mid elevations. 

MU 81 — Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Black Pine dry shrub / grass woodland 

Open forests characterised by a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus crebra in association 

with E. albens and Callitris endlicheri. The understorey is characteristically shrubby and 

dominated by Notelaea microcarpa and Dodonaea viscosa. A diverse range of other shrubs is 

also commonly present, including Olearia elliptica, Spartothamnella juncea, Grevillea montana 

and Choretrum species A. The ground layer is typically grassy and dominated by Aristida 

ramosa along with Cymbopogon refractus and generally also includes various ground ferns 

and other herbaceous species, such as Cheilanthes sieberi, C. distans, Cyperus gracilis, Einadia 

hastata and Brunoniella australis. Naturalised species recorded in more than 25% of sites 

in this community were Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 42%) and Opuntia stricta var. 

stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 58%). 

Within the study area, this community is distributed at mid to low elevations on ranges of 

the Upper Hunter Valley, northern Wollemi NP and the Goulburn River area, mainly on 

sandstones. 

MU 82 — Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Coastal Myall / Native Olive woodland of Central Hunter 

Open forests to woodlands characterised by Eucalyptus crebra in association with E. 

punctata and Callitris endlicheri, with a small tree layer dominated by Acacia binervia and 

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including Alphitonia excelsa commonly present. The shrubby understorey is characterised 

by Notelaea microcarpa and Spartothamnella juncea, and also often includes Solanum brownii 

and Macrozamia communis. The ground layer characteristically consists of a mix of grasses 

such as Microlaena stipoides and Austrostipa setacea, and various ground ferns and forbs, 

including Cheilanthes sieberi, Crassula sieberiana, Dichondra species A and Calotis lappulacea. 

Numerous naturalised species were commonly recorded in this community, including 

Opuntia aurantiaca (Tiger Pear, 43%), O. stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 43%), 

Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 29%), Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet/Blue Pimpernel, 57%), 

Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 57%), Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sowthistle, 71%), 

Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 100%) and Facelis retusa (29%). 

This community occurs within the study area on sandstone ranges of Central and Upper 

Hunter Valley at lower elevations. 

MU 83 — White Box / Red Box shrubby woodland on sandstone of western Blue Mountains 

Open forests to woodlands characterised by Eucalyptus albens in association with E. 

polyanthemos. The canopy may also occasionally include E. oblonga and E. rossii and a small 

tree layer, including Acacia obtusifolia and A. implexa, may also be present. An open shrub 

layer is generally present and commonly includes Bursaria spinosa, Indigofera adesmiifolia, 

Melichrus erubescens, Acacia caesiella and Macrozamia communis. The ground layer is typically 

dominated by forbs and graminoids, including Lomandra confertifolia, Lepidosperma laterale, 

Oxalis exilis, Plantago debilis, Veronica plebeia and Daucus glochidiatus. No naturalised species 

were recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community is restricted to ranges of the western Blue Mountains 

at mid to high elevations. 

Shrubby subformation 

MU 84 — Large-fruited Grey Gum / Grey Myrtle / Narrow-leaved Stringybark / Rusty Fig open forest 

on Upper Hunter ranges 

Open forests characterised by an overstorey dominated by Eucalyptus punctata in 

association with E. sparsifolia over a mid stratum characterised by Backhousia myrtifolia, 

Pittosporum undulatum and Allocasuarina torulosa, and commonly including Ficus rubiginosa 

and Clerodendrum tomentosum. The understorey is typically shrubby and includes Notelaea 

microcarpa, Solanum prinophyllum, S. stelligerum and Maytenus silvestris. A relatively diverse 

range of climbers is also commonly present, including Clematis glycinoides, Cayratia 

clematidea, Tylophora barbata, Eustrephus latifolius and Pandorea pandorana. Epiphytic ferns 

are also a common feature of this community and include Platycerium bifurcatum and 

Pyrrosia rupestris. Typically the ground layer is dominated by the grasses Oplismenus 

aemulus, O. imbecillis and Microlaena stipoides. Also common in the ground layer are ground 

ferns, including Pellaea falcata, Asplenium flabellifolium and Doodia aspera, and various forbs 

and graminoids, including Plectranthus parviflorus, Lepidosperma laterale, Viola hederacea and 

Galium propinquum. The only naturalised species recorded in more than 25% of sites in this 

community was Opuntia stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 29%). 

Within the study area, this community is only recorded in ranges of the Wingen area in the 

Upper Hunter Valley on sandstones and basalt substrates at mid elevations.


MU 85 — Monkey Gum / Eucalyptus blaxlandii shrubby open forest on basalt of western Blue 

Mountains 

Open forests characterised by an overstorey dominated by Eucalyptus cypellocarpa and 

E. blaxlandii, with a sparse small tree layer often including Acacia melanoxlon. Various 

other eucalypt species may be present in the canopy at lower frequencies, in particular, 

E. macrorhyncha and E. dives. The understorey is characteristically shrubby and often 

dominated by Bursaria spinosa along with other shrubs, including Melichrus urceolatus, 

Indigofera australis, Persoonia linearis and Lomatia silaifolia, and climbers, including Clematis 

glycinoides and Hardenbergia violacea. The ground layer is characterised by relatively sparse 

grasses, predominately Microlaena stipoides and Echinopogon ovatus, and a diverse range 

of herbs and ground ferns, including Geranium solanderi, Hydrocotyle laxiflora, Lomandra 

longifolia, Stellaria pungens, Veronica plebeia, Asplenium flabellifolium and Poranthera 

microphylla. Naturalised species recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community 

include Hypericum perforatum (St Johns Wort, 50%), Trifolium arvense (Haresfoot Clover, 

30%) and Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion, 30%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on ranges of the western Blue Mountains 

and Wollemi NP at higher elevations, mainly on basalt. This community includes the only 

records of the rare shrub Derwentia blakelyi in this study and, hence, may have particular 

regional conservation significance, although this species is considered widespread 

elsewhere. 

MU 86 — Ribbon Gum / Parramatta Wattle shrubby open forest of western Blue Mountains 

Open forests characterised by a canopy strongly dominated by Eucalyptus viminalis 

in association with Angophora floribunda. The canopy may also include other eucalypt 

species, in particular, E. cypellocarpa and E. bicostata. A small tree layer dominated by Acacia 

parramattensis and including Brachychiton populneus is often present. The understorey is 

characteristically shrubby and commonly includes Bursaria spinosa, Rubus parvifolius and 

Solanum prinophyllum, along with the climber Clematis aristata. The ground layer consists 

of mixed grasses, primarily Echinopogon ovatus; forbs including Urtica incisa, Ranunculus 

lappaceus, Senecio hispidulus and Galium propinquum; and ground ferns, mainly Pteridium 

esculentum. Naturalised species commonly recorded in this community included Trifolium 

repens (White Clover, 50%) and Conyza canadensis var. canadensis (Canadian Fleabane, 

50%). 

This community occurs within the study area on ranges of the western Blue Mountains 

and Wollemi NP at mid elevations, mainly on basalt. 

MU 87 — New England Blackbutt shrubby open forest on the escarpment 

Open forests characterised by a canopy strongly dominated by Eucalyptus campanulate, 

in association with E. cameronii, with a range of other eucalypts occurring less frequently. 

The understorey is typically shrubby and characteristically includes Persoonia linearis and 

Leucopogon lanceolatus as well as other shrubs, including Persoonia media and Indigofera 

australis, with scrambling climbers such as Hardenbergia violacea, Hibbertia scandens 

and Billardiera scandens also common. The ground layer is characteristically dominated 

by grasses, mainly Poa sieberiana, and graminoids including Lomandra longifolia and 

Dianella caerulea, with the fern Pteridium esculentum common in the more open areas. 

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No naturalised species were recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on the foothills and escarpment of the Lower 

North Coast, including Barrington area, at mid to high elevations and mainly on sandstones 

and cherts. This community is related to MU 47 and other similar Northern Escarpment 

wet sclerophyll forests, but differs because of the prominence of both E. cameronii and E. 

campanulata and because it has a dry understorey rather than the more mesic understorey 

of the wet types. This community tends to occur at higher elevations than MU 47 and on 

slightly drier sites. 

MU 88 — Smooth-barked Apple / White Stringybark / Pink Bloodwood / Melaleuca sieberi shrubby 

open forest 

Open forests characterised by an overstorey dominated by Corymbia costata and Eucalyptus 

globoidea, often in association with E. robusta and C. intermedia. A mid layer of tall shrubs 

and small trees is typically present and dominated by paperbarks, including Melaleuca 

sieberi, M. linariifolia and M. nodosa, and commonly also includes Allocasuarina littoralis, A. 

torulosa and Leptospermum polygalifolium. The shrubby understorey typically consists of a 

relatively diverse range of smaller shrubs, including Pultenaea villosa, P. retusa, Dodonaea 

triquetra, Persoonia levis, Daviesia ulicifolia and Epacris pulchella, and scrambling climbers 

including Billardiera scandens, Kennedia rubicunda and Hardenbergia violacea. The understorey 

is typically dominated by grasses, in particular, Themeda australis and Entolasia stricta, along 

with others such as Panicum simile and Paspalum orbiculare, and grass-like plants including 

Lomandra longifolia, Schoenus apogon, Dianella caerulea and Baumea teretifolia. Numerous 

forbs are typically also present in the ground layer and commonly include Gonocarpus 

tetragynus, Hydrocotyle peduncularis and Goodenia paniculate, along with ferns including 

Pteridium esculentum and Lindsaea linearis. Naturalised species recorded in more than 25% 

of sites within this community were Axonopus fissifolius (Narrow-leafed Carpet Grass, 

46%), Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 54%) and Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 46%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on low coastal hills of the Lower North 

Coast and Central Coast, mainly on sands. 

MU 89 — Smooth-barked Apple / Red Bloodwood / Brown Stringybark / Wiry Panic heathy open 

forest 

Open forests characterised by Angophora costata and Corymbia gummifera, often in association 

with Eucalyptus capitellata. A mid storey of taller shrubs or small trees is often present and 

includes Allocasuarina littoralis, Banksia spinulosa and Leptospermum polygalifolium. The 

understorey is typically shrubby and commonly includes smaller shrubs, such as Phyllanthus 

hirtellus, Persoonia levis, P. linearis and Epacris pulchella, the grass tree Xanthorrhoea latifolia, 

and scrambling climbers such as Billardiera scandens and Hardenbergia violacea. The ground 

layer is typically dominated by grasses, mainly Entolasia stricta and Themeda australis, 

as well as Aristida vagans, Panicum simile and Imperata cylindrica. Grass-like plants such 

as Lomandra obliqua, Lepidosperma laterale and Dianella caerulea may also be common and 

abundant, along with sparse herbs such as Gonocarpus tetragynus, Pratia purpurascens and 

Goodenia heterophylla. No naturalised species were recorded in more than 25% of sites in 


Within the study area, this community occurs on the coastal lowlands and low ranges of 

the Lower North Coast and Central Coast on a range of substrates, including sandstones


conglomerates and siltstones. This community may be of particular regional conservation 

significance due to the recorded presence of the rare orchid Acianthus amplexicaulis, which 

is not recorded in any other community in this study. 

MU 90 — Smooth-barked Apple open forest of coastal lowlands 

Open forests characterised by Angophora costata often co-dominant with Eucalyptus pilularis 

and less commonly with other eucalypts including E. piperita and E. globoidea. An open mid 

storey characterised by Allocasuarina torulosa and often including Clerodendrum tomentosum 

is typically present. The understorey is typically shrubby and commonly includes Polyscias 

sambucifolia, Breynia oblongifolia, Notelaea longifolia, Acacia longifolia and Dodonaea triquetra, 

along with scrambling climbers such as Eustrephus latifolius, Clematis aristata and Hibbertia 

dentata. The ground layer typically consists a mixture of grasses, predominately Oplismenus 

aemulus, Entolasia marginata, Imperata cylindrica, Poa affinis and Echinopogon ovatus; grasslike 

plants including Lomandra longifolia and Lepidosperma neesii; and ground ferns, mainly 

Adiantum aethiopicum and Pteridium esculentum. Various small herbs may also be commonly 

present, including Pratia purpurascens and Dichondra repens. Naturalised species commonly 

recorded in this community included Lantana camara (Lantana, 78%) and Chrysanthemoides 

monilifera subsp. rotundata (Bitou Bush, 56%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on coastal lowlands of the Central Coast in 

the Macquarie / Tuggerah Lakes area. 

MU 91 — Large-fruited Grey Gum / Smooth-barked Apple / Blue-leaved Stringybark semi-mesic 

shrub / grass open forest on coastal ranges of the Sydney Basin 

Open forests characterised by Eucalyptus punctata, often in association with E. agglomerata, 

Angophora costata and Syncarpia glomulifera. An open mid storey is commonly present 

and characterised by Allocasuarina torulosa and may also include Acacia maidenii and 

A. implexa. The understorey is characteristically shrubby and may include a variety of 

smaller shrubs, such as Persoonia linearis, Platysace lanceolata, Podolobium ilicifolium, Cassinia 

cunninghamii and Polyscias sambucifolia, along with a diverse range of climbers, including 

Billardiera scandens, Hardenbergia violacea, Kennedia rubicunda and Eustrephus latifolius. 

The ground layer is characteristically dominated by grasses, including Entolasia stricta, 

Themeda australis, Microlaena stipoides and Panicum simile, and grass-like species, including 

Lepidosperma laterale, Dianella caerulea and Lomandra longifolia. Sparse ground ferns, mainly 

Cheilanthes sieberi, and herbs, including Pratia purpurascens, Goodenia heterophylla and 

Hybanthus monopetalus, are also commonly present. Naturalised species recorded in this 

community in more than 25% of sites were Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 32%) and 


This community is distributed within the study area on the sandstone ranges of the Central 

Coast at mid to low elevations. 

MU 92 — Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Rough-barked Apple shrubby open forest 

Open forests with a canopy characterised by Eucalyptus crebra, often in association with 

Angophora floribunda, E. punctata and A. costata and occasionally with E. fibrosa. An open 

mid layer including Allocasuarina torulosa and Exocarpos cupressiformis may also be present. 

The understorey is typically shrubby and commonly includes Pultenaea scabra, Persoonia 

linearis, Exocarpos strictus, Acacia parvipinnula and Grevillea mucronulata, along with the 

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climbers Hardenbergia violacea, Billardiera scandens and Pandorea pandorana. The ground 

layer characteristically consists of a mixture of grasses, including Themeda australis, Panicum 

simile, Microlaena stipoides and Entolasia marginata, and grass-like species, such as Lomandra 

longifolia, Dianella revoluta and D. caerulea. Scattered ground ferns, mainly Cheilanthes sieberi, 

and forbs, including Pomax umbellata and Pratia purpurascens, are also commonly present. 


This community occurs within the study area on slopes of sandstone ranges of the Sydney 

Basin in the Yengo NP area. 

MU 93 — Smooth-barked Apple / Swamp Mahogany / Cabbage Palm open forest 

Open forests with a canopy characterised by Angophora costata, often in association with 

Eucalyptus robusta and Livistona australis, and commonly including E. umbra. The understorey 

is typically shrubby and includes taller shrubs, such as Glochidion ferdinandi, Banksia spinulosa, 

Melaleuca linariifolia and Leptospermum polygalifolium, as well as various smaller shrubs, 

including Pultenaea villosa, Acacia longifolia, Dodonaea triquetra and Polyscias sambucifolia. 

Various climbers are also commonly present in the understorey, including Smilax glyciphylla 

and Eustrephus latifolius. The ground layer typically consists of a mixture of grasses, mainly 

Entolasia stricta, Themeda australis and Imperata cylindrica, grass-like plants, including Gahnia 

clarkei, G. sieberiana, Dianella caerulea and Lomandra longifolia, and the fern Pteridium esculentum. 

Scattered forbs, such as Gonocarpus teucrioides, may also be present in the understorey. No 

naturalised species were recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on coastal lowlands on the Central Coast in 

the Macquarie / Tuggerah Lakes area, mainly on sands and sandstones. 

MU 94 — Podocarpus spinulosus / Burrawang shrubby woodland of the southern Central Coast 

Open forests to woodlands with a mixed canopy typically including Angophora costata, 

Corymbia gummifera and Livistona australis and commonly also including Syncarpia 

glomulifera and Eucalyptus piperita. A mid storey, characteristically dominated by Podocarpus 

spinulosus and including Elaeocarpus reticulatus, is generally also present. The understorey is 

characteristically shrubby and dominated by Macrozamia communis and Xanthorrhoea arborea 

and also includes a diverse range of shrubs, such as Pultenaea flexilis, Platylobium formosum, 

Banksia serrata, Persoonia pinifolia, Dodonaea triquetra and Acacia ulicifolia. Climbers, such as 

Pandorea pandorana, Smilax glyciphylla and Hibbertia dentata, are also common. The ground 

layer is often dominated by Pteridium esculentum along with various grasses, including 

Themeda australis and Entolasia stricta, and grass-like plants, such as Lomandra longifolia and 

Dianella caerulea. No naturalised species were recorded in more than 25% of sites within 


This community is restricted within the study area to low coastal hills of the southern 

Central Coast on Quaternary sands and Triassic sandstones. 

MU 95 — Smooth-barked Apple / Broad-leaved Mahogany heathy woodland on hills at Nelson Bay 

Open forests to woodlands with an overstorey characterised by Angophora costata often 

in association with Eucalyptus umbra, and with E. piperita, E. pilularis and E. capitellata also 

commonly occurring. The understorey typically consists of a diverse range of shrubs, 

including Pultenaea villosa, Acacia myrtifolia, Lomatia silaifolia, Hakea sericea, H. dactyloides


and Hibbertia aspera, as well as various climbers, such as Pandorea pandorana, Hardenbergia 

violacea and Smilax glyciphylla. In some cases the understorey may be dominated by 

Doryanthes excelsa. The ground layer is typically dominated by grasses, mainly Themeda 

australis, and grass-like plants including Lepidosperma laterale, L. gunnii, Caustis flexuosa, 

Patersonia glabrata and Lomandra obliqua, along with the fern Pteridium esculentum. No 

naturalised species were recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community is restricted to low hills on the coastal lowlands of 

the Lower North Coast in the Nelson Bay area, mainly on sands. 

MU 96 — Smooth-barked Apple / Turpentine heathy woodland on sandstones of the northern 

Sydney Basin 

Open forests to woodlands with an overstorey characterised by Angophora costata in 

association with Syncarpia glomulifera, Eucalyptus piperita and Corymbia gummifera. A mid 

storey of taller shrubs is commonly present including Banksia serrata and Ceratopetalum 

gummiferum. The understorey is characteristically shrubby and consists of a diverse range 

of species, particularly from the Proteaceae and Fabaceae families, including Pultenaea 

flexilis, Banksia spinulosa, Xanthorrhoea arborea, Persoonia levis, Acacia ulicifolia, A. linifolia and 

Platysace linearifolia as well as the climber Smilax glyciphylla. The ground layer typically 

consists of a mixture of grasses, such as Entolasia stricta; grass-like plants, including 

Dianella caerulea, Lomandra longifolia, Lepidosperma laterale and Schoenus melanostachys; 

ground ferns, predominately represented by Pteridium esculentum; and scattered forbs. The 

only naturalised species recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community was Lantana 

camara (Lantana, 27%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on sandstone ranges of the Central Coast 

hinterland, including Dharug NP. This community includes the only records in this study 

of the endangered shrub Persoonia mollis and, hence, it may have particular conservation 

significance. 

MU 97 — Turpentine / Forest Oak / Smooth-barked Apple shrubby open forest on ranges of the 

Central Coast 

Open forests with an overstorey characterised by Syncarpia glomulifera and Angophora 

costata, often in association with Eucalyptus umbra and E. piperita and commonly 

including Corymbia gummifera and E. agglomerata. An open mid storey, typically including 

Allocasuarina torulosa, is often present. A diverse shrub layer is characteristically present 

in the understorey and commonly includes Persoonia linearis, P. levis, Platysace linearifolia, 

Gompholobium latifolium, Lomatia silaifolia and Xylomelum pyriforme, as well as climbers such 

as Billardiera scandens and Smilax glyciphylla. The ground layer is typically dominated by 

grasses, including Entolasia stricta, Themeda australis and Microlaena stipoides; a range of 

grass-like species, such as Lepidosperma laterale, Dianella caerulea and D. revolute; ground 

ferns, including Pteridium esculentum and Lindsaea microphylla; as well as scattered forbs. 


Within the study area, this community occurs on sandstones on the coastal ranges of the 

Central Coast at mid to low elevations. 

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MU 98 — Narrow-leaved Stringybark / Large-fruited Grey Gum shrubby open forest of northern 


Open forests with a canopy characterised by Eucalyptus sparsifolia and E. punctata, and 

commonly including Angophora costata. The understorey is typically shrubby and consists 

of a diverse range of species, including Persoonia linearis, Podolobium ilicifolium, Leucopogon 

muticus, Hibbertia obtusifolia and Exocarpos strictus, as well as the climbers Hardenbergia 

violacea and Billardiera scandens. The ground layer is generally sparse and consists of a 

mixture of grasses, including Entolasia stricta; a range of grass-like plants, including 

Lomandra confertifolia, Dianella caerulea and Lepidosperma laterale; and scattered forbs such 

as Pomax umbellata. No naturalised species were recorded in more than 25% of sites in this 

community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs mainly on sandstones on ridges and upper 

slopes of ranges in the northern Wollemi, Yengo NP and Central Hunter Valley areas. This 

community may be of particular regional conservation significance as it includes the only 

records in this study of the rare shrub Olearia cordata. 

MU 99 — Sydney Peppermint / Large-fruited Grey Gum heathy open forest of north-west Wollemi 

National Park 

Open forests with an overstorey characterised by Eucalyptus piperita, often in association 

with E. punctata and E. agglomerata. A shrubby mid storey, including Acacia obtusifolia 

with Leptospermum trinervium, A. terminalis and Banksia serrata, is commonly present. 

The understorey is often densely shrubby and consists of a diverse range of species, 

including Persoonia linearis, Amperea xiphoclada, Lomatia silaifolia, Podolobium ilicifolium, 

Leucopogon lanceolatus and Monotoca scoparia, as well as climbers such as Smilax glyciphylla 

and Hardenbergia violacea. The ground layer is characterised by a range of grass-like 

species, including Lomandra obliqua, L. confertifolia, Dianella caerulea, Patersonia sericea and 

Lepidosperma laterale; forbs, including Gonocarpus teucrioides, Gonocarpus tetragynus and 

Hybanthus monopetalus; and scattered grasses, chiefly Entolasia stricta. No naturalised 

species were recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community. 

The community is distributed within the study area on Triassic sandstone ranges of the 

western Blue Mountains at mid to high elevations. 

MU 100 — Sydney Peppermint semi-mesic open forest of northern Wollemi National Park 

Open forests with an overstorey characteristically dominated by Eucalyptus piperita, often 

in association with E. sparsifolia, and less commonly with E. cypellocarpa and E. punctata. The 

understorey is typically shrubby and semi-mesic and consists of various taller shrubs, such 

as Ceratopetalum gummiferum, Elaeocarpus reticulatus and Notelaea venosa; a diverse range of 

smaller shrubs, including Persoonia linearis, Lomatia silaifolia, Polyscias sambucifolia, Acacia 

saliciformis and Podolobium ilicifolium; as well as numerous climbers such as Hardenbergia 

violacea, Pandorea pandorana and Billardiera scandens. The understorey is typically dominated 

by various ferns, including Calochlaena dubia, Pteridium esculentum, Blechnum cartilagineum 

and Lindsaea microphylla, and also includes various grasses and grass-like plants, such as 

Poa affinis, Dianella caerula, Stylidium productum and Lomandra filiformis. Scattered forbs, 

typically including Gonocarpus teucrioides, may also be present. No naturalised species 

were recorded in this community in more than 25% of sites.


This community occurs within the study area on gully slopes of sandstone ranges in the 

northern Wollemi NP area. 

MU 101 — Sydney Peppermint / Silvertop Ash / Gymea Lily ferny woodland 

Open forests to woodlands characterised by Eucalyptus piperita in association with E. sieberi 

and Callicoma serratifolia, and often with Angophora costata. The understorey is typically 

shrubby and may often be dominated by Doryanthes excelsa. Common shrubs species include 

Pultenaea daphnoides, Persoonia levis, Banksia spinulosa, Hakea teretifolia, Bauera rubioides and 

Lomatia silaifolia, with the climber Smilax glyciphylla also common. The ground layer is 

characteristically ferny and often dominated by Gleichenia dicarpa with other common ferns, 

including Pteridium esculentum, Lindsaea linearis and Calochlaena dubia. Various grass and 

grass-like plants, including Gahnia sieberiana, Lomandra longifolia, Dianella caerulea, Themeda 

australis and Entolasia stricta, are also common in the ground layer, though less abundant. 

Naturalised species recorded from more than 25% of sites in this community include Pinus 

radiata (Radiata Pine, 45%) and Ageratina adenophora (Crofton Weed, 27%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on sandstone plateaux of the Central Coast 

hinterland. 

MU 102 — Parramatta Red Gum / Melaleuca nodosa shrubby woodland in the Cessnock / Kurri 

Kurri area 

Woodlands with a canopy characterised by Eucalyptus parramattensis, commonly in 

association with Angophora bakeri and E. fibrosa. A mid storey of taller shrubs is commonly 

present and dominated by Melaleuca nodosa, along with Leptospermum trinervium. The 

understorey is typically shrubby and consists of a diverse range of smaller shrubs, 

including Leptospermum parvifolium, Callistemon linearis, Melaleuca thymifolia, Hakea sericea, 

Xanthorrhoea glauca, Isopogon anemonifolius and Banksia spinulosa, as well as the parasitic 

climber Cassytha glabella. The ground layer is typically dominated by grasses, including 

Entolasia stricta, Aristida warburgii and Anisopogon avenaceus; grass-like plants, including 

Lomandra glauca, L. cylindrica, Dianella revoluta and Lepidosperma laterale; with the ground 

fern Cheilanthes sieberi also common. No naturalised species were recorded in more than 

25% of sites within this community. 

This community is restricted within the study area to the Warkworth / Cessnock area. ‘MU 

102 — Parramatta Red Gum / Melaleuca nodosa shrubby woodland in the Cessnock / Kurri 

Kurri area’ is equivalent to the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Kurri Sand Swamp 

Woodland in the Sydney Basin Bioregion’ (DECC 2009). In addition, the only records 

within this study of the rare shrub Persoonia pauciflora were at sites in this community; 

hence, it may have particular regional conservation significance. As well, a number of 

ground orchids, including Diuris aurea, Pterostylis rufa and P. ophioglossa, are only recorded 

in this study at sites in this community. 

MU 103 — Yellow Bloodwood / Red Bloodwood / Brown Stringybark shrub / grass open forest in the 


Open forests to woodlands characterised by an overstorey dominated by Corymbia eximia, 

C. gummifera and Eucalyptus capitellata. An open mid storey is often present and includes 

the rare wattle Acacia kulnurensis and Leptospermum trinervium. The understorey typically 

consists of a diverse range of shrubs, commonly including Persoonia linearis, Isopogon 

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anemonifolius, Leptospermum parvifolium, Xanthorrhoea glauca, Hovea linearis, Monotoca 

scoparia and Astrotricha obovata. The ground layer is usually dominated by a mix of grasses, 

including Entolasia stricta, Joycea pallida, Anisopogon avenaceus and Aristida ramosa, and 

numerous grass-like species, including Ptilothrix deusta, Lomandra obliqua, L. cylindrica, 

Lepidosperma laterale and Dianella revoluta. A number of forbs are also commonly present 

in the understorey, including Pomax umbellata and Goodenia heterophylla. No naturalised 


This community occurs within the study area in the lower Central Hunter Valley in the 

Cessnock area, mainly on conglomerates. Acacia kulnurensis, mentioned above as being 

common in this community, is only rarely recorded at sites in other communities in this study 

and, hence, this community may have particular regional conservation significance. 

MU 104 — Narrow-leaved Apple / Parramatta Red Gum / Persoonia oblongata heathy woodland 

of the Howes Valley area 

Open forests to woodlands with an overstorey dominated by Angophora bakeri and 

Eucalyptus parramattensis, often in association with E. sclerophylla, and with a mid storey 

commonly including Allocasuarina littoralis, Leptospermum trinervium and Banksia serrata. 

The understorey is characterised by a high diversity of shrubs, commonly including 

Persoonia oblongata (rarely recorded in this study outside this community), Hakea dactyloides, 

Dillwynia glaberrima, Melaleuca thymifolia, Xanthorrhoea media, Leptospermum continentale 

(rarely recorded in this study outside this community) and Leucopogon virgatus. The diverse 

ground layer is typically dominated by grass-like plants, including Lepyrodia scariosa, 

Schoenus brevifolius, Xyris complanata and Lomandra glauca, and grasses including Themeda 

australis, Entolasia stricta, Aristida ramosa and A. benthamii. A diverse range of forbs is also 

commonly present, including Gonocarpus tetragynus, G. micranthus, Pomax umbellata and 

Wahlenbergia stricta. The only naturalised species recorded at more than 25% of sites in this 

community was Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 40%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on sandstone ranges of the Howes Valley 

area. 

MU 105 — Scribbly Gum / Red Bloodwood heath woodland of coastal lowlands 

Woodlands characterised by a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus haemastoma and Corymbia 

gummifera, often with Angophora inopina as a co-dominant and commonly including 

E. capitellata. An open mid storey of taller shrubs including Allocasuarina littoralis and 

Leptospermum trinervium is commonly present. The understorey is characteristically shrubby 

and includes a highly diverse range of species, such as Epacris pulchella, Banksia oblongifolia, 

B. spinulosa, Lambertia formosa, Isopogon anemonifolius, Xanthorrhoea latifolia, Hakea dactyloides, 

Petrophile pulchella, Hibbertia vestita and Pultenaea paleacea. The ground layer is typically 

dominated by grass-like plants, including Ptilothrix deusta, Lepyrodia scariosa, Cyathochaeta 

diandra and Lomandra obliqua, and grasses including Entolasia stricta, Themeda australis, 

Anisopogon avenaceus and Aristida warburgii. The fern Lindsaea linearis is also commonly 

present. The ground orchids Caladenia alata and Genoplesium despectans are not recorded in 

this study in any other community, although neither is commonly present. 


the Macquarie / Tuggerah Lakes area, mainly on sandstones.


MU 106 — Smooth-barked Apple / Scribbly Gum grass / shrub woodland of Central Coast lowlands 


association with Eucalyptus haemastoma and commonly including Corymbia gummifera. An 

open mid storey, characterised by Allocasuarina torulosa, may be present. The understorey 

is typically shrubby and may include Acacia myrtifolia, Persoonia levis, Lambertia formosa, 

Banksia spinulosa, B. oblongifolia and Epacris microphylla, among others. The ground layer 

commonly includes various grasses, including Themeda australis and Entolasia stricta, and 

grass-like species, including Ptilothrix deusta, Lepyrodia scariosa, Cyathochaeta diandra and 

Lepidosperma laterale. No naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of sites in 



the Macquarie / Tuggerah Lakes area, mainly on sandstones. 

MU 107 — Yellow Bloodwood / Narrow-leaved Apple heathy woodland on Hawkesbury Sandstone 

Woodlands with an overstorey characterised by Angophora inopina and Corymbia eximia, and 

usually including Eucalyptus punctata, E. sparsifolia and Angophora costata. The understorey 

is characteristically shrubby and commonly includes a diverse range of shrubs, such as 

Persoonia linearis, Hovea linearis, Monotoca scoparia, Leptospermum trinervium, Acacia linifolia 

and Conospermum longifolium. The ground layer typically consists of a mix of grasses, 

including Entolasia stricta and E. marginata; grass-like plants, including Lomandra glauca, 

Lomandra obliqua, Caustis flexuosa and Dianella revolute; and scattered forbs, including 

Pomax umbellata, Goodenia heterophylla and Gonocarpus teucrioides. No naturalised species 

were recorded in this community at more than 25% of sites. 

This community occurs within the study area on sandstone ranges of the Sydney Basin in 

the Yengo, Wollemi and Dharug NP areas. The rare shrubs Persoonia hirsuta and Micromyrtus 

blakelyi were not recorded at sites from any other community on this study and, hence, this 

community may have particular regional conservation significance. 

MU 108 — Dwarf Apple / Scribbly Gum heathy low woodland on Hawkesbury Sandstone of 

southern Central Coast 

Low woodlands with a canopy characterised by Angophora hispida in association with 

Eucalyptus haemastoma. The understorey is characteristically densely shrubby and commonly 

includes Banksia oblongifolia, Petrophile pulchella, Leptospermum trinervium, Baeckea diosmifolia, 

Isopogon anemonifolius, Hakea dactyloides, Dampiera stricta and Xanthorrhoea media. The ground 

layer is typically dominated by various sedges and other grass-like species, including 

Lepyrodia scariosa, Ptilothrix deusta, Cyathochaeta diandra and Lomandra glauca; grasses, 

including Entolasia stricta and Anisopogon avenaceus; and scattered forbs, such as Actinotus 

minor. No naturalised species were recorded in this community at more than 25% of sites. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on sandstone ranges of the southern Central 

Coast at lower elevations. 

MU 109 — Scribbly Gum / Red Bloodwood / Old Man Banksia heathy woodland of southern Central 

Coast 

Open forests to woodlands with a canopy characterised by Eucalyptus haemastoma and 

Corymbia gummifera, commonly with Angophora costata and E. sieberi. A mid storey of taller 

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shrubs characterised by Banksia serrata and B. ericifolia is also commonly present. The 

understorey is typically shrubby and includes a diverse range of species such as Acacia 

suaveolens, Platysace linearifolia, Persoonia levis, P. isophylla, Hakea dactyloides, Grevillea buxifolia, 

Lambertia formosa and Petrophile pulchella. The ground layer typically consists of a mix of 

grass-like species, including Lepyrodia scariosa, Lepidosperma laterale and Lomandra obliqua; 

grasses, including Anisopogon avenaceus and Entolasia stricta; ferns, including Lindsaea 

linearis and Pteridium esculentum; along with scattered forbs. No naturalised species were 


This community occurs within the study area on sandstone ranges of the southern Central 

Coast at mid to lower elevations. 

MU 110 — Red Bloodwood / Smooth-barked Apple / Old Man Banksia heathy woodland in the 

Watagans 

Open forests to woodlands with a canopy dominated by Corymbia gummifera, Angophora 

costata and Eucalyptus haemastoma, and a mid storey commonly dominated by Banksia 

serrata and Leptospermum trinervium. The understorey typically consists of a diverse range 

of shrubs, commonly including Persoonia levis, Platysace linearifolia, Lambertia formosa, 

Phyllota phylicoides, Banksia spinulosa, Petrophile pulchella, Xanthorrhoea media, Doryanthes 

excelsa and Bossiaea heterophylla. The ground layer typically consists of a mix of grasses, 

such as Anisopogon avenaceus and Entolasia stricta, grass-like species including Cyathochaeta 

diandra, Lepyrodia scariosa, Caustis flexuosa, Patersonia sericea and Lomandra glauca, and ferns 

including Lindsaea linearis and Pteridium esculentum. No naturalised species were recorded 


Within the study area, this community occurs on sandstone ranges of the Central Coast 

in the Watagans area at mid to lower elevations. This community may have particular 

regional conservation significance as it is the only community in this study in which the 

rare shrub Boronia fraseri has been recorded. 

MU 111 — Coast Tea Tree / Old Man Banksia coastal shrubland 

Low open forests with a canopy characterised by Leptospermum laevigatum and Banksia 

serrata, and commonly including Angophora costata and Eucalyptus botryoides. The 

understorey is characteristically densely shrubby and commonly includes Monotoca 

elliptica, Acacia longifolia, A. suaveolens, Banksia aemula, Ricinocarpos pinifolius and Correa 

reflexa, along with the climbers Kennedia rubicunda and Hardenbergia violacea. The ground 

layer is often dominated by Pteridium esculentum. It commonly also includes grass-like 

species, including Baloskion gracile, Lomandra longifolia and Dianella caerulea; grasses, in 

particular, Imperata cylindrica; along with scattered forbs, including Gonocarpus teucrioides 

and Pomax umbellata. Naturalised species commonly recorded at sites in this community 

include Lantana camara (Lantana, 33%), and Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata 

(Bitou Bush, 80%). 


Coast and Central Coast, mainly on Quaternary sands. MU 111 is closely related to MU 112 

(see below). This community may have particular regional conservation significance as it 

is the only community in this study in which the endangered species Indigofera baileyi has 

been recorded.


MU 112 — Old Man Banksia / Rough-barked Apple / Bangalay shrubby open forest on coastal sand 

Open forests to woodlands with a canopy characterised by Angophora floribunda and 

Eucalyptus botryoides, and with a mid storey of tall shrubs characterised by Banksia serrata 

and commonly including Allocasuarina littoralis and Glochidion ferdinandi. The understorey is 

typically shrubby and commonly includes Monotoca elliptica, Platysace lanceolata, Macrozamia 

communis, Xanthorrhoea arborea, Acacia suaveolens, Gompholobium latifolium and Ricinocarpos 

pinifolius, along with climbers such as Hardenbergia violacea, Billardiera scandens and Eustrephus 

latifolius. The ground layer is typically heavily dominated by Pteridium esculentum. It also 

commonly consists of grasses, mainly Themeda australis and Imperata cylindrica; grass-like 

plants, including Lomandra longifolia and Dianella caerulea; along with scattered forbs, such 

as Gonocarpus teucrioides and Hybanthus monopetalus. Naturalised species recorded at more 

than 25% of sites in this community were Lantana camara (Lantana, 52%), Cinnamomum 

camphora (Camphor Laurel, 43%) and Asparagus officinalis (Asparagus, 48%). 

This community is restricted within the study area to coastal lowlands of the Central Coast 

in the Umina area on Quaternary sands. MU 112 — Old Man Banksia / Rough-barked 

Apple / Bangalay shrubby open forest on coastal sand is equivalent to the ‘Ecological 

Community Umina Coastal Sandplain Woodland in the Sydney Basin Bioregion’ (DECC 

2009). 

MU 113 — Smooth-barked Apple / Blackbutt / Old Man Banksia coastal sands woodland 

Open forests to woodlands with an overstorey dominated by Angophora costata and 

Eucalyptus pilularis, and a mid storey of tall shrubs characterised by Banksia serrata. The 

understorey is typically shrubby and commonly includes Ricinocarpos pinifolius, Monotoca 

elliptica, Acacia ulicifolia, A. suaveolens, Persoonia levis, Leucopogon lanceolatus, Bossiaea 

rhombifolia and Hibbertia linearis, as well as the climbers Hardenbergia violacea, Pandorea 

pandorana and Billardiera scandens. The ground layer is often dominated by Pteridium 

esculentum; grasses, including Themeda australis and Imperata cylindrica; various grasslike 

species, including Dianella caerulea and Lomandra longifolia also common; as well as 

scattered forbs, including Gonocarpus teucrioides and Pomax umbellata. The most commonly 

recorded naturalised species in this community was Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. 

rotundata (Bitou Bush, 27%). 


Coast and Central Coast, mainly on Quaternary sands. 

MU 114 — Red Bloodwood / Smooth-barked Apple heath woodland on coastal sands of the Lower 

North Coast 

Open forests to woodlands characterised by Corymbia gummifera in association with 

Angophora costata, and often with Eucalyptus pilularis as canopy dominant. A mid storey 

of tall shrubs is often present and commonly includes Leptospermum trinervium, Banksia 

serrata and Acacia terminalis. The understorey consists of a diverse range of shrubs, 

including Acacia suaveolens, Banksia aemula, Ricinocarpos pinifolius, A. ulicifolia, Monotoca 

scoparia, Aotus ericoides and Bossiaea heterophylla. The ground layer is commonly dominated 

by Pteridium esculentum with a range of other species also common, including Lomandra 

longifolia, Dianella caerulea and Gonocarpus teucrioides. No naturalised species were recorded 


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Coast and Central Coast, mainly on sands and sandstones. 

MU 115 — Smooth-barked Apple / Blackbutt heathy open forest 

Open forests with a canopy strongly dominated by Angophora costata and Eucalyptus 

pilularis, with no other eucalypt species commonly occurring. A mid storey of taller shrubs 

is often present dominated by Banksia serrata and commonly including Acacia terminalis 

and Xylomelum pyriforme. The understorey is characterised by a highly diverse range of 

shrubs, commonly including A. suaveolens, A. ulicifolia, Persoonia levis, Leucopogon ericoides, 

Monotoca scoparia, Banksia aemula, Tetratheca ericifolia and Brachyloma daphnoides. The ground 

layer typically consists of a mix of the fern Pteridium esculentum, grasses (mainly Themeda 

australis), grass-like plants (including Hypolaena fastigiata, Lomandra glauca and Caustis 

pentandra) and forbs (including Gonocarpus teucrioides and Tricoryne elatior). No naturalised 


Within the study area, this community is restricted to coastal lowlands of the Lower North 

Coast in the Anna Bay / Tomaree Peninsular area on Quaternary sands. 

MU 116 — Melaleuca sieberi / Lepyrodia scariosa heathy woodland of coastal lowlands 

Woodlands characterised by a canopy including Angophora costata and Eucalyptus resinifera, 

and with a mid storey of tall shrubs and small trees typically dominated by paperbarks 

(Melaleuca sieberi and M. nodosa), and often including Leptospermum juniperinum and 

Allocasuarina littoralis. The understorey is typically shrubby and characterised by species 

including Pultenaea paleacea, L. juniperinum, M. thymifolia, Banksia oblongifolia, Epacris 

pulchella and Acacia longifolia. The ground layer is characterised by numerous sedges and 

other grass-like species commonly including Lepyrodia scariosa, Empodisma minus, Ptilothrix 

deusta, Chorizandra cymbaria, Gahnia clarkei and Schoenus brevifolius. Various grass species 

are also common in the ground layer, although less dominant, including Entolasia stricta, 

Hemarthria uncinata, Themeda australis and Panicum simile. In addition, various forbs may 

also be present in the ground layer, such as Gonocarpus tetragynus, G. micranthus and 

Goodenia bellidifolia. No naturalised species were recorded in this community at more than 

25% of sites. 

This community occurs within the study area on poorly drained areas on coastal lowlands 

of the Lower North Coast and Central Coast, mainly on sands and sandstones. 

MU 117 — Parramatta Red Gum / Melaleuca sieberi / Swamp Mahogany swamp forest on the 

Central Coast 

Open forests to open woodlands with an overstorey characterised by Eucalyptus 

parramattensis, in association with Angophora floribunda and E. robusta. A dense mid storey of 

taller shrubs is typically present and dominated by paperbarks including Melaleuca sieberi 

and M. nodosa, and often also including Acacia longifolia. The ground storey is typically 

dominated by various grass-like species, including Lomandra longifolia, Cyperus difformis, 

Juncus usitatus and Philydrum lanuginosum. Grasses, in particular, Cynodon dactylon and 

Microlaena stipoides (less abundant), and forbs including Hydrocotyle peduncularis, Persicaria 

strigosa, Ranunculus inundatus and Oxalis chnoodes, are also common in the ground layer. 

Numerous naturalised species, mainly herbaceous, were commonly recorded at sites in 

this community, including Trifolium dubium (Yellow Suckling Clover, 67%), Andropogon


virginicus (Whisky Grass, 100%), Verbena rigida (Veined Verbena, 33%), Paspalum urvillei 

(Vasey Grass, 67%), Cyperus eragrostis (Umbrella Sedge, 67%), Vulpia bromoides (Squirrel 

Tail Fesque, 67%), Briza minor (Shivery Grass, 100%), Briza maxima (Quaking Grass, 33%), 

Cerastium glomeratum (Mouse-ear Chickweed, 67%), Plantago lanceolata (Lamb’s Tongues, 

67%), Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 100%), Rumex crispus (Curled Dock, 33%), 

Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 100%), Stenotaphrum secundatum (Buffalo Grass, 67%) and 

Rubus ulmifolius (Blackberry, 33%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on poorly drained sites on sandstones of 

coastal lowlands of the Central Coast. 

MU 118 — Camfield’s Stringybark heathy woodland of the Central Coast lowlands 

Woodlands characterised by an overstorey dominated by Eucalyptus camfieldii in association 

with E. oblonga, and an open mid storey characterised by Allocasuarina littoralis, and often 

including Melaleuca linariifolia, M. nodosa, Leptospermum laevigatum and Glochidion ferdinandi. 

The understorey is typically densely shrubby and may include a range of shrubs, such as 

Kunzea ambigua, Mirbelia rubiifolia, Woollsia pungens, Pimelea linifolia and Hakea teretifolia, 

and climbers including Billardiera scandens. The ground layer commonly consists of a mix 

of grasses, mainly Entolasia stricta, Themeda australis and Cynodon dactylon; forbs including 

Goodenia paniculata, Gonocarpus teucrioides, Viola betonicifolia and Pratia purpurascens; and 

grass-like species including Dianella caerulea, Lepidosperma laterale, Haemodorum planifolium 

and Lomandra longifolia. Naturalised species commonly recorded at sites in this community 

include Andropogon virginicus (Whisky Grass, 100%), Paspalum urvillei (Vasey Grass, 

50%), Briza minor (Shivery Grass, 50%), Sporobolus indicus (Parramatta Grass, 50%), Sida 

rhombifolia (Paddy’s Lucerne, 50%), Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu Grass, 50%), Senecio 

madagascariensis (Fireweed, 100%), Bidens pilosa (Cobbler’s Pegs, 50%) and Hypochaeris 

radicata (Catsear, 50%). 

This community occurs within the study area on coastal lowlands of the Central Coast, 

mainly on sandstones. 

MU 119 — Coast Tea Tree / Coast Banksia / Ficinia nodosa dune low open forest 

Open forests to low open forests characterised by Banksia integrifolia, in association with 

Leptospermum laevigatum, and with Cupaniopsis anacardioides and Acacia longifolia also often 

present in the overstorey. The understorey is characteristically shrubby and commonly 

includes Scaevola calendulacea, Leucopogon parviflorus, Breynia oblongifolia, Correa alba and 

Monotoca elliptica, along with the scrambling climber Hibbertia scandens. The ground 

layer is characteristically dominated by grass-like species, including Lomandra longifolia, 

Ficinia nodosa and Dianella caerulea. Commonly recorded naturalised species at sites in this 

community include Conyza bonariensis (Flaxleaf Fleabane, 38%), Chrysanthemoides monilifera 

subsp. rotundata (Bitou Bush, 100%), and Hydrocotyle bonariensis (38%). 

Within the study area, this community is restricted to poorly drained areas on coastal 

lowlands of the Lower North Coast and Central Coast on sands and sandstones. 

MU 120 — Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Large-fruited Grey Gum shrubby open forest on sandstone 

Open forests with an overstorey typically dominated by Eucalyptus crebra, in association with 

E. punctata and often including Angophora floribunda. A sparse small tree layer characterised 

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by Brachychiton populneus is commonly also present. The understorey is typically shrubby, 

characterised by Notelaea macrocarpa and Choretrum species A, and often includes 

various other small shrubs such as Melichrus urceolatus, Dodonaea triangularis, Leucopogon 

muticus, Myoporum montanum, Bursaria spinosa, Cassinia quinquefaria and Olearia elliptica. 

The ground layer is typically made up of a mix grasses, including Microlaena stipoides, 

Echinopogon ovatus and Digitaria ramularis; the ground ferns Cheilanthes sieberi, C. distans 

and less commonly Asplenium flabellifolium; grass-like species, including Lomandra filiformis, 

Lepidosperma laterale and Gahnia aspera; and various forbs, such as Dichondra repens, Pratia 

purpurascens and Pomax umbellata. The ground layer also commonly includes the ground 

orchids Pterostylis daintreana (not recorded in this study outside of this community) and 

Pterostylis concinna (rarely recorded in this study outside of this community). Naturalised 

species commonly recorded at sites in this community include Cyperus eragrostis (Umbrella 

Sedge, 27%), Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 36%), Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion, 

27%), Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sowthistle, 36%), Opuntia stricta var. stricta (Common 

Prickly Pear, 91%) and Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 27%). 

This community occurs within the study area mainly on sandstone ranges of the Upper 

Hunter Valley at mid to low elevations. 

MU 121 — Grey Box / Slaty Box shrub / grass woodland 

Open forests to woodlands with an overstorey typically dominated by Eucalyptus 

moluccana and E. dawsonii, and often including Callitris endlicheri and Brachychiton 

populneus. An open shrub layer is usually present and commonly includes Olearia elliptica, 

Dodonaea viscosa and Notelaea microcarpa. The understorey is characteristically grassy, 

with the main grass species being Aristida ramosa, A. vagans and Cymbopogon refractus. 

Various forbs and graminoids are commonly also present though less abundant in the 

ground layer, including Dichondra repens, Einadia hastata, Calotis lappulacea, Brunoniella 

australis, Gahnia aspera and Lomandra multiflora. The only naturalised species recorded 

at more than 25% of sites in this community was Opuntia stricta var. stricta (Common 

Prickly Pear, 60%). 

Within the study area this community occurs on river valley slopes on northern Wollemi 

NP and Upper Hunter Valley, mainly on sandstones. 

MU 122 — Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Black Pine / Acacia linearifolia shrub / grass open forest in 

Goulburn River National Park 

Open forests with an overstorey characterised by Eucalyptus crebra, in association with 

Callitris endlicheri and less commonly including E. fibrosa and Angophora floribunda. An open 

small tree layer characterised by Acacia linearifolia is also typically present. The understorey 

consists of an open shrub layer and commonly includes Dodonaea triangularis, Solanum 

campanulatum, Hibbertia acicularis, Sida petrophila, Bursaria spinosa and Boronia anethifolia. The 

ground layer typically consists of a sparse layer of forbs, including Einadia hastata, Goodenia 

rotundifolia and Gonocarpus elatus; ground ferns, mainly Cheilanthes sieberi; with grasses and 

graminoids, including Microlaena stipoides and Gahnia aspera, less common and abundant. 

No naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on sandstone ranges of the Goulburn River 

area at mid to low elevations.


MU 123 — Bulga Wattle low closed forest 

Low closed forests with a canopy strongly dominated by Acacia bulgaensis, often in 

association with Callitris endlicheri. Eucalyptus moluccana and E. punctata are typically 

present as emergent tree but are not abundant, and Angophora costata may also be present. 

An open layer of smaller shrubs is usually present and commonly includes Bertya oleifolia, 

Solanum stelligerum, Cassinia leptocephala, Spartothamnella juncea and Melichrus urceolatus. 

The ground layer consists of a mix of grasses, predominately including Paspalidium distans 

and Entolasia stricta; ground ferns, mainly Cheilanthes distans and C. sieberi; and various 

graminoids, including Lomandra confertifolia and Lepidosperma laterale. Various forbs may 

also be present, including Dichondra repens, Pratia purpurascens and Plectranthus parviflorus. 

The only naturalised species recorded in this community at more than 25% of sites was 

Bidens subalternans (Greater Beggar’s Ticks, 67%). 

This community occurs within the study area on sandstone ranges of the Lower and 

Central Hunter Valley at mid to lower elevations. MU 123 may have particular regional 

conservation significance due to the dominance of the rare shrub Acacia bulgaensis which is 

rarely recorded in this study in sites outside this community. 

In relating MU 123 to Keith vegetation classes, a new class called ‘Northern Wattle Dry 

Sclerophyll Forests’ was created following the terminology used by Hunter (2005) in 

describing northern analogues to the ‘Southern Wattle Dry Sclerophyll Forests’ of Keith 

(2002) within the dry sclerophyll forests formation (shrubby subformation). Hunter 

describes these northern wattle forests, where they occur on the west-flowing catchments 

of the Northern Tablelands and North-Western Slopes, as being dominated by taxa within 

the Juliflorae tribe, which includes A. bulgaensis, and as having a closed canopy and sparse 

understorey, both of which features are recorded for this community. 

MU 124 — Rough-barked Apple / Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Blakely’s Red Gum / Bull Oak / Coast 

Banksia / Bracken woodland of Warkworth area 

Open forests to woodlands with a canopy characterised by Eucalyptus blakelyi, Angophora 

floribunda and E. crebra, and typically with a mid layer of smaller trees characterised by 

Allocasuarina luehmannii, Banksia integrifolia and Exocarpos cupressiformis. The understorey 

is typically shrubby and commonly includes Hibbertia linearis, Grevillea montana, Pimelea 

linifolia, Acacia filicifolia, Breynia oblongifolia and Notelaea neglecta (not recorded in this study 

in sites outside this community). The ground layer usually consists of a mix of grasses, 

including Aristida vagans, Cymbopogon refractus and Cynodon dactylon; graminoids, including 

Lomandra confertifolia and Dianella revolute; and ground ferns, including Cheilanthes 

austrotenuifolia and Pteridium esculentum. Naturalised species recorded in this community 

at more than 25% of sites were Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 67%), Opuntia stricta var. 

stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 71%) and Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 29%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs mainly on Quaternary (Aeolian) sands in 

the Warkworth area of the Central Hunter Valley. MU 124 Rough-barked Apple / Narrowleaved 

Ironbark / Blakely’s Red Gum / Bull Oak / Coast Banksia / Bracken woodland of 

Warkworth area is equivalent to the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Warkworth 

Sands Woodland in the Sydney Basin Bioregion’ (DECC 2009). 

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MU 125 — Rough-barked Apple grass / forb riparian open forest 

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Open forests characterised by Angophora floribunda, and occasionally including various 

other eucalypts. The understorey is predominately grass, however, various shrubs may 

be present, including Melicytus dentatus, Acacia linearifolia and Persoonia linearis. Common 

grass species include Microlaena stipoides and Echinopogon ovatus. Common in the ground 

layer are ground ferns, including Pteridium esculentum and Cheilanthes sieberi; various forbs, 

including Hydrocotyle laxiflora, Dichondra repens and Stellaria pungens; and graminoids 

such as Lomandra longifolia. Naturalised species recorded at more than 25% of sites in this 

community include Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sowthistle, 27%) and Hypochaeris radicata 

(Catsear, 64%). 

This community occurs within the study area in gullies and riparian areas of sandstone 

ranges in the Goulburn River and Wollemi NP areas. MU 125 may have particular regional 

conservation significance as the rare forb Indigofera efoliata is recorded in this study only at 

sites in this community. 

MU 126 — Narrow-leaved Ironbark heath woodland in Goulburn River National Park 

Woodlands with a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus crebra, often in association with E. 

rossii. In some cases Allocasuarina gymnanthera may be present as a mid storey tree. The 

understorey is typically shrubby and may be densely shrubby, and commonly includes 

Acacia linearifolia, Phyllanthus hirtellus, Astroloma humifusum, Brachyloma daphnoides, 

Leucopogon muticus, Cassinia arcuata, Styphelia triflora and Cassinia laevis. The ground 

layer is usually grassy with the main grass species being Microlaena stipoides, Dichelachne 

micrantha, Digitaria ramularis and Echinopogon ovatus. The ground layer also commonly 

includes grass-like species, such as Gahnia aspera; ground ferns, mainly Cheilanthes sieberi; 

and various forbs, including Pomax umbellata, Oxalis perennans and Poranthera microphylla. 


Within the study area, this community occurs on sandstone ranges of the Goulburn River 

area at mid elevations. 

MU 127 — Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Black Pine / Cassinia arcuata heathy open forest of the Upper 

Hunter 

Open forests characterised by an overstorey dominated by Eucalyptus crebra, in association 

with Callitris endlicheri and occasionally including E. dwyeri and E. punctata. The understorey 

is generally shrubby and commonly includes Cassinia arcuata, Styphelia triflora, Platysace 

ericoides, Leucopogon muticus, Melichrus urceolatus, Astroloma humifusum and Brachyloma 

daphnoides. The ground layer is typically grassy with common grasses including Microlaena 

stipoides, Joycea pallida, Aristida vagans and Austrostipa scabra. Also common and abundant 

in the ground layer may be ground ferns, mainly including Cheilanthes sieberi; graminoids, 

such as Lepidosperma laterale and Gahnia aspera; and forbs, including Pomax umbellata and 

Goodenia hederacea. No naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of sites in this 

community. 

This community occurs within the study area on sandstone ranges of the Upper Hunter 

Valley and Goulburn River area at mid elevations.


MU 128 — Mugga Ironbark / Black Pine shrub / grass open forest of far west Upper Hunter 

Open forests characterised by an overstorey strongly dominated by Eucalyptus sideroxylon, 

usually with Callitris endlicheri as a co-dominant. A mid storey characterised by Allocasuarina 

gymnanthera is also commonly present. The understorey is shrubby and typically includes 

Brachyloma daphnoides, Leucopogon attenuatus, Cassinia arcuata, Grevillea sericea, Melichrus 

urceolatus, Macrozamia secunda, Xanthorrhoea australis and Platysace ericoides. The ground 

layer commonly consists of a mix of grasses, including Aristida jerichoensis and Dichelachne 

micrantha; forbs, including Pomax umbellata, Wahlenbergia gracilis and Goodenia glabra; 

various graminoids, including Lepidosperma laterale and Gahnia aspera; and the ground fern 

Cheilanthes sieberi. No naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of sites in this 

community. 

This community occurs within the study area on sandstone ranges of the Goulburn River 

and Turrell State Forest areas. 

MU 129 — Tumbledown Red Gum / Spinifex grass heathy low open woodland of the western Blue 

Mountains 

Low open woodlands characterised by Eucalyptus dealbata, sometimes with E. goniocalyx, 

E. laevopinea and E. cannonii present in the canopy. An open mid storey of Allocasuarina 

gymnanthera is commonly also present. The understorey is typically densely shrubby and 

commonly includes Styphelia triflora, Sannantha cunninghamii, Persoonia linearis, Xanthorrhoea 

johnsonii, Acacia obtusata, Leucopogon attenuatus and Acacia leucolobia, along with scrambling 

climbers such as Billardiera scandens and Hardenbergia violacea, and the parasitic climber 

Cassytha pubescens. The ground layer is predominately grassy and characteristically 

dominated by Triodia scariosa, with other common grasses including Joycea pallida, Aristida 

jerichoensis and Entolasia stricta. The ground layer also commonly includes grass-like 

species, such as Lepidosperma laterale and Lomandra filiformis, as well as various forbs such as 

Gonocarpus elatus, Actinotus helianthi and Pomax umbellate, and the ground fern Cheilanthes 

sieberi. No naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community is found on trachyte outcrops on ranges of the 

western Blue Mountains. 

MU 130 — Whipstick Mallee Ash / Yertchuk heathy mallee woodland of central Wollemi National 

Park 

Open forests to woodlands characterised by a canopy strongly dominated by Eucalyptus 

multicaulis and E. consideniana. The understorey is typically densely shrubby, with 

common shrub species including Isopogon anemonifolius, Platysace lanceolata, Leptospermum 

trinervium, Bossiaea heterophylla, Persoonia levis, Mirbelia rubiifolia, Lomatia silaifolia, Monotoca 

scoparia, Hakea dactyloides and Xanthorrhoea media. The ground layer consists predominately 

of graminoids including Patersonia glabrata, P. sericea, Caustis flexuosa, Lomandra obliqua, 

L. glauca and Stylidium productum. The main grass species is Entolasia stricta, and various 

forbs, including Pomax umbellata and Actinotus minor, may also be present in the ground 

layer. No naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community. 

This community occurs within the study area on ridgetops of ranges of the western Blue 

Mountains at mid to high elevations and mainly on Narrabeen sandstones. 

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MU 131 — Whipstick Mallee Ash / Casuarina / Baeckea brevifolia mallee woodland of central 

Wollemi National Park and southern Central Coast 

Very low woodlands characterised by Eucalyptus multicaulis and occasionally including 

other eucalypt species such as E. bensonii, Angophora bakeri and Corymbia eximia. The 

understorey is typically densely shrubby and may be dominated by Baeckea brevifolia. Other 

common shrub species include Allocasuarina nana, A. distyla, both occasionally abundant, 

as well as Petrophile pulchella, Zieria laevigata and Isopogon anemonifolius. The ground layer 

typically consists of various graminoids, including Schoenus imberbis, Lomandra obliqua, L. 

glauca and Patersonia sericea; scattered grasses, such as Eragrostis brownii; and forbs, such as 

Actinotus helianthi. No naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of sites in this 

community. 

This community is distributed within the study area on ridgetops of ranges of the western 

Blue Mountains at mid elevations on sandstones. MU 131 may have particular regional 

conservation significance as it is the only community in this study to include records of the 

rare shrub Epacris muelleri and the rare forb Velleia perfoliata. 

MU 132 — Narrow-leaved Stringybark / Fringe Myrtle / Phebalium squamulosum heathy 

woodland of the western Blue Mountains 

Woodlands characterised by Eucalyptus sparsifolia, often in association with E. rossii, and 

with an open mid storey of taller shrubs and small trees, with Acacia obtusifolia and Callitris 

rhomboidea often present. The understorey is typically densely shrubby and commonly 

includes Calytrix tetragona, Phebalium squamulosum, Leucopogon muticus, Monotoca scoparia, 

Philotheca salsolifolia, Leptospermum parvifolium, Brachyloma daphnoides and L. sphaerocarpum. 

The ground layer is typically sparse and includes a variety of graminoids such as Caustis 

pentandra, Lomandra glauca and Lepidosperma laterale, along with scattered forbs and grasses. 


Within the study area, this community occurs on ridgetops of ranges of the western Blue 

Mountains, mainly on Narrabeen sandstones, at mid to high elevations. This community 

may have particular regional conservation significance as it includes the only records in 

this study of the rare shrub Prostanthera hindii. 

MU 133 — Yertchuk / Large-fruited Grey Gum heathy woodland of northern Wollemi 

Woodlands with an overstorey dominated by Eucalyptus consideniana and often including 

E. punctata. The understorey is generally shrubby with common shrubs including Persoonia 

linearis, Platysace ericoides, Leucopogon setiger, Grevillea mucronulata, Coopernookia barbata and 

Podolobium ilicifolium. The ground layer is typically sparse and consists of forbs, including 

Pomax umbellata and Gonocarpus teucrioides; grass-like species, such as Lomandra longifolia 

and L. confertifolia; and occasional scattered grasses. No naturalised species were recorded 

at more than 25% of sites in this community. 

This community is distributed within the study area on Narrabeen sandstones on ridgetops 

of ranges of the western Blue Mountains.


MU 134 — Narrow-leaved Stringybark heathy open forest in Towarri and 

Wingen Maid National Parks 

Open forests characterised by an overstorey dominated by Eucalyptus sparsifolia, often in 

association with E. nubila, and commonly including E. crebra. The understorey is shrubby 

and may be dominated in places by Leucopogon muticus and Leptospermum polyanthum, 

with other common shrubs including Acacia filicifolia, Persoonia linearis, Choretrum species 

A, Podolobium ilicifolium, Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, Melichrus urceolatus, Macrozamia concinna 

and Hibbertia obtusifolia. The ground layer is typically a mix of graminoids, including 

Lomandra glauca, L. confertifolia and Lepidosperma laterale; forbs such as Pomax umbellata 

and Goodenia hederacea; along with scattered grasses and ground ferns. The main grass 

species is Cleistochloa rigida and the main ground fern present is Cheilanthes sieberi. The 

only naturalised species occurring at over 25% of sites in this community was Hypochaeris 


Within the study area this community occurs on foothills of the Liverpool Range and 

ranges in the Wingen Maid and Towarri NP areas, mainly on sandstones. 

MU 135 — Red Ironbark / Large fruited grey gum / Narrow-leaved Stringybark / Brown Bloodwood 

shrubby open forest in north-west Wollemi National Park and eastern Goulburn River 

National Park 

Open forests with a canopy predominately consisting of Eucalyptus fibrosa, E. punctata, E. 

sparsifolia and Corymbia trachyphloia. The understorey is typically shrubby and commonly 

includes Persoonia linearis, Leucopogon muticus, Macrozamia communis, Phyllanthus hirtellus, 

Dodonaea triangularis, Melichrus urceolatus and Styphelia triflora. The ground layer consists of 

a mix of grasses, graminoids and forbs, with the main grass species including Cleistochloa 

rigida, Entolasia stricta and Digitaria ramularis. Common graminoids include Lomandra 

confertifolia, L. glauca, Lepidosperma gunnii, L. laterale and Dianella revolute, and common forbs 

include Pomax umbellata and Goodenia rotundifolia. No naturalised species were recorded at 

more than 25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on ranges of the northern Wollemi NP area 

and the Upper Hunter at mid to low elevations and mainly on sandstones. 

MU 136 — Narrow-leaved Stringybark / Large-fruited Grey Gum heathy open forest in northern 


Open forests with an overstorey dominated by Eucalyptus sparsifolia and E. punctata. The 

understorey is generally shrubby with common shrubs including Leucopogon muticus, 

Phebalium squamulosum, Persoonia linearis and Podolobium ilicifolium. The ground layer 

typically consists of a mix of grasses, including Cleistochloa rigida and Entolasia stricta, 

graminoids such as Lepidosperma laterale and Lomandra confertifolia, and the ground fern 

Cheilanthes sieberi. No naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of sites in this 

community. 

This community occurs within the study area on ranges of the northern Wollemi NP 

area and the Upper Hunter at mid elevations. MU 136 may have particular regional 

conservation significance as three rare shrub species are recorded within this study only in 

this community. These are Philotheca ericifolia, Pomaderris bodalla and P. costata. 

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MU 137 — Brown Bloodwood / Dwyer’s Red Gum heathy woodland of northern Wollemi National 

Park and Goulburn River National Park 

Low open forests to woodlands with a mixed canopy consisting of Corymbia trachyphloia, 

Eucalyptus dwyeri, E. fibrosa and Callitris endlicheri, and with an open mid storey including 

Acacia doratoxylon and Allocasuarina littoralis. The understorey is typically shrubby 

with Phebalium squamulosum common and abundant. Other common shrubs include 

Leptospermum trinervium, L. parvifolium, Leucopogon muticus, Calytrix tetragona, Persoonia 

linearis and Isopogon dawsonii. The ground layer predominately consists of grasses, mainly 

Cleistochloa rigida, and various graminoids including Lepidosperma laterale, L. gunnii, 

Lomandra glauca, L. confertifolia and Dianella revoluta. No naturalised species were recorded 


Within the study area, this community occurs mainly on sandstone ranges of the northern 

Wollemi NP area and the Upper Hunter Valley at mid elevations. 

MU 138 — Red Ironbark / Large-fruited Grey Gum / Black Pine / heathy woodland in Goulburn River 

National Park 

Woodlands characterised by an overstorey dominated by Eucalyptus fibrosa and E. punctata, 

and often including Callitris endlicheri. The understorey is generally shrubby and commonly 

consists of a diverse range of species, including Acrotriche rigida, Persoonia linearis, Dodonaea 

triangularis, Grevillea sericea, G. triternata, Allocasuarina gymnanthera, Brachyloma daphnoides, 

Melichrus erubescens, Styphelia triflora and Acacia penninervis. The ground layer is typically 

sparse and may include graminoids, such as Lepidosperma laterale, and scattered grasses and 

forbs including Aristida vagans and Pomax umbellata. No naturalised species were recorded 


This community is distributed within the study area on sandstone and basalt substrates on 

ranges of the northern Wollemi NP area at mid to low elevations. 

MU 139 — Black Pine / Red Ironbark / Brown Bloodwood shrubby woodland 

Woodlands with a canopy commonly dominated by Callitris endlicheri, often in association 

with Eucalyptus fibrosa and Corymbia trachyphloia. The understorey is characteristically 

shrubby and commonly includes Leucopogon muticus, Persoonia linearis, Grevillea sericea, 

Astroloma humifusum, Styphelia triflora, Hibbertia circumdans, Acrotriche rigida and Acacia 

linearifolia. The ground layer typically consists of an open mix of graminoids, including 

Lepidosperma laterale and Lomandra glauca, grasses including Microlaena stipoides, and 

scattered forbs such as Pomax umbellata. No naturalised species were recorded at more 

than 25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on ridges and hilltops in the northern Wollemi 

NP and Goulburn River areas at mid elevation and predominately on sandstones. 

MU 140 — Red Ironbark / Brown Bloodwood / Black Pine heathy open forest in Goulburn River 

National Park 

Open forests to woodlands characterised by a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus fibrosa, 

Corymbia trachyphloia and Callitris endlicheri, and often including E. crebra. The understorey 

is typically diversely shrubby with common shrub species including Persoonia linearis, 

Leucopogon muticus, Grevillea sericea, Allocasuarina gymnanthera, Calytrix tetragona,


Leptospermum parvifolium, Dodonaea triangularis and Hibbertia circumdans. The ground 

layer consists of an open mix of graminoids, including Lomandra glauca, L. confertifolia and 

Patersonia sericea, grasses including Cleistochloa rigida, and forbs such as Goodenia hederacea 

and Pomax umbellata. No naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of sites in 


Within the study area, this community is distributed on ridges and slopes in the northern 

Wollemi NP and Goulburn River areas, mainly on sandstones. MU 140 may have particular 

regional conservation significance as the rare shrubs Pseudanthus divaricatissimus and 

Persoonia cuspidifera are only recorded in this study at sites included in this community. 

MU 141 — Scribbly Gum / Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Bossiaea rhombifolia heathy open forest of 

western Blue Mountains 

Open forests with an overstorey dominated by Eucalyptus rossii, E. crebra and Callitris 

endlicheri. The understorey is typically shrubby with Bossiaea rhombifolia and Leucopogon 

muticus both common and abundant. Other common understorey species include 

Brachyloma daphnoides, Styphelia triflora, Calytrix tetragona, Persoonia linearis, P. curvifolia, 

Leucopogon muticus, Grevillea sericea and Macrozamia spiralis. The ground layer is typically 

dominated by graminoids, including Patersonia sericea, Lomandra filiformis, L. glauca and 

Schoenus ericetorum. Scattered grasses, including Entolasia stricta, and forbs, such as Pomax 

umbellata and Goodenia hederacea, may also be present. The only naturalised species recorded 

in more than 25% of sites in this community was Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 47%). 

Within the study area, MU 141 occurs on sandstone ranges of the western Blue Mountains 

and Goulburn River area at mid elevations. MU 141 may have particular regional 

conservation significance as within this study the only records of the rare shrub Grevillea 

obtusiflora occur in this community. 

MU 142 — Large-fruited Grey Gum / Scribbly Gum / Black Pine heathy open forest of western Blue 

Mountains 

Open forests with an overstorey dominated by Eucalyptus punctata and E. rossii, often in 

association with Callitris endlicheri. A sparse mid storey characterised by Acacia obtusifolia 

may also be present. The understorey is typically shrubby with common species including 

Persoonia linearis, Leucopogon muticus, Styphelia triflora, Monotoca scoparia, Phyllanthus 

hirtellus, Acacia buxifolia, Hibbertia circumdans and Brachyloma daphnoides. The ground layer 

is characterised by various graminoids, including Lomandra confertifolia, L. glauca and 

Patersonia sericea, along with scattered grasses and forbs, including Entolasia stricta and 

Pomax umbellata. No naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of sites in this 

community. 

MU 142 occurs within the study area on sandstone ranges of the western Blue Mountains 

and Goulburn River area. 

MU 143 — Caley’s Ironbark / Currawang shrubby woodland of northern Wollemi National Park 

Open forests to woodlands with an overstorey characteristically dominated by Eucalyptus 

caleyi and E. fibrosa, and a mid storey dominated by Acacia doratoxylon. The understorey is 

typically shrubby and often densely shrubby, with common species including Cassinia uncata, 

Allocasuarina gymnanthera, Dodonaea viscosa, Cryptandra spinescens, Solanum stelligerum, 

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Persoonia linearis, Leucopogon muticus, Isopogon dawsonii and Grevillea montana. The ground 

layer is often predominately grassy, with the main grass species being Cleistochloa rigida 

and Aristida ramosa. Various graminoids are also common, including Lepidosperma gunnii, 

Dianella revoluta and Lomandra filiformis, and scattered forbs and ground ferns, primarily 

Cheilanthes sieberi, are also typically present. No naturalised species were recorded in this 

community at more than 25% of sites. 

The distribution of this community within the study area includes mainly sandstone ranges 

of the north-eastern Wollemi NP area. 

MU 144 — Brown Bloodwood / Currawang / Caley’s Ironbark shrubby woodland of eastern 

Goulburn River area 

Open forests to woodlands characterised by Corymbia trachyphloia, in association with 

Eucalyptus caleyi and E. crebra, including a mid storey of smaller trees dominated by Acacia 

doratoxylon and commonly including Allocasuarina verticillata. The understorey is generally 

shrubby and commonly includes Leucopogon muticus, Boronia anethifolia, Persoonia linearis, 

Hibiscus sturtii, Notelaea microcarpa, Acacia crassa and Solanum campanulatum. The ground 

layer is primarily dominated by grasses, with common grass species including Paspalidium 

criniforme, Cleistochloa rigida, Digitaria ramularis and Microlaena stipoides. Commonly present 

in the ground layer is a relatively diverse range of graminoids, including Lomandra confertifolia 

and Lepidosperma laterale; ground ferns, such as Cheilanthes sieberi and C. austrotenuifolia; 

and forbs, including Gonocarpus elatus, Oxalis perennans and Goodenia rotundifolia. The only 

naturalised species recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community was Opuntia 

stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 29%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs mainly on sandstone ranges of the Upper 

Hunter Valley and northern Wollemi NP. 

MU 145 — Dywer’s Red Gum / Fringe Myrtle sandstone plateau heathy open woodland of the 

Upper Hunter Valley 

Low open forests to woodlands with an overstorey characterised by Eucalyptus dwyeri and 

sometimes including Acacia doratoxylon. The understorey is shrubby, and often densely 

and characteristically dominated by Calytrix tetragona and to a lesser extent Leptospermum 

parvifolium. Other common understorey species include Harmogia densifolia, Leucopogon 

muticus, Hibbertia circumdans, Philotheca salsolifolia and Isopogon dawsonii. The ground layer 

is typically grassy, with common grass species including Cleistochloa rigida and Digitaria 

ramularis. Various forbs and ferns may also be scattered throughout, including Cheilanthes 

sieberi and Pomax umbellata. No naturalised species were recorded in this community at 

more than 25% of sites. 

This community occurs within the study area on sandstone plateaux of the Upper Hunter 

Valley and northern Wollemi NP. 

MU 146 — Dywer’s Red Gum / Micromyrtus sessilis sandstone plateau heathy open woodland of 

the Upper Hunter Valley 

Low woodlands to open woodlands with an open canopy characterised by Eucalyptus 

dwyeri and Callitris endlicheri. A shrubby understorey is typically present and may be 

strongly dominated by Micromyrtus sessilis and Acacia triptera. Other common, though


less abundant, understorey species include Leptospermum parvifolium, Leucopogon muticus, 

Phebalium squamulosum, Leptospermum trinervium and Isopogon dawsonii. The ground layer 

is relatively sparse and includes a mix of grasses, including Digitaria ramularis, Cleistochloa 

rigida and Aristida ramosa; ground ferns, represented mainly by Cheilanthes sieberi; 

graminoids, including Dianella revolute; and scattered forbs. No naturalised species were 


Within the study area, this community is distributed on sandstone ranges of the Upper 

Hunter Valley and northern Wollemi NP. 

MU 147 — Smooth-barked Apple / Swamp Mahogany woodland on Wallarah Peninsula 


association with Livistona australis, Eucalyptus robusta and E. umbra. A mid storey of smaller 

trees, including Allocasuarina torulosa and Acmena smithii, is also usually present. The shrubby 

understorey is often semi-mesic in composition and commonly includes Breynia oblongifolia, 

Notelaea longifolia, Macrozamia communis, Polyscias sambucifolia, Acacia irrorata, Astrotricha 

floccose, Pultenaea villosa, Glochidion ferdinandi and Elaeocarpus reticulatus. A diverse range 

of climbers is also commonly present and may include Geitonoplesium cymosum, Smilax 

australis, S. glyciphylla, Pandorea pandorana, Clematis aristata and Dioscorea transversa. The 

ground layer is typically dominated by a mix of ferns and grasses, with common ferns 

including Adiantum aethiopicum, Blechnum cartilagineum and Pteridium esculentum, and 

common grasses including Entolasia stricta, Oplismenus aemulus and Imperata cylindrica. Also 

commonly occuring in the ground layer are various graminoids, such as Dianella caerulea, 

Gymnostachys anceps and Gahnia melanocarpa, as well as forbs, including Pratia purpurascens, 

Pseuderanthemum variabile, Viola hederacea and Gonocarpus teucrioides. Naturalised species 

recorded from more than 25% of sites in this community include Lantana camara (Lantana, 

31%) and Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata (Bitou Bush, 46%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on coastal lowlands and low coastal hills of 

the Central Coast, mainly on sandstones. 

4.3.5.4 GRaSSY WOODLaNDS 

MU 148 — Silvertop Stringybark / Yellow Box grassy open forest of the eastern Liverpool Range 

Open forests to woodlands with an overstorey characteristically dominated by Eucalyptus 

laevopinea, in association with E. melliodora and E. nobilis, and with a small tree layer 

dominated by Allocasuarina torulosa commonly present. A sparse shrub layer may be present 

and commonly includes Melicytus dentatus, Solanum brownii, Pittosporum undulatum and 

Indigofera australis, along with various climbers such as Clematis glycinoides and Pandorea 

pandorana. The ground layer is typically grassy and dominated by Poa sieberiana, along 

with other grass species including Echinopogon ovatus, Microlaena stipoides and Cymbopogon 

refractus. A relatively diverse range of forbs is also generally present and includes Geranium 

solanderi, Dichondra repens, Sigesbeckia orientalis, Pratia purpurascens and Hydrocotyle laxiflora. 

Naturalised species occurring in more than 25% of sites in this community include Trifolium 

repens (White Clover, 47%), Fumaria muralis subsp. muralis (Wall Fumitory, 32%), Conyza 

sumatrensis (Tall Fleabane, 53%), Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 58%), Onopordum acanthium 

subsp. acanthium (Scotch Thistle, 26%), Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 47%), Taraxacum 

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officinale (Dandelion, 26%), Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sowthistle, 47%), Stellaria media 

(Common Chickweed, 32%), Bidens pilosa (Cobbler’s Pegs, 74%), Hypochaeris radicata 

(Catsear, 47%) and Cynoglossum australe var. australe (32%). 

Within the study area, this community is restricted to basalt substrates on the foothills of 

the Liverpool Range in the Upper Hunter Valley at mid to high elevations. 

MU 149 — Silvertop Stringybark / Tussock Grass grassy open forest of the northern Upper Hunter 

Open forests to woodlands with a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus laevopinea, and often 

including Angophora floribunda. A sparse shrub layer is often present and commonly 

includes Bursaria spinosa, Melicytus dentatus and Cassinia quinquefaria. The ground layer 

is characterised by tussock grasses, with common grass species including Poa sieberiana, 

Echinopogon ovatus, Aristida ramosa and Bothriochloa macra. A diverse range of forbs is also 

a common in the ground layer and includes Acaena novae-zelandiae, Geranium solanderi, 

Asperula conferta, Plantago debilis, Chamaesyce species A, Hydrocotyle laxiflora, Galium migrans 

and Rumex brownii. Commonly recorded naturalised species in this community include 

Trifolium repens (White Clover, 53%), Rosa rubiginosa (Sweet Briar, 50%), Cirsium vulgare 

(Spear Thistle, 90%), Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion, 28%), Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 

75%) and Medicago lupulina (Black Medic, 33%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs mainly on basalts on ranges and foothills of 

the Upper Hunter Valley at mid to high elevations. MU 149 may have particular regional 

conservation significance due to the (occasional) presence of the rare tree Eucalyptus elliptica 

which is not recorded in this study in sites outside of this community. 

MU 150 — Rough-barked Apple / Tree Violet grass / forb open forest on sheltered sites of the 

Liverpool Range 

Open forests to woodlands dominated by Angophora floribunda, often in association with 

Eucalyptus laevopinea. A sparse shrub layer may be present and includes Melicytus dentatus, 

Solanum nigrum and Pittosporum undulatum, as well as various climbers including Clematis 

glycinoides and Eustrephus latifolius. The ground layer is typically a mix of grasses, forbs 

and ferns. The main grass species are Microlaena stipoides and Echinopogon ovatus. Common 

forbs include Dichondra repens, Hydrocotyle laxiflora, Urtica incisa and Geranium solanderi, 

and ferns include Adiantum aethiopicum and A. atroviride. Commonly recorded naturalised 

species in this community include Trifolium repens (White Clover, 48%), Conyza sumatrensis 

(Tall Fleabane, 30%), Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 91%), Verbena bonariensis (Purpletop, 

39%), Solanum pseudocapsicum (Madeira Winter Cherry, 43%), Phytolacca octandra (Inkweed, 

26%), Polycarpon tetraphyllum (Four-leaved Allseed, 26%), Stellaria media (Common 

Chickweed, 39%), Bidens pilosa (Cobbler’s Pegs, 43%), Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 43%) 

and Solanum nigrum (Black-berry Nightshade, 52%). 

This community occurs within the study area on the Liverpool Range and foothills at mid 

to high elevations on lower slope sites and mainly on basalts. MU 150 may have particular 

regional conservation significance due to the (occasional) presence of the rare tree Eucalyptus 

oresbia which is not recorded in this study in sites outside of this community.


MU 151 — Silvertop Stringybark / Boxthorn woodland on basalt 

Woodlands characterised by a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus laevopinea, occasionally in 

association with E. rossii and with an open mid storey characterised by Acacia melanoxylon. 

An open shrub layer may also be present and commonly includes Bursaria spinosa, 

Cassinia quinquefaria, Astroloma humifusum and Daviesia genistifolia. The ground layer 

is typically dominated by forbs, including Plantago gaudichaudii, Acaena novae-zelandiae, 

Stellaria pungens, Galium migrans, Asperula scoparia and Viola betonicifolia. Grasses and 

graminoids, such as Echinopogon ovatus and Lepidosperma laterale, may also be common but 

less abundant. Naturalised species recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community 

include Hypericum perforatum (St Johns Wort, 100%), Trifolium arvense (Haresfoot Clover, 

33%) and Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 100%). 

Within the study area, this community is restricted to ranges in the Nullo Mountain area, 

mainly on basalts. 

MU 152 — White Box / Grass Tree / Spinifex woodland at Glenbawn Dam 

Woodlands to open woodlands with an overstorey dominated almost exclusively by 

Eucalyptus albens and commonly including Codonocarpus attenuatus. A shrubby understorey 

is typically present and includes Xanthorrhoea glauca, Acacia decora, Olearia elliptica, Beyeria 

viscosa, Daviesia leptophylla, Notelaea microcarpa and Spyridium buxifolium. Characteristically, 

the understorey is dominated by grasses, in particular, Triodia scariosa and Themeda australis; 

Austrodanthonia fulva is also relatively common. Various forbs may also be present at low 

densities, including Gonocarpus elatus and Boerhavia dominii. Naturalised species commonly 

recorded at sites in this community include Asphodelus fistulosus (Onion Weed, 50%) and 

Opuntia stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 100%). 

This community is restricted within the study area to the Glenbawn Dam area in the Upper 

Hunter Valley on sandstone substrates. 

MU 153 — Snow Gum / Black Sallee wet shrub / grass open forest on the Barrington plateau 

Open forests characterised by an overstorey dominated by Eucalyptus pauciflora, in 

association with E. stellulata and E. obliqua. An open mid storey of taller shrubs, including 

the rare shrubs Acacia barringtonensis and Leptospermum argenteum, may also be present 

in some cases. The understorey typically includes an open shrub layer with common 

species being Acrothamnus hookeri, Persoonia chamaepeuce, Pimelea linifolia, Hakea microcarpa 

Pultenaea fasciculata and Olearia chrysophylla. The ground layer is typically dominated 

by Poa sieberiana, with a diverse range of forbs and graminoids also common including 

Stylidium graminifolium, Wahlenbergia stricta, Lomandra longifolia, Stellaria flaccida, Gonocarpus 

teucrioides, Scaevola hookeri and Ranunculus plebeius. Naturalised species which were 

recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community were Trifolium repens (White Clover, 

33%) and Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 67%). 

Within the study area, this community is restricted to the Barrington Tops area at 

high elevations and mainly on basalts. This community may be of particular regional 



Bioregion’ DECC 2009). In addition, a number of rare species are not recorded in this 

study from any other community but may be relatively common in this community. These 

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include the orchids Diuris venosa and Prasophyllum fuscum, and the forb Euphrasia ciliolata. 

All of these species are relatively common in this community and as well the rare shrubs 

mentioned above are only uncommonly recorded outside this community. 

MU 154 — Black Sallee grass / forb woodland on Barrington Tops 

Woodlands to low woodlands characteristically dominated by Eucalyptus stellulata and 

commonly including E. pauciflora. An open shrub layer is generally present and commonly 

includes Epacris breviflora, Hakea microcarpa, Pimelea glauca and Acrothamnus hookeri. The 

ground layer is characterised by a diverse range of forbs, including Oreomyrrhis eriopoda, 

Acaena novae-zelandiae, Wahlenbergia ceracea, Viola betonicifolia, Hydrocotyle peduncularis and 

Helichrysum scorpioides. Various ferns, such as Lycopodium fastigiatum, and graminoids, 

including Empodisma minus and Carex declinata, may also be common though less abundant. 

The only naturalised species commonly recorded in this community was Trifolium repens 

(White Clover, 50%). 

Within the study area, this community is restricted to the Barrington Tops area at 

high elevations and mainly on basalts. This community may be of particular regional 



Bioregion’ (DECC 2009). In addition, within this study the rare forb Asperula asthenes is 

only recorded at sites included in this community. 

MU 155 — Silvertop Stringybark / White Box grassy open forest of the slopes of the Liverpool 

Range 

Open forests to woodlands with a canopy characterised by Eucalyptus laevopinea and E. 

albens. An open shrub layer is commonly present and includes Cassinia quinquefaria, Olearia 

elliptica and Solanum nigrum. The ground layer is typically grassy with the main grass 

species including Aristida ramosa, Poa sieberiana, Bothriochloa macra, Elymus scaber, Microlaena 

stipoides and Cymbopogon refractus. A diverse range of forbs is typically also present in the 

ground layer, including Dichondra repens, Desmodium varians, D. brachypodum, Acaena novaezelandiae, 

Geranium solanderi and Plantago debilis. In addition various graminoids, including 

Carex inversa and Cyperus gracilis, and ferns, including Cheilanthes sieberi and C. distans, may 

also be common. Naturalised species recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community 

include Trifolium repens (White Clover, 33%), Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 63%), Sonchus 

oleraceus (Common Sowthistle, 29%), Opuntia stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 

63%), Bidens pilosa (Cobbler’s Pegs, 46%), Solanum nigrum (Black-berry Nightshade, 38%), 

Medicago lupulina (Black Medic, 33%) and Petrorhagia nanteuilii (50%). 

This community is distributed within the study area on ranges of the Upper Hunter and 

foothills of the Liverpool Range at mid elevations on lower slopes and mainly on basalts 

and cherts. 

MU 156 — Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Grey Box grassy woodland 

Woodlands with an overstorey characterised by Eucalyptus crebra and E. moluccana, and 

an open mid storey typically including Brachychiton populneus. The understorey generally 

consists of an open shrub layer commonly including Notelaea microcarpa, Eremophila debilis, 

Cassinia quinquefaria and Maireana microphylla. The ground layer is typically grassy with the 

common grass species including Aristida ramosa, Cymbopogon refractus, Chloris ventricosa,


Microlaena stipoides, Austrostipa verticillata, Sporobolus creber, Eragrostis leptostachya and 

Bothriochloa decipiens. Various forbs are also commonly present, including Desmodium 

varians, Glycine tabacina, Dichondra repens, Calotis lappulacea, Brunoniella australis and 

Einadia nutans, as well as the ground ferns Cheilanthes sieberi and C. distans. Numerous 

naturalised species were recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community including 

Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 36%), Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet/Blue Pimpernel, 43%), Sida 

rhombifolia (Paddy’s Lucerne, 30%), Plantago lanceolata (Lamb’s Tongues, 36%), Senecio 

madagascariensis (Fireweed, 74%), Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sowthistle, 30%), Opuntia 

stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 74%), Paronychia brasiliana (Chilean Whitlow 

Wort, 30%) and Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 36%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs in the Upper and Central Hunter Valley on 

a range of substrates. 

MU 157 — Bull Oak grassy woodland in the Hunter Valley 

Woodlands characterised by an overstorey almost exclusively dominated by Allocasuarina 

leuhmannii, although Eucalyptus crebra and occasionally E. moluccana may be present in the 

overstorey. Few smaller shrubs are present and the understorey is predominately grassy 

with a diverse range of grasses commonly occurring, including Cymbopogon refractus, 

Eragrostis brownii, Bothriochloa decipiens, Panicum effusum, Aristida ramosa, A. vagans 

and Eragrostis leptostachya. The ground layer may also commonly include graminoids, 

particularly Fimbristylis dichotoma, and a range of forbs, including Chrysocephalum apiculatum, 

and the ground fern Cheilanthes sieberi. Naturalised species recorded at more than 25% of 

sites in this community were Opuntia aurantiaca (Tiger Pear, 44%), Sida rhombifolia (Paddy’s 

Lucerne, 33%) and Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 78%). 

This community is distributed within the study area in the Central Hunter Valley at lower 

elevations on a range of substrates. 

MU 158 — Yellow Box / Rough-barked Apple grassy woodland 

Open forests to woodlands characterised by a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus melliodora 

and Angophora floribunda, and often including E. blakelyi. Shrubs are only sparsely present 

and the understorey is characteristically grassy and often dominated by Aristida ramosa, 

with a number of other grasses less commonly present, including Chloris truncata, 

Austrostipa verticillata and A. scabra. A range of forbs are also common in the ground layer, 

including Dichondra repens (which may be very abundant at some sites), Calotis lappulacea, 

Ajuga australis, Urtica incisa and Einadia nutans. Naturalised species commonly recorded 

at sites in this community include Medicago minima (Woolly Burr Medic, 60%), Silybum 

marianum (Variegated Thistle, 40%), Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 40%), Marrubium vulgare 

(Horehound, 60%) and Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 60%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on the lower slopes of the Liverpool Range 

and in the Upper Hunter Valley and Merriwa plateau, mainly on riparian sites on basalts 

and clays. MU 158 is of particular regional conservation significance as it relates to the 

Endangered Ecological Community ‘White Box Yellow Box Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland’ 

(DECC 2009). 

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MU 159 — White Box grassy woodland 

119 


Open woodlands to woodlands characterised by an open canopy dominated by Eucalyptus 

albens, with E. moluccana occurring occasionally. A shrub layer is rarely present although 

a number of low shrubs are commonly present, including Sclerolaena muricata and Sida 

trichopoda. The ground layer is characteristically grassy and dominated by species including 

Cynodon dactylon, Bothriochloa macra, Elymus scaber and Austrostipa bigeniculata. Scattered or 

localised forbs are also commonly present in the ground layer, including Oxalis perennans, 

Boerhavia dominii, Chamaesyce drummondii, Hibiscus trionum and Einadia nutans. A number of 

naturalised species were recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community, including 

Medicago minima (Woolly Burr Medic, 50%), Polygonum aviculare (Wireweed, 33%), Salvia 

verbenaca (Wild Sage, 42%), Silybum marianum (Variegated Thistle, 67%), Medicago laciniata 

(Cut-leaved Medic, 42%), Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sowthistle, 33%), Tribulus terrestris 

(Catshead, 33%), Medicago orbicularis (Button Medic, 58%) and Medicago polymorpha (Burr 

Medic, 33%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on basalt on the Merriwa plateau and lower 

slopes of the Liverpool Range. MU 159 is of particular regional conservation significance 

as it relates to the Endangered Ecological Community ‘White Box Yellow Box Blakely’s 

Red Gum Woodland’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 160 — Yellow Box grassy woodland 

Woodlands with a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus melliodora, often in association with 

Angophora floribunda. A sparse mid storey of Brachychiton populneus is often also present. 

A sparse shrub layer may also be present, often only as scattered shrubs, and commonly 

includes Solanum cinereum, Pimelea curviflora, S. nigrum, Atriplex semibaccata, Acacia decora 

and Eremophila debilis. The ground layer is typically dominated by grasses, with common 

species including Austrostipa scabra, Bothriochloa decipiens, A. verticillata, A. aristiglumis, 

Chloris ventricosa, Austrodanthonia racemosa and Panicum effusum. A diverse range of forbs 

is typically also present in the ground layer, including Einadia trigonos, Sida corrugata, 

Calotis lappulacea, Boerhavia dominii, Oxalis perennans, Vittadinia cervicularis and Brunoniella 

australis. The ground ferns Cheilanthes sieberi and C. distans, and graminoids such as 

Carex inversa may also be included in the ground layer. Numerous naturalised species, 

mostly herbaceous, were recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community, including 

Medicago minima (Woolly Burr Medic, 100%), Lolium rigidum (Wimmera Ryegrass, 70%), 

Salvia verbenaca (Wild Sage, 90%), Avena fatua (Wild Oats, 60%), Trifolium repens (White 

Clover, 40%), Silybum marianum (Variegated Thistle, 40%), Rapistrum rugosum (Turnip 

Weed, 70%), Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 60%), Malva parviflora (Small-flowered Mallow, 

30%), Chondrilla juncea (Skeleton Weed, 60%), Carthamus lanatus (Saffron Thistle, 90%), 

Amaranthus retroflexus (Redroot Amaranth, 50%), Bromus catharticus (Praire Grass, 50%), 

Echium plantagineum (Patterson’s Curse, 30%), Centaurea melitensis (Maltese Cockspur, 70%), 

Sisymbrium irio (London Rocket, 80%), Arenaria leptoclados (Lesser Thyme-leaved Sandwort, 

50%), Sisymbrium orientale (Indian Hedge Mustard, 30%), Marrubium vulgare (Horehound, 

60%), Trifolium campestre (Hop Clover, 50%), Trifolium arvense (Haresfoot Clover, 40%), 

Conyza bonariensis (Flaxleaf Fleabane, 70%), Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion, 50%), Opuntia 

stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 70%), Erodium cicutarium (Common Crowfoot, 

30%), Trifolium glomeratum (Clustered Clover, 60%), Tribulus terrestris (Catshead, 70%), 

Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 40%), Medicago orbicularis (Button Medic, 70%), Hirschfeldia


incana (Buchan Weed, 100%), Solanum nigrum (Black-berry Nightshade, 40%), Xanthium 

spinosum (Bathurst Burr, 40%), Lepidium africanum (80%) and Petrorhagia nanteuilii (90%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on lower slopes and river flats on the 

Merriwa plateau on basalts. MU 160 is of particular regional conservation significance as 

it relates to the Endangered Ecological Community ‘White Box Yellow Box Blakely’s Red 

Gum Woodland’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 161 — Blakely’s Red Gum / Rough-barked Apple shrubby woodland 

Open forests to woodlands with a canopy dominated by Eucalyptus blakelyi, often in 

association with Angophora floribunda and commonly including E. crebra. A shrubby 

understorey is typically present and often strongly dominated by Melaleuca thymifolia, with 

other common shrubs including M. decora, Acacia falcata, Exocarpos strictus and Daviesia 

ulicifolia. The ground layer is mostly grassy and commonly includes Entolasia stricta, 

Microlaena stipoides, Echinopogon ovatus and Aristida vagans. Various forbs are also commonly 

present including Hydrocotyle peduncularis, Pratia purpurascens and Centella asiatica, along 

with the fern Cheilanthes sieberi. The only naturalised species recorded in this community 

at more than 25% of sites was Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 50%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on ranges of the Central and Upper Hunter 

Valley, mainly on sandstones. 

4.3.5.5 GRaSSLaNDS 

MU 162 — Kangaroo Grass / Westringia fruticosa grassland on coastal headlands 

Grasslands characterised by Themeda australis, with the other main grass species being 

Imperata cylindrica. Emergent shrubs, in particular, Westringia fruticosa and Banksia integrifolia, 

are typically also present. Various graminoids are also common, including Ficinia nodosa and 

Lomandra longifolia, as well as various forbs such as Dichondra repens and Oxalis perennans. 

Naturalised species recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community include Hypochaeris 

radicata (Catsear, 38%) and Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata (Bitou Bush, 63%). 

Within the study area, this community is restricted to coastal headlands and rocky offshore 

islands, mainly on sandstones. MU 162 is of particular regional conservation significance 

as it relates to the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Themeda Grassland on seacliffs 

and coastal headlands in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner 

bioregions’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 163 — Plains Grass grassland 

Grasslands characterised by Austrostipa aristiglumis, which is typically strongly 

dominant. Other common grass species include Panicum queenslandicum, Chloris truncata, 

Austrodanthonia bipartita and Digitaria coenicola. The ground layer commonly includes a 

range of forbs, such as Tribulus micrococcus, Rumex brownii, Portulaca oleracea, Boerhavia 

dominii, Oxalis perennans and Einadia polygonoides. Eucalyptus melliodora is often sparsely 

present as an emergent tree. A large number of naturalised species, mostly herbaceous, were 

recorded in more than 25% of sites in this community including Medicago minima (Woolly 

Burr Medic, 100%), Polygonum arenastrum (Wireweed, 83%), Lolium rigidum (Wimmera 

Ryegrass, 50%), Salvia verbenaca (Wild Sage, 67%), Avena fatua (Wild Oats, 50%), Silybum 

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marianum (Variegated Thistle, 100%), Urochloa panicoides (Urochloa Grass, 67%), Rapistrum 

rugosum (Turnip Weed, 67%), Trifolium subterraneum (Subterranean Clover, 50%), Malva 

parviflora (Small-flowered Mallow, 50%), Chondrilla juncea (Skeleton Weed, 83%), Capsella 

bursa-pastoris (Shepherd’s Purse, 33%), Carthamus lanatus (Saffron Thistle, 67%), Amaranthus 

retroflexus (Redroot Amaranth, 50%), Sonchus asper subsp. glaucescens (Prickly Sowthistle, 

50%), Lactuca serriola (Prickly Lettuce, 33%), Bromus catharticus (Praire Grass, 33%), Phalaris 

aquatica (Phalaris, 50%), Echium plantagineum (Patterson’s Curse, 50%), Phalaris paradoxa 

(Paradoxa Grass, 33%), Cucumis myriocarpus subsp. leptodermis (Paddy Melon, 33%), Salvia 

reflexa (Mintweed, 83%), Medicago sativa (Lucerne, 67%), Alternanthera pungens (Khaki 

Weed, 33%), Marrubium vulgare (Horehound, 50%), Datura ferox (Fierce Thornapple, 50%), 

Medicago laciniata (Cut-leaved Medic, 33%), Trifolium glomeratum (Clustered Clover, 83%), 

Medicago orbicularis (Button Medic, 33%), Hirschfeldia incana (Buchan Weed, 33%), Xanthium 

spinosum (Bathurst Burr, 83%), Echinochloa crus-galli (Barnyard Grass, 33%), Hordeum 

leporinum (Barley Grass, 67%), Bromus alopecuros (33%), Convolvulus arvensis (50%), Lepidium 

africanum (50%) and Petrorhagia nanteuilii (33%). 

Within the study area, this community is restricted to the flatter areas of the Merriwa 

plateau, on basalts. 

4.3.5.6 HeaTHLaNDS aND SHRUBLaNDS 

MU 164 — Heath-leaved Banksia / Coral Fern wet heath on sandstone of the lower Central Coast 

Heathlands characterised by Banksia ericifolia, often in association with Hakea teretifolia 

and Callistemon citrinus. Other common shrub species include Acacia oxycedrus, Acrotriche 

divaricata, Sprengelia incarnata, Hakea sericea, Aotus ericoides and Banksia robur, along with the 

climber Parsonsia straminea. The understorey is typically wet and strongly dominated by 

Gleichenia dicarpa. Various graminoids are also characteristic, in particular, Gahnia sieberiana, 

and also Schoenus brevifolius and Empodisma minus. Occasional grasses, such as Imperata 

cylindrica, may also be present. Naturalised species commonly recorded from sites in this 

community include Pinus radiata (Radiata Pine, 33%) and Ageratina adenophora (Crofton 

Weed, 33%). 

This community is distributed within the study area on poorly drained sites on sandstone 

plateaux of the Central Coast hinterland. 

MU 165 — Dwarf Casuarina / Melaleuca nodosa coastal heath 

Heathlands dominated by Melaleuca nodosa, often in association with Allocasuarina distyla. 

A diverse range of shrubs is often present and commonly includes Mirbelia rubiifolia, Epacris 

pulchella, Hakea dactyloides, Banksia spinulosa, Callistemon linearis, B. oblongifolia, Leucopogon 

microphyllus, Leptospermum polygalifolium, Lambertia formosa, Hakea bakeriana, Pultenaea 

paleacea and Isopogon anemonifolius. The ground layer is typically dominated by graminoids 

including Ptilothrix deusta, Lomandra obliqua, Patersonia glabrata, P. sericea and Lepidosperma 

laterale, and grasses, including Themeda australis, Entolasia stricta and Anisopogon avenaceus. 

Common forbs include Gonocarpus teucrioides, and ferns include Lindsaea linearis. No 


This community is distributed within the study area on coastal sand dunes of the Central 

Coast.


MU 166 — Melaleuca nodosa / Fern-leaved Banksia headland heath of the Central Coast 

Heathlands characterised by Melaleuca nodosa and Banksia oblongifolia, with other common 

shrubs including Allocasuarina distyla, Lambertia formosa, Hakea dactyloides, Pultenaea villosa, 

Epacris microphylla, Acacia myrtifolia, Dodonaea triquetra, Grevillea sericea and Lasiopetalum 

ferrugineum. The ground layer is characteristically dominated by Themeda australis with 

graminoids, including Ptilothrix deusta, Lomandra obliqua and Patersonia glabrate, also 

common. Forbs are less common or abundant with the main species being Gonocarpus 

teucrioides. The only naturalised species recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community 

is Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata (Bitou Bush, 38%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on coastal headlands of the Central Coast on 

sandstones and conglomerates. 

MU 167 — Dwarf Casuarina / Wallum Banksia coastal heath of coastal headlands of Central Coast 

Heathlands dominated by Allocasuarina distyla and Banksia aemula, with other common 

shrub species including Eriostemon australasius, Woollsia pungens, Isopogon anemonifolius, 

Pimelea linifolia, Acacia suaveolens, Dampiera purpurea, Bossiaea ensata, B. scolopendria, 

Ricinocarpos pinifolius and Banksia oblongifolia. The ground layer is characteristically 

dominated by graminoid species, including Cyathochaeta diandra, Lomandra longifolia, L. 

glauca, Hypolaena fastigiata and Patersonia sericea. Forbs, such as Actinotus helianthi and 

Gonocarpus teucrioides, are also commonly present and the main grass species is Entolasia 

stricta. The only naturalised species recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community 

is Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata (Bitou Bush, 38%). 

This community occurs within the study area on coastal headlands of the Central Coast, 

mainly on sandstones. MU 167 may have particular regional conservation significance due 

to the recorded presence of the rare shrub Rulingia hermanniifolia, which is not recorded in 

this study outside this community. 

MU 168 — Wallum Banksia / Monotoca scoparia heath on coastal sands 

Heathlands strongly dominated by Banksia aemula, often in association with Monotoca 

scoparia. A diverse range of other shrub species is also typically present including Melaleuca 

nodosa, Leptospermum trinervium, L. semibaccatum, L. polygalifolium, Brachyloma daphnoides, 

Phyllota phylicoides, Boronia pinnata, Ricinocarpos pinifolius, Pimelea linifolia, Isopogon 

anemonifolius and Leucopogon virgatus. The ground layer is characteristically dominated by 

graminoids, with common species including Hypolaena fastigiata, Coleocarya gracilis, Caustis 

recurvata, Lomandra glauca and Schoenus ericetorum. Scattered forbs such as Gonocarpus 

teucrioides and Actinotus helianthi may also be present in the understorey. No naturalised 

species were recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community. 

This community is distributed within the study area on coastal dunes and sand barriers of the 

Lower North Coast and Central Coast. MU 168 may have particular regional conservation 

significance due to the recorded presence of the vulnerable shrub Allocasuarina simulans, 

which is not recorded in this study in any other community. 

MU 169 — Fern-leaf Banksia / Melaleuca nodosa / Leptocarpus tenax wallum heath 

Heathlands characteristically dominated by Banksia oblongifolia and Melaleuca nodosa. Other 

common shrub species include Persoonia lanceolata, Hibbertia fasciculata, Banksia aemula, 

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Melaleuca sieberi, M. thymifolia, Petrophile pulchella, Leptospermum juniperinum, Leucopogon 

ericoides, Callistemon pachyphyllus, Aotus ericoides and Isopogon anemonifolius. The parasitic 

climber Cassytha glabella is also commonly present in the overstorey. The ground layer 

is typically wet and dominated by graminoid species, including Leptocarpus tenax and 

Schoenus brevifolius. The fern-ally Selaginella uliginosa is also characteristic of the ground 

layer, as is the forb Trachymene incisa. No naturalised species were recorded at more than 

25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community is distributed on coastal dunes and sand barriers of 

the Lower North Coast and Central Coast, mainly on Quaternary sands and mud. 

MU 170 — Heath-leaved Banksia / Fern-leaved Banksia / Wallum Boronia wet heath on coastal 

sands of Lower North Coast 

Heathlands dominated by Xanthorrhoea fulva, Leptospermum liversidgei and Banksia ericifolia, 

often in association with Banksia oblongifolia and Boronia falcifolia. Other common shrub 

species include Epacris obtusifolia, Dillwynia floribunda, Darwinia leptantha, Pimelea linifolia, 

Sprengelia sprengelioides, Baeckea imbricata, Persoonia lanceolata and Bauera capitata. The 

parasitic climber Cassytha glabella is also commonly present. The ground layer is typically 

wet and dominated by graminoids, including Sporadanthus interruptus, Leptocarpus tenax, 

Schoenus brevifolius, Selaginella uliginosa, Blandfordia grandiflora and Sowerbaea juncea. 

Common grass species include Panicum simile and Entolasia stricta, and common grasses 

include Mitrasacme polymorpha and Gonocarpus micranthus. No naturalised species were 


This community occurs within the study area on coastal dunes and sand barriers of the 

Lower North Coast. 

MU 171 — Leptospermum liversidgei / Crimson Bottlebrush wallum wet heath of 


Heathlands characterised by Leptospermum liversidgei, which is strongly dominant and often 

associated with Callistemon citrinus and Xanthorrhoea fulva. Other common shrub species 

include Sprengelia sprengelioides, Callistemon pachyphyllus, Epacris microphylla, E. obtusifolia, 

Banksia robur and Adrastaea salicifolia. The understorey is characteristically wet and 

dominated by sedges and other graminoids, including Sporadanthus interruptus, Empodisma 

minus, Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus, Chorizandra sphaerocephala, Xyris operculata and 

Leptocarpus tenax. The clubmoss Lycopodiella lateralis is also common in the ground layer. 

No naturalised species were recorded in this community at more than 25% of sites. 

Within the study area, this community is distributed on coastal dunes and sand barriers of 

the Lower North Coast. 

MU 172 — Fern-leaf Banksia / Needlebush / Leptocarpus tenax / Lepyrodia scariosa wet 

heath on sandstone 

Heathlands characteristically dominated by Banksia oblongifolia and Hakea teretifolia, with 

other common shrubs including Epacris obtusifolia, Leptospermum juniperinum, Sprengelia 

incarnata, Dampiera stricta, Platysace linearifolia, Boronia parviflora and Acacia suaveolens. The 

grass-tree Xanthorrhoea resinosa is also common and often abundant. The ground layer is 

typically wet and dominated by sedges and other graminoids, with Lepyrodia scariosa and


Leptocarpus tenax often strongly dominant. Other common graminoids include Empodisma 

minus, Schoenus brevifolius, Xyris gracilis and Burchardia umbellata. The main grass species 

is Entolasia stricta, and common forbs include Actinotus minor. The ground fern Gleichenia 

dicarpa may also be abundant at some sites. No naturalised species were recorded in this 

community at more than 25% of sites. 

This community occurs within the study area on poorly drained sites, mainly on sandstone 

ranges and plateaux of the Central Coast. 

MU 173 — Rock outcrops shrublands complex of the Lower North Coast 

A complex of shrublands dominated by a range of different shrub species, often including 

Allocasuarina rigida (commonly dominant and not recorded in this study from outside this 

community), Acacia obtusifolia, Leptospermum variabile, Zieria cytisoides, Persoonia linearis 

and Callistemon comboynensis. Other common, though less abundant, shrubs include 

Allocasuarina littoralis, Jacksonia scoparia and Leucopogon juniperinus. The ground layer 

includes various grasses such as Entolasia stricta, Microlaena stipoides and Poa sieberiana, with 

common graminoids including Lepidosperma laterale, Dianella caerulea, Lomandra glauca, L. 

longifolia and Patersonia glabrata. Commonly recorded forbs include Gonocarpus humilis and 

Xanthosia pilosa. No naturalised species were recorded in this community at more than 25% 

of sites. 

This community occurs within the study area on various substrates on rocky outcrops of 

the hinterland of the Lower North Coast. For mapping purposes MU 175 (see below) could 

also possibly be included with this complex. 

MU 174 — Broom Bush / Allocasuarina gymnanthera heath woodland 

Woodlands to heathlands characterised by Melaleuca uncinata and Allocasuarina 

gymnanthera, with other common shrubs including Leucopogon muticus, Harmogia densifolia, 

Dodonaea triangularis, Grevillea sericea, Melaleuca diosmatifolia, Acacia brownii, Persoonia 

linearis, Brachyloma daphnoides, Styphelia triflora and Calytrix tetragona. Eucalyptus fibrosa is 

also commonly present as an emergent tree. A mixed ground layer commonly consists 

of graminoids such as Dianella revoluta, Lomandra filiformis, L. multiflora and Lepidosperma 

laterale, grasses, predominately Entolasia stricta, forbs and ferns. The main ground fern 

is typically Cheilanthes sieberi, with common forbs including Drosera peltata and Goodenia 

rotundifolia. No naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of sites in this 

community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on exposed, sandstone sites in the northern 

Wollemi National Park, Goulburn River and Manobalai area at mid elevations. 

MU 175 — Shrublands of rocky areas in Barrington Tops area 

Shrublands characteristically strongly dominated by Leptospermum variabile, in association 

with Banksia integrifolia and occasionally with Micrantheum hexandrum (unique to this group 

within this study) as a co-dominant. Other common shrub species include Pomaderris 

argyrophylla, Hakea salicifolia, Hovea longifolia, Leucopogon lanceolatus and Monotoca scoparia. 

Various eucalypt species may be present at some sites as emergent trees, including Eucalyptus 

dalrympleana and E. pauciflora. The ground layer consists of a mix of grasses, graminoids, 

ferns and forbs, with common grasses including Entolasia stricta and Imperata cylindrica, 

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and common graminoids including Juncus alexandri, Bulbine bulbosa, Carex breviculmis, C. 

appressa, Cyperus sphaeroideus and Lepidosperma tortuosum. A diverse range of forbs is often 

present, including Epilobium gunnianum, Hydrocotyle peduncularis, Plectranthus graveolens, 

Acaena novae-zelandiae, Asperula scoparia, Geranium potentilloides and Wahlenbergia stricta. 

Common ground ferns include Cheilanthes sieberi, Blechnum minus, B. nudum and Pteridium 

esculentum. Naturalised species recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community 

include Holcus lanatus (Yorkshire Fog, 33%), Trifolium repens (White Clover, 33%), Prunella 

vulgaris (Self-heal, 33%), Sonchus asper subsp. glaucescens (Prickly Sowthistle, 33%) and 

Juncus articulatus (33%). 

Within the study area, this community is restricted to rocky outcrops in the Barrington 

Tops area of the Lower North Coast, at mid to high elevations. 

MU 176 — Tantoon / Lepyrodia leptocaulis drainage line shrubland of the western Blue Mountains 

Shrublands characterised by a shrub layer dominated by Leptospermum polygalifolium, often 

in association with Allocasuarina diminuta and Kunzea parvifolia. Other common shrubs 

include Melaleuca thymifolia, Grevillea sericea, Calytrix tetragona, Hibbertia riparia and Sannantha 

cunninghamii. Various trees may be present as emergents, including Eucalyptus punctata, E. 

blakelyi and Callitris endlicheri. The parasitic climbers Cassytha pubescens and C. glabella are 

also common in the shrub layer. The ground layer is characterised by Lepyrodia leptocaulis, 

with other common graminoids, including Schoenus apogon, Lomandra longifolia and Dianella 

longifolia. The main grass species include Arundinella nepalensis, Microlaena stipoides and 

Aristida jerichoensis, and the forbs include Goodenia paniculata which is commonly present. 


Within the study area, MU 176 occurs on drainage lines on sandstone ranges of the western 

Blue Mountains at mid elevations. 

MU 177 — Melaleuca decora shrubland 

Shrublands characterised by Melaleuca decora, typically with Eucalyptus crebra as an 

emergent tree. Other commonly recorded shrubs include Notelaea microcarpa, Leptospermum 

parvifolium, Styphelia triflora, Spartothamnella juncea, Phyllanthus hirtellus, Leucopogon muticus 

and Acacia parvipinnula. The ground layer is typically dominated by graminoids, including 

Carex inversa, Schoenus apogon, Juncus homalocaulis and Gahnia aspera. A variety of forbs 

is also commonly present in the ground layer, including Veronica plebeia, Oxalis exilis, 

Hypericum gramineum and Glossogyne tannensis. Commonly recorded naturalised species 

include Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 100%), Opuntia stricta var. stricta (Common 

Prickly Pear, 100%) and Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 100%). 

This community occurs within the study area on sandstone ranges of the Upper Hunter 

Valley. 

4.3.5.7 FOReSTeD WeTLaNDS 

MU 178 — River Oak / Sandpaper Fig riparian forest of the Upper Hunter 

Open riparian forests characterised by Casuarina cunninghamiana and Ficus coronata, and 

commonly also including F. rubiginosa and Daphnandra species A. The shrubby understorey 

typically includes Melicytus dentatus, Clerodendrum tomentosum, Pittosporum undulatum and


Hymenosporum flavum, along with a range of climbers including Pandorea pandorana, Cissus 

antarctica, Clematis glycinoides, Stephania japonica, Cayratia clematidea, Tylophora barbata and 

Eustrephus latifolius. The ground layer is typically ferny, with common ferns including 

Adiantum aethiopicum, A. formosum, Pteris tremula, Doodia aspera and Asplenium flabellifolium. 

Various forbs are also commonly present in the ground layer including Nyssanthes diffusa, 

Urtica incisa, Dichondra repens and Geranium solanderi. Commonly recorded naturalised 

species in this community include Fumaria muralis subsp. muralis (Wall Fumitory, 40%), 

Phytolacca octandra (Inkweed, 27%), Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 33%), Sonchus oleraceus 

(Common Sowthistle, 27%), Opuntia stricta var. stricta (Common Prickly Pear, 33%), Stellaria 

media (Common Chickweed, 27%), Bidens pilosa (Cobbler’s Pegs, 33%) and Hypochaeris 


Within the study area, this community occurs in sheltered riparian sites on sandstone 

ranges of the Upper Hunter Valley and Liverpool Range, at mid elevations. 

MU 179 — Melaleuca nodosa paperbark swamp forest on poorly drained soils of the Central 

Coast 

Open swamp forests with an overstorey dominated by Melaleuca nodosa. Other common 

shrub species include M. linariifolia, Glochidion ferdinandi and Acacia longifolia. Eucalyptus 

resinifera is commonly present as an emergent tree. Climbers, such as Parsonsia straminea, 

are also commonly present in the overstorey. The understorey is dominated by sedges 

and other graminoids, including Gahnia clarkei, Juncus usitatus, Hypolepis muelleri, Dianella 

caerulea and Lomandra longifolia. Grasses, including Imperata cylindrica and Entolasia 

stricta, are also common in the ground layer. Commonly recorded naturalised species 

included Ligustrum sinense (Small-leaved Privet, 31%), Lantana camara (Lantana, 62%), 

Lonicera japonica (Japanese Honeysuckle, 31%), Ageratina adenophora (Crofton Weed, 31%), 

Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 31%), Rubus ulmifolius (Blackberry, 31%) and Hydrocotyle 

bonariensis (31%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on poorly drained lowlands and coastal 

floodplains of the Central Coast, on sands and sandstones. 

MU 180 — Melaleuca nodosa paperbark woodland / shrubland on undulating areas of coastal 

lowlands 

Open swamp forests strongly dominated by Melaleuca nodosa, with other common 

overstorey shrubs including M. sieberi, M. linariifolia, Glochidion ferdinandi, Acacia longifolia 

and Dodonaea triquetra. The main climber in the overstorey is Parsonsia straminea. The 

ground storey is predominately grassy, with common grass species including Entolasia 

stricta, E. marginata, Microlaena stipoides and Imperata cylindrica. The main sedge species 

is Gahnia clarkei with Lomandra longifolia and Gonocarpus tetragynus also common in the 

ground layer. Commonly recorded naturalised species include Lantana camara (Lantana, 

35%) and Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 33%). 

This community is distributed within the study area on poorly drained sites in undulating 

areas of the coastal lowlands on the Lower North Coast and Central Coast. 

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MU 181 — Broad-leaved Paperbark / Swamp Mahogany / Swamp Oak / Saw Sedge swamp forest 

Open swamp forests characterised by an overstorey dominated by Melaleuca quinquenervia, 

often in association with Eucalyptus robusta and Livistona australis. The understorey is 

typically shrubby and includes M. linariifolia and Glochidion ferdinandi, along with climbers 

such as Parsonsia straminea. The understorey is dominated by sedges and other graminoids, 

including Gahnia clarkei, Ischaemum australe, Hypolepis muelleri, Baumea rubiginosa, B. juncea 

and Lomandra longifolia. Common grass species include Hemarthria uncinata, Imperata 

cylindrica and Entolasia marginata. Commonly recorded naturalised species included 

Lantana camara (Lantana, 36%) and Ageratina adenophora (Crofton Weed, 28%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on coastal floodplains and poorly drained 

lowlands of the Central Coast, mainly on muds and sands. This community is of particular 

regional conservation significance as it relates to the Endangered Ecological Community 

‘Swamp sclerophyll forest on coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast; Sydney Basin 

and South East Corner bioregions’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 182 — Swamp Mahogany / Melaleuca linariifolia swamp forest of coastal lowlands 

Open swamp forests with an overstorey dominated by Eucalyptus robusta and commonly 

including Melaleuca linariifolia and Callistemon salignus. Common understorey shrubs 

include Glochidion ferdinandi, Acacia longifolia and Polyscias sambucifolia, with the climber 

Parsonsia straminea also common. The ground layer typically consists of a range of grasses, 

including Entolasia marginata, Imperata cylindrica and Oplismenus imbecillis, along with 

graminoids, including Gahnia clarkei and Lomandra longifolia. The only naturalised species 

recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community was Lantana camara (Lantana, 35%). 

This community is distributed within the study area in poorly drained sites on coastal 

lowlands of the Central Coast and Lower North Coast. MU 182 is of particular regional 

conservation significance as it relates to the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Swamp 

sclerophyll forest on coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast; Sydney Basin and South 

East Corner bioregions’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 183 — Paperbarks / Woollybutt swamp forest on the Central Coast 

Open swamp forests with an overstorey characterised by Eucalyptus longifolia and with a 

dense mid storey of tall shrubs dominated by paperbarks, including Melaleuca linariifolia, 

M. sieberi, M. ericifolia and M. nodosa. A range of smaller shrubs is also common in the 

understorey, including Pultenaea villosa, Leptospermum juniperinum, Acacia longifolia, 

Melaleuca thymifolia and the grass-tree Xanthorrhoea fulva. The climber Parsonsia straminea 

is also common. The ground layer is typically dominated by sedges and other graminoids 

and grasses, commonly including Schoenus brevifolius, Chorizandra cymbaria, Gahnia 

clarkei, Lomandra longifolia, Entolasia stricta, Hemarthria uncinata and Pseudoraphis paradoxa. 

Common forbs include Gonocarpus tetragynus and Centella asiatica. No naturalised species 

were recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on sands and sandstones on poorly drained 

sites on coastal lowlands of the Central Coast. MU 183 is of particular regional conservation 

significance as it relates to the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Swamp sclerophyll 

forest on coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast; Sydney Basin and South East Corner 

bioregions’ (DECC 2009).


MU 184 — Swamp Mahogany / Broad-leaved Paperbark / Villarsia exaltata swamp forest of 

coastal lowlands 

Open swamp forests with an overstorey dominated by Melaleuca quinquenervia and 

Eucalyptus robusta and a mid storey of tall shrubs including M. linariifolia, M. sieberi, 

Glochidion ferdinandi and Acacia longifolia. Smaller shrubs also common in the understorey 

include Pultenaea retusa and P. villosa. The ground layer is wet and includes areas of open 

water and is typically dominated by sedges and other graminoids, including Gahnia 

clarkei and Chorizandra sphaerocephala. Forbs, including aquatic or semi-aquatic forbs such 

as Villarsia exaltata, may be common, with other forbs including Goodenia paniculata, G. 

heterophylla and Gonocarpus micranthus. Various grasses may also be common, including 

Entolasia marginata, Hemarthria uncinata and Isachne globosa. No naturalised species were 


This community occurs within the study area on margins of open water bodies on lowlands 

of the Central Coast, mainly on sands and sandstones. MU 184 is of particular regional 




MU 185 — Swamp Mahogany / Paperbarks / Hypolepis muelleri swamp forest of the Central Coast 

Open swamp forests with an overstorey characterised by Eucalyptus robusta, and often 

including Livistona australis, Acmena smithii and Casuarina glauca. An open shrub layer may be 

present and commonly includes Pittosporum undulatum, Glochidion ferdinandi and Dodonaea 

triquetra. Climbers, including Eustrephus latifolius and Geitonoplesium cymosum, may also be 

present in the understorey. The ground layer is typically wet and dominated by the ground 

fern Hypolepis muelleri, and commonly also includes the sedge Gahnia clarkei and forbs such as 

Commelina cyanea. Naturalised species recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community 

include Lantana camara (Lantana, 60%), Erechtites valerianifolia (Brazilian Fireweed, 30%), 

Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera (Boneseed, 40%), Solanum nigrum (Black-berry 

Nightshade, 30%) and Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata (Bitou Bush, 40%). 

This community is distributed within the study area on poorly drained sites on barrier 

sands of the Lower North Coast and Central Coast. MU 185 is of particular regional 




MU 186 — Melaleuca biconvexa / Swamp Mahogany swamp forest of the Central Coast 

Open swamp forests with an overstorey characterised by Eucalyptus robusta and commonly 

including Livistona australis and Acmena smithii, and with a tall shrub layer dominated by 

Melaleuca biconvexa and commonly including Callistemon salignus, Glochidion ferdinandi, M. 

linariifolia and M. styphelioides. Various climbers, including Parsonsia straminea, Morinda 

jasminoides and Pandorea pandorana, are also commonly included in the overstorey. The 

ground layer is dominated by sedges, including Gahnia clarkei and Carex appressa, with 

the fern Hypolepis muelleri and the grass Oplismenus imbecillis also common. Commonly 

recorded naturalised species include Ligustrum sinense (Small-leaved Privet, 89%), Lantana 

camara (Lantana, 53%) and Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor Laurel, 58%). 

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This community occurs within the study area on poorly drained sites on lowlands of 

the Central Coast, mainly on sands and sandstones. MU 186 is of particular regional 




MU 187 — Broad-leaved Paperbark / Saw Sedge swamp forest of coastal lowlands 

Open swamp forests characterised by a canopy strongly dominated by Melaleuca 

quinquenervia and commonly including Casuarina glauca and Eucalyptus robusta. An open 

shrub layer may be present and typically includes Glochidion ferdinandi and Acacia longifolia, 

along with the climber Parsonsia straminea. The ground layer is typically wet and dominated 

by sedges and other graminoids, including Gahnia clarkei and Baumea juncea. Ground 

ferns, in particular Blechnum indicum, are also common in the ground layer. Lantana camara 

(Lantana, 33%) was the only commonly recorded naturalised species in this community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on alluvial sands and muds on floodplains 

and barrier sands of the Lower North Coast and Central Coast. This community is of 

particular regional conservation significance as it relates to the Endangered Ecological 

Community ‘Swamp sclerophyll forest on coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast; 

Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 188 — Swamp Mahogany / Swamp Water Fern / Plume Rush swamp forest 

Open swamp forests characterised by Eucalyptus robusta, typically in association with 

Melaleuca quinquenervia. The only shrub species commonly recorded in this community is 

Leucopogon lanceolatus and the climber Kennedia rubicunda is also common in the understorey. 

The ground layer is wet and characterised by the ferns Blechnum indicum and Pteridium 

esculentum, however, sedges and other graminoids may often dominate, including Baloskion 

tetraphyllum, Gahnia clarkei and Dianella caerulea. Semi-aquatic and aquatic forbs, such as 

Villarsia exaltata, may also be common. No naturalised species were recorded at more than 

25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community is distributed on alluvial sands and muds on poorly 

drained sites of the Lower North Coast and Central Coast. MU 188 is of particular regional 




MU 189 — Melaleuca linariifolia / Carex appressa shrubland of the Hunter Valley 

Shrublands with an overstorey typically dominated by Melaleuca linariifolia. The understorey 

is commonly dominated by graminoids, including Carex appressa and Juncus usitatus. A 

range of forbs common to damp sites are also typically present, including Alternanthera 

denticulata and Ranunculus plebeius, along with the grass Entolasia marginata. Naturalised 

species commonly recorded at sites in this community include Setaria gracilis (Slender 

Pigeon Grass, 29%), Paspalum dilatatum (Paspalum, 29%), Plantago lanceolata (Lamb’s 

Tongues, 29%), Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 29%), Rumex conglomeratus (Clustered 

Dock, 29%), Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 29%) and Hydrocotyle bonariensis (29%).


This community is distributed within the study area on poorly drained sites and waterways 

on ranges and coastal lowlands of the Sydney Basin. 

MU 190 — Swamp Oak / Juncus kraussii / Baumea juncea swamp forest on coastal lowlands 

Open swamp forests with an overstorey characterised by Casuarina glauca, and with the 

main understorey shrub being Melaleuca ericifolia. The climber Parsonsia straminea is also 

common in the mid and overstorey. The ground layer is wet and dominated by sedges and 

rushes, including Juncus kraussii, Baumea juncea and Phragmites australis. Other common 

ground layer species include the grass Sporobolus virginicus and the herb Samolus repens. 

This community occurs within the study area on margins of brackish water bodies and 

watercourses on floodplains of the Lower North coast and Central Coast. This community 

may have particular regional conservation significance as it relates to the Endangered 

Ecological Community ‘Swamp oak floodplain forest of the NSW North Coast; Sydney 

Basin and South East Corner bioregions’ (DECC 2009). In addition, the rare shrub species 

Wilsonia backhousei is only recorded in this community in this study. 

MU 191 — Swamp Oak / Melaleuca styphelioides / Carex appressa swamp forest 

Open swamp forests with an overstorey characterised by Casuarina glauca, often in 

association with Melaleuca styphelioides and the climber Parsonsia straminea. The ground layer 

is commonly dominated by the ground fern Hypolepis muelleri, along with various sedges 

and rushes, including Carex appressa and Juncus usitatus. The herbs Commelina cyanea and 

Viola banksii and the grass Entolasia marginata are also common, though less abundant, in the 

ground layer. Commonly recorded naturalised species include Cyperus eragrostis (Umbrella 

Sedge, 36%), Ligustrum sinense (Small-leaved Privet, 27%), Ehrharta erecta (Panic Veldtgrass, 

36%), Lantana camara (Lantana, 45%) and Plantago lanceolata (Lamb’s Tongues, 27%). 

This community is distributed within the study area on poorly drained sites on coastal 

floodplains of the Lower North Coast and Central Coast, mainly on alluvial muds and 

sands. MU 191 may have particular regional conservation significance as it relates to the 

Endangered Ecological Community ‘Swamp oak floodplain forest of the NSW North Coast; 

Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 192 — Swamp Oak swamp forest of coastal lowlands 

Open swamp forests characterised by an overstorey almost exclusively dominated by 

Casuarina glauca. The understorey is typically grassy and dominated by Paspalum vaginatum. 

Few other species occurring in this community are diagnostic. No naturalised species were 

recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community. 

This community occurs within the study area on margins of brackish water bodies and very 

wet sites on the Lower North Coast and Central Coast, mainly on alluvial sands. MU 192 

may have particular regional conservation significance as it relates to the Endangered 

Ecological Community ‘Swamp oak floodplain forest of the NSW North Coast; Sydney 

Basin and South East Corner bioregions’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 193 — Melaleuca ericifolia / Baumea juncea swamp shrubland 

Open swamp forests with an open canopy characterised by Casuarina glauca and with a tall 

shrub layer dominated by Melaleuca ericifolia, and commonly also including M. linariifolia 

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131 


and Acacia longifolia. The ground layer is typically dominated by sedges, including Baumea 

juncea and Gahnia clarkei. No naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of sites 

in this community. 

Within the study area, this community is distributed on coastal floodplains of the Lower 

North Coast and Central Coast on alluvial muds and sands. 

MU 194 — Swamp Oak grassy riparian forest of the Central Hunter 

Open swamp forests with an overstorey dominated by almost exclusively Casuarina glauca. 

Shrubs are uncommon, with the only diagnostic shrub species being Solanum prinophyllum. 

The ground layer is typically grassy and includes Microlaena stipoides, Austrostipa 

verticillata, Cynodon dactylon (possibly naturalised (pers. comm. Surrey Jacobs, 4 April 

2008)), Oplismenus aemulus and Entolasia marginata. Various forbs may also be commonly 

present, including Dichondra repens, Brunoniella australis, Centella asiatica, Commelina cyanea 

and Pratia purpurascens, as well as the ground ferns Cheilanthes sieberi and C. distans. 

Numerous naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community, 

including Aster subulatus (Wild Aster, 43%), Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 43%), Setaria 

gracilis (Slender Pigeon Grass, 29%), Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet/Blue Pimpernel, 36%), 

Paspalum dilatatum (Paspalum, 36%), Sida rhombifolia (Paddy’s Lucerne, 64%), Plantago 

lanceolata (Lamb’s Tongues, 43%), Bidens subalternans (Greater Beggar’s Ticks, 43%), Senecio 

madagascariensis (Fireweed, 86%), Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sowthistle, 43%), Bidens 

pilosa (Cobbler’s Pegs, 29%), Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 57%), Heliotropium amplexicaule 

(Blue Heliotrope, 29%), Solanum nigrum (Black-berry Nightshade, 64%) and Facelis retusa 

(29%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on riparian and floodplain sites, often along 

brackish water courses, in the Central and Upper Hunter Valley. 

MU 195 — River Oak riparian forest of the western Hunter 

Open riparian forests with an overstorey strongly dominated by Casuarina cunninghamiana. 

Shrubs are typically only sparsely present, with the only diagnostic species being 

Callistemon sieberi. The ground layer is typically dominated by grasses, including Aristida 

ramosa, Austrostipa aristiglumis, Cynodon dactylon (see comment above regarding status of 

this species), A. verticillata, Chloris ventricosa, A. scabra, Sporobolus creber, Austrodanthonia 

racemosa, Bothriochloa macra and Microlaena stipoides. A range of graminoids are also 

common, including Carex inversa, C. appressa and Juncus psammophilus. Common forbs 

include species such as Oxalis perennans, Acaena novae-zelandiae, Geranium solanderi and 

Rumex brownii. The aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides is also commonly present. 

A very large number of naturalised species were commonly recorded at sites within 

this community, including Medicago minima (Woolly Burr Medic, 100%), Lolium rigidum 

(Wimmera Ryegrass, 60%), Salvia verbenaca (Wild Sage, 60%), Avena fatua (Wild Oats, 40%), 

Trifolium repens (White Clover, 40%), Silybum marianum (Variegated Thistle, 60%), Urochloa 

panicoides (Urochloa Grass, 60%), Cyperus eragrostis (Umbrella Sedge, 40%), Rapistrum 

rugosum (Turnip Weed, 60%), Eragrostis cilianensis (Stinkgrass, 60%), Centaurea calcitrapa (Star 

Thistle, 60%), Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 40%), Malva parviflora (Small-flowered Mallow, 

80%), Carduus pycnocephalus (Slender Thistle, 40%), Chondrilla juncea (Skeleton Weed, 60%), 

Carthamus lanatus (Saffron Thistle, 60%), Amaranthus retroflexus (Redroot Amaranth, 60%),


Modiola caroliniana (Red-flowered Mallow, 80%), Verbena bonariensis (Purpletop, 60%), 

Sonchus asper subsp. glaucescens (Prickly Sowthistle, 40%), Bromus catharticus (Praire Grass, 

80%), Phalaris aquatica (Phalaris, 40%), Echium plantagineum (Patterson’s Curse, 60%), 

Paspalum dilatatum (Paspalum, 60%), Vicia sativa subsp. angustifolia (Narrow-leaved Vetch, 

40%), Salvia reflexa (Mintweed, 40%), Sisymbrium irio (London Rocket, 40%), Alternanthera 

pungens (Khaki Weed, 40%), Marrubium vulgare (Horehound, 100%), Bidens subalternans 

(Greater Beggar’s Ticks, 40%), Conyza bonariensis (Flaxleaf Fleabane, 40%), Chenopodium 

album (Fat Hen, 40%), Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion, 80%), Rumex crispus (Curled Dock, 

40%), Vicia sativa subsp. sativa (Common Vetch, 40%), Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sowthistle, 

40%), Hypochaeris radicata (Catsear, 40%), Hirschfeldia incana (Buchan Weed, 60%), Solanum 

nigrum (Black-berry Nightshade, 60%), Xanthium spinosum (Bathurst Burr, 100%), Hordeum 

leporinum (Barley Grass, 60%), Lepidium africanum (40%) and Vicia sativa (40%). 

Within the study area this community is distributed on riparian sites on clays of the 

Merriwa plateau, western Upper Hunter. 

MU 196 — River Red Gum / River Oak riparian woodland of the Hunter Valley 

Open riparian forests characterised by an overstorey dominated by Eucalyptus camaldulensis. 

The river oak Casuarina cunninghamiana may also be present at some sites as a dominant 

canopy species, however, further research would be needed to clarify the relationship 

between sites dominated by E. camaldulensis and those dominated by C. cunninghamiana. The 

ground layer is typically grassy and may be dominated by Cynodon dactylon (see comment 

above regarding status of this species), with Austrostipa verticillata also common. Scattered 

or localised forbs are also commonly present in the ground layer, including Urtica incisa, 

Dichondra repens and Alternanthera denticulata. Numerous naturalised species were recorded 

at more than 25% of sites in this community, including Aster subulatus (Wild Aster, 40%), 

Trifolium repens (White Clover, 30%), Silybum marianum (Variegated Thistle, 50%), Setaria 

gracilis (Slender Pigeon Grass, 30%), Verbena bonariensis (Purpletop, 30%), Ehrharta erecta (Panic 

Veldtgrass, 50%), Sida rhombifolia (Paddy’s Lucerne, 70%), Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu 

Grass, 30%), Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 40%), Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion, 40%), 

Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sowthistle, 30%), Stellaria media (Common Chickweed, 30%), 

Bidens pilosa (Cobbler’s Pegs, 40%) and Cardiospermum grandiflorum (Balloon Vine, 30%). 

This community is distributed within the community on alluvial riparian sites in the 

Central and Upper Hunter, mainly on clays and sands. MU 196 has particular regional 

conservation significance as it represents the Endangered River Red Gum population in 

the Hunter Catchment. 

4.3.5.8 FReSHWaTeR WeTLaNDS 

MU 197 — Baloskion pallens / Wallum Bottlebrush wallum sedge heath of the Lower North Coast 

Wet heath characterised by Callistemon pachyphyllus, with other common shrubs including 

Melaleuca thymifolia, Banksia oblongifolia, B. ericifolia and Boronia parviflora. M. quinquenervia 

is also commonly present as an emergent tree. The ground layer is typically wet and 

dominated by sedges and other graminoids, characteristically including Leptocarpus 

tenax, along with Schoenus brevifolius, Baloskion pallens, Xyris operculata, Baumea teretifolia 

and Chorizandra sphaerocephala. Common grasses include Entolasia stricta and Ischaemum 

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133 


australe, and common ferns and allies include Blechnum indicum and Selaginella uliginosa. 

Semi-aquatic forbs, such as Villarsia exaltata, are also commonly present. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on poorly drained sites on Quaternary 

barrier sands of the Lower North Coast and Central Coast. 

MU 198 — Cladium procerum wetland 

Freshwater wetlands strongly dominated by Cladium procerum. Various emergent trees 

may occur in this community, including Eucalyptus robusta, Livistona australis and Casuarina 

glauca. Naturalised species commonly recorded in this community include Ageratina 

adenophora (Crofton Weed, 100%), Erechtites valerianifolia (Brazilian Fireweed, 100%) and 

Hydrocotyle bonariensis (100%). 

This community occurs within the study area on poorly drained sites on barrier sands of the 

Central Coast. MU 198 forms part of the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Freshwater 

wetlands on coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast; Sydney Basin and South East 

Corner bioregions’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 199 — Water Couch / Spike rush freshwater wetland of the Central Coast and Lower Hunter 

Freshwater wetlands characterised by Eleocharis sphacelata and Paspalum distichum, with 

Melaleuca linariifolia often occurring as an emergent shrub. Other common graminoids 

include Juncus usitatus, and the grass Cynodon dactylon is also often present. In addition, 

various forbs, including aquatic and semi-aquatic herbs, are also commonly present, such 

as Epaltes australis, Ludwigia peploides, Persicaria decipiens, P. hydropiper and Alternanthera 

denticulata. Commonly recorded naturalised species in this community include Cyperus 

eragrostis (Umbrella Sedge, 50%) and Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed, 50%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on poorly drained sites on coastal lowlands 

of the Central Coast. MU 199 forms part of the Endangered Ecological Community 

‘Freshwater wetlands on coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast; Sydney Basin and 

South East Corner bioregions’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 200 — Typha rushland 

Rushlands strongly dominated by Typha orientalis and occasionally including Melaleuca 

quinquenervia as an emergent tree. Various other graminoids and forbs common to wet 

areas may also be present, including Cladium procerum, Persicaria strigosa and Hydrocotyle 

bonariensis. Commonly recorded naturalised species at sites in this community include 

Alternanthera philoxeroides (Alligator Weed, 29%) and Hydrocotyle bonariensis (29%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on the margins of freshwater water bodies 

on the Central Coast and Lower North Coast. MU 200 forms part of the Endangered 

Ecological Community ‘Freshwater wetlands on coastal floodplains of the NSW North 

Coast; Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 201 — Spirodella freshwater wetland 

Freshwater wetlands characterised by the floating aquatic herb Spirodella punctata. 

Commonly recorded naturalised species include Eichhornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth, 

100%), Cyperus eragrostis (Umbrella Sedge, 33%), Myriophyllum aquaticum (Parrots Feather, 

33%) and Isolepis prolifera (67%).


This community may be only ephemerally present at any given location and occurs on 

open, freshwater water bodies. Where it occurs on coastal floodplains this community 

forms part of the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Freshwater wetlands on coastal 

floodplains of the NSW North Coast; Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions’ 

(DECC 2009). 

MU 202 — Philydrum lanuginosum / Sporobolus virginicus wetland 

Freshwater wetlands dominated by Sporobolus virginicus and Philydrum lanuginosum, often 

with Melaleuca quinquenervia as an emergent tree. Other common graminoids include 

Cyperus difformis and Lepironia articulata, and forbs include Persicaria strigosa, P. praetermissa 

and Hydrocotyle pedicellosa. Commonly recorded species in this community include Aster 

subulatus (Wild Aster, 100%), Paspalum urvillei (Vasey Grass, 100%), Cyperus eragrostis 

(Umbrella Sedge, 100%), Sporobolus virginicus var. virginicus (Sand Couch, 100%), Xanthium 

occidentale (Noogoora Burr, Cockle Burr, 100%), Hydrocotyle bonariensis (100%) and Isolepis 

prolifera (100%). 

This community occurs within the study area on poorly drained sites on coastal lowlands 

of the Central Coast. MU 202 forms part of the Endangered Ecological Community 

‘Freshwater wetlands on coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast; Sydney Basin and 

South East Corner bioregions’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 203 — Elaeocharis sphacelata freshwater wetland 

Freshwater wetlands characterised and strongly dominated by Eleocharis sphacelata, and 

commonly also including Philydrum lanuginosum. Melaleuca quinquenervia may be present 

as an emergent tree species. Other common, though less abundant, graminoids include 

Lepironia articulata, Isolepis prolifera, Cyperus eragrostis and C. difformis. Various forbs 

may also commonly be present, including Persicaria strigosa, P. praetermissa, Hydrocotyle 

bonariensis and Aster subulatus. No naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of 

sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on poorly drained sites on coastal lowlands 

of the Lower North Coast and Central Coast, mainly on alluvial sands and muds. MU 203 

forms part of the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Freshwater wetlands on coastal 

floodplains of the NSW North Coast; Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions’ 

(DECC 2009). 

MU 204 — Lepironia articulata sedgeland 

Sedgelands characterised and strongly dominated by Lepironia articulata, often in 

association with Baumea teretifolia. Other common graminoids include Schoenus brevifolius, 

Philydrum lanuginosum, Cyperus aggregatus and B. arthrophylla. The grass Pseudoraphis 

paradoxa may also be co-dominant at some sites, with other common grasses including 

Digitaria parviflora. The ferns Blechnum indicum and Histiopteris incisa, along with forbs 

such as Persicaria strigosa, may also be common in the ground layer. A commonly recorded 

naturalised species at sites in this community is Cyperus aggregatus (33%). 

This community is distributed within the study area on poorly drained sites on coastal 

lowlands of the Lower North Coast and Central Coast, mainly on alluvial sands and 

muds. MU 204 forms part of the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Freshwater wetlands 

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135 


on coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast; Sydney Basin and South East Corner 

bioregions’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 205 — Baumea articulata sedgeland 

Sedgelands characterised and strongly dominated by Baumea articulata, with other common 

graminoids including Philydrum lanuginosum, Baumea teretifolia and Eleocharis sphacelata. 

Melaleuca quinquenervia is commonly present as an emergent tree. Various aquatic or semiaquatic 

herbaceous species are also commonly present, including Villarsia exaltata and 

Triglochin procera. No naturalised species were recorded at more than 25% of sites in this 

community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on poorly drained sites on coastal lowlands of 

the Lower North Coast and Central Coast, mainly on alluvial sands and muds. MU 205 forms 

part of the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Freshwater wetlands on coastal floodplains 

of the NSW North Coast; Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 206 — Baloskion stenocoleum / Poa costiniana sedgeland on Barrington Tops 

Sedgelands characterised by Baloskion stenocoleum and Empodisma minus dominating 

on the wetter areas, often in association with Poa costiniana. Occasional shrubs, mainly 

Epacris microphylla, may be scattered throughout. Various forbs are commonly present, 

including Ranunculus pimpinellifolius, Hypericum gramineum, Cardamine paucijuga, Euchiton 

gymnocephalus, Brachyscome microcarpa and Utricularia dichotoma. The only naturalised 

species recorded at more than 25% of sites in this community is Trifolium repens (White 

Clover, 67%). 

This community is distributed within the study area on poorly drained sites on the 

montane plateau of the Barrington Tops, mainly on granites and granodiorites. MU 206 

may relate to, or form part of, the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Montane Peatlands 

and Swamps of the New England Tableland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin; South East 

Corner; South Eastern Highlands and Australian Alps’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 207 — Baloskion stenocoleum / Hakea microcarpa wet heath on Barrington Tops and 

tableland edge 

Wet heaths characterised by a shrub layer characterised by Hakea microcarpa, and with 

Eucalyptus pauciflora and E. dalrympleana commonly occurring as emergent trees. Other 

common shrub species include Leptospermum argenteum and Epacris microphylla. The ground 

layer is wet and typically dominated by sedges and other graminoids, including Baloskion 

stenocoleum, Carex fascicularis, C. gaudichaudiana, Cyperus sphaeroideus, Eleocharis gracilis, 

Juncus australis and J. sandwithii. Common grass species include Deyeuxia gunniana and 

Poa sieberiana, and a variety of aquatic, semi-aquatic and terrestrial herbs are commonly 

present, including Myriophyllum crispatum, Ranunculus pimpinellifolius, R. inundatus, 

Pratia pedunculata, Utricularia dichotoma, Wahlenbergia ceracea, Sparganium subglobosum and 

Oreomyrrhis eriopoda. The only naturalised species recorded at more than 25% of sites in 

this community is Trifolium repens (White Clover, 67%). 

Within the study area, this community occurs on poorly drained sites on the montane 

plateau of the Barrington Tops, mainly on granites and granodiorites. MU 207 is closely 

related to MU 206, with both communities co-occurring, and may relate to, or form part


of, the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the New 

England Tableland; NSW North Coast; Sydney Basin; South East Corner; South Eastern 

Highlands and Australian Alps’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 208 — Carex gaudichaudiana fens on the tablelands 

Fens characteristically dominated by Carex gaudichaudiana, with other common graminoids 

including Scirpus polystachyus, Eleocharis pusilla, Cyperus sphaeroideus, Juncus alexandri 

and Carex inversa. Common forb species include Geranium solanderi, Persicaria hydropiper, 

Stellaria angustifolia, Viola caleyana and Lythrum salicaria, and the main characteristic grass 

species is Isachne globosa. Commonly recorded naturalised species include Holcus lanatus 

(Yorkshire Fog, 50%), Festuca elatior (Tall Fescue, 50%), Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle, 50%) 

and Mimulus moschatus (50%). 

This community is distributed within the study area on poorly drained sites on the 

Northern Tablelands. MU 208 may relate to, or form part of, the Endangered Ecological 

Community ‘Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the New England Tableland, NSW North 

Coast; Sydney Basin; South East Corner; South Eastern Highlands and Australian Alps’ 

(DECC 2009). 

4.3.5.9 SaLINe WeTLaNDS 

MU 209 — Saltmarsh / estuarine complex 

A complex of tidal communities including saltmarsh and various intergrades between 

saltmarsh, mudflat and mangrove communities. Characteristic species include Sporobolus 

virginicus, Sarcocornia quinqueflora and Samolus repens, with the mangrove Avicennia marina 

also commonly occurring at low densities. No naturalised species were recorded at more 

than 25% of sites in this community. 

Within the study area, this community occurs on alluvial sands and muds on tidal zones 

of the Lower North Coast and Central Coast. MU 209 is of particular regional conservation 

significance as it is equivalent to the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Coastal Saltmarsh 

in the NSW North Coast; Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions’ (DECC 2009). 

MU 210 — Grey Mangrove low closed forest 

Low open forests to low closed forests dominated by Avicennia marina, often in association 

with Aegiceras corniculatum. The understorey typically includes a sparse cover of small 

shrubs including Suaeda australis and Sarcocornia quinqueflora, and graminoids including 

Juncus kraussii and Triglochin striata. The ground layer is typically also sparsely vegetated 

and is characterised by Sporobolus virginicus. 

This community occurs on tidal zones of the Lower North Coast and Central Coast. 

136

CHaPTeR 5 

Recommendations 

The following brief recommendations are made based on consideration of the regional 

classification scheme, feedback provided from the expert panel reviews, and discussions 

with local vegetation experts. They represent the necessary steps to preparing the current 

classification scheme which will be used in a future mapping / modelling stage. The main 

recommendations for this second stage of the project are: 

1. That an improved process for liaising with landholders be developed in order to gain 

better access to private properties for future vegetation surveys. This includes clarifying 

for landholders the relationships between vegetation classification and mapping, and the 

application of the NSW Native Vegetation Act. 

2. That under-sampled and proposed unsampled communities be addressed in further field 

sampling work based on modelling input priorities, where scale-appropriate. 

3. That some groups, where appropriate, are grouped into broader groups for mapping 

purposes, with variants recognised where these reflect actual variation in the field. 

4. That suggested groups be combined into complexes for mapping purposes, with variants 

recognised as per the classification scheme. These include coastal freshwater wetland 

types and rock outcrop shrublands (some groups have already been amalgamated into 

the latter). 

5. That ground-truthing of the Hunter, Central Coast and Lower North Coast vegetation 

classification scheme be carried out prior to any mapping and / or modelling work 

commencing. 

137

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142

aPPeNDICeS 

143


Appendix 1: 

Systematic vegetation surveys proforma 

144

aPPeNDIx 1 Systematic vegetation surveys proforma 

145


146

Appendix 2: 

Quality assurance proforma 

147 

aPPeNDIx 2 Quality assurance proforma


148

149 

aPPeNDIx 2 Quality assurance proforma


150

Appendix 3: 

Data vetting proforma 

151 

aPPeNDIx 3 Data vetting proforma


152

153 



154

155 



156

157 



158

159 



160

161 



162

163 



164

Appendix 4: 

Hierarchical classification dendrogram 

aPPeNDIx 4 Hierarchical classification dendrogram 

165


166


167


168


169


Appendix 5: 

Classification Expert Review Workshop: 

Terms of reference 

HCRCMA Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project: Stage 2 

Terms of reference 

Classification Expert Review Workshop 

1. Objective 

The objective of the expert review of the draft classification scheme is to provide input from local expert 

knowledge to the development of the final classification scheme. This will ensure that the final scheme conforms, 

where possible and appropriate, to understanding of the region’s vegetation that has been developed by a broad 

cross-section of botanical and vegetation experts. 

2. Terms of reference 

The expert review team is responsible for: 

➜ ensuring appropriate linkages with complementary projects (e.g. LHCCReMS classification; local-scale 

vegetation mapping projects) 

➜ Providing technical / scientific advice and recommendations on the draft classification scheme to the 

project manager 

➜ Meeting as required (note: communications may occur remotely, such as email or teleconference) 

3. Workshop procedure 

Prior to workshop: 

➜ Botanical team to agree on preferred classification scheme based on numerical analyses prior to the 

workshop 

➜ an overview of the classification work completed to date, and the preferred classification scheme is 

provided to the expert review team 

➜ The summary dendrogram (dendrogram of groups) and fidelity outputs for preferred groups is supplied to 

the expert review team 

At the workshop: 

➜ Initial assessment made of any groups for which there is general agreement on the draft scheme 

➜ expert review team works through remaining groups, in dendrogram order, reviewing group definitions 

and fidelity data 

➜ Groups will be displayed on screen showing points for each group and other useful data 

➜ expert review team to discuss characteristic species and individual plots’ group definitions for each 

proposed community, noting which ones are to be merged / split and which ones are possibly erroneous 

(along with reviewer name) 

➜ Need someone present to produce more data relating to sites if needed 

➜ agreement sought on overall scheme and group definition for individual plots 

➜ Where consensus is reached on a community, changes will be noted and made by the project team 

➜ Where clear consensus on a community is not reached the comments will be noted and a decision made 

by the project team in consultation with the botanical team 

4. Documentation 

➜ Recording of general proceedings 

➜ Detailed recording of comments on each community, including important environmental parameters, will 

be undertaken 

➜ Spreadsheet developed throughout process detailing: community group number, group title, 

characteristic species, other factors considered important for proposed community (i.e. abiotic factors, 

environmental correlates—useful for later modelling work also) 

➜ Detailed recording of all issues for which consensus cannot be reached 

170

Appendix 6: Collated review continued 

Appendix 6: 

Collated review 

Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 

Further notes No Location 

Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 

name change Group 

Preliminary community name 

Group 

Y 3 Three outliers. Y Don’t merge Group 1 

and Group 4; outliers 

reallocated; merged with 

Group 107. 

Detailed notes Group 

N x Merge with Group 

4 – Doug Binns. 

1 Silvertop Stringybark / Sydney 

Blue Gum grassy open forest of 


Y Don’t merge Group 1 

and Group 4; outliers 

reallocated. 

Possibly one outlier – site further west – andrew Paget 

(Site lne11012). 

Y 1 Site west 

of main 

distribution 



4 Silvertop Stringybark / Sydney 

Blue Gum shrub / grass open 

forest of ranges of the Lower 

North Coast 

Y Don’t merge; floristically 

distinct; no nearest 

nearest neighbours in 

143. 

N E. laevopina has been planted in some odd places 

– plantations. 

N Merge with Group 

143 – andrew Paget. 

6 Tallowwood / Sydney Blue Gum 

shrub / grass open forest on 

ranges of Lower North Coast 

171 

Y Two Mt Royal sites 

reallocated to Group 1; 

don’t merge Group 7 and 

Group 10 as dominant 

grey gum is E. propinqua 

in Group 7 cw E. punctata 

in Group 10; also Group 

7 closer to several other 

groups before Group 10. 

N x There is a veg group similar on the CC, may not have 

been sampled – David Tierney. 

Group covers large geographical range – could split Mt 

Royal sites from sites located closer to the coast – Travis 

Peake. 

N x x Split Mt Royal from 

coastal sites – Travis 

Peake. 

Merge with Group 


7 Tallowwood / Small-fruited Grey 

Gum / Themeda foothills dry 

grassy open forest 

aPPeNDIx 6 Collated review 

Y Don’t merge Group 7 and 

Group 10 as dominant 

grey gum is E. propinqua 

in Group 7 cw E. punctata 

in Group 10; also Group 

7 closer to several other 

groups before Group 10. 

N Could relate to Group 7 – Doug Binns. Does is it relate to 

groups 15 and 27 – David Tierney. 



10 Tallowwood / Spotted Gum / Grey 

Gum grass / herb open forest 

Y Do not merge with 

Group 137; Group 18 and 

Group 137 are not related 

statistically. 

N Merge with Group 137 possibly; it’s a community but no 

groups similar further north? – Daniel Connolly. 


137. 

18 Smooth-barked apple / Red 

Mahogany / Cabbage Palm open 

forest


continued 


Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 

Re-allocate ea_SB10 to 

Group 128; new Group 

311 for sites on Wallarah 

Peninsula. 

One outlier in the north – ea_SB10. 

South of Gosford – there is some Blackbutt down in this 

section – Robert Payne. 

Wallarah Peninsula does not contain Blackbutt – there 

is plenty of sites out on the Wallarah Peninsula – Steve 

Bell. 

There is plenty of Blackbutt down on the Central Coast 

but it is not picked up in this group – Steve Bell. 

Wallarah Peninsula is quite a unique community so this 

may need to be taken out – Steve Bell; I suspect that the 

Rp sites and Munmorah data is blurring things in this 

community. 

Y 1 Site north 

of main 

distribution 

N x Wallarah Peninsula 

sites could be a 

separate community 

– Steve Bell. 

25 Blackbutt / Turpentine / Forest 

Oak shrub / fern open forest 


N Given review panel 

comments and fact 

that all sites seem to be 

closely related to each 

other which does suggest 

obsever bias. Re-allocate 

to nearest group based 

on group centroids which 

is Group 7. 

N x Requires checking. N One observer – Doug Binns. 

If observer was Simon Cropper then there could be a 

problem: 1) Not a local (from Melbourne); 2) Struggled 

with the IDs; and 3) Did not include species that he 

could not ID – Steve Bell. 

Group could be distinct but requires checking – all in 

agreeance. 

27 Spotted Gum / Grey Ironbark (E. 

paniculata) / Tallowwood open 

forest 

172 

Y I don’t see that I can 

do much based on the 

statistics and geography; 

so may just keep as is. 

Community exists in Travis’s work but under a different 

community name – Travis Peake. 

There was a cluster of sites that could possibly not 

belong to this group, however, this would require field 

work to confirm – Travis Peake. 

Most of the spotted gum sites were joined to the 

southern community in Travis’s work – Travis Peake. 

N Y ? Cluster of sites – 

Travis Peake. 

31 White Mahogany / Spotted 

Gum / Grey Myrtle shrubby open 

forest of the Central and Lower 

Hunter Valley 

Y Statistically it makes more 

sense to merge groups 

225, 226 and 227 into one 

large Smooth-barked 

apple group and keep 

Group 34 separate as a 

small near-coastal group. 

N This group could be merged in with either groups 225 

or 227. 

34 Smooth-barked apple N x Merge with either 

groups 225 or 227. 

Y Lne11029 reallocated 

to Group 52; lne1030 

unallocated; keep this as 

a separate group. 

There is a variant in here that might be worth 

recognising as a separate community – Steve Lewer 

(read Michael and Doug’s notes). 

Lne11029 and lne1030 are outliers – Travis Peake. 

N x Y 2 Site numbers 

lne11029 and 

lne1030 are 

outliers – Travis 

Peake. 

38 Spotted Gum / Narrow-leaved 

Ironbark / Red Ironbark grassy 

open forest


Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 

N I don’t have the original 

data with exotics so I have 

left these unallocated; 

also don’t appear to have 

39 No name N x Requires checking. Y Singe observer bias – Doug Binns. 

This was completed by one observer and the area was 

affected by african Olive – Travis Peake. 

Check to see what the exotic species are and how much 


grid ref in data. 

area they cover – all. 

N Leave unallocated. 

40 No name N x Leave unallocated N Be careful with Gordon Patrick sites – it is not indicative 

of the community. 

Could remove – Travis Peake & Steve Bell. 

Y Persoonia / Rothbury sites 

unallocated; merged with 

remainder of Group 44. 

N N Might need to take these Spotted Gum community 

groups out separately and analysis them – John Hunter. 

Might be best to leave the communites as they are but 

map them as one – Travis Peake. 


Ironbark / Red Ironbark / Grey Box 

shrub / grass 

Delete Persoonia / Rothbury dataset – Daniel Connolly. 

Persoonia / Rothbury sites 

unallocated; remainer 

merged with Group 43; 

Site wync3 unallocated. 

This was only one surveyor, Gordon Patrick, could be 

wrong and you should reallocate to another group – 

Steve Bell. 

The site at Wyong (wync3) is a moist forest, it is an 

N x Y 1 Site located at 

Wyong (wync3) 



Ironbark / Red Ironbark 

shrub / grass 

outlier and should be reallocated – Steve Bell. 

Y Merge with Group 45. 

N There could be a problem with Spotted Gum / fibrosa 

groups – Steve Bell. 

You might have one big group of spotted gum / ironbark 


Check all Spotted Gum / ironbark groups. 

N x Merge with 

other Spotted 

Gum / ironbark 

groups – Steve Bell 

Spotted Gum/ 

Ironbark groups 


Mahogany / ironbark moist 

shrubby open forest 

173 

could be one group. 

Y Persoonia / Rothbury sites 

unallocated; merge Group 

N This is the eeC – Doug Binns. 

This is the data from the Lower Hunter Spotted Gum. 


50 – Steve Bell. 

49 Spotted Gum / Red Ironbark 

shrub / grass open forest 

49 and Group 50. 

It looks alright – Travis Peake. 


Merge Group 49 and 

Group 50. 

N Should this merge with Group 49? – Steve Bell. 

This one has more Themeda – John Hunter. Might need 



50 Spotted Gum / Large-fruited Grey 

Gum / Broad-leaved Mahogany 

to be merged with Group 49. 


N Single site with many 

unusual species; ignore. 

N Strange combination of species – Doug Binns. 

It is located on the Neverfail property – Travis Peake. 

There is doubts that this is a distinct community, should 

probably be merged with another community – Travis 

Peake, Steve Bell. 

Nobody was sure what to combine it to, leave it 

62 No name N x Not sure what to 

merge it with – Most. 

unallocated – all. 

Y Merge Group 67 and 

Group 69. 

N Similar to Travis’s classfication work, it is a box / ironbark 

community – Travis Peake. 

a distinct community – Travis Peake. 

Merge with Group 69. 

N x Merge with Group 69 

– Travis Peake. 

67 Grey Box / Wiregrass grassy 

woodland of the Central Hunter



Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 


Y RBR01 reallocated to 

Group 108. 

This group is located mostly on footslopes whilst groups 

67 and 69 are not. The group is located in the valley 

where it takes a bend – Travis Peake. 

It is a distinct group but not comfortable with it, but 

definitely does not belong to groups 67 and 69 – Travis 

Peake. 

The group might look better when the sites are cleaned 

up; RBR01 is one site that should be removed – Travis 

Peake. 

Pesky Mount arthur Complex! Sandstone influence peak 

in the middle Hunter floor is it real. I dunno but it always 

stands out – Daniel Connolly. 

N x Requires checking. Y ? at a minimum, 

remove Site 

HUNTeR / RBR01 

(this is a vine 

thicket). 

68 Large-fruited Grey Gum / Spotted 

Gum / Grey Box 

N Merge with Group 67 – Travis Peake. Y Merge Group 67 and 

Group 69. 



69 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Offwhite 

Box / Bull Oak grassy 

N Sites reallocated 

according to nearest 

neighbours. 

N Remove, all next to roads and mines – Travis Peake. 

Lump – Daniel Connolly. 

N x Sites are located next 

to roads and mines – 

Travis Peake. 

71 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Grey 

Box 

174 

N Reallocated to Group 45 

(which is merge of groups 

45 and 46) based on 

nearest neighbours. 

N Site located on the southern side of Werekata 

(CSN57P6F), is on the edge of floodplain forest, it should 

be reallocated to a floodplain community group – Steve 

Bell. 

Northern site is on edge of floodplain, it is a Melauca 

swamp, ecotone community, this site can be reallocated 

– John Hunter. 

74 No name N x Merge these 

two sites into 

another floodplain 

community group. 

Merge with Group 89; 

not particularly close 

statistically but is a 

Rough-barked apple 

community in the general 

geographic area. 

N Highly disturbed – Travis Peake. 

Combine with other Rough-barked apple groups – 

Travis Peake, Doug Binns. 

N x Merge with other 


groups – Travis 

Peake, Doug Binns. 

79 Rough-barked apple grassy 

open forest in Turrell State 

Forest 

N Can’t do much with these; 

no time to redo cover 

scores and re-run. 

Y Cover codes are incorrect, once they are fixed the sites 

might merge into other groups – Doug Binns, all agreed. 

80 No name N x Requires checking 

– cover scores are 

incorrect. 

N Can’t do much with these; 

no time to redo cover 

scores and re-run. 

81 No name N x Requires checking. Y Cover scores are incorrect, when they are fixed they will 

merge into other groups – Doug Binns. 

Sites could merge in with groups located on the 

Merriwa plateau – Steve Lewer. 

This could be a community to recognise, possibly 

a sedgeland community (Carex inversa sedgeland 

community) – John Hunter.


Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 

Y Difficult to justify merging 

Group 83 and Group 86 

based on statistics but 

lets defer to the review 

panel thoughts and 

merge. 


N This is not a separate community – the species do not 

belong where the sites are located – Steve Lewer. 

This community could be merged into the groups 

below – Travis Peake, Steve Lewer. 

83 White Box grassy woodland N x Merge with Group 

86 – Steve Lewer & 

Travis Peake. 

Difficult to justify merging 

Group 83 and Group 86 

based on statistics but 

lets defer to the review 

panel thoughts and 

merge. 

Groups 83 and 86 should be merged – Travis Peake, 

Steve Lewer. 

Mt George to Gloucester have a river oak – no North 

Coast community – please check – andrew Paget. 

N x 

(north 

coast 

community) 


83 – Steve Lewer & 

Travis Peake. 

86 Grey Box / White Box grassy 

woodland 

N Site QRBC4a6V 

reallocated; Site JH_ 

RT103 unallocated. 

N Most of these sites were disturbed – Doug Binns. 

This community might be an ecotone – andrew Paget. 

Put these sites into another community – all. 

88 No name N x all agreed upon, 

reallocate sites. 


not particularly close 

statistically but is a 


community in the general 

geographic area. 

N x Requires checking. N This group could be merged into another group – John 

Hunter. 

This group looks to be either disturbed or observer bias 

– Doug Binns. Need to check this one out. 

91 Rough-barked apple moist 

sandstone gully forest 

175 


Group 105 (Group 

53 is also close to 

these statistically 

but is geographically 

separated). 

N White Box, Grey Box integrades in this area – Steve 

Lewer. 


105 – Steve Lewer. 

103 Silvertop Stringbark / Grey Box 

grassy open forest of the slopes 

of the Liverpool Range 



Group 105 (Group 

53 is also close to 

these statistically 

but is geographically 

separated). 

N Groups 103 and 105 should be merged – Travis Peake, 

Steve Bell, Steve Lewer. 


103 – Steve Lewer, 

Travis Peake, Steve 

Bell. 

105 White Box shrub / grass open 

forest of the northern parts of 

the Upper Hunter 


there are other groups 

closer but Group 1 makes 

more geographic sense. 

N Sites are very heterogenous – Doug Binns. 

John Hunter completed these sites and he said they 

were all very heavily cleared and grazed – John Hunter. 

Thus, group may relate to a group further east – need 

to check – all. 

N x Group may relate to a 

group further east. 

107 E. biturbinata / Yellow Box / 

Tussock Snow Grass grassy open 

forest



Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 


Closest to Group 117 

statistically so could be 

considered a variant 

of this; also a bit of a 

geographic outlier; merge 

with Group 117. 

Two of the sites do not relate to other sites – recheck 

these against other groups – Steve Bell. 

Group could probably occur in a lower rainfall area 

compared to other basalt community groups – could be 

a distinct group – Steve Bell. 

N x Requires checking. Y 2 Two sites do not 

seem to belong 

to this group. 

118 Giant Stinging Tree / Sandpaper 

Fig dry subtropical rainforest at 

Mt Yengo 

N Y Don’t merge with Group 

132; more closely related 

to a number of other 

groups. 



121 Lilly Pilly / Grey Myrtle / Rasp 

Fern of Barrington foothills and 

Central Coast 

Y No good reasons to 

change this group. 

Reasonable community, however, there were some 

plots that might need be reallocated – Doug Binns. 

Sites south of Cessnock represent this community – 

Travis Peake. 

Sites located at the Central Coast represent this 

community, however, they could be merged in with a 

Blackbutt group – Robert Payne. 

Community group is associated with moist gullies – 

Robert Payne. 

Three outliers located near the Cape on the coast at 

Great Lakes – Steve Griffith. Relationship to David 

Tierney Group 31 subtle changes in shelter? – Daniel 

Connolly. 

Y 3 Sites along the 

coast of Great 

Lakes. 

N x Central Coast sites 

could be merged 

with Blackbutt 

community – Robert 

Payne. 

125 White Mahogany moist shrubby 

open forest 

176 


Group 130. 

N Very close to Group 127 so that outlier from Group 127 

might belong to this group – John Hunter. 


130 – Robert Payne. 

129 Turpentine / Sydney Blue Gum 

mesic tall open forest of the 

Central Coast ranges 


Group 130. 

N Could be observer arterfact here – Doug Binns. 

May need to combine – Doug Binns. 

Same as Group 129 – Robert Payne. 



130 Sydney Blue Gum / Tupentine / 

Cabbage Palm moist open forest 

of the Central Coast 

N Does this relate to Group 121? – andrew Paget. Y Merge Group 132 with 

Group 133. 




131 – Daniel 

Connolly. 

132 Black apple / Whalebone Tree dry 

subtropical rainforest of foothills 

Merge Group 132 with 

Group 133. 

N x Requires checking. N These sites were all fairly disturbed – Doug Binns. 

This group is similar to Group 132 – John Hunter. 

Sites up in the far north-west could belong to a vine 

thicket community. Had trouble locating these sites in 

his classification work – Travis Peake. 

Merge groups 132 and 131? 133 are sites on the margin 

and disturbed – Daniel Connolly. 

133 Whalebone Tree / Red Kamala 

dry subtropical rainforest of the 

Lower Hunter River


Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 


N Re-allocate eT2 to 

Group 131: Group 18 

and Group 137 are not 

related statistically; the 

two remaining sites in 

Group 137 could either 

be considered a localised 

‘boutique’ community or 

remain unallocated; I will 

leave them unallocated. 

N The northern-most site might need to be checked. 

Cabbage Palm does occur up in the north where the 

outlier is located – Steve Griffith. 

David Tierney – was happy with this community and the 

sites do represent it. 


18. 

137 Cabbage Palm gullies on 

Munmorah peninsula 

N Could be the same as Group 144 – andrew Paget. Y Groups 142, 143 and 144 

are an altitudinal and 

moisture gradient; don’t 

merge. 



142 New england Blackbutt / 

Tallowwood semi-mesic open 

forest at intermediate altitudes 

of southern North Coast 

Y Don’t merge; floristically 

distinct; no nearest 

nearest neighbours in 

Group 6; groups 142, 143 

and 144 are an altitudinal 

and moisture gradient; 

don’t merge. 

There could be one outlier in the south. How different is 

it to Group 6? – andrew Paget. Should it get merged? 

Y 1 Site south 

of main 

distribution 


– andrew Paget. 

143 Sydney Blue Gum / Tallowwood 

moist tall open forest at mid 

altitudes of the southern North 

Coast 

177 


N The range looks good for this group. Y Groups 142, 143 and 144 

are an altitudinal and 

moisture gradient; don’t 

merge. 



144 New england Blackbutt shrubby 

open forest on the escarpment 

Y Don’t merge Group 

146 with Group 147; 

statistically different. 

N How does this relate to Group 147? – andrew Paget. 

Group 147 was definitely floristically distinct – Doug 

Binns. 

Requires checking – all. 



146 Messmate grassy open forest on 

Barrington area and tableland 

edge 

N Could this be merged with group 146? – andrew Paget. Y Don’t merge Group 

146 with Group 147; 

statistically different. 



147 Messmate / Saw Sedge wet ferny 

open forest of Barrington area



Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 

Y Merge Group 148, Group 

153 and Group 154 

based on statistical and 

geographic similarities. 

N Groups 148 and 154 might all be one group – John 

Hunter. Leave as separate group. 


154 – John Hunter. 

Mountain 

Ribbon Gum / 

Brown Barrel 

grass / forb 

open forest of 


and escarpment 

148 Forest Ribbon Gum / Brown 

Barrel grass / forb open forest of 

Barrington area and escarpment 


Merge Group 148, Group 

153 and Group 154 

based on statistical and 

geographic similarities. 

N Groups 148, 154, 155 might all be one group – John 

Hunter. 

Groups 148 and 154 might be the same – John Hunter. 

May need to be merged. 


148 – John Hunter. 

154 Messmate / Forest Ribbon 

Gum / New england Blackbutt 

shrub / grass open forest of the 


N Could possibly be merged 

with Group 45 (which 

now includes Group 46) 

or remain unallocated. I 

will leave unallocated at 

this stage. 

N x N Possible observer bias, high cover scores – Doug Binns. 

Lands owned by a prominent developer was probably 

done by one survey person – David Tierney. 

Believes it could be dubious – David Tierney. 

It is disturbed and on a drainage line (drainage line has 

been planted), it is different from other Spotted Gums 

community but be careful of this community group, 

check against local Wyong map – David Tierney. 

Look at local Wyong veg map to determine the veg 

community at this location – David Tierney. 

159 Spotted Gum / Brown 

Stringybark / paperbark; 

Warnervale 

178 


197, Group 198 and 

Group 199. 

This group is missing sites from the Wallum area – 

Hunter Councils should have sites – need to check 

where these sites have fallen out in the classification – 

Steve Griffith (check Steve’s mapping). 

Y ? Group is missing 

sites – Hunter 

Councils to 

check. 

N x Merge with groups 

198 and 197 – David 

Tierney. 

160 Melaleuca sieberi / Melaleuca 

nodosa / Red Mahogany swamp 

forest of the Central Coast 

N Groups 164 and 165 could be merged together. Merge Group 164 and 

Group 165. 


165. 

164 Parramatta Red Gum / Melaleuca 

nodosa shrubby woodland 

N Groups 164 and 165 could be merged together. Merge Group 164 and 

Group 165. 


164. 

165 Parramatta Red Gum / Melaleuca 

nodosa shrubby woodland 

Y Statistically distinct. 

N x Requires checking. N x Possibly a distinct group. 

Undersampled. 

169 Leptospermum polygalifolium / 

Lepyrodia leptocaulis drainage 

line shrubland of the western 

Blue Mountains 

Y Probably a distinct 

community. 

N N Could be ecotone community – andrew Paget, Phil G. 

Need to recheck – all. 

177 Forest Red Gum / Angophora 

subvelutina / grassy woodland on 

serpentinite at Nowendoc


Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 


Y Site WYNa1Q looks okay 

in this community. 

Could this be coast tea tree not coast wattle? – Steve 

Griffith. Very compressed community that does 

intergrade with other communities – Steve Griffith. 

Site Wyna1q does not fit in with this group, could be 

misclassified – Steve Bell. 

This community is a composite of two, possible complex 

– Steve Griffith. 

N x Y 1 Site WYNa1Q 

does not 

belong to this 

community. 

180 Coast Wattle / Coast Banksia / 

Isolepis nodosa dune low open 

forest 

Y Merge Group 182 with 

Group 256. 

N x This community is undersampled – it also exists in 

Bouddi NP – Robert Payne. 



182 Coast Banksia / Allocasuarina 

distyla coastal tall shrubland 

N Merge with 194 – Travis Peake. Y Merge Group 193 with 

Group 194. 


194 – Travis Peake. 

193 Rough-barked apple / Coast 

Banksia / Bracken woodland of 

Warkworth area 

179 


Group 194. 

N This is all from one survey, combine with Group 193 – 

Travis Peake. 

Check Travis Peake’s Warkworth Sands community; the 

survey ID throws up problems and I have never felt 

comfortable with this local cluster. Really need to check 

if there is a sand mantle remaining over Permian beds in 

this area. I suspect not – Daniel Connolly. 


193 – Travis Peake. 

194 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / 

Blakely’s Red Gum / Bull Oak 

woodland of Warkworth area 



Group 196. Fairly close 

statisically and close 

georaphically. 

N Robert Payne did this site. It is a hanging swamp on 

Hawkesbury Sandstone and it could be merged in with 

another group – check Group 196. Robert Payne. 


196? – Robert Payne. 

195 Lepyrodia scariosa / Grevillea 

sericea 


Group 196. Fairly close 

statisically and close 

georaphically. Northern 

sites reallocated to Group 

207. 

N The northern sites exists in barrier flats, not on 

sandstone, they will align more with the Nabiac sites. 

This group may need to be split – Steve Griffith & Robert 

Payne. 

N x x The northern sites 

exist on barrier flats – 

Robert Payne, Steve 

Griffith. 



196 Fern-leaf Banksia / Leptocarpus 

tenax / Needlebush wet heath on 

sandstone



Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 



Group 199. 

N This related to Group 160 and Group 198 – Doug Binns. 

Need to look at Steve Griffith mapping – this could help 

to separate or merge them together. 


160 and 198 – Doug 

Binns. 

Melaleuca 

sieberi / 

Lepyrodia 

scariosa heathy 

woodland 

of coastal 

lowlands 

197 Melaleuca sieberi / Lepyrodia 

sieberi heathy woodland of 



N Groups 160 and 198 are they similar? – David Tierney. Merge Group 160, Group 


Group 199. 


160 and 197 – David 

Tierney. 

198 Melaleuca sieberi / Tall Sawsedge 

/ Matted Twig-rush wet 

shrubland / swamp forest 

Does not have 

Xanthorrhoea; merge 

Group 160, Group 197, 

Group 198 and Group 

199. 

N Could be merged with Group 204, if this group has 

Xanthorrhoea – Steve Bell. Check full species list. 



199 Leptocarpus tenax / Lepyrodia 

scariosa sedgelands of the 

Central Coast 

N Not statistically close to 

Group 199; close to Group 

216 at group level but 

not nearest neighbours; 

very localised; leave 

unallocated. 

N x This also could occur up at Lake Innes and Crowdy. Need 

more sampling – andrew Paget. 



204 Sword Sedge / Melaleuca 

thymifolia / grass tree sedgeland 

of the Central Coast 

180 

Y Southern outliers 

reallocated to Group 215. 

N Steve Griffith – stated that there could have been a bit 

of lumping of his work. He has given Michael notes and 

a reference to refer to. 

N x x Groups could be 

further split – check 

Steve Griffith’s work. 



213 Broad-leaved Paperbark / Swamp 

Mahogany / Swamp Oak / Saw 

Sedge swamp forest 

Y Don’t merge. 

N Could be merged with Group 213 – Robert Payne, 

Daniel Connolly. 

Could be merged with Group 219 – andrew Paget. 

The differences relate to the soil landscapes – Steve 

Griffith, look at Steve Griffith’s work. Be careful when 

lumping back. Steve Griffith suggested that they might 

be separate groups. 


219 and 213 – 

andrew Paget. 

It is not 

restricted to the 

Central Coast – 

Steve Griffith. 

214 Broad-leaved Paperbark / Saw 

Sedge swamp forest of coastal 

lowlands 

N Y Merge Group 215 and 

Group 216; northern sites 




215 Swamp Mahogany / M. linariifolia 

swamp forest of coastal 

lowlands 


Group 216. 

N Group 216 can be grouped with Group 215 – Robert 

Payne. 

Is this one observer? Lump with Group 215 – Daniel 

Connolly. 



216 Swamp Mahogany / Melaleuca 

linearifolia / Water Couch swamp 

forest of the Central Coast


Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 



N Could be merged with groups 213 and 214 but before 

lumping back check the soil landscape mapping as you 

will find that they exist on different substrates. 


214 and 213 – 

andrew Paget. 

219 Swamp Mahogany / Swamp 

Water Fern / Plume Rush swamp 

forest 

Y 

N x Requires checking. N This extends right along the North Coast – Steve Griffith. 

They could be split into two different groups based on 

the grass type – Steve Griffith (check Steve’s comments 

and mapping). 

Could be an ecotone – John Hunter. 

Robert Payne – believes that it should be kept as one 

group, might be difficult to map. 

223 Water Couch / Spike rush 

freshwater wetland of the 

Central Coast and Lower Hunter 

N Okay – Daniel Connolly. Y Statistically it makes more 

sense to merge Group 


Group 227 into one large 

Smooth-barked apple 

group (called Group 

225) and keep Group 34 

separate as a small nearcoastal 

group. 


227 – Robert Payne, 

Steve Bell. 


Bloodwood / Kangaroo Grass 


Central Coast 

181 

227 Smooth-barked apple / 

Kangaroo Grass / Wiry Panic 


Central Coast foothills 


Statistically it makes more 


225, 226 and 227 into 

one large Smooth-barked 

apple group (called 

Group 225) and keep 



Outlier PTY03N7M left 

unallocated. 

This group is very similar to Group 225, however, if they 

are quite floristically distinct then they should remain as 

two groups – Robert Payne & Steve Bell. 

There is a couple of outliers, especially the one to the 

west; merge with Group 226 – Daniel Connolly. 

Y 2 West of main 

distribution 


225 – Robert Payne, 

Steve Bell. 



Connolly. 

Y Merge groups 233, 280 

and 281. 

N There seems to be a lot of sparsiofolia groups – these 

groups may need to be checked to see if they could be 

merged together – Steve Bell; will check these sites but 

they are very species poor from memory. 

N x Merge with other E. 

sparsifolia groups – 

Steve Bell. 

233 E. sparsifolia / Large-fruited Grey 

Gum shrubby open forest of 

northern Wollemi NP



Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 



Group 237. 

N Check Yengo data set. Judging by the very low cover 

scores it looks like you have an incorrect dataset 

from somewhere. Will get out a revised one – Daniel 

Connolly. 



236 Yellow Bloodwood / Narrowleaved 

apple heathy woodland 

on Hawkesbury Sandstone 


Group 237. 

N Similar to Group 236 – andrew Paget. Could be merged; 

some sites should merge with Group 236 when 

repaired. 



Some sites should 

merge with Group 


Connolly. 

237 Yellow Bloodwood / Red 

Bloodwood heathy woodland 

on Hawkesbury Sandstone 

N Y Don’t merge Group 

242 with Group 299; no 

nearest neighbours and 

other groups closer. 



242 Whipstick Mallee ash heathy 

mallee woodland of central 

Wollemi NP 


Group 243 as suggested 

although not statistically 

close. Probably a mosaic 

on and around sandstone 

pavements. 

N Similar to the Whipstick / Mallee group. Very hard to 

sample as they are so small – Robert Payne. Could be 

merged into 2nd Whipstick Mallee group – Robert 

Payne. 



244 Baeckea brevifolia sandstone 

pavement heath of southern 

Central Coast 

182 

Y Don’t merge; complex 

statistical relationships 

between these groups 

and difficult to merge in a 

logical way. 

N This could belong to the other Smooth-bark apple 

groups. Could merge with Group 255. 

are the haemostoma and raemosa grouped in together? 

E. raemosa is distributed in the north and E. haemostoma 

is distributed in the south. They could represent 

separate groups – Steve Griffith. 


255. 

Scribbly Gum 

species? Be 

careful with 

the name of 

Scribbly Gum 

communites 

as there are 

two species – 

haemostoma 

and raemosa. 


Bloodwood grass / shrub 

woodland of Central Coast 

lowlands 

N Sites reallocated to Group 

263. 

N Check species name. N Dactyloides to another species name – Steve Bell. 

Speak to Doug; single observer why not grouping with 

other sand mass? – Daniel Connolly. 

253 Finger Hakea / Xanthorrhoea 

latifolia coastal heath of the 

Central Coast 

Y 2 ? Two outliers. Y Don’t merge; complex 

statistical relationships 

between these groups 

and difficult to merge 

in a logical way; outliers 

reallocated. 


250. 

255 Scribbly Gum / Red Bloodwood 

heath woodland of coastal 

lowlands


Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 



Group 256. 

N Similar to Group 182, exist in similar environments, 

the only difference is that Group 182 includes Wallum 

species – Robert Payne. 

Community does exist in Crowdy – andrew Paget. 

Single observer? – Daniel Connolly. 



256 Dwarf Casuarina / Wallum 

Banksia coastal heath of coastal 

headlands of Central Coast 

Y Merge groups 257, 258 

and 259. 

N Munmorah data suspect problems here – Daniel 

Connolly. 


258 and 259. 

257 Dwarf Casuarina / Wedding 

Bush coastal heath on coastal 

headlands of the southern 

Central Coast 

Merge groups 257, 258 

and 259. 

N Should groups 258 and 259 be merged together? – 

andrew Paget, Robert Payne. 

Should groups 258 and 257 be merged? – Steve Bell. 


257 and 259. 

258 Wallum Banksia heath on sands 



and 259. 

N Should groups 258 and 259 be merged together? – 

andrew Paget, Robert Payne. 

This group could just be a bit closer to the beach. 


257 and 258. 

259 Monotoca elliptica / Wallum 

Banksia heath on coastal sands 

Y Don’t merge; groups 

261, 262, 263 and 264 

have complex statistical 

relationships. 

N Similar to Group 264 – andrew Paget. 

Merge this group but check the environmental variables 

– one exists on holocene and the other exists on 

polocene – Steve Griffith. 

Check geology and other abiotic factors before merging 

– all. 

Munmorah data suspect problems here, otherwise tight 

group – Daniel Connolly. 




Blackbutt / Old Man Banksia 

coastal sands woodland 

183 

Y Umina Sands eeC. 


N Requires checking. N This group could be merged with a Podocarpus group 

(299) – Steve Bell. 

Should be careful lumping this group with other groups 

(299) – Steve Griffith. 

Group is very different floristically – Doug Binns. 

Maybe this group could be linked with the Umina sand 

sites – Robert Payne. 

It is quite distinctive – Steve Griffith. 

262 Old Man Banksia / Rough-barked 

apple / Bangalay shrubby open 

forest on coastal sand 

Y Resticted to Nelson Bay 

area; probably mainly 

on bedrock rather 

sands; possibly a distinct 

community. 

N Similar to Group 261 – andrew Paget. 

Merge this group but check the environmental variables 

– one exists on holocene and the other exists on 

polocene. 

all agreed; single observer check you have full Tomaree 

data. Seems odd that this is not grouping with Group 

262 – Daniel Connolly. 



264 Smooth-barked apple / Blackbutt 

heathy open forest



Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 


Group 276. 


N x Requires checking. Y ecotone, highly degraded sites, Travis did some work 

for this survey – not completely happy with these sites 


It is on Jurasic sandstone which could pull out a 

different community type – Travis Peake. 

Could be merged with Group 276 – Doug Binns. 

Towarri did have a different vegetation type from other 

places in the HCLNC study area but definitely need to 

reconsider this group – Travis Peake. 

274 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Black 

Pine / Cassinia arcuata heathy 

open forest in Turrell State 

Forest 

N Y Merge groups 233, 280 

and 281. 


281 – Steve Bell, 

Doug Binns. 

280 Large-fruited Grey Gum / E. 

sparsifolia / Persoonia linearis 

shrubby open forest in northeast 

Wollemi NP 


and 281. 

N This could belong to Group 280 – Steve Bell & Doug 

Binns. 

May need to merge; exclude as these are all immediately 

after fire monitoring sites – Daniel Connolly. 



Doug Binns. 


Gum 

Y Merge groups 283 and 

284. 

N x Requires checking. N Steve Bell can remember seeing places that are 

dominated by Acrotriche rigida. May need to reallocate. 

284 Acrotriche rigida / Burrawang / E. 

nubila / White Box shrubby 

woodland 

184 


N Might need to merge with Group 300 – Steve Bell, Travis 

Peake. 



Travis Peake. 

286 Brown Bloodwood / Dwyer’s 

Red Gum heathy woodland 

of northern Wollemi NP and 

Goulburn River NP 


292. 

N Relationship with Group 292 – Doug Binns. Merge 

Group 292 with Group 291. 


292 – all. 

291 Large-fruited Grey Gum / Red 

Ironbark shrubby woodland in 


N Merge groups 291 and 

292. 


291 – all. 

292 Red Ironbark / Black 

Pine / Allocasuarina gymnanthera 

heathy woodland in Goulburn 

River NP 

Y Don’t merge Group 

242 with Group 299; no 


other groups closer. 

N This was completed by one observer and could be 

merged into Group 242 – Steve Bell. 



299 Yertchuck / Large-fruited Grey 

Gum heathy woodland of 

northern Wollemi 


300; one site reallocated 

to Group 286. 

N There should be more sites that belong to this 

community – Steve Bell. Could be merged with Group 

286 possibly? Check out all sites, as it is very odd that 

they have split off from the other communites. 



Travis Peake. 

300 Brown Bloodwood / Paperbark 

Tea Tree / Allocasuarina distylla 

heathy woodland in northern 

Wollemi NP


Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 


Y CSN33POF unallocated; 

only one site in group and 

I don’t have the floristic 

data for it. 

The site at Cessnock does not belong to this community, 

remove it – Steve Bell. 

This is deep-water community, not saline water – Robert 

Payne. 

N Y 1 Site located 

at Cessnock 

(CSN33POF). 

302 Philydrum 

lanuginosum / Sporobolus 

virginicus wetland 

Y N No further comments. Y 

3 Sydney Blue Gum / New england 

Blackbutt / Whitetop Box 



Y 

Y N Interesting only this site grouped with northern where 

are other Barrington flootslope acemnoides sites? 

5 Large-fruited Grey Gum / Narrowleaved 

White Mahogany 

shrub / grass open forest on 

slopes of Barrington area 


8 Forest Oak / Thin-leaved 

Stringybark / Grey Gum shrub / 

grass open forest of escarpment 

of Lower North Coast 

Y 

Y N This could be a disturbance artefact – Doug Binns. 

There is no overstorey species to link it with other 

groups – Doug Binns. 

It looks like Themeda is pulling it together. This should 

remain as a separate group – Doug Binns and John 

Hunter, Dominic Sivertsen. 

Should be merged with another group – David Tierney 

and andrew Paget. 

The mapped community should show its association 

with other groups but it should be kept as a separate 

group in the classification – Dominic Sivertsen, most 

others agreed. 

This is an odd cluster here, doesn’t match anything 

I know in field. Seems to cover a range of disparate 

habitats. Suspect highly disturbed or burnt sites with 

low species numbers perhaps large number of rapid 

sites – Robert Payne check with Daniel Connolly. 

11 Mixed overstorey Themeda 

Imperata / Lomandra longifolia 

185 


Y Sites reallocated. 

Y N x This also exists further north near Kariong. This 

community is very tiny, just exists on rocky outcrops – 

Robert Payne. 

This is a distinctive group; suspect this will form two 

communites based on northern Sydney Narabeen soils 

with Pittwater Spotted Gum community extending 

across into Patonga and an open Costata / paniculata 

forest on other areas – Daniel Connolly. 

12 Sydney Sandstone heath 

probably more extensive in 

Sydney metro



Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 

Y 


Y N This group came out as a distinct group in Steve Bell 

classification work – Steve Bell; possible but highly 

localised and not grouping with similar communities. 

Has Munmorah and Pinney data that adds to concern. 

13 Spotted Gum / Grey Ironbark dry 

open forest Central Coast and 

Lower Hunter 

Y 

Y N These are all Steve Bell sites on reserve. Community 

exists but probably should group with Group 14 (or 

good sites within Group 14) – Daniel Connolly. 

15 Spotted Gum moist shrubby 

open forest 

Y Y 2 ? There is a couple of outliers. Y Outliers reallocated or 

unallocated. 

16 Forest Oak / Smooth-barked 

apple / Blackbutt open forest 


17 Tallowwood / Smooth-barked 

apple / Forest Oak shrub / grass 

open forest 

19 Cladium procerum wetland Y N Steve Griffith – definitely a distinct group. Y 

Y N Group is distinctive – andrew Paget. Y 

20 Blue Mountains ash shrubby 

open forest on rocky slopes 

Y 

Y N This group looks not right – andrew Paget. 

Group is a distinct group – Steve Griffith (Steve’s opinion 

accepted). 

21 Pink Bloodwood / Red 

Mahogany / Acacia leiocalyx 

186 

Y 

Y N New Yengo data will clarify this group if you want to 

split gullies and sheltered slopes of Hunter range – 


22 Large-fruited Grey Gum / 

Mountain Blue Gum / Forest Oak 


23 Large-fruited Grey Gum / 

Smooth-barked apple / Blueleaved 

Stringybark semi-mesic 

shrub / grass 

Y 

Y N always troubled by this data. Single observer, localised. 

It’s a community but no relationship with similar to west 

and east – Daniel Connolly. 

24 Rough-barked apple / Forest Oak 

herb / grass open forest 

Y Outliers reallocated. 

Two outliers – sites GSP1Da7V aLLWOLL and csn15b3m 

ReMSCe. These outliers might belong to Group 128. 

There is a lot of Turpentine on the CC and groups may 

be distinguised by understorey – David Tierney. 

This a regional scheme – Doug Binns. 

If you want a local scheme you will need to do the 

analysis again; yes the community makes sense 

broadly but I suspect that some of the sites in sheltered 

positions west of the Hunter range are hinterland 

forests rather than coastal escarpment forests – Daniel 

Connolly. 

Y Y 2 Outliers could 

belong to 

Group 128. 

Turpentine is 

not conspicous 

– the Red gum 

is the main 

component of 

this group – 

Robert Payne. 

26 Turpentine / Forest Oak moist 

shrubby open forest


Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 

Y Outlier reallocated to 

Group 36. 

Check out the Goulburn River site it could be an outlier 

– MMS GOULRIV. 

This group is floristically distinct from a similar group 

Y Y 1 Goulburn River 

site – Travis 

Peake. 


28 River Oak / Grey Myrtle riparian Upper Hunter 

River Oak? 

located in the south of the study area – Travis Peake. 

Y N x Thought this group would be more widespread – Steve Y 

Bell. 

Definitely not observer bias as it has been surveyed by 

different surveyors – Travis Peake. Should keep this as a 

separate group – Travis Peake. 


29 Large-fruited Grey Gum / Grey 

Myrtle / E. sparsifolia / Rusty Fig 

30 Rusty Fig / Alectryon subcinereus 

dry rainforest of the Central 

Hunter Valley 

Y Some sites re-unallocated. 

x This group is spread across different environments – 

Steve Bell. The sites down on the valley floor should not 

be located there. These sites could be merged into the 

Valley Floor Box group – Steve Bell. 

No sites located in the Greater Taree area, however, it 

Y Y ? Sites on valley 

floor could be 

merged into 

Valley Floor Box 

group. 

32 Large-fruited Grey Gum / Grey 

Box 

exists there as an ecotone – andrew Paget. 

Y Outlier (CRB89) 


Site up in the Ne of the distribution at Greta – this could 

be an outlier. 

Sites on sandstone country represent this community – 

Travis Peake. 

Ferny moist herbaceous basalts and alluvium couple of 

Y Y 1 Site Ne of main 

distribution 

(Greta) – Travis 

Peake. 

33 Grey Myrtle / Mountain Blue Gum 

ferny gully forest 

187 

odd easterly sites in this group – Daniel Connolly. 

Y Wollemi sites reallocated; 

southern sites not 

reallocated. 

Possibly two outliers in the very south of the study area 

– David Tierney. 

another outlier in the north on the valley floor – Travis 

Peake. 

There is a northern Wollemi community that they might 

relate to – Doug Binns. alluvial moist; check ouliers – 


35 Lilly Pilly marginal warm 

temperate of the Central Coast 

and Lower Hunter Valley 


Y Y 3 Sites in the very 

south of the 

study area – 

David Tierney. 

Site in the north 

on the valley 

floor – Travis 

Peake. 


36 Grey Myrtle dry rainforest of 

sheltered sandstone gullies in 

northern Wollemi NP 

Y eastern sites 

un / reallocated. 

There are sites in the east that might not belong to this 

community as they will be influenced by coastal climatic 

factors. These sites should be reallocated – Travis Peake. 

any groups with Backhousia in it will be difficult to 

Y Y ? Sites located in 

the east – Travis 

Peake. 

Grey 

Myrtle / Largefruited 

Grey 

Gum gully 

rainforest 

37 Grey Myrtle / Large-fruited Grey 

gully rainforest 

classify – Steve Bell. 


42 Large-fruited Grey Gum / Roughbarked 

apple open forest



Outliers 

Action 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 

Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 


Detailed notes Final notes 

Y N No further comments. Y Merged with Group 46. 

Group 

Proposed 



Group 

45 Spotted Gum / Red Ironbark 


Y Cessnock site okay. 

This community is located on the north-eastern side of 

the gully – Travis Peake. 

Group is distinct – Travis Peake. 

Maybe check to see if Cessnock site is an outlier, Steve 

Bell thinks that it could be alright but just double check 

Y Y 1 Site located 

at ellalong 

(remsce, 

qr626p7f). 


Ironbark shrub / grass open 

forest 

it – Steve Bell. 

Y 

Y N Community okay but delete persoonia and Rothbury – 


51 Red Ironbark / paperbark 


Y 

Y N Daniel and Teresa sites, located in the upper part of the 

valley that gets some coastal influence, this is a distinct 

52 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Mock 

Olive shrubby open forest 

group – Travis Peake. 

Y 

Y N Located on higher elevated areas, a distinct group – 

Travis Peake. 

Lump with Group 52 single observer David Tierney? – 

53 White Box / Silvertop Stringybark 

shrubby open forest Central 

Hunter 


Y 

Y N This is found in gullies – a distinct group – Travis Peake, 

Steve Bell. 

54 Blakely’s Red Gum / Narrowleaved 

Ironbark shrubby 

188 

woodland 


55 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Largefruited 

Grey Gum shrubby open 

forest on sandstone 

Y 

Y N These sites all exists on basalt – Steve Bell. 

Distinct group – Travis Peake & Steve Bell. 

56 White Box and various 

overstorey 

Y Groups 58 and 59 

statistically distinct; these 

acacia scrubs are a bit of a 

problem; are they actually 

separate communities. 

Keep as separate 

communities. 

x Is a separate community but not just restricted to this 

location – Travis Peake. One outlier in the south to see if 

it fits – Travis Peake. 

Possibly could lump the Group 59 into acacia scrubs? – 


Y 1 Site south 

of main 

distribution 

(does it contain 

A. binervia?) 

Y Possbly could lump 

Group 59 into acacia 

scrubs? 

58 Acacia binervia / Native Mock 

Olive 

Y N No further comments. Y Acacia bulgaensis has a 

restricted distribution. 

Groups 58 and 59 

statistically distinct; these 

acacia scrubs are a bit of a 

problem; are they actually 

separate communities. 

Keep as separate 

communities. 

59 Acacia bulgaensis low closed 

forest


Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 

Y Northern sites dominated 

by Narrow-leaved 

Ironbark but no Callitris 

endlicheri; keep with 

group on nearest 

Distinct group – Steve Lewer. 

The three up in the north might be outliers – Steve Bell. 


Y Y 3 Sites north 

of main 

distribution 

(CRa / lnesites). 

Black pine in 

the title but not 

a diagnostic 

species. 

63 Narrow-leaved Ironark / Black 

Pine dry shrub / grass woodland 

neighbours basis. 

Y Merge groups 64 and 66. 

Northern sites reallocated 

to Group 52. 

Is structurally different to Group 66 – Travis Peake. Sites 

in the north might be outliers – Travis Peake (MR sites 

might not belong to this group). 

Y Y ? Sites north 

of main 

distribution (MR 

sites). 

64 Grey Box / Slaty Box shrubby 

woodland 

Y N Is structurally different to Group 64 – Tavis Peake. Merge groups 64 and 66. 


66 Grey Box / Slaty Box shrub / grass 

woodland 

70 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Bull 

Oak shrub / grass open forest 

Y 

Y N This is Dave Thomas’s work, out at Singleton army 

Base. The base does seem to be a separate community, 

and Travis struggled to know what to do with it in his 

classification – Travis Peake. 

Could be a disturbance artefact – Travis Peake; however, 

other communites influenced by disturbance have 

remained as a separate community in their own right. 

72 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Grey 

Box / Spotted Gum grassy open 

forest 

189 

all agreed with Travis Peake’s comment. 

Y 

Y N x The community is there but it could be associated with 

disturbance – Steve Bell. 

Travis Peake separated it out in his work – Travis Peake. 

Keep it as a separate group – all. 

Don’t leave 

Warkworth in 

the title as it 

occurs in more 

areas. 

73 Bull Oak grassy woodland in the 

Warkworth area 


N This was a very disparate 

group; reallocated or 

unallocated. 

Yengo site will be located on a basalt cap with 

sandstone below. How does this fit in with other sites? 

– Steve Lewer. 

all other sites are on alluvial – Steve Lewer. 

Sites in the far north are on serpentinite (North Coast 

private property). This is a distinct group. Look at the 

geology for all sites to determine if they belong to this 

group; highly disturbed Hunter floodplain probably 

should lump with River Reds sites – Daniel Connolly. 

Y Y ? Look at the 

geology for 

all sites to 

determine if 

they belong to 

this group. 

75 Forest Red Gum / Austrostipa 

verticellata grassy woodland 


Y 

Definite group – Steve Lewer, Dominic Sivertsen. 

There should be more plots that exist in with this 

community – Steve Lewer. 

76 Swamp Oak grassy riparian 

forest of the Central Hunter 

82 Yellow Box / Rough-barked apple 

grassy woodland 

Y Y Group is missing 


Councils to 

check.



Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 

Y 

84 River Oak western Hunter Y N This community is located in Brigalow Belt South – 

Steve Lewer. 

Separate community – all. 


Y 

Y N x This is all one property, Steve Lewer’s site, definitely 

Yellow Box on it – Steve Lewer. They are higher in the 

landscape than where you expect to find Group 82 – 

Steve Lewer. Probably poorly sampled – Steve Lewer. a 

separate community – Steve Lewer. 

85 Yellow Box grassy woodland / 

derived grassland 

Y N Found just on one property – Steve Lewer. Y 

87 Plains Grass–derived grassland Not a derived 

grassland, it is 

a Plains Grass– 

dominated 

community – 

Steve Lewer. 

Y N No further comments. Y Merged with groups 79 

and 91. 

89 Rough-barked apple grass / forb 

riparian open forest 


94 Ribbon Gum / Acacia 

parramattensis shrubby open 

forest 

190 


95 Silvertop Stringybark / Boxthorn 

on basalt 


96 Monkey Gum / Eucalyptus 

blaxlandii shrubby open forest 

on basalt of western Blue 

Mountains 

Y For want of more 

clarification I can only say 

accept this community. 

Y Y ? FTG sites. FT sites seem to be incorrect, species recorded in the 

sites don’t actually occur in that location. Check sites 

with E. polyanthemos, does it grow on sandstone? – 

Travis Peake. Check to see if there is any other White Box 

basalt cap sites that they could be merged with – Travis 

Peake. Overall the communtiy does seem to be okay – 

Travis Peake. 

97 White Box / Red Box shrubby 

woodland on sandstone 


98 White Box / Blackthorn shrubby 

woodland of western Blue 

Mountains 

Y 

Y N Southern sites might be outliers – andrew Paget. 

all sites occur on basalt – Doug Binns. 

Could be similar to Group 101- andrew Paget. 

Doug Binns, John Hunter and Travis Peake believe this is 

a distinct group. 

99 Forest Ribbon Gum / Silvertop 

Stringybark / Snow Gum / Snow 

Grass open forest


Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 

Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 


Detailed notes 


Group 

Proposed 



Group 

100 Silvertop Stringybark / Snow 

Grass grassy open forest of 

eastern Liverpool Range 

Y 

Y N Most agree that this should be a separate group; very 

similar to eastern Liverpool Range. Grass cover scores 

very high in groups 99 and 100 – Daniel Connolly. 

101 Silvertop Stringybark / Forest 

Ribbon Gum grass forb tall open 

forest 

Some sites may need to be reallocated – Doug Binns. Y Sites look okay in nearest 

neighbours. 

Y Y ? Some sites 

need to be 

reallocated – 

Doug Binns. 

102 Rough-barked apple / Tree 

Violet grass / forb open forest on 

sheltered sites of the Liverpool 

Range 


104 Silvertop Stringybark / Tussock 

Grass grassy open forest of the 

northern Upper Hunter 

Y N Travis Peake – very happy with this group. Y 

108 White Box shrubby woodland 

with Semi-evergreen Vine 

Thicket elements near 

Glenbawn Dam 


109 Sassafras / Prickly ash warm 

temperate rainforest 

191 


110 Rosewood / Churnwood subtropical 

rainforest southern 

slopes of Barrington area 


111 Socketwood / Lilly Pilly dry 

subtropical rainforest in Towarri 

NP and Cedar Brush NR 


112 antarctic Beech / Sassafras 

cool temperate rainforest in 



Y 

Y N Only two sites, might only be a minor variant of Sassfras 

communities – Doug Binns. 

Community exists on basalt, it is geographical distinct. 

113 Sassafras warm temperate 

rainforest 

Keep as a separate community – all. 

Y 

Y N This is mainly just one surveyor – Doug Binns. Similar to 

Group 109 – Doug Binns. 

This is a distinct community – John Hunter. 

114 Sassafras / Grey Possumwood 

warm temperate 

Y N x It also exists up in Dingo Tops, not been sampled – Y 

andrew Paget. 


115 Black Olive Berry cool temperate 

forest 

116 Lilly Pilly / Sydney Blue Gum 

wet sclerophyl / rainforest 

widespread



Outliers 

Action 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 

Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 


Detailed notes Final notes 

Y N No further comments. Y Merged with Group 118. 

Group 

Proposed 



117 Sandpaper Fig / Whalebone Tree 

warm temperate rainforest 

119 Bangalow Palm / Coachwood / 

Sassafras gully rainforest of the 

Central Coast Palm forest 

Group 


Y N x This could possibly go into another group – Doug Binns. Y 

This is on a wide gully floor, alluvial, undersampled – 

Robert Payne. 

everybody happy to keep this as a separate group. 


120 Jackwood / Lilly Pilly riparian 

rainforest of the Central Coast 

122 Lilly Pilly / Coachwood sandstone 

gully warm temperate rainforest 

in the Watagans 

One outlier in the south CMWaT00 SFDaTa. Y Outlier reallocated to 

Group 129. 

Y Y 1 Sites south 

of main 

distribution. 

Outlier could 

belong to 

Group 127 – 

John Hunter. 

127 Tallowwood / Brush Box / Sydney 

Blue Gum moist shrubby tall 

open forest of Lower North 


192 


128 Small-fruited Grey Gum / 

Turpentine / Tallowwood moist 

open forest of the Lower North 


Y 

N x There might be a community on the valley floor which 

might be undersampled and does not appear in the 

scheme. Site just west of Wallis Lake belongs to this 

Y Merge with Group 


Connolly. 

131 Flooded Gum / Brush Box / 

Tallowwood mesic tall open 

forest of the Lower North Coast 

group – Steve Griffith. 

foothills 

Y 

135 Shatterwood dry rainforest Y N x Could be an ecotone – andrew Paget. 

This is a distinct group – Doug Binns, Steve Griffith. 

There is not many plot samples, however, this 

community is quite extensive. You will find it in a Floyd 

and Steve Griffith survey work which were transects. 

Y 

136 Brown Myrtle dry rainforest Y N x There are only eight plots, should it be merged into 

something else, could be disturbance related – David 

Tierney. 

Robert Payne, Steve Bell and Steve Griffith would keep it 

as a separate group. 

It should be up in the Greater Taree area – Tanomi and 

also in Cape York or Hawke in the Great Lakes. 

Y 

Y N x It should appear in the Greater Taree area – however, 

its range in this area is very narrow. Group could be 

undersampled – andrew Paget & Robert Payne. 

141 Tuckeroo / Coast Banksia littoral 

rainforest and coastal low open 

forest


Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 

Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 




Group 

Proposed 



Group 

Narrow-leaved 

Peppermint 

/ Mountain 

Ribbon Gum 

grassy open 

forest of 

the eastern 

Tablelands 

145 Narrow-leaved Peppermint 

grassy open forest of the eastern 

Tablelands 

Y N These site exists on a basalt cap, quite distinct – John Y 

Hunter (John Hunter completed the plot work with 

Paul S). 


149 New england Blackbutt / Forest 

Ribbon Gum moist grass / forb 

open forest 

150 Snow Gum / Black Sallee wet 

grassland / heath on Barrington 

plateau 


151 Snow Gum / Tasmannia 

purpurascens grassy open forest 

on Barrington plateau 

Y 

Y N Is this group different to a group located at Barrington? 

– Doug Binns. Could be observer bias? 

There was no obvious reason to merge with another 

152 Mountain Gum / Snow Gum 

grassy open forest in Ben Halls 

Gap 

193 

group so they will remain separate. 

Y Merge groups 148, 

153 and 154 based on 

statistical and geographic 

similarities. 

Y N Might be a bit of a disturbance issue – Doug Binns. 

The group was accepted as a separate community 

– Most. 

Y 

Y N Groups 148, 154 and 155 might all be one group – John 

Hunter. Leave as separate groups. 

153 Silvertop Stringybark / Bracken 

grassy open forst of eastern 

Liverpool Range and Barrington 

area 

155 Mountain Gum / Brown 

Barrel / Snow Gum shrub / grass 

open forest of northern 




156 Messmate / Silvertop 

Stringybark /Tussock Grass 

shrub / grass open forest of 

western Barrington area 

Y 

Y N Could this be merged with Group 158? – andrew Paget. 

all agreed not to merge Group 158 with Group 157, 

157 Melaleuca nodosa paperbark 

swamp forest on poorly drained 

keep them separate. 

soils of the Central Coast 

Y 

One of Steve Griffith sites should be moved back to 

Group 157 – it is not on an undulating site and does not 

exist in the Central coast; lump groups 158 and 159? – 


Y Y 1 Site completed 

by Steve Griffith. 

Needs to be 

reallocated to 

Group 157 – 


This runs right 

up the coast, so 

not just Central 

Coast 

158 Melaleuca nodosa paperbark 

woodland / shrubland on 

undulating areas of the Central 

Coast



Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 

Y 


Y N example of this community is located on the southwestern 

side of Wallis Lake – Steve Griffith. 

This is a distinct group – Steve Griffith. 

162 Smooth-barked apple / White 

Stringybark / Melaleuca sieberi 


Y N Check Steve Bell – Daniel Connolly. Y 

163 Paperbarks / Woollybutt swamp 

forest on the Central Coast 

Y 

This is a distinct group – Robert Payne. There is a site at 

Blue Haven that should be found in this group – Steve 

Bell. 

Y Y 1 Site at Blue 

Haven that 

should be 

located in this 

group – Steve 

Bell. Check 

database. 

166 Parramatta Red Gum swamp 

forest on the Central Coast 

Y 

Plots are completed by Robert Payne annually for 

environment australia – Robert Payne. This is a regrowth 

site – Robert Payne. This is a sporadic veg type that 

contains native species. You should keep as a separate 

community – Robert Payne. 

It is quite distinct from E. camfieldii community located 

on Hawkesbury Sandstone. Is this too localised for a 

region scale scheme? – Travis Peake. There should be 

other sites that belong to this community, Michael will 

check to see where these fall out – Travis Peake. 

Keep as separate group – Most. 

168 E. camfieldii Y Y Group is missing 


Councils to 

check. 

Check Norah 

Heads E. 

camfieldii sites 

in ReMS data. 

194 

Y 

Y N x This was separated into a community in Travis’s work 

– Travis Peake. Blakeyi on drainage depressions is a 

community that is undersampled – Travis Peake. Keep it 

as a separate community – Travis Peake. 

170 Blakely’s Red Gum / Roughbarked 

apple shrubby 

woodland 

Y N Good community – Doug Binns. Y 

175 Acacia obtusifolia outcrop 

shrublands of Lower North 

Coast ranges 

Y 

Located on shallow rocky soils – John Hunter. 

Recorded Xanthorrhoea glauca with the spinifex – Travis 

Peake. There might be another set of sites that might 

belong in this community – Travis Peake. This is on 

sandstone – Travis Peake. X. johnsoni does not look good 

(it might actually be X. glauca) but all other species look 

like they belong – check the specimens – Travis Peake. 

Good group but just check and this is not extensively 

sampled. 

Y Y Hunter Councils 

to check 

specimen from 

RBCS work. 

176 Tumbledown Red Gum / Spinifex 

heath / hummock grass of the 

western Blue Mountains


Outliers 

Action 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 

Site 

cleaning 

accepted 

Final notes 

Y Southern site reallocated 

to Group 254. 


Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

Proposed 



Group 


More scrubby form of the grass headland – Steve Bell. 

This could be the eeC grassland community – Steve 

Griffith. Check Steve Griffith notes given to Michael – 


Remove two outliers in Gosford – Steve Bell. 

Y Y 2 Sites located in 

Gosford LGa. 

181 Kangaroo Grass / Westringia 

friuticosa grassland on coastal 

headlands 


183 Baloskion stenocoleum / Poa 

costiniana sedgeland on 

Barrington Tops 

Y 

Y N Closely related to Group 183 – andrew Paget. 

This is a bit like the coastal wetland communities, could 

end up mapping it as a complex. If they are structurally 

different you should keep them separate but map it as a 

complex – Steve Griffith (seem to be accepted as right). 

184 Baloskion stenocoleum / Hakea 

microcarpa wet heath on 

Barrington Tops and tableland 

edge 


185 Black Sallee grass / forb 

woodland on Barrington Tops 


186 Forest Ribbon Gum sedge / grass 

woodland of western Barrington 

area 

195 

Y 

Y N x Seen this community north-east of Scone, Black 

Mountain, definitely a separate community – Steve Bell. 

187 Carex gaudichaudiana fens on 

the tablelands 

Y Southern sites reallocated 

to Group 247. 

Two outliers – the sites that lie south of all other sites; 

these shallow gully lines off Somersby plateau are a 

community but at the scale of mapping the unit is really 

driven by intense sampling of local variation I reckon – 


Y Y 2 Sites south 

of main 

distribution. 

188 Sydney Peppermint / Silvertop 

ash / Gyamea Lily fern woodland 



189 Banksia ericifolia / Coral Fern wet 

heath on sandstone of lower 

Central Coast 

Y 

Y N Check andrew Paget comments about this community. 

Check for Grass Tree / Triodia sites as per andrew Paget’s 

comments. Plots in Wingen Maid have a Grass Tree 

overstorey and Spinifex understorey. 

E. serpentinicola 

/ Triodia 

low mallee 

woodland on 

serpentinite 

of the Lower 

North Coast 

190 E. serpentinocala / Triodia 

low mallee woodland on 

serpentinite of the Lower North 

Coast 

Y Only two sites at 

Glenbawn. 

Is there a site from Wingen Maid in this community? – 

Travis Peake. 

The site from Wingen Maid might have came out in a 

community by itself – Doug Binns. 

Y Y 1 Site from 

Wingen Maid 

survey should 

be allocated to 

this group. 

191 White Box / Grass Tree / Spinifex 

woodland at Glenbawn Dam



Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 

Y 


Y N This occurs in the Greater Taree area – andrew Paget. 

ecotone community – disturbed sites – Steve Griffith. 

201 Fern-leaf Banksia / Melaleuca 

nodosa / Leptocarpus tenax 

wallum heath / woodland 


May be better 

to call it a 

‘sedgeland’ or 

‘sedge heath’ – 


Refer to Steve’s 

comments. 

207 Baloskion pallens / Wallum 

Bottlebrush wallum wet heath 


Y 

Y N This could relate to Group 222 – andrew Paget. 

Steve Griffith – confirmed that this is quite a distinct 

community. 

208 Heath-leaved Banksia wet heath 

on coastal sands of Lower North 

Coast 


209 Leptospermum liversidgei wallum 

wet heath of Lower North Coast 

Y N x Could also be up at Hat Head – andrew Paget. Y 

196 

211 Swamp Mahogany / Melaleuca 

styphelioides / Hypolepis muelleri 

swamp forest of the Central 

Coast 

Y N x It does extend right up to the north of the study area. Y 

212 Melaleuca biconvexa / Swamp 

Mahogany swamp forest of the 

Central Coast 

Y N x Could be up on Bombah Point Rd – andrew Paget. Y 

Central Coast in 

the name is not 

right 

218 Swamp Mahogany / Broadleaved 

Paperbark / Villarsia 

exalata swamp forest of the 

Central Coast 


Swamp 

Oak / Juncus 

krausii / Baumea 

juncea 

swamp forest 

on coastal 

lowlands 

220 Swamp Oak / Juncus krausii / 

Baumea rubiginosa swamp 

forest on coastal lowlands 


221 Swamp Oak / Meleleuca 

styphelioides / Carex appressa 

swamp forest


Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 


Y 

Y N Stands of shrubland and heathland, this is a distinct 

group – Steve Griffith. 

This is not a low 

swamp forest 

but a swamp 

shrubland as 

is often multistemmed 

at the 

base – Steve 

Griffith. also 

should be B. 

Juncea. 

222 Melaleuca ericifolia / Baumea 

juncifolia low swamp forest 

Y N Steve Griffith has mapped this in other locations. Y 

It is not 

confined to the 

Lower Hunter 

Valley – Steve 

Griffith. 

224 Melaleuca linariifolia / Carex 

appressa shrubland of Lower 

Hunter Valley 

Y Statistically it makes more 


225, 226 and 227 into 

one large Smooth-barked 

apple group (called 

Group 225) and keep 



The cluster of sites further to the north do not belong 

to this group but could belong to the other Smoothbarked 

apple groups in the Wyong area; merge with 

Group 225 – Daniel Connolly. 

Y ? Remove the 

northern cluster 

of sites and 

reallocate them 

to the Smoothbark 

apple 

communities 

in the Wyong 

area. 



Connolly. 

Scribbly gum 

species? Be 

careful with 

the name of 

Scribbly Gum 

communites 

as there are 

two species – 

haemostoma 

and raemosa. 


Bloodwood / Brown 

Stringybark / Wiry Panic heathy 

open forest 

197 

Y Y ? Sites east 

of main 

distribution 

229 Burrawang / Podocarpus 

spinulosus shrubby woodland of 

the southern Central Coast 


Y Outlier site looks okay on 


has high cover score for 

Podocarpus spinulosus. 

Only very small remnants – Robert Payne. 

Outlier – east of all other sites does not belong; agree 

there is a unique sandplain assemblage here but is this 

very localised because of intense samples. How relate to 

Umina eeC – Daniel Connolly. 

Y Outliers reallocated or 

unallocated. 

Three outliers in the north of all other sites may need to 

be removed. 

Y Y 3 Sites north 

of main 

distribution 


Turpentine heathy woodland 

on sandstones of the northern 

Sydney Basin 

Y 

Y N Surely this has to group with stuff in Karuah. Check you 

have the complete Tomaree dataset. 

231 Smooth-barked apple / Broadleaved 

Mahogany heathy 

woodland on hills at Nelson Bay 


Group 233. 

Y N Odd spatial cluster of sites. Check Yengo data and add 

north Yengo (1993) and Yengo 2007 – Daniel Connolly. 

232 Turpentine / Forest Oak / Smoothbarked 

apple shrubby open 

forestof the Watagans



Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 

Site 

cleaning 

Remove 

accepted 




Group 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Proposed 



Group 

234 Sydney Peppermint semi-mesic 

open forest of northern Wollemi 

NP 

Y 

Y N Check single observer Robert Payne. 

I think E. piperata are most E. considenianas up here – 


235 Sydney Peppermint / Largefruited 

Grey Gum heathy open 

forest of north-west Wollemi NP 

One outlier – Se of all other sites. Y Outlier unallocated. 

Y Y 1 Site Se of main 

distribution 

239 Narrow-leaved apple / 

Parramatta Red Gum / Persoonia 

oblongata heathy woodland of 

the Howes Valley area 


240 Yellow Bloodwood / Red 

Bloodwood / Brown Stringybark 

shrub / grass open forest in the 



Group 243 as suggested 

although not statistically 

close. Probably a mosaic 

on and around sandstone 

pavements. 

N x It is located in Brisbane Water National Park but never 

been sampled. 



243 Whipstick Mallee ash / Casuarina 

mallee woodland of central 

Wollemi 

198 

Y 

Y N Very difficult to map – occurs in very narrow areas – 

Robert Payne. 

245 Dwarf apple / Scribbly Gum 

heathy low woodland on 

Hawkesbury Sandstone of 

southern Central Coast 


247 Scribbly Gum / Red Bloodwood / 

Old Man Banksia heathy 

woodland of southern Central 


Coast 

248 Red Bloodwood / Smooth-barked 

apple / Old Man Banksia heathy 

woodland in the Watagans 

Y N Check single observer Steve Bell – Daniel Connolly. Y 

Dwarf 

Casuarina / 

Melaleuca 

nodosa? coastal 

heath 

252 Mirbelia rubifolia / Epacris 

pulchella coastal heath of the 

Central Coast 

Y 

Y N x This also exists up at Old Bar – this community is 

undersampled. It is located up and down the coast but 

it is difficult to sample. Could be a problem for mapping. 

On the coast the salt converts the substrate on any 

geology into a podosol? 

254 Kangaroo Grass headland heath 

of the Central Coast


Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 

Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 



Y N Worth keeping this group separate – Steve Griffith. Y 

Group 

Proposed 



Group 

Old Man 

Banksia – is this 

serata? 

260 Coast Tea Tree / Old Man Banksia 

coastal shrubland 


263 Red Bloodwood / Smooth-barked 

apple heath woodland on 

coastal sands of the Lower North 

Coast 

Y 

Y N Has an affinity with the Gulgong sandstone work – 

Steve Lewer. 

Keep as separate group – Steve Lewer. 

268 Narrow-leaved Ironbark heath 

woodland in Goulburn River NP 

Y N a distinct community – Steve Lewer. Y 

272 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Black 

Pine / Acacia linearifolia 

shrub / grass open forest in 


Y 

Y N Further west this would be a separate group but it 

would integrade with other communities – Steve Lewer. 

Definitely a distinct group – all. 

275 Mugga Ironbark / Black Pine 

shrub / grass open forest of far 

west Upper Hunter 


Group 276. 

Y N a problem with cover scores but floristically distinct, 

good group – Doug Binns. 

276 Narrow-leaved Ironbark shrub / 

grass open forest 

199 

N Not statistically close to 

anything else so given 

review comments I 

would leave these sites 

unallocated. 

Would not use the Wingen plots, as the surveyor miss ID 

a lot of the species – Travis Peake. 

Single observer Travis Peake – Daniel Connolly. 

Y Y 2 Sites located at 

Wingen 

278 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Blueleaved 

Stringybark / Choretrum 

candollei shrubby open forest 

Y 

Y N Could be an ecotone group, a transitional forest – Steve 

Bell. 

279 Narrow-leaved Ironbark / Yellow 

Bloodwood shrubby open forest 



Group 283. 

The group is distinct – Travis Peake. Just check southern 

sites to make sure they fit in with this group. 

Y Y ? GOULRIV / 

BYLOIN4C 

and site 

south of main 

282 E. sparsifolia heathy open forest 

in Towarri and Wingen Maid NPs 

distribution 

Y N No further comments. Y Merge groups 283 and 

284. 

283 Red Ironbark shrubby open 

forest in north-west Wollemi and 

eastern Goulburn River NPs 

Y N Definite group – Steve Bell. Y Merge groups 285 and 

300. 


Gum heathy open forest in 

northern Wollemi NP 

Y N Y 

287 Ironbark / Currawang shrubby 

woodland of northern Wollemi 

NP



Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 

Y N Y 


288 Brown Bloodwood / Currawang / 

ironbark shrubby woodland of 

eastern Goulburn River area 

Y N Y 

289 Fringe Myrtle / Dywer’s Red Gum 

sandstone plateau heath of the 


Y N Y 

290 Micromyrtus sessilis / Dwyer’s Red 

Gum sandstone plateau heath of 

the Upper Hunter Valley 

Y 

Y N You do get areas of just Black Pine – Steve Bell. This is a 

distinct group – Steve Bell. 

293 Black Pine / Red Ironbark / Brown 

Bloodwood shrubby woodland 

Y N This is a distinct group – Steve Bell. Y 

294 Red Ironbark / Brown 

Bloodwood/ Black Pine heathy 

open forest in Goulburn River 

NP 

Y N a distinct group – Steve Bell. Y 

295 Broom Bush / Allocasuarina 

gymnanthera heath woodland 

200 

Y N a distinct group – Steve Bell, Travis Peake. Y 

296 Large-fruited Grey Gum / Scribbly 

Gum / Black Pine heathy 

open forest of western Blue 

Mountains 

Y 

Y N This is a distinct group – Steve Bell, Travis Peake, Steve 

Lewer. all sites belong. 

297 Scribbly Gum / Narrow-leaved 

Ironbark / Bossiaea rhombifolia 

heathy open forest of western 


Y 

Y N It is a separate community further west from here – 

John Hunter. 

298 Fringe Myrtle / Phebalium 

squamulosum / E. sparsifolia 

heathy woodland of the western 


301 Typha wetland Y N No further comments. Y 

303 No name Name was Y N Two of the plots are in old farm dams – Steve Bell. Y 

given to this 

Sedgeland that runs right up the coast – Steve Griffith. 

community by 

Might cause problem with mapping but keep as a 


community – Doug Binns. 

Check his notes. 

Y 

304 Lepironia articulata wetland Y N Perched swamp. Community is distinct – Steve Griffith. 

Would’ve thought there was more Lepironia in Myall 

lakes? No other sites? – Daniel Connolly.


Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 

305 No name Y N Just a single species – Doug Binns. 

Completed by Robert Payne, done for National Parks, 

the vegetation has changed since the survey was 

done – Robert Payne. This was an oxbow environment 

– Robert Payne. 

This does represents a separate habitat even though 

the species change, should keep it has a separate 

community – all. 

Steve Griffith was going to check B. Pressey work. 


Y N Distinct community – Travis Peake. 

This may be a River Red Gum proposed eeC – discuss 

with Shawn C. (HCRCMa). 

Don’t merge with Group 84; there’s a grassy Red Gum 

Hunter flats group that should really be put with these 

highly disturbed River Reds as part of the Hunter 

floodplain community. 

306 No name River Red 

Gum / River 

Oak riparian 

woodland 

Y N Low species count – Doug Binns. 

You can get this as a monoculture, it is a distinct group – 

Robert Payne, Steve Griffith. 

Not grouping with other Swamp Oak communities? – 


307 No name Requires a 

name. 

201 

308 Baumea articulata sedgeland Y N No further comments. 

309 Saltmarsh / estuarine complex This should 

be called a 

complex, as 

it is a mix of 

communities. 


Y N Please read Steve Griffith notes for further information. 

Three of the sites are more mangroves than saltmarsh 


Definitely an estuarine complex, consisting of four 

separate saltmarsh communites (Baumea juncea 

sedgeland, Juncus krausii sedgeland, Sporbolus 

grassland) and a mangrove community – Steve Griffith. 

Saltmarsh might grow underneath the mangrove 

community. 

310 Grey Mangrove low closed forest Y N x The sites in the north definitely represent the 

communtiy – Steve Griffith. 

There is no River Mangrove, maybe not sampled – 

andrew Paget. 

It has been sampled – Robert Payne. 

Please check for a River Mangrove community. 

Y Sites separated from 

Group 25 on review panel 

recommendation. 

311 Wallarah Peninsula sites out of 

Group 25



Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 

DB_OT02, JH_eB36, eaD1T2C, NWTUG003, PTBUL003. Includes Kunzea sp. 

a – Leptospermum 

polygalifolium montane 

rock shrubland (e.g. Mt 

Killabakh, Big Nellie). 


312 Shrublands of rock outcrops of 

the southern North Coast 

NGBaR006, NGBaR005, ROYCR1. 

313 Shrublands of rocky areas in 

Barrington Tops area 

314 E. nortonii open forest of the 


315 Goulburn River shrubland GNG08N6U. 

316 Melaleuca decora shrubland Site Q088. It should be Melaleuca decora not sieberi. 

This is a community that exists on conglomerate 

outcrops, and it is a factor of disturbance. This should be 

recognised as its own community. There is a lot of Slaty 

Box growing around it. 

This site could be 

included in Group 89 or it 

may represent a separate 

317 E. cannonii / Angophora 

floribunda / Banksia marginata; 

Site eC_T_291 western Blue 

202 

under-sampled type. 

Mountains 

a generic wetland group 

including lagoons, Carex 

sedgelands, Site brs20a2f, 

and the various wetland 

types mentioned by 

andrew Paget in missingcommunities 

sheet. 

318 Freshwater wetlands of the 


319 Mount Yengo rainforest; 

MTY1044N 

320 Eucalyptus largeana forest Only group with any 

significant amount of E. 

largeana is Group 125. 

E. largeana community 

is being considered 

for nomination as an 

eeC. Probably forms 

a community in the 

Copeland Tops area. 

Not sure about this 

one but put it in for the 

moment (mostly cleared 

so poorly surveyed). 

321 Angophora subveultina 

woodland on alluvial terraces 

around Gloucester


Outliers 

Action 

Final notes 

accepted 

Group 

undersampled 


Site 

cleaning 

Check 

Split 

Merge 

Remove 

accepted 

Proposed 



Group 


Kyuga areas. 

322 Spinifex sericeus foredune 

grassland 

323 Weeping Lilly Pilly riparian 

rainforest 

324 Upper Hunter Valley Weeping 

Myall woodlands (eeC) 

325 Inland / Western Rosewood low 

woodland 

Could possibly include E. 

nortonii with this. 

326 E. gonioclayx mid-high open 

woodlands / woodlands on 

Tertiary basalt 

327 Casuarina cristata tall open 

woodlands / open forests on 

Garawilla volcanics 

203 

aPPeNDIx 6 Collated review


Appendix 7: 

List of collated vegetation surveys 

Appendix 7: List of collated vegetation surveys continued 

Survey ID Description Survey year(s) Sites 

aLLeN Mr allen, Hansens Road, Tumbi Unknown 2 

aLLFLOYD alex Floyd’s rainforest sites 1975–1993 609 

aLLGOSFORD all vegetation data for the Gosford LGa 2003 426 

aLLRaINTOT Total species list of gallery rainforests on alluvium in Wyong valleys Unknown 26 

aLLSaND Wollemi and Yengo sites Unknown 66 

aLLWOLL Wollemi vegetation sites from various surveys Unknown 410 

aMYCLOSe Monitoring water quality quadrats for amy Close, Wyong Unknown 9 

aNDReWS Full florisitc plots completed by Peter Calper on behalf of andrews Neil Consultants 

for Wyong Shire Council 

204 

2000 24 

aQUaD Document Acacia quadrilateralus on Pleistocene sands for NSW DeCC Unknown 1 

aSHRaM Satyanandra ashram at Mangrove regeneration base quadrat Unknown 1 

aSKaNIa Targeted survey of Prostanthera askania 2001 3 

aVOCa Public reserve behind avoca Beach Public School Unknown 3 

aWaBaKaL Survey of awabakal Nature Reserve 1997–1998 21 

BaR Barrington Tops NP surveys in conjunction with Hunter district Unknown 51 

BaRPOINT Bar Point, Hawkesbury River Unknown 2 

BaRRITa Barrita orchids, Barnes Road, Kulnura Unknown 1 

BBS_aPI_S2 Target aPI surveys, BBS Stage 2 2002 67 

BBY Vegetation and flora of Booti Booti NP and Yahoo NR, Lower North Coast of New 

South Wales 

1998 48 

BeLLexTRa extra sites from S Bell various surveys (mostly Wollemi) 1998–1999 8 

BH SNaKe Unknown 25 

BHGaP Ben Halls Gap vegetation survey 1989 21 

BHSC01 Vegetation survey of Baulkham Hills LGa designed to extend the Cumberland Plain 

vegetation map 

Unknown 120 

BINNS Master’s thesis by Doug Binns Unknown 23 

BOUDDI Bouddi Peninsula vegetation sites conducted immediately after wildfire 1997 37 

BURRa Burragorang 1:25 000 map sheet vegetation survey Unknown 6 

BURRaG Burragorang vegetation survey, all sites combined Unknown 1 

BWNP Brisbane Waters NP vegetation survey 1978–1981 29 

CaLLICOMa Callicoma VCa 2000 7 

CCCeN Riparian investigation 2001 48 

CHaSeVCa Chaseling VCa assessment for NPWS Unknown 3 

CHeaTH Coastal heathlands research project Unknown 31 

COBB-MaST Survey of Coonabarabran–Tambar Springs–Mendooran–Coolah–Cobbora–Gulgong 

6 1:100 000 map sheets 

Unknown 27 

COLON Colongra Wetland survey Unknown 46 

CONaCHeR Survey of the vegetation of Mangrove Dam 1999 14 

COOLaH_93 Coolah Tops NP surveys 1993 48 

CRa Comprehensive Regional assessments vegetation survey 1997 575 

CRa1 Data from CRa surveys in Priority 1 Hunter area Unknown 123 

CRaHUN CRa Hunter region vegetation survey lower north-east 1998–1999 291 

CRaIN CRa (Coffs Harbour coordinated sites) in CRaHun study area 1997 34 

CUMB North Cumberland Plain vegetation survey 1993 112 

DaVIDTIeRN Wyong Angophora inopina survey Unknown 12


205 

aPPeNDIx 7 List of collated vegetation surveys 


DexC Targeted surveys for Doryanthes excelsa Unknown 7 

DHaRUG Dharug NP 1986–1987 45 

DOR Field survey for Doryanthes excelsa Unknown 7 

DORY Doryanthes excelsa survey 1988–1995 1 

DUBBO_99 Brigalow Belt South study – State Forest and Nature Reserves of the Dubbo region Unknown 8 

DUFFYS Survey of Duffys Forest vegetation community 1999–2000 32 

DUNCaN Ken Duncan Gallery Unknown 1 

DVBS Dungog Vegetation and Biodiversity Study 1999 39 

eaSTCMBWNP Botanical survey quadrats at each eastern Chestnut Mouse survey site in Brisbane 

Water NP 

Unknown 2 

eGaNCK Survey of Lots 5–8 egan Creek Unknown 7 

ePRISe1992 Private property survey around Berkeley Drive Unknown 3 

eSS_UPPHUN DIPNR environmental Services Scheme: vegetation-monitoring plots on two 

properties (‘Stanley’ and ‘Derowen’) in the Upper Hunter to monitor change over 

time against land management 

Unknown 28 

eVaFLORa evans Crown NR vegetation survey 1995–1996 16 

FB&eC Monitoring for environment australia Unknown 2 

FIeLDaLL Somersby Fields species list for all vegetation mapping Unknown 16 

FLOOD Systematic site surveys on coastal floodplains for 10 river systems along the NSW 

coast (Tweed, Richmond, Clarence, Manning, Hastings, Hunter, Hawkesbury– 

Nepean, Shoalhaven, Moruya, Bega) 

Unknown 2 

FLOYD alex Floyd rainforest data surveys Unknown 609 

FLOYDRF Floyd’s rainforest survey 1976–1989 52 

FRaP Vegetation survey of Frappels Block Sunny Corner SF 1997 17 

FReaK Freak Eucalyptus eugenioides data Yengo NP Unknown 1 

FTG Fern Tree Gully Unknown 23 

GaRIGaL Garigal NP survey 1992 32 

GLeNROCK Survey of Glenrock SRa 1998 25 

GOONOO_97 Goonoo SF biodiversity survey 1997 22 

GOONOO_99 Brigalow Belt South study – Goonoo SF survey 1999 70 

GOULRIV Goulburn River NP 1995–1998 140 

HaKK Vegetation assessment carried out by FloraSearch for Hydro aluminium australia 2003–2004 12 

HaMTeRR Proposed rezoning of Hamlyn Terrace, Louisiana Road, Wyong Unknown 4 

HaNGLID Three sites in Wyrrabalong NP for new hangliding site 1993 3 

HCReMS HCCReMS 2005 1 

HILLReS Hillview Street Reserve, Woy Woy, located at disturbance sites 2003 5 

HILLV 2003 5 

HUNCO Hunter Councils survey sites Unknown 58 

HUNCO2 Hunter Councils extra survey sites 2 Unknown 170 

HUNTeR Hunter remnant vegetation survey 1997–2000 148 

HUNTeR2003 Barrington foothills (landscape bounded by Mount Royal south to Singleton & west 

to Muswellbrook); in addition to sites completed throughout the Hunter Valley floor 

for use by Travis Peake (HCMT) 

Unknown 142 

HUNTeRDRF Compiled data for analysis with Hunter dry rainforest Unknown 56 

HUNTeRMISC Miscellaneous sites for priority area 1 Unknown 9 

INOPINa Angophora inopina sites, Wyong Shire 2000 12 

JBW J. B. Williams rainforest surveys – miscellaneous species lists Unknown 1 

JeNBOWeRS Species list only for creek diversion Lot 31, Wisemans Ferry Road, Somersby Unknown 1




JVMPDB Western Regional assessment Vegetation Sampling Program Unknown 170 

JVMPea Brigalow Belt South Joint Vegetation Mapping Project Unknown 141 

JVMPTP Turill SF plot data Unknown 14 

KaHDRaIN Kahibah Creek drainage line between Kahibah Lagoon and Osborne avenue, Woy 

Woy 

206 

Unknown 1 

KaRIONG Kariong High School Unknown 7 

KURRI Survey of the Kurri Kurri/Cessnock area of the Lower Hunter Valley (targeting Lower 

Hunter Spotted Gum/Ironbark Forest, Hunter Lowland Redgum Forest, Kurri Sand 

Swamp Woodland and eeCs) on behalf of DeCC NSW 

Unknown 94 

LaKeMSRa Survey of Lake Macquarie SRa 1998 45 

LeSRYK Vegetation surveys completed for Wyong Council in the Warnervale area by Lesryk 

environmental Consultants 

2000 12 

LILLI Lillicrapp Road, Mangrove Mountain Unknown 4 

MaITLaND extant vegetation survey of Maitland local government area Unknown 49 

MaNOBaLaI Manobalai NP and adjacent voluntary conservation lands (Bell helicopter sites) 1999 54 

MaRKROB Flora plots completed by Mark Robinson 2000 6 

MaRKS Unknown 2 

MaRRa Quadrat-based survey of Marramarra NP, Muogamarra NR & Maroota High School Unknown 133 

MeRRIWa Vegetation survey of the Merriwa 1:100 000 map sheet 2000 33 

MINMI Minmi swamp vegetation survey Unknown 6 

MORReIS State Forest Morriset Management area eIS (1995) 1993–1994 146 

MTKaP2000 Mt Kaputar survey 2000 1 

MTPeNaNG Mt Penang Unknown 7 

MTROY Surveys of property in upper Rouchel Brook area west of Mt Royal NP for eco Trades 2007 30 

MUMGULF The vegetation and plant species of Mummel Gulf SCa 2007 35 

MUNGHORN Survey of Munghorn Gap NR 1998 11 

MUNMORaH Robert Payne’s Munmorah sites 1994 156 

MYaLL Vegetation survey of Myall Lakes NP 2000 34 

MYaLLS Myall Shores Unknown 11 

MYaMBaT Myambat logistics site 1997 24 

NaBIaC Nabiac Unknown 3 

NaBIaC2 Surveys in Wallum on Nabiac Pleitocene barriers, Lower North Coast of New South 

Wales 

NaMOI_95 Vegetation survey of riparian zones within the Namoi River catchment, north-west 

New South Wales 

Unknown 27 

1995–1996 49 

NaNDe_WRa Nandewar Western Regional assessment Flora Surveys Unknown 48 

NaTUReWLD Species list for Naturesworld, Peats Ridge Road, Peats Ridge Unknown 1 

NBaOS Nandewar bioregional assessment – overstorey sites 1999–2004 4 

NeFIN North east Forests Biodiversity Study Flora Survey sites in CRaHUN study aea Unknown 6 

NeFVeG North-east Forests Biodiversity Study Flora Survey 1992–1993 171 

NGUNR Flora surveys at Ngulin NR Unknown 17 

NIaGaRa Lowes timber site at Niagara Park; a disturbed site Unknown 2 

NOWNP07 Surveys carried out in Nowendoc NP for Walcha area NPWS 2007 8 

NTHYeNGO Yengo NP (north) vegetation survey Unknown 92 

OHaReS Vegetation survey of O’Hares Creek Catchment 1994 56 

OUTCRa Outside CRa study area Unknown 109 

P5Ma Department of Land and Water Conservation statewide mapping program: Priority 5 

Mapping area 

2001–2003 800


207 

aPPeNDIx 7 List of collated vegetation surveys 


PaCPOWeR Survey of Pacific Power–owned lands Lake Macquarie–Vales Point Power Station 1995–1996? 39 

PBeaCH Surveys at Highview Street, Pinney Beach Unknown 2 

PeaKe Hunter Valley remnant surveys Unknown 3 

PeRSOONIa Systematic survey of Persoonia North Rothbury across various tenures in the 

Cessnock LGa 

Unknown 25 

PINNeYB Pinney Beach 1998 35 

PION1991 Species list taken of Pioneer Dairy no quadrats 1998 1 

PIONDQUaD Pioneer Dairy Quadrat Sites 1999 and 2004 1999 8 

PIONDTRaN Pioneer Dairy transects Tuggerah Oxbow only Unknown 20 

PLaINSF_99 South Brigalow Belt study – Liverpool Plains region state forests 1999 21 

POLLOCKaVe Survey of the proposed Wyong Regional Sporting Facility, off Pollock avenue, North 

Wyong 

2002 4 

POPRaN Survey of Popran NP 1998 61 

PORTeRSMON Porters Wetland monitoring data – both in Porters Wetland and in reference 

wetlands elsewhere 

2003–2004 34 

PULBaH Survey of Pulbah Island NR 1998 6 

R PaYNe Robert Payne personal sites 1995–1999 27 

RaIN1 Inventory of rainforest sites in Gosford in 1986 undertaken by Robert Payne under 

supervision by the late J. B. Williams for master’s thesis, UNe 

1986 36 

RaIN2 additional rainforest sites surveyed in 2002 2002 31 

RaPID Interim assessment rapid canopy species surveys Unknown 318 

RBCS3 HCCReMS 2005 Surveys for the Regional Biodiversity Conservation Strategy Stage 3. 

Vegetation mapping and classification for the Hunter and Central Coast CMa area. 

2005 314 

RBG_KURING Royal Botanic Gardens vegetation survey of NSW – Kuringai area Unknown 17 

ReMS Combined LHCCReMS surveys Unknown 178 

ReMSCe Lower Hunter and Central Coast Councils Biodiversity Survey – Cessnock LGa 1999 77 

ReMSGO Lower Hunter and Central Coast Councils Biodiversity Survey – Gosford LGa 1999 45 

ReMSLM Lower Hunter and Central Coast Councils Biodiversity Survey – Lake Macquarie LGa 1999 39 

ReMSMa Lower Hunter and Central Coast Councils Biodiversity Survey – Maitland LGa 1999 26 

ReMSNe Lower Hunter and Central Coast Councils Biodiversity Survey – Newcastle LGa 1999 22 

ReMSPS Lower Hunter and Central Coast Councils Biodiversity Survey – Port Stephens LGa 1999 97 

ReMSWY Lower Hunter and Central Coast Councils Biodiversity Survey – Wyong LGa 1999 36 

RILeYSB Rileys Bay survey of old Rileys homestead Unknown 3 

RILISD Two quadrats on Rileys Island Unknown 2 

ROTHBURY Survey for Persoonia North Rothbury, Cessnock LGa 1999 27 

ROUNDDRa Round Drive, avoca Unknown 2 

RPWYONG Robert Payne, 20 x 20 plots for Tumbi, Wyong Council Unknown 23 

RTa Botanical survey Unknown 37 

RTa2005 Cutting stabilisation works on F3 Unknown 9 

RTaCaMeRa RTa F3 camera Unknown 2 

RYaNS1992 Vegetation list at 56 Ryans Road, Umina, Mr B. Collis Unknown 1 

SaLTWaTeR Lot 13, avoca Valley Way, Kincumber on Saltwater Creek Unknown 9 

SaNDPLaIN Sandplain update for Payne & Wellington Paper 2003 19 

SaRaTOGa Proposed cycleway from Saratoga to Kincumber with interesting vegetation Unknown 1 

SaWR Survey of Salt ash Weapons Range, north of Newcastle 2000 1 

SFDaTa State forest data 1991–1998 398 

SFHUNTeR Compiled data for Morriset and SFDaTa in Hunter Priority 1 Unknown 109 

SFxTRa Miscellaneous extra sites from FNSW eIS flora surveys Unknown 11




SGR Woko NP rainforest survey Unknown 29 

SINGaRMY Singleton army Base flora survey 1998 50 

SOURRY Sourry – Matcham Road Unknown 1 

SYDWaTeR Vegetation survey, Woronora plateau, Sydney Water 1998–1999 347 

SZSePP46 Sydney zone SePP 46 assessment site 1996 1 

TeMP 1998 1 

TINGIRa Survey of Tingira Heights NR Unknown 2 

TOBYSCK Species list for Tobys Creek for environmental Defenders Office – National Forest 

Reserve for which logging had taken place in 2005 

208 

Unknown 1 

TOMaR Tomaree vegetation survey Unknown 35 

TOMaRee Survey of Tomaree NP 1996–1997 35 

TOWaRRI Towarri NP, Cedar Brush NR & Wingen Maid NR Unknown 155 

TOWaRRI NP Towarri NP, Cedar Brush NR & Wingen Maid NR 1997–2000 1 

TOWaRRI99 Towarri NP (Liverpool Range) vegetation survey Unknown 22 

TRIPLeS Triple Springs Unknown 6 

TUGGeRaH Block of land with electricity easement on Tuggerah Straight, Tuggerah Unknown 1 

TUMBIGCC Tumbi Umbi – Gosford City Council Unknown 4 

TUMBITRaNS Drainage line from Tumbi Creek to Wamberal Lagoon Unknown 1 

TURILL SF Turill SF surveys Unknown 12 

UMexP UCSW experiment Unknown 15 

UMINa Umina coastal sands woodland survey for nomination before Scientific Committee 2000 11 

UMINa HIGH Umina High – survey site has evidence of disturbance Unknown 3 

WaMBO Wallaby Scrub sites for Wambo Mine Unknown 23 

WaRNeR Warnervale Interim Protection Order assessment 1996 9 

WaRNeRTC Survey of the proposed Warnervale town centre for Wyong Shire Council 2003–2004 19 

WaRNeRVaLe Survey of Warnervale industrial land between the F3, Sparks Road, Porters Creek 

wetland and the airstrip 

2002–2003 21 

WaTaGaNS Collection of floristic plot data in Watagans NP for NPWS Hunter Coast area 2002 20 

WeeT_NR_97 Weetalibah NR survey 1997 16 

WeRaKaTa Survey of Werakata NP, Cessnock 2001 17 

WeRaKaTa1 Vegetation survey of 500 ha addition to Werakata NP near Cessnock Unknown 4 

WeSTSYD Western Sydney vegetation survey 1998–1999 384 

WeSTSYD2 Sites used for evaluating and refining the Western Sydney vegetation model 2000 30 

WINBFLOR Winburndale NR vegetation survey 1995–1996 48 

WINGeN Survey of Wingen Maid NR 1995 17 

WLaNDS 2003? 13 

WLC Wallis Lake Catchment Unknown 50 

WOLL Wollongong 1:100 000 mapsheet vegetation survey 1986–1993 114 

WOODLaNDS2 Unknown 2 

WOONGaRRaH Woongarrah Sports Field transects – old regenerating farmland Unknown 2 

WSC2007 Wyong Shire surveys – compiled Unknown 144 

WYONG Wyong coastal plains survey 1998–1999 27 

WYONG SHIR Vegetation survey carried out by Steve Bell and Jedda Lemmon for Wyong Council 2000 86 

YeNGO Yengo, Dharug vegetation survey 1988–1993 143 

YeNGOaDDNS Survey sites completed in the Little Darkey (McTaggart additions) Yengo NP Unknown 12 

Total number of survey collected 209 

Total number of vegetation sites collected 12089

aPPeNDIx 8 Plant families in the HCLNC vegetation classification 

Appendix 8: 

Plant families in the HCLNC vegetation classification 

Family Frequency 

Poaceae 20 597 

Myrtaceae 20 161 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) 13 861 

asteraceae 12 151 

Proteaceae 8188 

Cyperaceae 7433 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 6550 

Lomandraceae 6052 

euphorbiaceae 5280 

epacridaceae 5122 

Rubiaceae 4377 

Pittosporaceae 3932 

adiantaceae 3776 

apiaceae 3574 

Phormiaceae 3452 

Dilleniaceae 3003 

Lauraceae 2682 

Orchidaceae 2669 

Sapindaceae 2267 

Vitaceae 2181 

Casuarinaceae 2111 

Luzuriagaceae 2110 

Goodeniaceae 2098 

Rutaceae 2045 

Solanaceae 2018 

Dennstaedtiaceae 1895 

Convolvulaceae 1788 

Rosaceae 1780 

Ranunculaceae 1740 

Blechnaceae 1732 

Oleaceae 1699 

Lobeliaceae 1677 

Violaceae 1568 

Verbenaceae 1543 

Haloragaceae 1532 

Lamiaceae 1525 

Smilacaceae 1396 

acanthaceae 1303 

araliaceae 1281 

apocynaceae 1214 

Bignoniaceae 1209 

anthericaceae 1201 

Moraceae 1172 

209 


Monimiaceae 1166 

Polypodiaceae 1149 

Oxalidaceae 1098 

xanthorrhoeaceae 1070 

asclepiadaceae 1055 

Cunoniaceae 1032 

Celastraceae 1031 

Campanulaceae 984 

Geraniaceae 984 

Restionaceae 978 

Myrsinaceae 959 

Thymelaeaceae 956 

Menispermaceae 925 

Chenopodiaceae 912 

Meliaceae 909 

Santalaceae 881 

Malvaceae 881 

Sterculiaceae 802 

Plantaginaceae 798 

Scrophulariaceae 796 

Urticaceae 795 

Caryophyllaceae 789 

Iridaceae 775 

Commelinaceae 760 

Dryopteridaceae 747 

elaeocarpaceae 727 

Rhamnaceae 717 

araceae 680 

Zamiaceae 654 

aspleniaceae 619 

Dicksoniaceae 610 

ebenaceae 544 

Juncaceae 543 

Polygonaceae 541 

Cactaceae 522 

Dioscoreaceae 514 

arecaceae 507 

Boraginaceae 443 

Clusiaceae 431 

Lindsaeaceae 409 

Brassicaceae 369 

Ripogonaceae 352 

Loranthaceae 339


Appendix 8: Plant families in the HCLNC vegetation classification continued 


Myoporaceae 339 

Cyatheaceae 338 

eupomatiaceae 337 

Winteraceae 333 

Davalliaceae 333 

Polygalaceae 331 

Cupressaceae 322 

amaranthaceae 312 

Stylidiaceae 286 

Tremandraceae 266 

Pteridaceae 253 

escalloniaceae 249 

Primulaceae 232 

Droseraceae 219 

Passifloraceae 211 

Chloanthaceae 207 

Icacinaceae 202 

Stackhousiaceae 189 

Ulmaceae 178 

Loganiaceae 174 

Crassulaceae 171 

asparagaceae 167 

Haemodoraceae 165 

Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 161 

Colchicaceae 160 

Sapotaceae 158 

Gleicheniaceae 155 

Flacourtiaceae 146 

Selaginellaceae 138 

Uvulariaceae 124 

Hymenophyllaceae 115 

xyridaceae 110 

Doryanthaceae 109 

Capparaceae 103 

Onagraceae 102 

Menyanthaceae 99 

Nyctaginaceae 99 

anacardiaceae 99 

Schizaeaceae 97 

asteliaceae 97 

Ochnaceae 91 

Zingiberaceae 90 

Gentianaceae 88 

athyriaceae 77 

Podocarpaceae 73 

210 


Hypoxidaceae 72 

Baueraceae 71 

alangiaceae 68 

Sambucaceae 63 

Flagellariaceae 61 

Juncaginaceae 61 

Osmundaceae 60 

Piperaceae 60 

aizoaceae 60 

Phytolaccaceae 57 

Nothofagaceae 57 

Portulacaceae 56 

Peperomiaceae 55 

Unidentified 53 

Blandfordiaceae 50 

Fumariaceae 47 

Symplocaceae 47 

Caprifoliaceae 43 

Zygophyllaceae 42 

Olacaceae 37 

Grammitaceae 35 

Ophioglossaceae 34 

Thelypteridaceae 34 

Cucurbitaceae 32 

Philydraceae 32 

Typhaceae 28 

Lycopodiaceae 26 

Lentibulariaceae 25 

Gesneriaceae 25 

asphodelaceae 25 

amaryllidaceae 23 

avicenniaceae 23 

Callitrichaceae 22 

Viscaceae 19 

Pinaceae 18 

Malaceae 14 

ericaceae 13 

Trimeniaceae 13 

azollaceae 13 

Lemnaceae 12 

Surianaceae 12 

Pontederiaceae 12 

Gyrostemonaceae 11 

Basellaceae 10 

Linaceae 8

Appendix 8: Plant families in the HCLNC vegetation classification continued 


amygdalaceae 8 

eriocaulaceae 7 

alismataceae 7 

Salicaceae 7 

Psilotaceae 6 

Salviniaceae 5 

Lythraceae 4 

Simaroubaceae 4 

alliaceae 4 

Centrolepidaceae 4 

Sparganiaceae 3 

Papaveraceae 3 

Cannabaceae 3 

Cannaceae 3 

Balsaminaceae 2 

Ceratophyllaceae 2 

Nymphaeaceae 2 

Marsileaceae 2 

araucariaceae 2 

elatinaceae 2 

agavaceae 2 

Tiliaceae 1 

Dicranaceae 1 

Dawsoniaceae 1 

Burmanniaceae 1 

Melastomataceae 1 

Total 217 729 

Count 202 

aPPeNDIx 8 Plant families in the HCLNC vegetation classification 

211


Appendix 9: 

List of species recorded in the study 

Family name Botanical name Common name Authority 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia (L.) Jacq. 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustissima (L.) Jacq. 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa subsp. burmanniana (L.) Jacq. 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa subsp. cuneata (L.) Jacq. 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa subsp. mucronata (L.) Jacq. 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa subsp. spatulata (L.) Jacq. 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa subsp. viscosa (L.) Jacq. 

Phormiaceae Dianella caerulea Blue Flax-lily Sims 

Phormiaceae Dianella caerulea var. assera Sims 

Phormiaceae Dianella caerulea var. caerulea Sims 

Phormiaceae Dianella caerulea var. cinerascens Sims 

Phormiaceae Dianella caerulea var. producta Sims 

Phormiaceae Dianella caerulea var. protensa Sims 

Phormiaceae Dianella caerulea var. vannata Sims 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea curviflora R. Br. 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea curviflora var. curviflora R. Br. 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea curviflora var. divergens R. Br. 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea curviflora var. gracilis R. Br. 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea curviflora var. sericea R. Br. 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea curviflora var. subglabrata R. Br. 

asteraceae Vittadinia cuneata Fuzzweed DC. 

asteraceae Vittadinia cuneata var. cuneata DC. 

asteraceae Vittadinia cuneata var. cuneata forma cuneata DC. 

asteraceae Vittadinia cuneata var. cuneata forma minor DC. 

asteraceae Vittadinia cuneata var. hirsuta DC. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia terminalis Sunshine Wattle (Salisb.) J.F.Macbr. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia terminalis subsp. angustifolia (Salisb.) J.F.Macbr. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia terminalis subsp. aurea (Salisb.) J.F.Macbr. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia terminalis subsp. longiaxialis (Salisb.) J.F.Macbr. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia terminalis subsp. terminalis Sunshine Wattle (Salisb.) J.F. Macbr. 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum polygalifolium Tantoon Salisb. 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp. 

cismontanum 


montanum 


polygalifolium 


transmontanum 

Rutaceae Phebalium squamulosum Scaly Phebalium Vent. 

Rutaceae Phebalium squamulosum subsp. argenteum Vent. 

Rutaceae Phebalium squamulosum subsp. gracile Vent. 

212 

Salisb. 

Salisb. 

Salisb. 

Salisb. 

Rutaceae Phebalium squamulosum subsp. lineare Vent.

Appendix 9: List of species recorded in the study continued 

aPPeNDIx 9 List of species recorded in the study 


Rutaceae Phebalium squamulosum subsp. squamulosum Vent. 

Violaceae Viola hederacea Ivy-leaved Violet Labill. 

Violaceae Viola hederacea forma A Labill. 

Violaceae Viola hederacea forma B Labill. 

Violaceae Viola hederacea forma C Labill. 

Violaceae Viola hederacea forma d Labill. 

acanthaceae Rostellularia adscendens subsp. adscendens 

var. adscendens 


var. latifolia 


var. pogonanthera 

213 

(R. Br.) R.M.Barker 



apiaceae Apium prostratum Sea Celery Labill. ex Vent. 

apiaceae Apium prostratum var. filiforme (a.Rich.) T.W.Kirk 

apiaceae Apium prostratum var. prostratum Labill. ex Vent. 

asteraceae Brachyscome ciliaris Variable Daisy (Labill.) Less. 

asteraceae Brachyscome ciliaris var. ciliaris (Labill.) Less. 

asteraceae Brachyscome ciliaris var. lanuginosa (Labill.) Less. 

asteraceae Brachyscome ciliaris var. subintegrifolia (Labill.) Less. 

asteraceae Senecio lautus Variable Groundsel G.Forst. ex Willd. 

asteraceae Senecio lautus subsp. dissectifolius G.Forst. ex Willd. 

asteraceae Senecio lautus subsp. lanceolatus G.Forst. ex Willd. 

asteraceae Senecio lautus subsp. lautus G.Forst. ex Willd. 

Chenopodiaceae Einadia trigonos Fishweed (Schult.) Paul G.Wilson 

Chenopodiaceae Einadia trigonos subsp. leiocarpa (Schult.) Paul G.Wilson 

Chenopodiaceae Einadia trigonos subsp. stellulata (Schult.) Paul G.Wilson 

Chenopodiaceae Einadia trigonos subsp. trigonos (Schult.) Paul G.Wilson 

epacridaceae Brachyloma daphnoides Daphne Heath (Sm.) Benth. 

epacridaceae Brachyloma daphnoides subsp. daphnoides (Sm.) Benth. 

epacridaceae Brachyloma daphnoides subsp. glabrum (Sm.) Benth. 

epacridaceae Brachyloma daphnoides subsp. pubescens (Sm.) Benth. 

Lomandraceae Lomandra confertifolia (F.M.Bailey) Fahn 

Lomandraceae Lomandra confertifolia subsp. confertifolia (F.M.Bailey) Fahn 

Lomandraceae Lomandra confertifolia subsp. pallida (F.M.Bailey) Fahn 

Lomandraceae Lomandra confertifolia subsp. rubiginosa (F.M.Bailey) Fahn 

Lomandraceae Lomandra filiformis Wattle Matt-rush (Thunb.) Britten 

Lomandraceae Lomandra filiformis subsp. coriacea (Thunb.) Britten 

Lomandraceae Lomandra filiformis subsp. filiformis (Thunb.) Britten 

Lomandraceae Lomandra filiformis subsp. flavior (Thunb.) Britten 

Myrtaceae Acmena smithii Lilly Pilly (Poir.) Merr. & L.M.Perry 

Myrtaceae Acmena smithii (small-leaved race) (Poir.) Merr. & L.M.Perry 

Myrtaceae Acmena smithii (type form) (Poir.) Merr. & L.M.Perry 

Myrtaceae Acmena smithii var. minor (Poir.) Merr. & L.M.Perry 

Phormiaceae Dianella revoluta Geoff Carr? 

Phormiaceae Dianella revoluta R. Br. 

Phormiaceae Dianella revoluta var. revoluta R. Br.




Phormiaceae Dianella revoluta var. vinosa R. Br. 

Poaceae Aristida ramosa Purple Wiregrass R. Br. 

Poaceae Aristida ramosa var. ramosa R. Br. 

Poaceae Aristida ramosa var. scaberula R. Br. 

Poaceae Aristida ramosa var. speciosa R. Br. 

Poaceae Poa sieberiana Spreng. 

Poaceae Poa sieberiana var. cyanophylla Spreng. 

Poaceae Poa sieberiana var. hirtella Spreng. 

Poaceae Poa sieberiana var. sieberiana Snowgrass Spreng. 

Rhamnaceae Cryptandra amara Bitter Cryptandra Sm. 

Rhamnaceae Cryptandra amara var. amara Sm. 

Rhamnaceae Cryptandra amara var. floribunda Sm. 

Rhamnaceae Cryptandra amara var. longiflora Sm. 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea linifolia Smith 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea linifolia subsp. caesia Smith 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea linifolia subsp. collina Smith 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea linifolia subsp. linifolia Smith 

anthericaceae Caesia parviflora Pale Grass-lily R. Br. 

anthericaceae Caesia parviflora var. parviflora R. Br. 

anthericaceae Caesia parviflora var. vittata R. Br. 

apiaceae Daucus glochidiatus Native Carrot ‘(Labill.) Fisch., C.a.Mey. & 

ave-Lall.’ 

apiaceae Daucus glochidiatus forma A ‘(Labill.) Fisch., C.a.Mey. & 

ave-Lall.’ 

apiaceae Daucus glochidiatus forma F ‘(Labill.) Fisch., C.a.Mey. & 

ave-Lall.’ 

apiaceae Xanthosia pilosa Woolly xanthosia Rudge 

apiaceae Xanthosia pilosa forma A Rudge 

apiaceae Xanthosia pilosa forma C Rudge 

araliaceae Polyscias sambucifolia elderberry Panax (Sieber ex DC.) Harms 

araliaceae Polyscias sambucifolia subsp. A (Sieber ex DC.) Harms 

araliaceae Polyscias sambucifolia subsp. C Ferny Panax (Sieber ex DC.) Harms 

asteraceae Brachyscome angustifolia a.Cunn. ex DC. 

asteraceae Brachyscome angustifolia var. angustifolia a.Cunn. ex DC. 

asteraceae Brachyscome angustifolia var. heterophylla a.Cunn. ex DC. 

asteraceae Brachyscome diversifolia (Graham ex Hook.) Fisch. & 

C.a.Mey. 

asteraceae Brachyscome diversifolia var. dissecta (Graham ex Hook.) Fisch. & 

C.a.Mey. 

asteraceae Brachyscome diversifolia var. diversifolia (Graham ex Hook.) Fisch. & 

C.a.Mey. 

asteraceae Brachyscome multifida Cut-leaved Daisy DC. 

asteraceae Brachyscome multifida var. dilatata DC. 

asteraceae Brachyscome multifida var. multifida DC. 

asteraceae Cassinia leptocephala F. Muell. 

asteraceae Cassinia leptocephala subsp. A F. Muell. 

asteraceae Cassinia leptocephala subsp. leptocephala F. Muell. 

214




asteraceae Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norlindh 

asteraceae Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera Boneseed (L.) Norlindh 

asteraceae Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata Bitou Bush (L.) Norlindh 

asteraceae Picris angustifolia DC. 

asteraceae Picris angustifolia subsp. angustifolia DC. 

asteraceae Picris angustifolia subsp. carolorumhenricorum 

asteraceae Senecio hispidulus Hill Fireweed a.Rich. 

asteraceae Senecio hispidulus var. dissectus a.Rich. 

asteraceae Senecio hispidulus var. hispidulus a.Rich. 

asteraceae Senecio vagus F. Muell. 

asteraceae Senecio vagus subsp. eglandulosus F. Muell. 

asteraceae Senecio vagus subsp. vagus F. Muell. 

asteraceae Vittadinia dissecta (Benth.) N.Burb. 

asteraceae Vittadinia dissecta var. dissecta (Benth.) N.Burb. 

asteraceae Vittadinia dissecta var. hirta (Benth.) N.Burb. 

asteraceae Vittadinia hispidula F. Muell. ex a.Gray 

asteraceae Vittadinia hispidula var. hispidula F. Muell. ex a.Gray 

asteraceae Vittadinia hispidula var. setosa F. Muell. ex a.Gray 

Blechnaceae Blechnum patersonii Strap Water Fern (R. Br.) Mett. 

Blechnaceae Blechnum patersonii subsp. patersonii (R. Br.) Mett. 

Blechnaceae Blechnum patersonii subsp. queenslandicum (R. Br.) Mett. 

Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia planiflora P.J.Sm. 

Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia planiflora subsp. longipila P.J.Sm. 

Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia planiflora subsp. planiflora P.J.Sm. 

Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia stricta Tall Bluebell (R. Br.) Sweet 

Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia stricta subsp. alterna (R. Br.) Sweet 

Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia stricta subsp. stricta (R. Br.) Sweet 

Chenopodiaceae Einadia nutans Climbing Saltbush (R. Br.) a.J.Scott 

Chenopodiaceae Einadia nutans subsp. linifolia (R. Br.) a.J.Scott 

Chenopodiaceae Einadia nutans subsp. nutans (R. Br.) a.J.Scott 

Chenopodiaceae Sclerolaena muricata Black Rolypoly (Moq.) Domin 

Chenopodiaceae Sclerolaena muricata var. muricata (Moq.) Domin 

Chenopodiaceae Sclerolaena muricata var. semiglabra (Moq.) Domin 

epacridaceae Epacris microphylla R. Br. 

epacridaceae Epacris microphylla var. microphylla R. Br. 

epacridaceae Epacris microphylla var. rhombifolia R. Br. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon lanceolatus (Smith) R. Br. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon lanceolatus var. gracilis (Smith) R. Br. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon lanceolatus var. lanceolatus (Smith) R. Br. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon microphyllus (Cav.) R. Br. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon microphyllus var. microphyllus (Cav.) R. Br. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon microphyllus var. pilibundus (Cav.) R. Br. 

epacridaceae Lissanthe strigosa Peach Heath (Sm.) R. Br. 

epacridaceae Lissanthe strigosa subsp. strigosa (Sm.) R. Br. 

215 

DC.




epacridaceae Lissanthe strigosa subsp. subulata Peach Heath (Sm.) R. Br. 

epacridaceae Styphelia laeta R. Br. 

epacridaceae Styphelia laeta subsp. laeta R. Br. 

epacridaceae Styphelia laeta subsp. latifolia R. Br. 

euphorbiaceae Glochidion ferdinandi Cheese Tree (Mull.arg.) F.M.Bailey 

euphorbiaceae Glochidion ferdinandi var. ferdinandi Cheese Tree (Mull.arg.) F.M.Bailey 

euphorbiaceae Glochidion ferdinandi var. pubens Hairy Cheese Tree (Mull.arg.) F.M.Bailey 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Bossiaea rhombifolia Sieber ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Bossiaea rhombifolia subsp. concolor Sieber ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Bossiaea rhombifolia subsp. rhombifolia Sieber ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Gompholobium virgatum Leafy Wedge Pea Sieb. ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Gompholobium virgatum var. aspalathoides Sieb. ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Gompholobium virgatum var. virgatum Sieb. ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Platylobium formosum Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Platylobium formosum subsp. formosum Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Platylobium formosum subsp. parviflorum Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea ferruginea Rudge 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea ferruginea var. deanei Rudge 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea ferruginea var. ferruginea Rudge 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia deanei Green Wattle ‘(R.T.Baker) M.B.Welch, 

Coombs & McGlynn’ 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia deanei subsp. deanei ‘Green Wattle, Deane’s 

Wattle’ 

216 

‘(R.T.Baker) M.B.Welch, 


Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia deanei subsp. paucijuga Green Wattle ‘(R.T.Baker) M.B.Welch, 


Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia irrorata Green Wattle Sieber ex Sprengel 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia irrorata subsp. irrorata Green Wattle Sieber ex Sprengel 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia irrorata X parvipinnula Unknown 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia juncifolia Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia juncifolia subsp. juncifolia Rush-leaved Wattle Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia juncifolia subsp. serpentinicola Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia longifolia (andrews) Willd. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia longifolia subsp. longifolia Sydney Golden Wattle (andrews) Willd. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae Coastal Wattle (andrews) Willd. 

Geraniaceae Geranium solanderi Native Geranium Carolin 

Geraniaceae Geranium solanderi var. grande Carolin 

Geraniaceae Geranium solanderi var. solanderi Carolin 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia heterophylla Smith 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia heterophylla subsp. eglandulosa Smith 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia heterophylla subsp. heterophylla Smith 

Haloragaceae Gonocarpus micranthus Thunb. 

Haloragaceae Gonocarpus micranthus subsp. micranthus Thunb. 

Haloragaceae Gonocarpus micranthus subsp. ramosissimus Thunb. 

Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis hygrometrica Golden Weather-grass Labill. 

Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis hygrometrica var. hygrometrica Labill. 

Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis hygrometrica var. villosisepala Labill.




Juncaceae Luzula flaccida (Buchenau) edgar 

Juncaceae Luzula flaccida forma A (Buchenau) edgar 

Juncaceae Luzula flaccida forma B (Buchenau) edgar 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus dalrympleana Mountain Gum Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus dalrympleana subsp. dalrympleana Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus dalrympleana subsp. heptantha Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus fergusonii R.T.Baker 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus fergusonii subsp. dorsiventralis R.T.Baker 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus fergusonii subsp. fergusonii R.T.Baker 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus parramattensis Parramatta Red Gum C.Hall 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. decadens C.Hall 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. 

parramattensis 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus radiata Narrow-leaved 

Peppermint 

217 

C.Hall 

Sieber ex DC. 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus radiata subsp. radiata Sieber ex DC. 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus radiata subsp. sejuncta Sieber ex DC. 

Myrtaceae Euryomyrtus ramosissima Rosy Baeckea (a.Cunn.) Trudgen 

Myrtaceae Euryomyrtus ramosissima subsp. prostrata (a.Cunn.) Trudgen 

Myrtaceae Euryomyrtus ramosissima subsp. ramosissima (a.Cunn.) Trudgen 

Myrtaceae Syncarpia glomulifera Turpentine (Sm.) Nied. 

Myrtaceae Syncarpia glomulifera subsp. glabra (Sm.) Nied. 

Myrtaceae Syncarpia glomulifera subsp. glomulifera (Sm.) Nied. 

Oleaceae Notelaea longifolia Large Mock-olive Vent. 

Oleaceae Notelaea longifolia forma intermedia Vent. 

Oleaceae Notelaea longifolia forma longifolia Vent. 

Oleaceae Notelaea microcarpa Native Olive R. Br. 

Oleaceae Notelaea microcarpa var. microcarpa R. Br. 

Oleaceae Notelaea microcarpa var. velutina R. Br. 

Oleaceae Olea europaea Common Olive L. 

Oleaceae Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata L. 

Oleaceae Olea europaea subsp. europaea L. 

Onagraceae Epilobium billardiereanum subsp. 

billardiereanum 

Onagraceae Epilobium billardiereanum subsp. cinereum Ser. 

Onagraceae Epilobium billardiereanum subsp. hydrophilum Ser. 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium speciosum (Sm.) M.a.Clem. & D.L.Jones 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium speciosum Rock Lily M.a.Clem & D.L.Jones 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium speciosum Rock Lily Sm. 

Pittosporaceae Billardiera scandens appleberry Smith 

Pittosporaceae Billardiera scandens var. scandens Smith 

Pittosporaceae Billardiera scandens var. sericata Smith 

Pittosporaceae Bursaria spinosa Native Blackthorn Cav. 

Pittosporaceae Bursaria spinosa subsp. lasiophylla Cav. 

Pittosporaceae Bursaria spinosa subsp. spinosa Cav. 

Poaceae Aristida jerichoensis Jericho Wiregrass (Domin) Henrard 

Ser.




Poaceae Aristida jerichoensis var. jerichoensis (Domin) Henrard 

Poaceae Aristida jerichoensis var. subspinulifera (Domin) Henrard 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia racemosa (R. Br.) H.P.Linder 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia racemosa var. obtusata (R. Br.) H.P.Linder 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia racemosa var. racemosa (R. Br.) H.P.Linder 

Poaceae Austrostipa rudis (Spreng.) Jacobs & everett 

Poaceae Austrostipa rudis subsp. nervosa (Spreng.) Jacobs & everett 

Poaceae Austrostipa rudis subsp. rudis (Spreng.) Jacobs & everett 

Poaceae Austrostipa scabra Speargrass (Lindl.) S.W.L.Jacobs & 

J.everett 

Poaceae Austrostipa scabra subsp. falcata (Lindl.) S.W.L.Jacobs & 

J.everett 

Poaceae Austrostipa scabra subsp. scabra (Lindl.) S.W.L.Jacobs & 

J.everett 

Proteaceae Banksia cunninghamii Sieber ex Reichb. 

Proteaceae Banksia cunninghamii subsp. A Sieber ex Reichb. 

Proteaceae Banksia cunninghamii subsp. cunninghamii Sieber ex Reichb. 

Proteaceae Banksia ericifolia Heath-leaved Banksia L.f. 

Proteaceae Banksia ericifolia subsp. ericifolia L.f. 

Proteaceae Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha L.f. 

Proteaceae Banksia integrifolia Coast Banksia L.f. 

Proteaceae Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia Coastal Banksia L.f. 

Proteaceae Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola L.f. 

Proteaceae Banksia spinulosa Hairpin Banksia Smith 

Proteaceae Banksia spinulosa var. collina Smith 

Proteaceae Banksia spinulosa var. spinulosa Smith 

Proteaceae Conospermum longifolium Smith 

Proteaceae Conospermum longifolium subsp. longifolium Smith 

Proteaceae Conospermum longifolium subsp. mediale Smith 

Proteaceae Grevillea humilis Makinson 

Proteaceae Grevillea humilis subsp. humilis Makinson 

Proteaceae Grevillea humilis subsp. lucens Makinson 

Proteaceae Persoonia laurina Pers. 

Proteaceae Persoonia laurina subsp. intermedia Pers. 

Proteaceae Persoonia laurina subsp. laurina Pers. 

Proteaceae Persoonia myrtilloides Sieber ex Schultes & 

Schultes 

Proteaceae Persoonia myrtilloides subsp. cunninghamii Sieber ex Schultes & 

Schultes 

Proteaceae Persoonia myrtilloides subsp. myrtilloides Sieber ex Schultes & 

Schultes 

Restionaceae Baloskion tetraphyllum (Labill.) Johnson & Briggs 

Restionaceae Baloskion tetraphyllum subsp. meiostachyum (Labill.) Johnson & Briggs 

Restionaceae Baloskion tetraphyllum subsp. tetraphyllum (Labill.) Johnson & Briggs 

Rosaceae Rubus moluccanus L. 

Rosaceae Rubus moluccanus var. moluccanus L. 

Rosaceae Rubus moluccanus var. trilobus Molucca Bramble L. 

218




Rutaceae Correa reflexa Native Fuschia (Labill.) Vent. 

Rutaceae Correa reflexa var. reflexa Native Fuschia (Labill.) Vent. 

Rutaceae Correa reflexa var. speciosa (Labill.) Vent. 

Rutaceae Geijera salicifolia Brush Wilga Schott 

Rutaceae Geijera salicifolia var. latifolia Schott 

Rutaceae Geijera salicifolia var. salicifolia Schott 

Rutaceae Philotheca buxifolia (Sm.) Paul G. Wilson 

Rutaceae Philotheca buxifolia subsp. buxifolia (Sm.) Paul G. Wilson 

Rutaceae Philotheca buxifolia subsp. obovata (Sm.) Paul G. Wilson 

Rutaceae Zieria fraseri Hook. 

Rutaceae Zieria fraseri subsp. compacta Hook. 

Rutaceae Zieria fraseri subsp. fraseri Hook. 

Sterculiaceae Lasiopetalum ferrugineum Smith 

Sterculiaceae Lasiopetalum ferrugineum var. cordatum Smith 

Sterculiaceae Lasiopetalum ferrugineum var. ferrugineum Smith 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea latifolia R. Br. 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea latifolia subsp. elliptifolia R. Br. 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea latifolia subsp. hirsuta R. Br. 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea ligustrina Labill. 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea ligustrina subsp. hypericina Labill. 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea ligustrina subsp. ligustrina Labill. 

xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea glauca D.J.Bedford 

xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea glauca subsp. angustifolia D.J.Bedford 

xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea glauca subsp. glauca D.J.Bedford 

adiantaceae Adiantum hispidulum Rough Maidenhair Sw. 

adiantaceae Adiantum hispidulum var. hispidulum Rough Maidenhair Sw. 

adiantaceae Cheilanthes sieberi Kunze 

adiantaceae Cheilanthes sieberi subsp. sieberi Kunze 

anthericaceae Thysanotus tuberosus Common Fringe-lily R. Br. 

anthericaceae Thysanotus tuberosus subsp. tuberosus R. Br. 

apiaceae Trachymene incisa Rudge 

apiaceae Trachymene incisa subsp. incisa Rudge 

aspleniaceae Asplenium australasicum L. 

aspleniaceae Asplenium australasicum forma australasicum Bird’s Nest Fern (J.Sm.) Hook. 

asteraceae Calotis scabiosifolia Rough Burr-daisy Sonder & F. Muell. 

asteraceae Calotis scabiosifolia var. scabiosifolia Sonder & F. Muell. 

asteraceae Centipeda minima Spreading Sneezeweed (L.) a.Braun & asch. 

asteraceae Centipeda minima var. minima (L.) a.Braun & asch. 

asteraceae Olearia elliptica Sticky Daisy Bush DC. 

asteraceae Olearia elliptica subsp. elliptica DC. 

asteraceae Senecio linearifolius a.Rich. 

asteraceae Senecio linearifolius var. dangarensis a.Rich. 

asteraceae Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. 

asteraceae Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea (L.) Less. 

asteraceae Vittadinia cervicularis N.Burb. 

219




asteraceae Vittadinia cervicularis var. subcervicularis N.Burb. 

Bignoniaceae Pandorea pandorana Wonga Wonga Vine (andrews) Steenis 

Bignoniaceae Pandorea pandorana subsp. pandorana (andrews) Steenis 

Cactaceae Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. 

Cactaceae Opuntia stricta var. stricta Common Prickly Pear (Haw.) Haw. 

Caryophyllaceae Silene gallica var. gallica French Catchfly L. 

Caryophyllaceae Silene gallica var. quinquevulnera Five-wounded Catchfly L. 

Casuarinaceae Casuarina cunninghamiana subsp. 

cunninghamiana 

Casuarinaceae Casuarina cunninghamiana x glauca 

220 

‘River Oak, River 

Sheoak’ 

Crassulaceae Crassula colorata (Nees) Ostenf. 

Crassulaceae Crassula colorata var. acuminata (Nees) Ostenf. 

Crassulaceae Crassula sieberiana australian Stonecrop (Schult. & Schult.f.) Druce 

Crassulaceae Crassula sieberiana subsp. sieberiana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Druce 

Cyperaceae Caustis recurvata Spreng. 

Cyperaceae Caustis recurvata var. recurvata Spreng. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus haspan L. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus haspan subsp. haspan L. 

Cyperaceae Schoenus lepidosperma (F. Muell.) K.L.Wilson 

Cyperaceae Schoenus lepidosperma subsp. pachylepis (F. Muell.) K.L.Wilson 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia aspera Rough Guinea Flower DC. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia aspera subsp. aspera DC. 

epacridaceae Styphelia viridis andrews 

epacridaceae Styphelia viridis subsp. viridis andrews 

euphorbiaceae Breynia oblongifolia (Lam.) Muell. arg. 

euphorbiaceae Breynia oblongifolia Coffee Bush (Muell.arg.) Muell.arg. 

euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce species a 

euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce species B Unknown 

euphorbiaceae Drypetes deplanchei Yellow Tulipwood (Brongn. & Gris) Merr. 

euphorbiaceae Drypetes deplanchei subsp. deplanchei Yellow Tulipwood (Brongn. & Gris) Merr. 

Fabaceae 

(Caesalpinioideae) 

Fabaceae 


Senna artemisioides (DC.) Randell 

Senna artemisioides subsp. zygophylla (DC.) Randell 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Aotus subglauca Blakely & McKie 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Aotus subglauca var. filiformis Blakely & McKie 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Daviesia ulicifolia Gorse Bitter Pea andrews 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Daviesia ulicifolia subsp. ulicifolia andrews 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea species G 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea species I 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Vicia sativa L. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Vicia sativa subsp. sativa Common Vetch L. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Viminaria juncea 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Viminaria juncea Native Broom (Schrader & Wendl.) Hoffsgg. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia blakei Pedley 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia blakei subsp. diphylla Pedley 

Miq.




Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia buxifolia Box-leaved Wattle Cunn. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia buxifolia subsp. buxifolia Box-leaved Wattle Cunn. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia dealbata Silver Wattle Link 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia dealbata subsp. dealbata Silver Wattle Link 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia penninervis Sieber ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia penninervis var. penninervis Mountain Hickory Sieber ex DC. 

Geraniaceae Geranium potentilloides L’Her. ex DC. 

Geraniaceae Geranium potentilloides var. potentilloides L’Her. ex DC. 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia bellidifolia Smith 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia bellidifolia subsp. bellidifolia Smith 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia dimorpha Maiden & Betche 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia dimorpha var. angustifolia Maiden & Betche 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia hederacea Ivy Goodenia Sm. 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia hederacea subsp. hederacea Sm. 

Goodeniaceae Scaevola albida Pale Fan-flower (Smith) Druce 

Goodeniaceae Scaevola albida var. albida (Smith) Druce 

Juncaceae Juncus alexandri L.a.S. Johnson 

Juncaceae Juncus alexandri subsp. melanobasis L.a.S. Johnson 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera nivea Snowy Mint-bush a.Cunn. ex Benth. 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera nivea var. nivea a.Cunn. ex Benth. 

Lauraceae Cassytha glabella R. Br. 

Lauraceae Cassytha glabella forma glabella R. Br. 

Lauraceae Endiandra muelleri Green-leaved Rose 

Walnut 

221 

Meissner 

Lauraceae Endiandra muelleri subsp. muelleri Meissner 

Lomandraceae Lomandra leucocephala Woolly Mat-rush (R. Br.) ewart 

Lomandraceae Lomandra leucocephala subsp. leucocephala ‘Woolly Mat-rush, 

Irongrass’ 

(R. Br.) ewart 

Loranthaceae Amyema pendulum (Sieber ex Sprengel) 

Tieghem 

Loranthaceae Amyema pendulum subsp. pendulum (Sieber ex Sprengel) 

Tieghem 

Loranthaceae Amyema quandang (Lindley) Tieghem 

Loranthaceae Amyema quandang var. quandang (Lindley) Tieghem 

Malvaceae Abutilon oxycarpum Flannel Weed (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Benth. 

Malvaceae Abutilon oxycarpum var. oxycarpum (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Benth. 

Malvaceae Hibiscus sturtii Hill Hibiscus Hook. 

Malvaceae Hibiscus sturtii var. sturtii Hook. 

Menispermaceae Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers 

Menispermaceae Stephania japonica var. discolor Snake Vine (Thunb.) Miers 

Monimiaceae Daphnandra species a Socketwood 

Monimiaceae Daphnandra species D Unknown 

Moraceae Ficus macrophylla Desf. ex Pers. 

Moraceae Ficus macrophylla subsp. macrophylla Moreton Bay Fig Desf. ex Pers. 

Moraceae Ficus obliqua Small-leaved Fig G.Forst. 

Moraceae Ficus obliqua var. obliqua G.Forst.




Moraceae Ficus rubiginosa ‘Port Jackson Fig, Rusty 

Fig’ 

Moraceae Ficus rubiginosa forma rubiginosa Vent. 

Moraceae Trophis scandens Burny Vine (Lour.) Hook. & arn. 

Moraceae Trophis scandens subsp. scandens Burny Vine (Lour.) Hook. & arn. 

Myoporaceae Myoporum boninense subsp. australe Koidz. 

Myoporaceae Myoporum boninense subsp. Australe Boobialla R. Br. 

Myrtaceae Corymbia trachyphloia White Bloodwood (F. Muell.) Hill & Johnson 

Myrtaceae Corymbia trachyphloia subsp. amphistomatica (F. Muell.) Hill & Johnson 

Myrtaceae Darwinia fascicularis Rudge 

Myrtaceae Darwinia fascicularis subsp. fascicularis Rudge 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus albens White Box Benth. 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus albens x moluccana 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus amplifolia Cabbage Gum Naudin 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus amplifolia subsp. amplifolia Naudin 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus caleyi Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus caleyi subsp. caleyi Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus paniculata Grey Ironbark Smith 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus paniculata subsp. paniculata Smith 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus punctata Grey Gum DC. 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus punctata X canaliculata 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus resinifera Red Mahogany Smith 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus resinifera subsp. resinifera Smith 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus robusta Swamp Mahogany Smith 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus robusta X tereticornis Unknown 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus saligna Sydney Blue Gum Smith 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus saligna X botryoides Smith 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus scias Large-fruited 

Mahogany 

222 

Vent. 

L.a.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus scias subsp. scias L.a.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus umbra Broad-leaved White 

Mahogany 

R.Baker 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus umbra subsp. umbra R.Baker 

Myrtaceae Kunzea sp. ‘Middle Brother Mtn’ 

Myrtaceae Kunzea sp. ‘Mt Kaputar’ (Jackson 2246) 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca styphelioides Prickly-leaved Tea Tree Smith 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca styphelioides var. styphelioides Smith 

Orchidaceae Caladenia carnea Pink Fingers R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Caladenia carnea var. carnea R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium teretifolium (R.Br.) Brieger 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium teretifolium R. Br. 

Passifloraceae Passiflora herbertiana Ker Gawl. 

Passifloraceae Passiflora herbertiana subsp. herbertiana Native Passionfruit Ker Gawl. 

Phormiaceae Dianella longifolia R. Br. 

Phormiaceae Dianella longifolia var. longifolia R. Br.




Poaceae Aristida benthamii Three-awned spear 

grass 

223 

Henrard 

Poaceae Aristida benthamii var. benthamii Henrard 

Poaceae Aristida calycina R. Br. 

Poaceae Aristida calycina var. calycina R. Br. 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia bipartita Kunth 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia bipartita Wallaby Grass (Link) H.P. Linder 

Poaceae Bromus hordeaceus Soft Brome L. 

Poaceae Bromus hordeaceus subsp. molliformis Soft Brome Lloyd 

Poaceae Deyeuxia monticola (Roem. & Schult.) Vickery 

Poaceae Deyeuxia monticola var. monticola (Roem. & Schult.) Vickery 

Poaceae Deyeuxia parviseta Vickery 

Poaceae Deyeuxia parviseta var. parviseta Vickery 

Poaceae Dichanthium sericeum Queensland Bluegrass (R. Br.) a.Camus 

Poaceae Dichanthium sericeum subsp. sericeum Queensland Bluegrass (R. Br.) a.Camus 

Poaceae Echinopogon caespitosus Bushy Hedgehog-grass C.e.Hubb 

Poaceae Echinopogon caespitosus var. caespitosus Tufted Hedgehog Grass C.e.Hubb 

Poaceae Echinopogon ovatus Forest Hedgehog Grass (G.Forster) P.Beauv. 

Poaceae Echinopogon ovatus var. ovatus (G.Forster) P.Beauv. 

Poaceae Elymus scaber (R. Br.) a.Love 

Poaceae Elymus scaber var. scaber Common Wheatgrass (R. Br.) a.Love 

Poaceae Hemarthria uncinata Matgrass R. Br. 

Poaceae Hemarthria uncinata var. uncinata R. Br. 

Poaceae Ischaemum australe R. Br. 

Poaceae Ischaemum australe var. australe R. Br. 

Poaceae Microlaena stipoides (Labill.) R. Br. 

Poaceae Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides (Labill.) R. Br. 

Poaceae Panicum maximum var. maximum Guinea Grass Jacq. 

Poaceae Panicum maximum var. trichoglume Green Panic Jacq. 

Poaceae Panicum queenslandicum Yadbila Grass Domin 

Poaceae Panicum queenslandicum var. queenslandicum Domin 

Poaceae Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth. 

Poaceae Sporobolus virginicus var. minor Marine Couch (L.) Kunth. 

Poaceae Themeda australis Forsskal 

Poaceae Themeda australis Kangaroo Grass (R. Br.) Stapf 

Poaceae Triodia scariosa Porcupine Grass N.T.Burb. 

Poaceae Triodia scariosa subsp. scariosa N.T.Burb. 

Polypodiaceae Microsorum pustulatum Kangaroo Fern (G.Forst.) Copel. 

Polypodiaceae Microsorum pustulatum subsp. pustulatum (G.Forst.) Copel. 

Proteaceae Grevillea buxifolia Grey Spider Flower (Sm.) R. Br. 

Proteaceae Grevillea buxifolia subsp. buxifolia (Sm.) R. Br. 

Proteaceae Grevillea diffusa Sieber ex Spreng. 

Proteaceae Grevillea diffusa subsp. filipendula Sieber ex Spreng. 

Proteaceae Grevillea sericea (Sm.) R. Br. 

Proteaceae Grevillea sericea subsp. sericea (Sm.) R. Br.




Proteaceae Hakea laevipes Gand. 

Proteaceae Hakea laevipes subsp. laevipes Gand. 

Proteaceae Hakea teretifolia Needlebush (Salisb.) Britten 

Proteaceae Hakea teretifolia subsp. teretifolia (Salisb.) Britten 

Ranunculaceae Clematis glycinoides Headache Vine DC. 

Ranunculaceae Clematis glycinoides var. glycinoides DC. 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris andromedifolia a.Cunn. 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris andromedifolia subsp. 

andromedifolia 

224 

a.Cunn. 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris argyrophylla Wakef. 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris argyrophylla subsp. argyrophylla Wakef. 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris ligustrina Sieber ex DC. 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris ligustrina subsp. ligustrina Sieber ex DC. 

Rosaceae Rubus rosifolius Rose-leaf Bramble Sm. 

Rosaceae Rubus rosifolius var. rosifolius Sm. 

Rubiaceae Psydrax odorata (G.Forst.) a.C.Sm. & 

S.P.Darwin 

Rubiaceae Psydrax odorata subsp. buxifolia (G.Forst.) a.C.Sm. & 

S.P.Darwin 

Rutaceae Boronia rubiginosa endl. 

Rutaceae Boronia rubiginosa Rupp’s Boronia Cheel 

Rutaceae Leionema elatius Tall Phebalium (F. Muell.) Paul G. Wilson 

Rutaceae Leionema elatius subsp. beckleri (F. Muell.) Paul G. Wilson 

Rutaceae Phebalium glandulosum Desert Phebalium Hook. 

Rutaceae Phebalium glandulosum subsp. angustifolium Hook. 

Rutaceae Philotheca myoporoides (DC.) M.J. Bayly 

Rutaceae Philotheca myoporoides subsp. myoporoides (DC.) M.J. Bayly 

Rutaceae Philotheca salsolifolia (Sm.) Druce 

Rutaceae Philotheca salsolifolia subsp. salsolifolia (Sm.) Druce 

Sapindaceae Alectryon oleifolius ‘Western Rosewood, 

Bonaree’ 

(Desf.) S.Reyn. 

Sapindaceae Alectryon oleifolius subsp. elongatus (Desf.) S.Reyn. 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea sinuolata J.West 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea sinuolata subsp. sinuolata J.West 

Scrophulariaceae Veronica species B 

Scrophulariaceae Veronica species C 

Solanaceae Solanum nigrum Black-berry Nightshade L. 

Solanaceae Solanum nigrum Green-berry 

Nightshade 

a.Braun & Bouche 

Sterculiaceae Brachychiton populneus Kurrajong (Schott & endl.) R. Br. 

Sterculiaceae Brachychiton populneus subsp. populneus (Schott & endl.) R. Br. 

Violaceae Hybanthus vernonii (F. Muell.) F. Muell. 

Violaceae Hybanthus vernonii subsp. scaber (F. Muell.) F. Muell. 

Violaceae Viola banksii K.R.Thiele & Prober 

Violaceae Viola banksii Labill. 

Violaceae Viola betonicifolia Native Violet Smith 

Violaceae Viola betonicifolia subsp. betonicifolia Smith




xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea latifolia (a.T.Lee) D.J.Bedford 

xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea latifolia subsp. latifolia (a.T.Lee) D.J.Bedford 

Zamiaceae Macrozamia flexuosa C. Moore 

Zamiaceae Macrozamia flexuosa W.Hill & F. Muell. 

acanthaceae Brunoniella australis Blue Trumpet (Cav.) Bremek. 

acanthaceae Brunoniella pumilio Dwarf Blue Trumpet (R. Br.) Bremek. 

acanthaceae Pseuderanthemum variabile Pastel Flower (R. Br.) Radlk. 

adiantaceae Adiantum aethiopicum Common Maidenhair L. 

adiantaceae Adiantum atroviride Bostock 

adiantaceae Adiantum diaphanum Filmy Maidenhair Blume 

adiantaceae Adiantum formosum Giant Maidenhair R. Br. 

adiantaceae Adiantum silvaticum Tindale 

adiantaceae Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia Rock Fern Quirk & Chambers 

adiantaceae Cheilanthes distans Bristly Cloak Fern (R. Br.)Mett. 

adiantaceae Cheilanthes lasiophylla Pichi-Serm. 

adiantaceae Pellaea calidirupium Brownsey & Lovis 

adiantaceae Pellaea falcata Sickle Fern (R. Br.) Fee 

adiantaceae Pellaea nana Dwarf Sickle Fern (Hook.) Bostock 

adiantaceae Pellaea paradoxa (R.Br)Hook. 

adiantaceae Pellaea viridis var. viridis Green Cliff Brake (Forssk.) Prantl 

agavaceae Agave americana Century Plant L. 

aizoaceae Carpobrotus glaucescens ‘Pigface, Iceplant’ (Haw.) Schwantes 

aizoaceae Galenia pubescens Galenia (ecklon & Zeyher) Druce 

aizoaceae Sesuvium portulacastrum L. 

aizoaceae Tetragonia tetragonioides New Zealand Spinach (Pall.) Kuntze 

alangiaceae Alangium villosum subsp. polyosmoides Muskwood (Blume) Wangerin 

alismataceae Alisma plantago-aquatica Water Plantain L. 

alismataceae Damasonium minus Starfruit (R. Br.) Buchenau 

alismataceae Sagittaria platyphylla Sagittaria (engelm.) J.G.Sm. 

alliaceae Nothoscordum borbonicum Onion Weed Kunth 

amaranthaceae Alternanthera denticulata Lesser Joyweed R. Br. 

amaranthaceae Alternanthera nana Hairy Joyweed R. Br. 

amaranthaceae Alternanthera philoxeroides alligator Weed (Martius) Griseb. 

amaranthaceae Alternanthera pungens Khaki Weed Kunth 

amaranthaceae Alternanthera species a 

amaranthaceae Amaranthus albus Tumbleweed L. 

amaranthaceae Amaranthus macrocarpus var. pallidus Benth. 

amaranthaceae Amaranthus muricatus Roughfruit amaranth (Moq.) Gillies 

amaranthaceae Amaranthus powellii Powell’s amaranth S.Watson 

amaranthaceae Amaranthus retroflexus Redroot amaranth L. 

amaranthaceae Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr. 

amaranthaceae Gomphrena celosioides Gomphrena Weed C.Martius 

amaranthaceae Nyssanthes diffusa Barbwire Weed R. Br. 

amaranthaceae Nyssanthes erecta R. Br. 

amaranthaceae Ptilotus macrocephalus Green Pussytails (R. Br.) Poiret 

225




amaranthaceae Ptilotus parvifolius var. laetus (F. Muell.) F. Muell. 

amaranthaceae Ptilotus semilanatus (Lindley) J. Black 

amaryllidaceae Crinum pedunculatum Swamp Lily R. Br. 

amygdalaceae Prunus cerasifera Cherry Plum ehrh. 

amygdalaceae Prunus cerasus Sour Cherry L. 

amygdalaceae Prunus persica (L.) Batsch 

anacardiaceae Euroschinus falcata var. falcata Ribbonwood Hook. f. 

anacardiaceae Schinus areira Pepper Tree L. 

anthericaceae Arthropodium milleflorum Vanilla Lily (DC.) Macbr. 

anthericaceae Arthropodium minus Small Vanilla Lily R. Br. 

anthericaceae Arthropodium species B 

anthericaceae Caesia calliantha R.Henderson 

anthericaceae Dichopogon fimbriatus Nodding Chocolate Lily (R. Br.) J.F. Macbr. 

anthericaceae Dichopogon strictus Chocolate Lily (R. Br.) Baker 

anthericaceae Laxmannia compacta Conran & P.Forster 

anthericaceae Laxmannia gracilis Slender Wire Lily R. Br. 

anthericaceae Sowerbaea juncea Vanilla Plant andrews 

anthericaceae Thysanotus juncifolius (Salisb.) J.H.Willis & Court 

anthericaceae Thysanotus patersonii Twining Fringe-Lily R. Br. 

anthericaceae Tricoryne elatior Yellow autumn-lily R. Br. 

anthericaceae Tricoryne simplex R. Br. 

apiaceae Actinotus gibbonsii F. Muell. 

apiaceae Actinotus helianthi Flannel Flower Labill. 

apiaceae Actinotus minor Lesser Flannel Flower (Smith) DC. 

apiaceae Berula erecta Water Parsnip (Hudson) Cov. 

apiaceae Centella asiatica Pennywort (L.) Urban 

apiaceae Centella cordifolia (Hook.f.) Nannf. 

apiaceae Conium maculatum Hemlock L. 

apiaceae Cyclospermum leptophyllum Slender Celery (Pers.) Sprague 

apiaceae Eryngium vesiculosum Prostrate Blue Devil Labill. 

apiaceae Foeniculum vulgare Fennel Miller 

apiaceae Hydrocotyle acutiloba (F. Muell.)N.a. Wakef. 

apiaceae Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. 

apiaceae Hydrocotyle geraniifolia Forest Pennywort F. Muell. 

apiaceae Hydrocotyle laxiflora Stinking Pennywort DC. 

apiaceae Hydrocotyle pedicellosa Benth. 

apiaceae Hydrocotyle peduncularis a.Rich. 

apiaceae Hydrocotyle pterocarpa F. Muell. 

apiaceae Hydrocotyle sp. aff. acutiloba Unknown 

apiaceae Hydrocotyle tripartita Pennywort R. Br. ex a.Rich. 

apiaceae Hydrocotyle verticillata Shield Pennywort Thunb. 

apiaceae Lilaeopsis polyantha Lilaeopsis (Gand.) H.eichler 

apiaceae Oreomyrrhis ciliata Hook. f. 

apiaceae Oreomyrrhis eriopoda australian Carraway (DC.) Hook. f. 

226




apiaceae Platysace clelandii (Maiden & e.Betche) 

L.Johnson 

apiaceae Platysace ericoides (Sieber ex Sprengel) 

Norman 

apiaceae Platysace lanceolata (Labill.) Druce 

apiaceae Platysace linearifolia (Cav.) Norman 

apiaceae Torilis nodosa Knotted Hedge-parsley (L.) Gaertner 

apiaceae Trachymene procumbens (F. Muell.) Benth. 

apiaceae Xanthosia atkinsoniana F. Muell. 

apiaceae Xanthosia tridentata Rock xanthosia DC. 

apocynaceae Alyxia ruscifolia Prickly alyxia R. Br. 

apocynaceae Melodinus acutiflorus F. Muell. 

apocynaceae Melodinus australis Southern Melodinus (F. Muell.) Pierre 

apocynaceae Parsonsia brownii Mountain Silkpod (Britten) Pichon 

apocynaceae Parsonsia eucalyptophylla Gargaloo F. Muell. 

apocynaceae Parsonsia fulva Furry Silkpod S.T.Blake 

apocynaceae Parsonsia induplicata Thin-leaved Silkpod F. Muell. 

apocynaceae Parsonsia lanceolata R. Br. 

apocynaceae Parsonsia purpurascens Black Silkpod J.B. Williams 

apocynaceae Parsonsia rotata Veinless Silkpod Maiden & e.Betche 

apocynaceae Parsonsia straminea Common Silkpod (R. Br.) F. Muell. 

apocynaceae Parsonsia tenuis Slender Silkpod S.T.Blake 

apocynaceae Parsonsia velutina R. Br. 

araceae Alocasia brisbanensis Cunjevoi (Bailey) Domin 

araceae Gymnostachys anceps Settler’s Flax R. Br. 

araceae Typhonium brownii Schott 

araceae Zantedeschia aethiopica arum Lily (L.) Sprengel 

araliaceae Astrotricha floccosa DC. 

araliaceae Astrotricha latifolia Benth. 

araliaceae Astrotricha longifolia Benth. 

araliaceae Astrotricha obovata Makinson 

araliaceae Cephalaralia cephalobotrys Climbing Panax (F. Muell.) Harms 

araliaceae Polyscias elegans Celery Wood (C.Moore & F. Muell.) Harms 

araliaceae Polyscias murrayi Pencil Cedar (F. Muell.) Harms 

araliaceae Schefflera actinophylla Umbrella Tree (endl.) Harms 

araucariaceae Araucaria cunninghamii Hoop Pine aiton ex D. Don 

arecaceae Archontophoenix cunninghamiana Bangalow Palm (H.a.Wendl.) H.a.Wendl. & 

O.Drude 

arecaceae Linospadix monostachya Walking-stick Palm (C.Mart.) H.a.Wendl 

arecaceae Livistona australis Cabbage Palm (R. Br.) C.Martius 

asclepiadaceae Araujia sericifera Moth Vine Brot. 

asclepiadaceae Cynanchum carnosum (R. Br.) Schltr. 

asclepiadaceae Cynanchum elegans White-flowered Wax 

Plant 

asclepiadaceae Gomphocarpus fruticosus Narrow-leaved Cotton 

Bush 

227 

(Benth.) Domin 

(L.)Sprengel 

asclepiadaceae Marsdenia flavescens Hairy Milk Vine Cunn.




asclepiadaceae Marsdenia liisae Large-flowered Milk 

Vine 

228 

J. Williams 

asclepiadaceae Marsdenia lloydii Corky Marsdenia P.Forster 

asclepiadaceae Marsdenia pleiadenia (F. Muell.) P.I. Forst. 

asclepiadaceae Marsdenia rostrata Common Milk Vine R. Br. 

asclepiadaceae Marsdenia suaveolens Scented Marsdenia R. Br. 

asclepiadaceae Marsdenia viridiflora subsp. viridiflora Native Pear R. Br. 

asclepiadaceae Sarcostemma australe R. Br. 

asclepiadaceae Sarcostemma brunonianum Wight. & arn. 

asclepiadaceae Tylophora barbata Bearded Tylophora R. Br. 

asclepiadaceae Tylophora grandiflora Small-leaved Tylophora R. Br. 

asclepiadaceae Tylophora paniculata Thin-leaved Tylophora R. Br. 

asclepiadaceae Tylophora woollsii Cryptic Forest Twiner Benth. 

asparagaceae Asparagus aethiopicus ‘asparagus Fern, 

Sprengeri Fern’ 

asparagaceae Asparagus asparagoides Florist’s Smilax (L.) Willd. 

asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis asparagus L. 

asparagaceae Asparagus plumosus Climbing asparagus 

Fern 

asphodelaceae Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed L. 

asphodelaceae Bulbine bulbosa Bulbine Lily (R. Br.) Haw. 

aspleniaceae Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm.f.)Becherer 

aspleniaceae Asplenium attenuatum Simple Spleenwort R. Br. 

L. 

Baker 

aspleniaceae Asplenium bulbiferum subsp. gracillimum Mother Spleenwort G.Forst. 

aspleniaceae Asplenium flabellifolium Necklace Fern Cav 

aspleniaceae Asplenium flaccidum subsp. flaccidum Weeping Spleenwort G.Forst. 

aspleniaceae Asplenium polyodon Forst.f 

aspleniaceae Pleurosorus rutifolius (R. Br.)Fee 

asteliaceae Cordyline stricta Narrow-leaved Palm 

Lily 

(Sweet) endl. 

asteraceae Adenostemma lavenia var. lavenia Sticky Daisy (L.) Kuntze 

asteraceae Ageratina adenophora Crofton Weed (Sprengel) R.King & 

H.Robinson 

asteraceae Ageratina riparia Mistflower (Regel) R.King & H.Robinson 

asteraceae Ambrosia psilostachya Perennial Ragweed DC. 

asteraceae Ammobium alatum R. Br. 

asteraceae Arctotheca calendula Capeweed (L.) Levyns 

asteraceae Arrhenechthites mixta Purple Fireweed (a.Rich.) Belcher 

asteraceae Aster subulatus Wild aster Michaux 

asteraceae Bidens pilosa Cobbler’s Pegs L. 

asteraceae Bidens subalternans Greater Beggar’s Ticks DC. 

asteraceae Bidens tripartita Burr Marigold L. 

asteraceae Brachyscome aculeata Hill Daisy (Labill.) Less. 

asteraceae Brachyscome decipiens Field Daisy J.D.Hook. 

asteraceae Brachyscome dentata Gaudich. 

asteraceae Brachyscome graminea (Labill.) F. Muell. 

asteraceae Brachyscome microcarpa F. Muell.




asteraceae Brachyscome nodosa P.S. Short & Watan. 

asteraceae Brachyscome nova-anglica G.Davis 

asteraceae Brachyscome procumbens G.Davis 

asteraceae Brachyscome radicans Steetz ex Lehm. 

asteraceae Brachyscome spathulata Gaudich. 

asteraceae Calocephalus citreus Lemon Beauty-heads Less. 

asteraceae Calotis cuneata Mountain Burr-Daisy (Benth.) G.L.R.Davis 

asteraceae Calotis cuneifolia Purple Burr-Daisy R. Br. 

asteraceae Calotis dentex R. Br. 

asteraceae Calotis hispidula Bogan Flea (F. Muell.) F. Muell. 

asteraceae Calotis lappulacea Yellow Burr-daisy Benth. 

asteraceae Carduus nutans subsp. nutans Nodding Thistle L. 

asteraceae Carduus pycnocephalus Slender Thistle L. 

asteraceae Carduus tenuiflorus Winged Slender Thistle Curtis 

asteraceae Carthamus lanatus Saffron Thistle L. 

asteraceae Cassinia aculeata Dolly Bush (Labill.) R. Br. 

asteraceae Cassinia adunca F. Muell. ex Sonder 

asteraceae Cassinia arcuata Sifton Bush R. Br. 

asteraceae Cassinia aureonitens Wakef. 

asteraceae Cassinia compacta F. Muell. 

asteraceae Cassinia cunninghamii DC. 

asteraceae Cassinia denticulata R. Br. 

asteraceae Cassinia laevis Cough Bush R. Br. 

asteraceae Cassinia longifolia R. Br. 

asteraceae Cassinia quinquefaria R. Br. 

asteraceae Cassinia species D 

asteraceae Cassinia theodori F. Muell. 

asteraceae Cassinia trinerva Wakef. 

asteraceae Cassinia uncata Sticky Cassinia Cunn. ex DC. 

asteraceae Centaurea calcitrapa Star Thistle L. 

asteraceae Centaurea melitensis Maltese Cockspur L. 

asteraceae Centratherum punctatum subsp. australianum Cass. 

asteraceae Chondrilla juncea Skeleton Weed L. 

asteraceae Chrysocephalum apiculatum ‘Common everlasting, 

Yellow But’ 

asteraceae Chrysocephalum semicalvum subsp. 

semicalvum 

229 

(Labill.) Steetz 

Hill everlasting (F. Muell.) Paul G. Wilson 

asteraceae Chrysocephalum semipapposum Clustered everlasting (Labill.) Steetz. 

asteraceae Cineraria lyratiformis african Marigold Cron 

asteraceae Cirsium arvense Perennial Thistle (L.) Scop. 

asteraceae Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle (Savi) Ten. 

asteraceae Conyza bilbaoana Remy 

asteraceae Conyza bonariensis Flaxleaf Fleabane (L.) Cronq. 

asteraceae Conyza canadensis var. canadensis Canadian Fleabane (L.) Cronq. 

asteraceae Conyza parva Cronq. 

asteraceae Conyza sumatrensis Tall fleabane (Retz.) e. Walker




asteraceae Coreopsis lanceolata Coreopsis L. 

asteraceae Cotula australis Common Cotula (Sprengel) J.D.Hook. 

asteraceae Cotula coronopifolia Water Buttons L. 

asteraceae Craspedia canens everett & Doust 

asteraceae Craspedia variabilis everett & Doust 

asteraceae Crassocephalum crepidioides Thickhead (Benth.) S.Moore 

asteraceae Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawksbeard (L.) Schwaegr. 

asteraceae Crepis foetida subsp. vulgaris Stinking Hawksbeard L. 

asteraceae Cymbonotus lawsonianus Bear’s ear Gaudich. 

asteraceae Cymbonotus preissianus Steetz 

asteraceae Delairea odorata Cape Ivy Lam. 

asteraceae Dimorphotheca pluvialis Cape Marigold (L.) Moench 

asteraceae Dittrichia graveolens Stinkwort (L.) Greuter 

asteraceae Eclipta platyglossa F. Muell. 

asteraceae Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. 

asteraceae Enydra fluctuans Lour. 

asteraceae Epaltes australis Spreading Nut-heads Less. 

asteraceae Erechtites valerianifolia Brazilian Fireweed (Wolf) DC. 

asteraceae Erigeron bellidioides (Hook.f.) 

S.J.Forbes&D.I.Morris 

asteraceae Euchiton gymnocephalus Creeping Cudweed (DC.) anderb. 

asteraceae Euchiton involucratus Star Cudweed (G. Forst.) anderb. 

asteraceae Euchiton sphaericus (Willd.) anderb. 

asteraceae Facelis retusa (Lam.) Schultz-Bip. 

asteraceae Galinsoga parviflora Cav. 

asteraceae Gamochaeta americana Cudweed (Mill.) Wedd. 

asteraceae Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Willd.) Cabrera 

asteraceae Gamochaeta spicata (Lam.) Cabrera 

asteraceae Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertner 

asteraceae Glossogyne tannensis Cobbler’s Tack (Sprengel) Garnock-Jones 

asteraceae Helichrysum adenophorum var. waddelliae F. Muell. 

asteraceae Helichrysum collinum DC. 

asteraceae Helichrysum elatum Cunn. ex DC. 

asteraceae Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin everlasting DC. 

asteraceae Helichrysum rutidolepis Pale everlasting DC. 

asteraceae Helichrysum scorpioides Button everlasting Labill. 

asteraceae Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Catsear L. 

asteraceae Hypochaeris microcephala var. albiflora White Flatweed (Schultz-Bip.) Cabrera 

asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Catsear L. 

asteraceae Lactuca saligna Willow-leaved Lettuce L. 

asteraceae Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce L. 

asteraceae Lagenophora gracilis Slender Lagenophora Steetz 

asteraceae Lagenophora stipitata ‘Blue Bottle-daisy, 

Common Lagenophora’ 

230 

(Labill.) Druce 

asteraceae Leiocarpa leptolepis (DC.) Benth. 

asteraceae Leontodon taraxacoides subsp. taraxacoides Lesser Hawkbit (Willd.) Merat




asteraceae Leptinella filicula (Hook.f.) Hook.f. ex Benth. 

asteraceae Leptinella longipes Hook.f. 

asteraceae Leucochrysum albicans var. albicans (a.Cunn.) Paul G.Wilson 

asteraceae Microseris lanceolata (Walp.) Schultz-Bip. 

asteraceae Minuria leptophylla DC. 

asteraceae Olearia alpicola alpine Daisy Bush (F. Muell.) F. Muell ex Benth. 

asteraceae Olearia argophylla Native Musk (Labill.) F. Muell. ex Benth. 

asteraceae Olearia chrysophylla (DC.) Benth. 

asteraceae Olearia cordata Lander 

asteraceae Olearia covenyi Lander 

asteraceae Olearia cydoniifolia (Dc.) Benth. 

asteraceae Olearia decurrens (DC.) Benth. 

asteraceae Olearia erubescens Silky Daisy Bush (Sieber ex Sprengel) Dippel 

asteraceae Olearia microphylla (Vent.) Maiden & e.Betche 

asteraceae Olearia myrsinoides Blush Daisy Bush (Labill.) Benth. 

asteraceae Olearia nernstii (F. Muell.) Benth. 

asteraceae Olearia oppositifolia (F. Muell.) Lander 

asteraceae Olearia phlogopappa (Labill.) DC. 

asteraceae Olearia ramosissima (DC.) Benth. 

asteraceae Olearia ramulosa (Labill.) Benth. 

asteraceae Olearia tomentosa (Wendl.) DC. 

asteraceae Olearia viscidula Wallaby Weed (F. Muell.) Benth. 

asteraceae Onopordum acanthium subsp. acanthium Scotch Thistle L. 

asteraceae Ozothamnus adnatus DC. 

asteraceae Ozothamnus bidwillii (Benth.) anderberg 

asteraceae Ozothamnus dendroideus Tree everlasting (Wakef.) anderb. 

asteraceae Ozothamnus diosmifolius White Dogwood (Vent.)D.C. 

asteraceae Ozothamnus ferrugineus (Labill.) Sweet 

asteraceae Ozothamnus obcordatus DC. 

asteraceae Ozothamnus rufescens DC. 

asteraceae Ozothamnus tesselatus (Maiden & R. Baker) 

anderberg 

asteraceae Ozothamnus whitei (N.Burb.) anderberg 

asteraceae Podolepis jaceoides Showy Copper-wire 

Daisy 

231 

(Sims) Voss 

asteraceae Podolepis neglecta G.Davis 

asteraceae Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum Jersey Cudweed (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt 

asteraceae Rhodanthe anthemoides (Sprengel) Paul G. Wilson 

asteraceae Rutidosis heterogama Heath Wrinklewort Philipson 

asteraceae Schkuhria pinnata var. abrotanoides Dwarf Marigold (Lam.) Cabrera 

asteraceae Scolymus maculatus Spotted Thistle L. 

asteraceae Senecio amygdalifolius F. Muell. 

asteraceae Senecio bipinnatisectus Belcher 

asteraceae Senecio biserratus Belcher 

asteraceae Senecio diaschides D.Drury 

asteraceae Senecio glomeratus Poir.




asteraceae Senecio gunnii (J.D.Hook.) Belcher 

asteraceae Senecio jacobaea Ragwort L. 

asteraceae Senecio macranthus a.Rich. 

asteraceae Senecio madagascariensis Fireweed Poir. 

asteraceae Senecio minimus Poiret 

asteraceae Senecio pinnatifolius var. pleiocephalus a. Rich. 

asteraceae Senecio prenanthoides I. Thomps 

asteraceae Senecio pterophorus DC. 

asteraceae Senecio quadridentatus Cotton Fireweed Labill. 

asteraceae Senecio tenuiflorus (DC.)Sieber ex Schultz-Bip. 

asteraceae Senecio velleioides DC. 

asteraceae Sigesbeckia australiensis D.L.Schulz 

asteraceae Sigesbeckia orientalis subsp. orientalis Indian Weed L. 

asteraceae Silybum marianum Variegated Thistle (L.) Gaertn. 

asteraceae Solenogyne bellioides Cass. 

asteraceae Solenogyne dominii L.adams 

asteraceae Solenogyne gunnii (Hook. f.) Cabrera 

asteraceae Soliva sessilis Bindyi Ruiz Lopez & Pavon 

asteraceae Sonchus asper subsp. glaucescens Prickly Sowthistle (L.) Hill 

asteraceae Sonchus oleraceus Common Sowthistle L. 

asteraceae Tagetes minuta Stinking Roger L. 

asteraceae Taraxacum officinale Dandelion Weber 

asteraceae Tolpis umbellata Bertol. 

asteraceae Tragopogon porrifolius Salsify L. 

asteraceae Triptilodiscus pygmaeus Turcz. 

asteraceae Vittadinia muelleri N.Burb. 

asteraceae Vittadinia pterochaeta Rough Fuzzweed (Benth.) J.Black 

asteraceae Vittadinia pustulata N.Burb. 

asteraceae Vittadinia sulcata N.Burb. 

asteraceae Vittadinia tenuissima Western New Holland 

Daisy 

asteraceae Xanthium occidentale ‘Noogoora Burr, Cockle 

Burr’ 

asteraceae Xanthium orientale Californian Burr L. 

asteraceae Xanthium spinosum Bathurst Burr L. 

232 

(Benth.) J.Black 

Bertol. 

asteraceae Xerochrysum bracteatum Golden everlasting (Vent.) Tzvelev 

asteraceae Xerochrysum viscosum (Sieb. ex Spreng.) R.J.Bayer 

asteraceae Youngia japonica (L.) DC. 

athyriaceae Diplazium assimile (endl.) Beddome 

athyriaceae Diplazium australe (R. Br.) Wakef. 

avicenniaceae Avicennia marina subsp. australasica Grey Mangrove (Forssk.) Vierh. 

azollaceae Azolla filiculoides Lam. 

azollaceae Azolla pinnata R. Br. 

Balsaminaceae Impatiens walleriana Busy Lizzie Hook. f. 

Basellaceae Anredera cordifolia Madeira Vine (Ten.) Steenis 

Baueraceae Bauera capitata Ser. ex DC.




Baueraceae Bauera microphylla Sieber ex DC. 

Baueraceae Bauera rubioides ‘River Rose, Dog Rose’ andrews 

Bignoniaceae Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacaranda D.Don 

Bignoniaceae Macfadyena unguis-cati Cat’s Claw Creeper (L.) a.Gentry 

Bignoniaceae Pandorea jasminoides Bower Vine (Lindley) Schumann 

Bignoniaceae Tecoma capensis Cape Honeysuckle (Thunb.) Lindley 

Blandfordiaceae Blandfordia grandiflora Christmas Bells R. Br. 

Blandfordiaceae Blandfordia nobilis Christmas Bells Smith 

Blechnaceae Blechnum ambiguum (Presl) Kaulf. ex C.Chr. 

Blechnaceae Blechnum camfieldii Tind. 

Blechnaceae Blechnum cartilagineum Gristle Fern Sw 

Blechnaceae Blechnum indicum Swamp Water Fern Burm.f 

Blechnaceae Blechnum minus Soft Water Fern (R. Br.) ettingsh. 

Blechnaceae Blechnum nudum Fishbone Water Fern (Labill.) Mett. ex Luerssen 

Blechnaceae Blechnum penna-marina subsp. alpina alpine Water Fern (Poir.) Kuhn 

Blechnaceae Blechnum wattsii Hard Water Fern Tind. 

Blechnaceae Doodia aspera Prickly Rasp Fern R. Br. 

Blechnaceae Doodia australis Common Rasp Fern (Parris) Parris 

Blechnaceae Doodia caudata (Cav.) R. Br. 

Blechnaceae Doodia linearis J. Sm. 

Boraginaceae Anchusa arvensis Wild Bugloss (L.) M.Bieb. 

Boraginaceae Austrocynoglossum latifolium (R. Br.) R. Mill 

Boraginaceae Cynoglossum australe R. Br. 

Boraginaceae Cynoglossum suaveolens R. Br. 

Boraginaceae Echium plantagineum Patterson’s Curse L. 

Boraginaceae Ehretia acuminata var. acuminata Koda R. Br. 

Boraginaceae Heliotropium amplexicaule Blue Heliotrope Vahl 

Boraginaceae Myosotis australis australian Forget-menot 

Boraginaceae Myosotis discolor Forget-me-not Pers. 

Boraginaceae Myosotis exarrhena F. Muell. 

Boraginaceae Myosotis laxa Schultz 

Brassicaceae Brassica juncea Indian Mustard (L.) Czernj. 

Brassicaceae Brassica nigra Black Mustard (L.) Koch ex Koch 

Brassicaceae Cakile edentula american Sea Rocket (Bigelow) Hook. 

Brassicaceae Cakile maritima Sea Rocket Scop. 

Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd’s Purse (L.) Medikus 

Brassicaceae Cardamine astoniae I. Thomps. 

Brassicaceae Cardamine gunnii Hewson 

Brassicaceae Cardamine lilacina Hook. 

Brassicaceae Cardamine paucijuga Turcz. 

Brassicaceae Coronopus didymus Lesser Swinecress (L.) Smith 

Brassicaceae Hirschfeldia incana Buchan Weed (L.) Lagr.-Fossat 

Brassicaceae Lepidium africanum (Burmann f.) DC. 

Brassicaceae Lepidium bonariense L. 

233 

R. Br.




Brassicaceae Lepidium hyssopifolium aromatic Peppercress Desv. 

Brassicaceae Lepidium pseudohyssopifolium Peppercress Hewson 

Brassicaceae Lepidium pseudotasmanicum Thell. 

Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum Wild Radish L. 

Brassicaceae Rapistrum rugosum Turnip Weed (L.) all. 

Brassicaceae Rorippa eustylis (F. Muell.) L.Johnson 

Brassicaceae Rorippa gigantea (J.D.Hook.) Garnock-Jones 

Brassicaceae Rorippa laciniata (F. Muell.) L.Johnson 

Brassicaceae Rorippa microphylla One-rowed Watercress (Boenn. ex Reichb.) 

Hylander 

Brassicaceae Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Watercress (L.)Hayek 

Brassicaceae Sisymbrium irio London Rocket L. 

Brassicaceae Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard (L.) Scop. 

Brassicaceae Sisymbrium orientale Indian Hedge Mustard L. 

Burmanniaceae Burmannia disticha L. 

Cactaceae Opuntia aurantiaca Tiger Pear Lindley 

Cactaceae Opuntia humifusa Creeping Pear (Raf.) Raf. 

Cactaceae Opuntia monacantha Drooping Pear (Willd.) Haw 

Cactaceae Opuntia sp. sensu I.Telford engelm. 

Callitrichaceae Callitriche muelleri Sonder 

Callitrichaceae Callitriche stagnalis Common Starwort Scop. 

Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia ceracea Waxy Bluebell Loth. 

Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia communis Tufted Bluebell Carolin 

Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia gracilenta annual Bluebell Lothian 

Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia gracilis Sprawling or australian 

Bluebell 

234 

(G.Forster) a.DC. 

Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia littoricola P.J.Smith 

Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia luteola P.J.Smith 

Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa Indian Hemp L. 

Capparaceae Capparis arborea (F. Muell.) Maiden 

Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle Thunb. 

Caryophyllaceae Arenaria leptoclados Lesser Thyme-leaved 

Sandwort 

Caryophyllaceae Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved 

Sandwort 

Caryophyllaceae Cerastium balearicum Lesser Mouse-ear 

Chickweed 

(Reichb.) Guss. 

L. 

Herm. 

Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum Mouse-ear Chickweed Thuill. 

Caryophyllaceae Cerastium vulgare Mouse-ear Chickweed Hartm. 

Caryophyllaceae Paronychia brasiliana Chilean Whitlow Wort DC. 

Caryophyllaceae Petrorhagia nanteuilii (Burnat) P.Ball & Heyw. 

Caryophyllaceae Petrorhagia velutina (Guss.) P.Ball & Heyw. 

Caryophyllaceae Polycarpon tetraphyllum Four-leaved allseed (L.) L. 

Caryophyllaceae Scleranthus biflorus (Forster & Forster f.) Hook. f 

Caryophyllaceae Scleranthus diander R. Br. 

Caryophyllaceae Silene latifolia subsp. alba White Campion Poir. 

Caryophyllaceae Silene nocturna L.




Caryophyllaceae Spergularia rubra Sandspurry (L.) J. S. & C. Presl 

Caryophyllaceae Stellaria angustifolia Swamp Starwort Hook. 

Caryophyllaceae Stellaria flaccida Hook. 

Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media Common Chickweed Villars 

Caryophyllaceae Stellaria pungens Prickly Starwort Brongn. 

Caryophyllaceae Vaccaria hispanica Cow Soapwort (Mill.) Rauschert 

Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina defungens Dwarf Heath Casuarina L. Johnson 

Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina diminuta subsp. diminuta L.a.S.Johnson 

Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina distyla (Vent.) L.Johnson 

Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina gymnanthera L.Johnson 

Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina littoralis Black Sheoak (Salisb.) L.Johnson 

Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina luehmannii Bulloak (R.Baker) L.Johnson 

Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina nana (Sieber ex Sprengel) 

L.Johnson 

Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina ophiolitica L.Johnson 

Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina rigida subsp. rigida (Miq.) L.Johnson 

Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina simulans Nabiac Casuarina L. Johnson 

Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina torulosa Forest Oak (aiton) L.Johnson 

Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak (Lam.) L.Johnson 

Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana L. 

Casuarinaceae Casuarina glauca Swamp Oak Sprengel 

Celastraceae Celastrus australis Staff VIne Harvey & F. Muell. 

Celastraceae Celastrus subspicata Hook. 

Celastraceae Denhamia celastroides Denhamia (F. Muell.) Jessup 

Celastraceae Elaeodendron australe Vent. 

Celastraceae Hippocratea barbata Knot Vine F. Muell. 

Celastraceae Maytenus bilocularis X silvestris 

Celastraceae Maytenus cunninghamii Yellow-berry Bush (Hook.) Loes. 

Celastraceae Maytenus silvestris Narrow-leaved 

Orangebark 

Centrolepidaceae Centrolepis fascicularis Labill. 

235 

Lander & L.Johnson 

Centrolepidaceae Centrolepis strigosa subsp. strigosa (R. Br.) Roem. & Schult. 

Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllum demersum Hornwort L. 

Chenopodiaceae Atriplex australasica Moq. 

Chenopodiaceae Atriplex cinerea Grey Saltbush Poiret 

Chenopodiaceae Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC 

Chenopodiaceae Atriplex semibaccata Creeping Saltbush R. Br. 

Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album Fat Hen L. 

Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium auricomiforme Murr & Thell. 

Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium carinatum Keeled Goosefoot R. Br. 

Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium glaucum L. 

Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium melanocarpum Black Crumbweed (J.Black) J.Black 

Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium murale Nettle-leaf Goosefoot L. 

Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium pumilio Small Crumbweed R. Br. 

Chenopodiaceae Einadia hastata Berry Saltbush (R. Br.) a.J.Scott 

Chenopodiaceae Einadia polygonoides (Murr) Paul G.Wilson




Chenopodiaceae Enchylaena tomentosa Ruby Saltbush R. Br. 

Chenopodiaceae Maireana enchylaenoides (F. Muell.) Paul G.Wilson 

Chenopodiaceae Maireana microphylla (Moq.) Paul G.Wilson 

Chenopodiaceae Rhagodia candolleana subsp. candolleana Moq. 

Chenopodiaceae Rhagodia parabolica R. Br. 

Chenopodiaceae Rhagodia spinescens R. Br. 

Chenopodiaceae Salsola tragus L. 

Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora subsp. quinqueflora (Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb.) 

a.J.Scott 

Chenopodiaceae Sclerolaena birchii Galvinized Burr (F. Muell.) Domin 

Chenopodiaceae Suaeda australis (R. Br.) Moq. 

Chloanthaceae Chloanthes glandulosa R. Br. 

Chloanthaceae Chloanthes parviflora Walp. 

Chloanthaceae Chloanthes stoechadis R. Br. 

Chloanthaceae Spartothamnella juncea (Cunn. ex Walp.) Briq. 

Clusiaceae Hypericum gramineum Small St John’s Wort G.Forster 

Clusiaceae Hypericum japonicum Thunb. 

Clusiaceae Hypericum perforatum St. Johns Wort L. 

Colchicaceae Burchardia umbellata Milkmaids R. Br. 

Colchicaceae Wurmbea biglandulosa (R. Br.) T.Macfarl. 

Colchicaceae Wurmbea dioica subsp. dioica early Nancy (R. Br.) F. Muell. 

Commelinaceae Aneilema acuminatum R. Br. 

Commelinaceae Aneilema biflorum R. Br. 

Commelinaceae Commelina africana L. 

Commelinaceae Commelina cyanea Native Wandering Jew R. Br. 

Commelinaceae Murdannia graminea (R. Br.) G.a.Brueckner 

Commelinaceae Pollia crispata (R. Br.) Benth. 

Commelinaceae Tradescantia albiflora Wandering Jew Vell. 

Convolvulaceae Calystegia marginata R. Br. 

Convolvulaceae Calystegia soldanella (L.) Roemer & Schultes 

Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis L. 

Convolvulaceae Convolvulus erubescens Sims 

Convolvulaceae Convolvulus graminetinus R.W.Johnson 

Convolvulaceae Cuscuta australis australian Dodder R. Br. 

Convolvulaceae Cuscuta campestris Golden Dodder Yuncker 

Convolvulaceae Dichondra repens Kidney Weed Forster & G.Forster 

Convolvulaceae Dichondra species a 

Convolvulaceae Evolvulus alsinoides var. decumbens L. 

Convolvulaceae Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet 

Convolvulaceae Ipomoea indica Blue Morning Glory (Burman) Merr. 

Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis (L.) R. Br. 

Convolvulaceae Polymeria calycina R. Br. 

Convolvulaceae Wilsonia backhousei Narrow-leafed Wilsonia Hook. f. 

Crassulaceae Crassula decumbens var. decumbens Thunb. 

Crassulaceae Crassula helmsii Swamp Stonecrop (Kirk) Cockayne 

236




Cucurbitaceae Cucumis myriocarpus subsp. leptodermis Paddy Melon Naudin 

Cucurbitaceae Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffrey 

Cucurbitaceae Sicyos australis endl. 

Cucurbitaceae Zehneria cunninghamii Slender Cucumber F. Muell. 

Cunoniaceae Aphanopetalum resinosum Gum Vine endl. 

Cunoniaceae Caldcluvia paniculosa Soft Corkwood (F. Muell.) Hoogl. 

Cunoniaceae Callicoma serratifolia Black Wattle andrews 

Cunoniaceae Ceratopetalum apetalum Coachwood D.Don 

Cunoniaceae Ceratopetalum gummiferum Christmas Bush Smith 

Cunoniaceae Schizomeria ovata Crabapple D.Don 

Cunoniaceae Vesselowskya rubifolia Southern Marara (F. Muell.) Pampan. 

Cupressaceae Callitris endlicheri Black Cypress Pine (Parl.) Bailey 

Cupressaceae Callitris glaucophylla White Cypress Pine J.Thompson & L.Johnson 

Cupressaceae Callitris gracilis subsp. gracilis R. T. Baker 

Cupressaceae Callitris macleayana Stringybark Pine (F. Muell.) F. Muell. 

Cupressaceae Callitris muelleri (Parl.) F. Muell. 

Cupressaceae Callitris rhomboidea Port Jackson Pine R. Br. ex a. Rich. & Rich. 

Cyatheaceae Cyathea australis Rough Treefern (R. Br.) Domin 

Cyatheaceae Cyathea cooperi Straw Treefern (Hook.ex F. Muell.) Domin 

Cyatheaceae Cyathea leichhardtiana Prickly Treefern (F. Muell.)Copel 

Cyperaceae Abildgaardia ovata (Burm. f.) Kral 

Cyperaceae Baumea acuta (Labill.) Palla 

Cyperaceae Baumea arthrophylla (Nees) Boeckeler 

Cyperaceae Baumea articulata Jointed Twig-rush (R. Br.) S.T.Blake 

Cyperaceae Baumea gunnii (J.D.Hook.) S.T.Blake 

Cyperaceae Baumea juncea (R. Br.) Palla 

Cyperaceae Baumea muelleri (C.B.Clarke) S.T.Blake 

Cyperaceae Baumea nuda (Steudel) S.T.Blake 

Cyperaceae Baumea rubiginosa (Sprengel) Boeckeler 

Cyperaceae Baumea teretifolia (R. Br.) Palla 

Cyperaceae Bolboschoenus caldwellii (V.Cook) Sojak 

Cyperaceae Bulbostylis densa (Wallich) Hand.-Mazz. 

Cyperaceae Carex appressa Tall Sedge R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Carex breviculmis R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Carex brunnea Thunb. 

Cyperaceae Carex declinata Boott 

Cyperaceae Carex echinata Star Sedge Murray 

Cyperaceae Carex fascicularis Tassel Sedge Sol. ex Boott 

Cyperaceae Carex gaudichaudiana Kunth 

Cyperaceae Carex incomitata K.Thiele 

Cyperaceae Carex inversa Knob Sedge R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Carex lobolepis F. Muell. 

Cyperaceae Carex longebrachiata Bergalia Tussock Boeckeler 

Cyperaceae Carex maculata Boott 

Cyperaceae Carex polyantha F. Muell. 

237




Cyperaceae Carex tereticaulis F. Muell. 

Cyperaceae Caustis flexuosa Curly Wig R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Caustis pentandra R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Chorizandra cymbaria R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Chorizandra sphaerocephala R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Cladium procerum S.T.Blake 

Cyperaceae Cyathochaeta diandra (R. Br.) Nees 

Cyperaceae Cyperus aggregatus (Willd.) endl. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus difformis Dirty Dora L. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus disjunctus C.B.Clarke 

Cyperaceae Cyperus eglobosus K.L.Wilson 

Cyperaceae Cyperus enervis R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus eragrostis Umbrella Sedge Lam. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus exaltatus Retz. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus flaccidus R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus flavescens L. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus flavidus Retz. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus fulvus R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus gracilis Slender Flat-sedge R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus imbecillis R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus laevis R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus lhotskyanus Boeckeler 

Cyperaceae Cyperus lucidus R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus odoratus L. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus papyrus L. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus polystachyos Rottb. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus Nutgrass L. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus sanguinolentus M.Vahl 

Cyperaceae Cyperus sesquiflorus (Torr.) Kuk. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus sphaeroideus L.Johnson & O.evans 

Cyperaceae Cyperus tenellus L.f. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus tetraphyllus R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus trinervis R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus vaginatus R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Cyperus victoriensis C.B.Clarke 

Cyperaceae Eleocharis cylindrostachys Boeckeler 

Cyperaceae Eleocharis equisetina C.Presl 

Cyperaceae Eleocharis gracilis R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Eleocharis minuta Boeckeler 

Cyperaceae Eleocharis pusilla R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Eleocharis sphacelata Tall Spike Rush R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Ficinia nodosa Knobby Club-rush (Rottb.) R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Fimbristylis dichotoma Common Fringe-sedge (L.) M.Vahl 

Cyperaceae Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) M.Vahl 

238




Cyperaceae Gahnia aspera Rough Saw-sedge (R. Br.) Sprengel 

Cyperaceae Gahnia clarkei Tall Saw-sedge Benl 

Cyperaceae Gahnia erythrocarpa R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Gahnia melanocarpa Black Fruit Saw-sedge R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Gahnia microstachya Benth. 

Cyperaceae Gahnia radula (R. Br.) Benth. 

Cyperaceae Gahnia sieberiana Red-fruit Saw-sedge Kunth 

Cyperaceae Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus (R. Br.) J.D.Hook. 

Cyperaceae Isolepis cernua Nodding Club-rush (Vahl) Roemer & Schultes 

Cyperaceae Isolepis crassiuscula J.D.Hook. 

Cyperaceae Isolepis habra (edgar) Sojak 

Cyperaceae Isolepis hookeriana Boeckeler 

Cyperaceae Isolepis inundata R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Isolepis prolifera (Rottb.) R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Lepidosperma concavum R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Lepidosperma curtisiae K.L.Wilson & D.I.Morris 

Cyperaceae Lepidosperma elatius Labill. 

Cyperaceae Lepidosperma filiforme Labill. 

Cyperaceae Lepidosperma forsythii a.a.Ham. 

Cyperaceae Lepidosperma gunnii Boeck. 

Cyperaceae Lepidosperma latens K.L.Wilson 

Cyperaceae Lepidosperma laterale R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Lepidosperma limicola Wakef. 

Cyperaceae Lepidosperma longitudinale Labill. 

Cyperaceae Lepidosperma neesii Kunth 

Cyperaceae Lepidosperma quadrangulatum a.a.Ham. 

Cyperaceae Lepidosperma tortuosum F. Muell. 

Cyperaceae Lepidosperma urophorum Wakef. 

Cyperaceae Lepidosperma viscidum R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin 

Cyperaceae Ptilothrix deusta (R. Br.) K.L.Wilson 

Cyperaceae Rhynchospora brownii Roemer & Schultes 

Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Kerner 

Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus subulatus (Vahl) Lye 

Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus validus (M.Vahl) a.Love & D.Love 

Cyperaceae Schoenus apogon Fluke Bogrush Roemer & Schultes 

Cyperaceae Schoenus brevifolius R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Schoenus calyptratus Kuk. 

Cyperaceae Schoenus ericetorum R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Schoenus imberbis R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Schoenus kennyi (Bailey) S.T.Blake 

Cyperaceae Schoenus maschalinus Roemer & Schultes 

Cyperaceae Schoenus melanostachys R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Schoenus nitens (R. Br.) Poiret 

Cyperaceae Schoenus paludosus (R. Br.) Poiret 

239




Cyperaceae Schoenus scabripes Benth. 

Cyperaceae Schoenus turbinatus (R. Br.) Poiret 

Cyperaceae Schoenus villosus R. Br. 

Cyperaceae Scirpus polystachyus F. Muell. 

Cyperaceae Scleria mackaviensis Boeckeler 

Cyperaceae Tetraria capillaris (F. Muell.) J.Black 

Cyperaceae Tricostularia pauciflora (F. Muell.) Benth. 

Cyperaceae Uncinia tenella R. Br. 

Davalliaceae Arthropteris beckleri (Hook) Mett. 

Davalliaceae Arthropteris tenella (Forster f.) J. Smith 

Davalliaceae Davallia solida var. pyxidata Hare’s Foot Fern (G. Forst.) Sw. 

Davalliaceae Nephrolepis cordifolia Fishbone Fern (L.) Schott 

Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtia davallioides Lacy Ground Fern (R. Br.) T.Moore 

Dennstaedtiaceae Histiopteris incisa Bat’s Wing Fern (Thunb.) J.Smith 

Dennstaedtiaceae Hypolepis glandulifera Brownsey & Chinnock 

Dennstaedtiaceae Hypolepis muelleri Harsh Ground Fern Wakef. 

Dennstaedtiaceae Hypolepis rugosula (Labill.) J.Smith 

Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium esculentum Bracken (Forster f.) Cockayne 

Dicksoniaceae Calochlaena dubia Common Ground Fern (R. Br.) M. Turner & R. White 

Dicksoniaceae Dicksonia antarctica Soft Treefern Labill 

Dilleniaceae Adrastaea salicifolia DC. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia acicularis (Labill.) F. Muell. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia bracteata (DC.) Benth. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia circumdans Conn 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia cistiflora subsp. cistiflora N.a.Wakef. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia cistoidea (Hook.) C.White 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia dentata Twining Guinea Flower R. Br. ex DC. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia diffusa R. Br. ex DC. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia empetrifolia subsp. empetrifolia (DC.) Hoogland 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia fasciculata R. Br. ex DC. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia hermanniifolia DC. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia incana (Lindley) Toelken 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia linearis R. Br. ex DC. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia monogyna R. Br. ex DC. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia nitida (R. Br ex DC.) Benth. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia obtusifolia Hoary guinea flower (DC.) a.Gray 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia pedunculata R. Br. ex DC. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia procumbens Spreading Guinea 

Flower 

240 

(Labill.) DC. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia riparia (R. Br. ex DC.) Hoogl. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia rufa Wakef. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia saligna R. Br. ex DC. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia scandens Climbing Guinea 

Flower 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia serpyllifolia DC. 

(Willd.) Dryand. 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia vestita Cunn. ex Benth.




Dilleniaceae Hibbertia villosa Conn 

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia virgata subsp. virgata R. Br. ex DC. 

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea transversa Native Yam R. Br. 

Doryanthaceae Doryanthes excelsa Gymea/Giant Lily Corr. Serr. 

Droseraceae Drosera auriculata Backh. ex Planchon 

Droseraceae Drosera binata Forked Sundew Labill. 

Droseraceae Drosera glanduligera Pimpernel Sundew Lehm. 

Droseraceae Drosera peltata Thunb. 

Droseraceae Drosera pygmaea DC. 

Droseraceae Drosera spatulata Labill. 

Dryopteridaceae Arachniodes aristata (Forster f.)Tind. 

Dryopteridaceae Lastreopsis acuminata Shiny Shield Fern (Houlston)Morton 

Dryopteridaceae Lastreopsis decomposita Trim Shield Fern (R. Br.) Tind. 

Dryopteridaceae Lastreopsis hispida Bristly Shield Fern (Sw.) Tind. 

Dryopteridaceae Lastreopsis microsora subsp. microsora (endl.) Tindale 

Dryopteridaceae Lastreopsis munita Naked Shield Fern (Mett.) Tind. 

Dryopteridaceae Lastreopsis smithiana Smooth Shield Fern Tind. 

Dryopteridaceae Polystichum australiense Harsh Shield Fern Tind. 

Dryopteridaceae Polystichum fallax Tind. 

Dryopteridaceae Polystichum formosum Broad Shield Fern Tind. 

Dryopteridaceae Polystichum proliferum Mother Shield Fern (R. Br.) Presl 

ebenaceae Diospyros australis Black Plum (R. Br.) Hiern 

ebenaceae Diospyros fasciculosa Grey ebony (F. Muell.) F. Muell. 

ebenaceae Diospyros pentamera Myrtle ebony (F. Muell.) F. Muell. 

elaeocarpaceae Aristotelia australasica Mountain Wineberry F. Muell. 

elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus holopetalus Black Olive Berry F. Muell. 

elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus kirtonii Silver Quandong Bailey 

elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus obovatus Hard Quandong G.Don 

elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus reticulatus Blueberry ash Smith 

elaeocarpaceae Sloanea australis Maiden’s Blush (Benth.) F. Muell. 

elaeocarpaceae Sloanea woollsii Yellow Carabeen F. Muell. 

elatinaceae Elatine gratioloides Waterwort Cunn. 

epacridaceae Acrothamnus hookeri Sonder 

epacridaceae Acrotriche aggregata R. Br. 

epacridaceae Acrotriche divaricata R. Br. 

epacridaceae Acrotriche rigida B.Paterson 

epacridaceae Acrotriche serrulata Honeypots R. Br. 

epacridaceae Astroloma humifusum Native Cranberry (Cav.) R. Br. 

epacridaceae Astroloma pinifolium Pine Heath (R. Br.) Benth. 

epacridaceae Brachyloma scortechinii F. Muell. 

epacridaceae Dracophyllum secundum R. Br. 

epacridaceae Epacris breviflora Stapf 

epacridaceae Epacris calvertiana var. calvertiana F. Muell. 

epacridaceae Epacris coriacea Cunn. ex DC. 

epacridaceae Epacris crassifolia R. Br. 

241




epacridaceae Epacris longiflora Fuchsia Heath Cav. 

epacridaceae Epacris muelleri Sonder 

epacridaceae Epacris obtusifolia Blunt-leaf Heath Smith 

epacridaceae Epacris pulchella Cav. 

epacridaceae Epacris reclinata Cunn. ex Benth. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon amplexicaulis (Rudge) R. Br. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon appressus R. Br. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon attenuatus Cunn. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon deformis R. Br. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon ericoides (Smith) R. Br. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon esquamatus R. Br. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon fraseri Cunn. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon juniperinus Prickly Beard-heath R. Br. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon leptospermoides R. Br. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon margarodes R. Br. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon muticus Blunt Beard-heath R. Br. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon neoanglicus F. Muell. ex Benth 

epacridaceae Leucopogon parviflorus Coastal Beard-heath (andrews) Lindley 

epacridaceae Leucopogon rodwayi Summerh. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon setiger R. Br. 

epacridaceae Leucopogon sp. aff. fraseri 

epacridaceae Leucopogon virgatus (Labill.) R. Br. 

epacridaceae Lissanthe sapida Native Cranberry R. Br. 

epacridaceae Melichrus erubescens Ruby Urn Heath Cunn. ex DC. 

epacridaceae Melichrus procumbens Jam Tarts (Cav.) Druce 

epacridaceae Melichrus sp. aff. urceolatus Unknown 

epacridaceae Melichrus urceolatus Urn Heath R. Br. 

epacridaceae Monotoca elliptica Tree Broom-heath (Smith) R. Br. 

epacridaceae Monotoca scoparia (Smith) R. Br. 

epacridaceae Sprengelia incarnata Smith 

epacridaceae Sprengelia sprengelioides (R. Br.) Druce 

epacridaceae Styphelia longifolia R. Br. 

epacridaceae Styphelia triflora Pink Five-Corners andrews 

epacridaceae Styphelia tubiflora Smith 

epacridaceae Trochocarpa laurina Tree Heath R. Br. 

epacridaceae Trochocarpa montana Mountain Tree Heath 

epacridaceae Woollsia pungens (Cav.) F. Muell. 

ericaceae Gaultheria appressa White Waxberry a.W.Hill 

eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon australe R. Br. 

eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon scariosum Smith 

escalloniaceae Abrophyllum ornans Native Hydrangea (F. Muell.) Hook. f. ex Benth. 

escalloniaceae Cuttsia viburnea F. Muell. 

escalloniaceae Polyosma cunninghamii Featherwood Bennett 

escalloniaceae Quintinia sieberi Possumwood a.DC. 

escalloniaceae Quintinia verdonii Grey Possumwood F. Muell. 

242




euphorbiaceae Acalypha nemorum F. Muell. ex Muell. arg. 

euphorbiaceae Actephila lindleyi (Steudel) airy Shaw 

euphorbiaceae Alchornea ilicifolia Native Holly (J.Smith) Muell. arg. 

euphorbiaceae Baloghia inophylla Brush Bloodwood (G.Forster)P.Green 

euphorbiaceae Bertya gummifera Planchon 

euphorbiaceae Bertya oblonga Blakely 

euphorbiaceae Bertya oleifolia Planchon 

euphorbiaceae Beyeria viscosa ‘Pinkwood, Sticky 

wallaby Bush’ 

243 

(Labill.) Miq. 

euphorbiaceae Bridelia exaltata Brush Ironbark F. Muell. 

euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce dallachyana (Baillon) Hassall 

euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce drummondii Caustic Weed (Boiss.) Hassall 

euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce wheeleri (Baillon) Hassall 

euphorbiaceae Claoxylon australe Brittlewood Baillon 

euphorbiaceae Cleistanthus cunninghamii Muell. arg. 

euphorbiaceae Croton insularis Silver Croton Baillon 

euphorbiaceae Croton verreauxii Native Cascarilla Baillon 

euphorbiaceae Euphorbia eremophila Desert Spurge Cunn. 

euphorbiaceae Euphorbia planiticola Plains Spurge Hassall 

euphorbiaceae Glochidion sumatranum Umbrella Cheese Tree Miq. 

euphorbiaceae Homalanthus populifolius Graham 

euphorbiaceae Mallotus philippensis Red Kamala (Lam.) Muell.arg. 

euphorbiaceae Micrantheum ericoides Desf. 

euphorbiaceae Micrantheum hexandrum J.D.Hook. 

euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus gunnii J.D.Hook. 

euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus hirtellus F. Muell. ex Mull.arg. 

euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus occidentalis J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl 

euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus similis Muell.arg. 

euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus virgatus G.Forster 

euphorbiaceae Poranthera corymbosa Brongn. 

euphorbiaceae Poranthera ericifolia Rudge 

euphorbiaceae Poranthera microphylla Brongn. 

euphorbiaceae Pseudanthus divaricatissimus (Muell.arg.) Benth. 

euphorbiaceae Pseudanthus orientalis (Baillon) F. Muell. 

euphorbiaceae Pseudanthus pimeleoides Sieber ex Sprengel 

euphorbiaceae Ricinocarpos pinifolius Wedding Bush Desf. 

euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis Castor Oil Plant L. 

euphorbiaceae Vernicia fordii Tung Oil Tree (Hemsley) airy Shaw 

eupomatiaceae Eupomatia laurina Bolwarra R. Br. 

Fabaceae 


Fabaceae 


Fabaceae 


Fabaceae 


Senna aciphylla (Benth.) Randell 

Senna barclayana Smooth Senna (Sweet) Randell 

Senna clavigera (Domin) Randell 

Senna coronilloides (Benth.) Randell




Fabaceae 


Fabaceae 


Fabaceae 


Fabaceae 


Fabaceae 


Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) Irwin & Barneby 

Senna form taxon ‘artemisioides’ DC. 

Senna odorata (Morris) Randell 

Senna pendula var. glabrata (Willd.) H.Irwin & Barneby 

Senna septemtrionalis arsenic Bush (Viv.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Almaleea paludosa (J.Thompson) Crisp & 

P.Weston 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Aotus ericoides (Vent.) G.Don 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Aotus lanigera Cunn. ex Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Austrosteenisia blackii var. blackii Blood Vine (F. Muell.) R.Geesink 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Bossiaea buxifolia Cunn. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Bossiaea ensata Sieber ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Bossiaea heterophylla Variable Bossiaea Vent. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Bossiaea lenticularis DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Bossiaea neo-anglica F. Muell. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Bossiaea obcordata Spiny Bossiaea (Vent.) Druce 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Bossiaea prostrata R. Br. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Bossiaea scolopendria (andrews) Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Bossiaea scortechinii F. Muell. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Bossiaea stephensonii F. Muell. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Canavalia rosea Coastal Jack Bean (Sw.) DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Chorizema parviflorum eastern Flame Pea Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Cullen tenax emu-foot (Lindl.) J.W. Grimes 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Cytisus scoparius subsp. scoparius english Broom (L.) Link 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Daviesia acicularis Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Daviesia alata Sm. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Daviesia arborea W.Hill 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Daviesia benthamii subsp. humilis Meissner 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Daviesia corymbosa Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Daviesia genistifolia Broom Bitter Pea Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Daviesia latifolia R. Br. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Daviesia leptophylla Cunn. ex Don. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Daviesia mimosoides R. Br. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Daviesia pubigera Cunn. ex Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Daviesia squarrosa Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Daviesia suaveolens Crisp 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Daviesia umbellulata Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Derris involuta (DC.) Sprague 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Desmodium brachypodum Large Tick-trefoil a.Gray 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Desmodium gunnii Slender tick trefoil Bemth. ex Hook. f. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Desmodium heterocarpon var. heterocarpon (L.) DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Desmodium nemorosum F. Muell. ex Benth. 

244




Fabaceae (Faboideae) Desmodium rhytidophyllum F. Muell. ex Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Desmodium varians Slender Tick-trefoil (Labill.) G.Don 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Dillwynia acicularis Sieber ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Dillwynia elegans endl. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Dillwynia floribunda Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Dillwynia glaberrima Sm. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Dillwynia juniperina Lodd. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Dillwynia phylicoides Cunn. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Dillwynia ramosissima Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Dillwynia retorta species complex (J.C.Wendl.) Druce 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Dillwynia rudis Sieber ex DC 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Dillwynia sericea Cunn. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Dillwynia sieberi Stendel 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Dillwynia sp. ‘trichopoda’ Maiden & Boorman s.n. 

NSW40290 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Dillwynia tenuifolia Sieber ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Erythrina crista-galli Cockspur Coral Tree L. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Erythrina X sykesii Coral tree Barneby & Krukoff 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Glycine canescens Silky Glycine F.J. Herm. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Glycine clandestina Wendl. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Glycine latifolia (Benth.) Newell & Hymowitz 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Glycine microphylla Tindale 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Glycine pacifica B. Pfeil & Tindale ms (Grace 

946) 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Glycine stenophita B.Pfeil & Tindale 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Glycine tabacina Glycine (Labill.) Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Glycine tomentella Woolly Glycine Hayata 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Gompholobium glabratum Dainty Wedge Pea DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Gompholobium grandiflorum Large Wedge Pea Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Gompholobium huegelii Pale Wedge Pea Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Gompholobium inconspicuum Crisp 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Gompholobium latifolium Golden Glory Pea Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Gompholobium minus Dwarf Wedge Pea Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Gompholobium pinnatum Pinnate Wedge Pea Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Gompholobium uncinatum Red Wedge Pea Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Goodia lotifolia Salisb. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Hardenbergia violacea False Sarsaparilla (Schneev.) Stearn 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Hovea heterophylla a.Cunn. ex Hook. f. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Hovea lanceolata Sims 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Hovea linearis (Smith) R. Br. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Hovea longifolia R. Br. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Hovea longipes Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Hovea purpurea Sweet 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Hovea rosmarinifolia Cunn. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Indigofera adesmiifolia a.Gray 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Indigofera australis australian Indigo Willd. 

245




Fabaceae (Faboideae) Indigofera baileyi Bailey’s Indigo F. Muell. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Indigofera coronillifolia Cunn. ex Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Indigofera efoliata Leafless Indigo F. Muell. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Jacksonia scoparia Dogwood Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Kennedia prostrata Running Postman R. Br. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Kennedia rubicunda Red Kennedy Pea (Schneev.) Vent. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Lespedeza juncea subsp. sericea (L.) Pers. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Lotus australis australian Trefoil andrews 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Lotus corniculatus Birds-foot Trefoil L. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Lotus uliginosus Birds-foot Trefoil Schk. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Medicago arabica Spotted Burr Medic (L.) Hudson 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Medicago laciniata Cut-leaved Medic (L.) Miller 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Medicago lupulina Black Medic L. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Medicago minima Woolly Burr Medic (L.) Bartal. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Medicago orbicularis Button Medic (L.) Bartal. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Medicago polymorpha Burr Medic L. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Medicago praecox Small-leaved Burr 

Medic 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Medicago sativa Lucerne L. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Medicago truncatula Barrel Medic Gaertner 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Mirbelia baueri (Benth.) J.Thompson 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Mirbelia platylobioides (DC.) J.Thompson 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Mirbelia pungens Cunn. ex G. Don 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Mirbelia rubiifolia (andrews) G.Don 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Mirbelia speciosa subsp. speciosa Sieber ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Oxylobium arborescens Tall Shaggy Pea R. Br. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Oxylobium ellipticum Common Shaggy Pea (Vent.) R. Br. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Oxylobium pulteneae Wiry Shaggy Pea DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Oxylobium robustum Tree Shaggy Pea J.Thompson 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Phyllota phylicoides Heath Phyllota (DC.) Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Phyllota squarrosa Dense Phyllota (DC.) Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Podolobium aciculiferum Needle Shaggy Pea F. Muell. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Podolobium aestivum 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Podolobium ilicifolium Prickly Shaggy Pea andr. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Podolobium scandens Netted Shaggy Pea (Sm.) DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea blakelyi J.Thompson 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea cinerascens Maiden & e. Betche 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea daphnoides Wendl. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea echinula Sieber ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea euchila DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea fasciculata Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea flexilis Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea foliolosa Cunn. ex Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea glabra Smooth Bush-Pea Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea lapidosa Corrick 

246 

DC.




Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea linophylla Schrader & Wendl. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea microphylla Sieber ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea myrtoides Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea paleacea Willd. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea polifolia Cunn. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea retusa Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea rosmarinifolia Lindley 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea scabra R. Br. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea spinosa (DC.) H.Williamson 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea stipularis Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea tuberculata Pers. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea villifera DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pultenaea villosa Willd. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Rhynchosia minima Ryncho (L.) DC. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Robinia pseudoacacia Black Locust L. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Sphaerolobium minus Labill. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Sphaerolobium vimineum Smith 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Swainsona behriana F. Muell. ex J.Black 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Swainsona brachycarpa Benth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Swainsona colutoides Bladder Senna F. Muell. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Swainsona galegifolia Smooth Darling Pea (andrews) R. Br. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Swainsona queenslandica Joy Thomps. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Swainsona reticulata J.Black 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Swainsona swainsonioides (Benth.) a. Lee ex J. Black 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Templetonia stenophylla Leafy Templetonia (F. Muell.) J.Black 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Tephrosia brachyodon Domin 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Trifolium angustifolium Narrow-leaved Clover L. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Trifolium arvense Haresfoot Clover L. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Trifolium campestre Hop Clover Schreber 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Trifolium cernuum Drooping-flowered 

Clover 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Trifolium dubium Yellow Suckling Clover Sibth. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Trifolium glomeratum Clustered Clover L. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Trifolium pratense Red Clover L. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Trifolium repens White Clover L. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Trifolium scabrum Rough Clover L. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean Clover L. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Trigonella suavissima Coopers Clover Lindley 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Vigna vexillata var. angustifolia Wild Cow Pea (L.) a.Rich. 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) Zornia dyctiocarpa var. dyctiocarpa Zornia DC. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia amblygona Fan Wattle Cunn. ex Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia barringtonensis Tind. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia baueri subsp. baueri Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia binervata Two-veined Hickory DC. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia binervia Coast Myall (J.C. Wendl.) J.F. Macbr. 

247 

Brot.




Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia brownii Heath Wattle (Poiret) Steudel 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia bulgaensis Tind. & Stuart J. Davies 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia bynoeana Bynoe’s Wattle Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia caesiella Blue Bush Maiden & Blakely 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia cheelii Motherumbah Blakely 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia concurrens Curracabah Pedley 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia costiniana Tind. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia crassa subsp. crassa Pedley 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia cremiflora B.J. Conn & Tame 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia cultriformis Knife-leaved Wattle G.Don 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia dangarensis Tindale & Kodela 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia decora Western Golden Wattle H.G.Reichb. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia decurrens ‘Black Wattle, Green 

Wattle’ 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia doratoxylon Currawang a.Cunn. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia dorothea Dorothy’s Wattle Maiden 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia echinula Hedgehog Wattle DC. 

248 

Willd. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia elata Mountain Cedar Wattle Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia elongata Swamp Wattle Sieber ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia falcata Willd. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia falciformis Broad-leaved Hickory DC. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia filicifolia Fern-leaved Wattle Cheel & Welch 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia fimbriata Fringed Wattle Cunn. ex Don 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia floribunda White Sally (Vent.) Willd. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia fulva Velvet Wattle Tind. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia gladiiformis Sword-leaved Wattle Cunn. ex Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia gunnii Ploughshare Wattle Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia hamiltoniana Hamilton’sWattle Maiden 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia hispidula (Smith) Willd. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia implexa Hickory Wattle Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia ixiophylla Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia ixodes Motherumbung Pedley 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia kulnurensis Tindela & Coveny ms. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia leiocalyx subsp. leiocalyx Curracabah (Domin) Pedley 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia leucoclada Tind. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia leucolobia Sweet 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia linearifolia Narrow-leaved Wattle Cunn. ex Maiden & Blakely 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia linifolia Flax-leaved Wattle (Vent.) Willd. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia longissima Narrow-leaved Wattle H.L.Wendl. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia lunata Lunate-leaved acacia G.Lodd 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia maidenii Maiden’s Wattle F. Muell. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia matthewii Tindale & S.J. Davies 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood R. Br. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia melvillei Yarran Pedley 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia montana Mallee Wattle Benth.




Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia muelleriana Maiden & R. Baker 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia myrtifolia Red-stemmed Wattle (Smith) Willd. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia neriifolia Silver Wattle Cunn. ex Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia nova-anglica New england Hickory Williams ms. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia obliquinervia Mountain Hickory Tind. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia obtusata Sieber ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia obtusifolia Cunn. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia oxycedrus Spike Wattle Sieber ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia paradoxa Kangaroo Thorn DC. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia parramattensis Parramatta Wattle Tind. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia parvipinnula Silver-stemmed Wattle Tind. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia pendula Boree Cunn. ex Don 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia piligera a.Cunn. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia pilligaensis Pilliga Wattle Maiden 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia podalyriifolia Queensland Silver 

Wattle 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia polybotrya Western Silver Wattle Benth. 

249 

Cunn. ex Don 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia pravifolia Coil-pod Wattle F. Muell. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia prominens Gosford Wattle Cunn. ex Don 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia quadrilateralis DC. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia rubida Red-leaved Wattle Cunn. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia saliciformis Tind. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia salicina Cooba Lindley 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle (Labill.)H.L.Wendl. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia schinoides Green Cedar Wattle Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia spectabilis Mudgee Wattle Cunn. ex Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia stricta Straight Wattle (andrews) Willd. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia suaveolens Sweet Wattle (Smith) Willd. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia subulata awl-leaved Wattle Bonpl. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia trinervata Three-nerved Wattle Sieber ex DC. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia triptera Spurwing Wattle Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia ulicifolia Prickly Moses (Salisb.) Court 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia uncinata Gold-dust Wattle Lindley 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia venulosa Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia verniciflua Varnish Wattle Cunn. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Neptunia gracilis forma gracilis Sensitive Plant Benth. 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Pararchidendron pruinosum var. pruinosum Snow Wood (Benth.) I.C.Nielsen 

Flacourtiaceae Berberidopsis beckleri (F. Muell.) Veldk. 

Flacourtiaceae Dovyalis caffra Kei apple (Hook. f. & Harvey) Warb. 

Flacourtiaceae Scolopia braunii Flintwood (Klotzsch) Sleumer 

Flagellariaceae Flagellaria indica Whip Vine L. 

Fumariaceae Fumaria muralis subsp. muralis Wall Fumitory Sonder ex Koch 

Gentianaceae Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury Rafn 

Gentianaceae Centaurium spicatum Spike Centaury (L.) e.Jansen 

Gentianaceae Centaurium tenuiflorum (Hoffm. & Link) Fritsch




Gentianaceae Chionogentias barringtonensis (Griseb.) J.H.Willis 

Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium Common Crowfoot (L.) L’Her. ex aiton 

Geraniaceae Erodium crinitum Blue Storksbill Carolin 

Geraniaceae Erodium moschatum Musky Crowfoot (L.) aiton 

Geraniaceae Geranium homeanum Turcz. 

Geraniaceae Geranium molle subsp. molle Cranesbill Geranium L. 

Geraniaceae Geranium neglectum Carolin 

Geraniaceae Geranium retrorsum L’Her. ex DC. 

Geraniaceae Pelargonium australe Native Storksbill Willd. 

Geraniaceae Pelargonium inodorum Willd. 

Gesneriaceae Fieldia australis a.Cunn. 

Gleicheniaceae Gleichenia dicarpa ‘Pouched Coral Fern, 

Tangle Fern’ 

Gleicheniaceae Gleichenia microphylla R. Br. 

Gleicheniaceae Gleichenia rupestris R.Br 

Gleicheniaceae Sticherus flabellatus var. flabellatus Umbrella Fern (R. Br.) H.St.John 

Gleicheniaceae Sticherus lobatus Spreading Shield Fern Wakef. 

Goodeniaceae Brunonia australis Blue Pincushion R. Br. 

Goodeniaceae Coopernookia barbata (R. Br.) Carolin 

Goodeniaceae Coopernookia chisholmii (Blakely) Carolin 

Goodeniaceae Dampiera adpressa Cunn. ex DC. 

Goodeniaceae Dampiera lanceolata var. lanceolata a.Cunn. ex DC. 

Goodeniaceae Dampiera purpurea R. Br. 

Goodeniaceae Dampiera stricta (Smith) R. Br. 

Goodeniaceae Dampiera sylvestris Rajput & Carolin 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia cycloptera R. Br. 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia decurrens R. Br. 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia fordiana Carolin 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia glabra R. Br. 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia gracilis R. Br. 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia grandiflora Sims 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia heteromera F. Muell. 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia ovata Hop Goodenia Smith 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia paniculata Smith 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia pinnatifida Schldl. 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia rotundifolia R. Br. 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia stelligera R. Br. 

Goodeniaceae Goodenia stephensonii F. Muell. 

Goodeniaceae Scaevola aemula R. Br. 

Goodeniaceae Scaevola calendulacea (andrews) Druce 

Goodeniaceae Scaevola hookeri (Vriese) F. Muell. ex Hook. f. 

Goodeniaceae Scaevola humilis R. Br. 

Goodeniaceae Scaevola ramosissima Purple Fan-flower (Smith) K.Krause 

Goodeniaceae Selliera radicans Cav. 

Goodeniaceae Velleia paradoxa R. Br. 

250 

R. Br.




Goodeniaceae Velleia perfoliata R. Br. 

Goodeniaceae Velleia spathulata R. Br. 

Grammitaceae Grammitis billardierei Finger Fern Willd. 

Gyrostemonaceae Codonocarpus attenuatus Bell-fruit Tree (Hook.) H.Walter 

Haemodoraceae Haemodorum corymbosum Vahl. 

Haemodoraceae Haemodorum planifolium R. Br. 

Haloragaceae Gonocarpus chinensis subsp. verrucosus (Lour.) Orch. 

Haloragaceae Gonocarpus elatus (Fenzl) Orch. 

Haloragaceae Gonocarpus humilis Orch. 

Haloragaceae Gonocarpus longifolius (Schindler) Orch. 

Haloragaceae Gonocarpus montanus (J.D.Hook.) Orch. 

Haloragaceae Gonocarpus oreophilus Orch. 

Haloragaceae Gonocarpus salsoloides Reichb.ex Sprengel 

Haloragaceae Gonocarpus tetragynus Labill. 

Haloragaceae Gonocarpus teucrioides Raspwort DC. 

Haloragaceae Haloragis aspera Lindley 

Haloragaceae Haloragis heterophylla Brongn. 

Haloragaceae Haloragis serra Brongn. 

Haloragaceae Myriophyllum aquaticum ‘Parrots Feather, 

Brazilian Water-milfoil’ 

Haloragaceae Myriophyllum crispatum Orch. 

251 

(Vell.Conc.) Verdc. 

Hymenophyllaceae Crepidomanes venosum (R. Br.) Copel. 

Hymenophyllaceae Hymenophyllum australe Willd 

Hymenophyllaceae Hymenophyllum cupressiforme Common Filmy Fern Labill 

Hymenophyllaceae Hymenophyllum flabellatum Shiny Filmy Fern Labill 

Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis exilis R.Henderson 

Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis pratensis var. pratensis R. Br. 

Icacinaceae Citronella moorei Churnwood (Benth.) R.Howard 

Icacinaceae Pennantia cunninghamii Brown Beech Miers 

Iridaceae Libertia paniculata (R. Br.) Sprengel 

Iridaceae Libertia pulchella (R. Br.) Sprengel 

Iridaceae Patersonia fragilis (Labill.) asch. & Graebner 

Iridaceae Patersonia glabrata ‘Leafy Purple-flag, 

Bugulbi (Cadigal)’ 

Iridaceae Patersonia longifolia R. Br. 

Iridaceae Patersonia sericea Silky Purple-Flag R. Br. 

Iridaceae Patersonia sp. aff. fragilis Unknown 

Iridaceae Romulea rosea var. australis Onion Grass (L.) eckl. 

Iridaceae Sisyrinchium species A Scourweed 

Iridaceae Watsonia meriana cv. Bulbillifera Wild Watsonia (L.) Mill. 

Juncaceae Juncus acutus subsp. acutus Sharp Rush L. 

Juncaceae Juncus articulatus L. 

Juncaceae Juncus australis J.D.Hook. 

Juncaceae Juncus bufonius Toad Rush L. 

Juncaceae Juncus cognatus Kunth 

Juncaceae Juncus continuus L.a.S. Johnson 

R. Br.




Juncaceae Juncus filicaulis Buchenau 

Juncaceae Juncus homalocaulis Benth. 

Juncaceae Juncus kraussii subsp. australiensis Sea Rush Hochst. 

Juncaceae Juncus laeviusculus Unknown 

Juncaceae Juncus mollis L.a.S.Johnson 

Juncaceae Juncus pauciflorus R. Br. 

Juncaceae Juncus phaeanthus L.a.S.Johnson 

Juncaceae Juncus planifolius R. Br. 

Juncaceae Juncus polyanthemus Buchenau 

Juncaceae Juncus prismatocarpus R. Br. 

Juncaceae Juncus psammophilus L.a.S. Johnson 

Juncaceae Juncus remotiflorus L. Johnson 

Juncaceae Juncus sandwithii Lourt. 

Juncaceae Juncus sarophorus L.Johnson 

Juncaceae Juncus subsecundus Wakef. 

Juncaceae Juncus tenuis Willd. 

Juncaceae Juncus usitatus L.Johnson 

Juncaceae Juncus vaginatus R. Br. 

Juncaceae Luzula densiflora (Nordensk.) edgar 

Juncaceae Luzula meridionalis Nordensk. 

Juncaceae Luzula modesta Buchen 

Juncaceae Luzula ovata edgar 

Juncaginaceae Maundia triglochinoides F. Muell. 

Juncaginaceae Triglochin procera Water Ribbons R. Br. 

Juncaginaceae Triglochin striata Streaked arrowgrass Ruiz & Pav. 

Lamiaceae Ajuga australis austral Bugle R. Br. 

Lamiaceae Hemigenia cuneifolia Benth. 

Lamiaceae Hemigenia purpurea R. Br. 

Lamiaceae Lamium amplexicaule Dead Nettle L. 

Lamiaceae Lycopus australis australian Gipsywort R. Br. 

Lamiaceae Marrubium vulgare Horehound L. 

Lamiaceae Mentha australis River Mint R. Br. 

Lamiaceae Mentha diemenica Slender Mint Sprengel 

Lamiaceae Mentha satureioides Native Pennyroyal R. Br. 

Lamiaceae Plectranthus graveolens R. Br. 

Lamiaceae Plectranthus parviflorus Willd. 

Lamiaceae Plectranthus suaveolens S.T.Blake 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera askania Tranquility Mintbush B.J. Conn 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera caerulea R. Br. 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera cryptandroides subsp. 

cryptandroides 

252 

Wollemi Mint-bush Cunn. ex Benth. 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera discolor R. Baker 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera granitica Maiden & e.Betche 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera hindii B.J. Conn 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera howelliae Blakely




Lamiaceae Prostanthera incana Velvet Mint-bush Cunn. ex Benth. 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera incisa Cut-leaved Mint-bush R. Br. 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera junonis Somersby Mintbush B.J. Conn 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera lasianthos Victorian Christmas 

Bush 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera linearis Narrow-leaved Mintbush 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera ovalifolia R. Br. 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera prunelloides R. Br. 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera rhombea R. Br. 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera saxicola R. Br. 

253 

Labill. 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera scutellarioides (R. Br.) Briq. 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera serpyllifolia subsp. microphylla Small-leaved Mint-Bush (R. Br.) Briq. 

Lamiaceae Prostanthera violacea R.Br 

Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris Self-heal L. 

Lamiaceae Salvia plebeia R. Br. 

Lamiaceae Salvia reflexa Mintweed Hornem. 

Lamiaceae Salvia verbenaca Wild Sage L. 

Lamiaceae Scutellaria humilis Dwarf Skullcap R. Br. 

Lamiaceae Scutellaria mollis Soft Skullcap R. Br. 

Lamiaceae Stachys arvensis Stagger Weed L. 

Lamiaceae Teucrium corymbosum Forest Germander R. Br. 

Lamiaceae Westringia eremicola Slender Westringia Benth. 

Lamiaceae Westringia fruticosa Coastal Rosemary (Willd.) Druce 

Lauraceae Beilschmiedia elliptica Grey Walnut C.White & Francis 

Lauraceae Cassytha filiformis L. 

Lauraceae Cassytha melantha R. Br. 

Lauraceae Cassytha pubescens R. Br. 

Lauraceae Cinnamomum camphora Camphor Laurel (L.) Nees 

Lauraceae Cinnamomum oliveri Oliver’s Sassafras Bailey 

Lauraceae Cinnamomum virens Red-barked Sassafras R.Baker 

Lauraceae Cryptocarya erythroxylon Pigeonberry ash Maiden & Betche 

Lauraceae Cryptocarya foveolata Mountain Walnut C.White & Francis 

Lauraceae Cryptocarya glaucescens Jackwood R. Br. 

Lauraceae Cryptocarya meissneriana Thick-leaved Laurel Frodin 

Lauraceae Cryptocarya microneura Murrogun Meissner 

Lauraceae Cryptocarya nova-anglica Mountain Laurel B. Hyland & Floyd 

Lauraceae Cryptocarya obovata Pepperberry R. Br. 

Lauraceae Cryptocarya rigida Forest Maple Meissner 

Lauraceae Endiandra crassiflora Dorrigo Maple C.White & Francis 

Lauraceae Endiandra discolor Rose Walnut Benth. 

Lauraceae Endiandra sieberi Hard Corkwood Nees 

Lauraceae Litsea australis Brown Bolly Gum B.Hyland 

Lauraceae Litsea reticulata Bolly Gum (Meissner) F. Muell. 

Lauraceae Neolitsea australiensis Green Bolly Gum Kosterm. 

Lauraceae Neolitsea dealbata White Bolly Gum (R. Br.) Merr. 

R. Br.




Lemnaceae Spirodela punctata (G.Meyer) Thompson 

Lentibulariaceae Utricularia australis Yellow Bladderwort R. Br. 

Lentibulariaceae Utricularia dichotoma Fairy aprons Labill. 

Lentibulariaceae Utricularia gibba Floating Bladderwort L. 

Lentibulariaceae Utricularia lateriflora Small Bladderwort R. Br. 

Lentibulariaceae Utricularia uliginosa asian Bladderwort Vahl 

Linaceae Linum marginale Native Flax Cunn. ex Planchon 

Linaceae Linum trigynum French Flax L. 

Linaceae Linum usitatissimum Flax L. 

Lindsaeaceae Lindsaea dimorpha Bailey 

Lindsaeaceae Lindsaea linearis Screw Fern Sw. 

Lindsaeaceae Lindsaea microphylla Lacy Wedge Fern Sw. 

Lobeliaceae Isotoma anethifolia (Summerh.) F.Wimmer 

Lobeliaceae Isotoma armstrongii F.Wimmer 

Lobeliaceae Isotoma axillaris Showy Isotome Lindley 

Lobeliaceae Lobelia anceps L.f. 

Lobeliaceae Lobelia dentata Cav. 

Lobeliaceae Lobelia gibbosa Tall Lobelia Labill. 

Lobeliaceae Lobelia gracilis Trailing Lobelia andrews 

Lobeliaceae Lobelia trigonocaulis Forest Lobelia F. Muell. 

Lobeliaceae Pratia concolor Poison Pratia (R. Br.) Druce 

Lobeliaceae Pratia pedunculata Matted Pratia (R. Br.)Benth. 

Lobeliaceae Pratia purpurascens Whiteroot (R. Br.) F.Wimmer 

Lobeliaceae Pratia surrepens Mud Pratia (Hook. f.) F.Wimmer 

Loganiaceae Logania albiflora (andrews) Druce 

Loganiaceae Logania pusilla R. Br. 

Loganiaceae Mitrasacme alsinoides R. Br. 

Loganiaceae Mitrasacme paludosa R. Br. 

Loganiaceae Mitrasacme pilosa Labill. 

Loganiaceae Mitrasacme polymorpha R. Br. 

Lomandraceae Lomandra bracteata a.Lee 

Lomandraceae Lomandra brevis a.Lee 

Lomandraceae Lomandra cylindrica a.Lee 

Lomandraceae Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush (Lindley) ewart 

Lomandraceae Lomandra elongata (Benth.) ewart 

Lomandraceae Lomandra fluviatilis (R. Br.) a.T.Lee 

Lomandraceae Lomandra glauca Pale Mat-rush (R. Br.) ewart 

Lomandraceae Lomandra gracilis (R. Br.) a.T.Lee 

Lomandraceae Lomandra hystrix (R. Br.) L.R.Fraser & Vickery 

Lomandraceae Lomandra laxa (R. Br.) a.T.Lee 

Lomandraceae Lomandra longifolia Spiny-headed Mat-rush Labill. 

Lomandraceae Lomandra micrantha subsp. tuberculata Small-flowered Matrush 

Lomandraceae Lomandra multiflora subsp. multiflora Many-flowered Matrush 

254 

(endl.) ewart 

(R. Br.) Britten 

Lomandraceae Lomandra obliqua (Thunb.) J.F.Macbr.




Lomandraceae Lomandra patens a.T.Lee 

Lomandraceae Lomandra spicata a.T.Lee 

Loranthaceae Amyema bifurcatum var. bifurcatum (Benth.) Tiegh. 

Loranthaceae Amyema cambagei (Blakely) Danser 

Loranthaceae Amyema congener subsp. congener (Sieber ex Schult. & Schult.f.) 

Tiegh. 

Loranthaceae Amyema gaudichaudii (DC.) Tieghem 

Loranthaceae Amyema linophyllum subsp. orientale (Fenzl) Tieghem 

Loranthaceae Amyema miquelii (Lehm. ex Miq.) Tieghem 

Loranthaceae Amylotheca dictyophleba (F. Muell.) Tieghem 

Loranthaceae Benthamina alyxifolia (F. Muell. ex Benth.) Tieghem 

Loranthaceae Dendrophthoe vitellina (F. Muell.) Tieghem 

Loranthaceae Lysiana exocarpi subsp. tenuis (Behr) Tieghem 

Loranthaceae Muellerina bidwillii (Benth.) Barlow 

Loranthaceae Muellerina celastroides (Schultes & Schultes) 

Tieghem 

Loranthaceae Muellerina eucalyptoides (DC.) Barlow 

Luzuriagaceae Drymophila moorei Orange Berry Baker 

Luzuriagaceae Eustrephus latifolius Wombat Berry R. Br. ex Ker Gawl. 

Luzuriagaceae Geitonoplesium cymosum Scrambling Lily (R. Br.) a.Cunn. ex Hook. 

Lycopodiaceae Huperzia australiana Fir Clubmoss (Herter) Holub 

Lycopodiaceae Lycopodiella cernua Scrambling Clubmoss (L.) Pic. Serm. 

Lycopodiaceae Lycopodiella lateralis (R. Br.) Ollg. 

Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium deuterodensum Bushy Clubmoss Herter 

Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium fastigiatum Mountain Clubmoss R.Br 

Lythraceae Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife L. 

Malaceae Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn Jacq. 

Malaceae Eriobotrya japonica Loquat (Thunb.) Lindley 

Malaceae Pyracantha angustifolia Orange Firethorn (Franchet) Schneider 

Malaceae Pyracantha crenulata (Roxb.) Roemer 

Malaceae Rhaphiolepis indica Indian Hawthorn (L.) Lindl. ex Ker Gawl. 

Malvaceae Abutilon tubulosum (Hook.) Walp. 

Malvaceae Gossypium sturtianum var. sturtianum J.H.Willis 

Malvaceae Hibiscus diversifolius Swamp Hibiscus Jacq. 

Malvaceae Hibiscus heterophyllus subsp. heterophyllus Native Rosella Vent. 

Malvaceae Hibiscus splendens C. Fraser ex Graham 

Malvaceae Hibiscus trionum Bladder Ketmia L. 

Malvaceae Howittia trilocularis F. Muell. 

Malvaceae Lagunaria patersonia Norfolk Island Hibiscus (andrews) G. Don 

Malvaceae Malva neglecta Dwarf Mallow Wallr. 

Malvaceae Malva parviflora Small-flowered Mallow L. 

Malvaceae Malvastrum americanum Spiked Malvastrum (L.) Torrey 

Malvaceae Malvastrum coromandelianum Prickly Malvastrum (L.) Garcke 

Malvaceae Modiola caroliniana Red-flowered Mallow (L.) Don 

Malvaceae Pavonia hastata Cav. 

Malvaceae Sida corrugata Lindl. 

255




Malvaceae Sida cunninghamii C.White 

Malvaceae Sida filiformis Mitch. 

Malvaceae Sida petrophila F. Muell. 

Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia Paddy’s Lucerne L. 

Malvaceae Sida subspicata F. Muell. ex Benth. 

Malvaceae Sida trichopoda F. Muell. 

Marsileaceae Marsilea drummondii Common Nardoo a. Braun 

Meliaceae Dysoxylum fraserianum Rosewood (a. Juss.) Benth. 

Meliaceae Dysoxylum rufum Hairy Rosewood (a.Rich) Benth. 

Meliaceae Melia azedarach White Cedar L. 

Meliaceae Synoum glandulosum subsp. glandulosum Scentless Rosewood (Sm.) a.Juss. 

Meliaceae Toona ciliata Red Cedar M. Roemer 

Menispermaceae Legnephora moorei Round-leaf Vine (F. Muell.) Miers 

Menispermaceae Sarcopetalum harveyanum Pearl Vine F. Muell. 

Menyanthaceae Villarsia exaltata Yellow Marsh Flower (Sims) G.Don 

Menyanthaceae Villarsia reniformis R. Br. 

Monimiaceae Atherosperma moschatum Black Sassafras Labill. 

Monimiaceae Daphnandra micrantha (Tul.) Benth. 

Monimiaceae Daphnandra sp. Illawarra Illawarra Socketwood (R. Schodde 3475) 

Monimiaceae Doryphora sassafras Sassafras endl. 

Monimiaceae Hedycarya angustifolia Native Mulberry Cunn. 

Monimiaceae Palmeria scandens anchor Vine F. Muell. 

Monimiaceae Wilkiea huegeliana Veiny Wilkiea (Tul.) a.DC. 

Moraceae Ficus coronata Creek Sandpaper Fig Spin & Colla 

Moraceae Ficus fraseri Sandpaper Fig Miq. 

Moraceae Ficus superba var. henneana Deciduous Fig (Miq.) Miq. 

Moraceae Ficus watkinsiana Strangling Fig Bailey 

Moraceae Maclura cochinchinensis Cockspur Thorn (Lour.) Corner 

Moraceae Streblus brunonianus Whalebone Tree (endl.) F. Muell. 

Myoporaceae Eremophila debilis amulla (andrews) Chinnock 

Myoporaceae Myoporum acuminatum R. Br. 

Myoporaceae Myoporum montanum Western Boobialla R. Br. 

Myoporaceae Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla R. Br. 

Myrsinaceae Aegiceras corniculatum River Mangrove (L.) Blanco 

Myrsinaceae Embelia australiana (F. Muell.) F. M. Bailey 

Myrsinaceae Myrsine howittiana (F.Muell. ex Mez) Jackes 

Myrsinaceae Myrsine variabilis R.Br. 

Myrtaceae Angophora bakeri Narrow-leaved apple C.Hall 

Myrtaceae Angophora costata Sydney Red/Rusty Gum (Gaertner) Britten 

Myrtaceae Angophora euryphylla ( Johnson ex Leach) Joh 

& Hill 

Myrtaceae Angophora floribunda Rough-barked apple (Smith) Sweet 

Myrtaceae Angophora hispida Dwarf apple (Smith) Blaxell 

Myrtaceae Angophora inopina Charmhaven apple K.D. Hill 

Myrtaceae Angophora subvelutina Broad-leaved apple F. Muell. 

256




Myrtaceae Archirhodomyrtus beckleri Rose Myrtle (F. Muell.) a.J.Scott 

Myrtaceae Austromyrtus tenuifolia (Smith) Burret 

Myrtaceae Backhousia myrtifolia Grey Myrtle Hook. 

Myrtaceae Backhousia sciadophora Shatterwood F. Muell. 

Myrtaceae Baeckea brevifolia (Rudge) DC. 

Myrtaceae Baeckea diosmifolia Rudge 

Myrtaceae Baeckea imbricata (Gaertner) Druce 

Myrtaceae Baeckea linifolia Rudge 

Myrtaceae Baeckea omissa a.R. Bean 

Myrtaceae Baeckea utilis Mountain Baeckea Miq. 

Myrtaceae Callistemon acuminatus Tapering-leaved 

Bottlebrush 

Myrtaceae Callistemon citrinus Crimson Bottlebrush (Curtis) Stapf 

257 

Cheel 

Myrtaceae Callistemon comboynensis Cliff Bottlebrush Cheel 

Myrtaceae Callistemon linearifolius Netted Bottle Brush (Link) DC. 

Myrtaceae Callistemon linearis Narrow-leaved 

Bottlebrush 

Myrtaceae Callistemon pachyphyllus Wallum Bottlebrush Cheel 

(Schrader) Sweet 

Myrtaceae Callistemon pallidus Lemon Bottlebrush (Bonpl.) DC. 

Myrtaceae Callistemon pinifolius Pine-leaved 

Bottlebrush 

Myrtaceae Callistemon rigidus Stiff Bottlebrush R. Br. 

(Wendl.) Sweet 

Myrtaceae Callistemon salignus Willow Bottlebrush (Smith) Sweet 

Myrtaceae Callistemon shiressii Blakely 

Myrtaceae Callistemon sieberi River Bottlebrush DC. 

Myrtaceae Calytrix tetragona Labill. 

Myrtaceae Choricarpia leptopetala Brush Turpentine (F. Muell.) Domin 

Myrtaceae Corymbia eximia Yellow Bloodwood (Schauer) Hill & Johnson 

Myrtaceae Corymbia gummifera Red Bloodwood (Gaertner) Hill & Johnson 

Myrtaceae Corymbia intermedia Pink Bloodwood (R Baker) KD Hill & LaS 

Johnso 

Myrtaceae Corymbia maculata Spotted Gum (Hook.) KD Hill & LaS 

Johnson 

Myrtaceae Darwinia glaucophylla B.G. Briggs 

Myrtaceae Darwinia leptantha B.Briggs 

Myrtaceae Darwinia peduncularis B. Briggs 

Myrtaceae Darwinia procera B.Briggs 

Myrtaceae Darwinia taxifolia subsp. taxifolia Cunn. 

Myrtaceae Decaspermum humile Silky Myrtle (G.Don) a.J.Scott 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus acaciiformis Wattle-leaved 

Peppermint 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus acmenoides White Mahogany Schauer 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus aenea K.D. Hill 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus agglomerata Blue-leaved 

Stringybark 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus andrewsii Gum-topped 

Peppermint 

Deane & Maiden 

Maiden 

Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus apiculata R.Baker & H.G.Smith




Myrtaceae Eucalyptus bensonii L. Johnson & K. Hill 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus beyeriana L. Johnson & K. Hill 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus bicostata eurabbie ‘Maiden, Blakely & J. 

Simmonds’ 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus biturbinata L.Johnson & K.Hill 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus blakelyi Blakely’s Red Gum Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus blaxlandii Maiden & Cambage 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus botryoides Bangalay Smith 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus bridgesiana apple Box R.Baker 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus caliginosa Broad-leaved 

Stringybark 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camaldulensis River Red Gum Dehnh. 

258 

Blakely & Mckie 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus cameronii Diehard Stringybark Blakely & McKie 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camfieldii Heart-leaved 

Stringybark 

Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus campanulata New england Blackbutt R. Baker & H. G. Smith 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus canaliculata Large-fruited Grey Gum Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus cannonii Capertee Stringybark R. Baker 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus capitellata Brown Stringybark Smith 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus carnea Thick-leaved 

Mahogany 

R. Baker 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus chloroclada Dirty Gum (Blakely) L.Johnson & K.Hill 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus consideniana Yertchuk Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus crebra Narrow-leaved Ironbark F. Muell. 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus cypellocarpa Monkey Gum L.Johnson 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus dawsonii Slaty Gum R.Baker 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus dealbata Tumbledown Red Gum Cunn. ex Schauer 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus deanei Mountain Blue Gum Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus dives Broad-leaved 

Peppermint 

Schauer 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus dwyeri Dwyer’s Red Gum Maiden & Blakely 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus elliptica Bendemeer White Gum Blakely & McKie 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus eugenioides Thin-leaved 

Stringybark 

Sieber ex Sprengel 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus fastigata Brown Barrel Deane & Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus fibrosa Red Ironbark F. Muell. 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus fusiformis Boland 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus glaucina Slaty Red Gum Blakely 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus globoidea White Stringybark Blakely 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus goniocalyx Bundy Miq. 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus grandis Flooded Gum Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus haemastoma Broad-leaved Scribbly 

Gum 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus hypostomatica L.Johnson & K.Hill 

Smith 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus laevopinea Silver-top Stringybark R.Baker 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus largeana Craven Grey Box Blakely 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus longifolia Woollybutt Link




Myrtaceae Eucalyptus macrorhyncha Red Stringybark F. Muell. ex Benth. 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus mannifera Brittle Gum Mudie 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus melliodora Yellow Box Cunn. ex Schauer 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus michaeliana Brittle Gum Blakely 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus microcarpa Western Grey Box (Maiden) Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus microcorys Tallowwood F. Muell. 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus moluccana Grey Box Roxb. 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus multicaulis Whipstick ash Blakely 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus nitens Shining Gum Deane & Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus nobilis Forest Ribbon Gum L. Johnson & K. Hill 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus nortonii Large-flowered Bundy (Blakely) L.Johnson 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus nova-anglica New england 

Peppermint 

259 

Deane & Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus nubila Blue-leaved Ironbark Maiden & Blakely 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus obliqua Messmate L.’Her. 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus oblonga Stringybark Blakely 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus oreades Blue Mountains ash R.Baker 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus oresbia Small-fruited Mountain 

Gum 

Hunter and Bruhl 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus pauciflora White Sally Sieber ex Spreng. 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus pilularis Blackbutt Smith 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus piperita Sydney Peppermint Smith 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus placita a Grey Ironbark L.Johnson & K.Hill 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus polyanthemos subsp. 

polyanthemos 

Schauer 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus praecox Brittle Gum (Maiden) L. Johnson & K. Hill 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus prominula Stringybark L.Johnson & K.Hill 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus propinqua Small-fruited Grey Gum Deane& Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus pyrocarpa Large-fruited Blackbutt L.Johnson & Blaxell 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus quadrangulata White-topped Box Deane & Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus racemosa Narrow-leaved Scribbly 

Gum 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus rossii Inland Scribbly Gum R.Baker & H.G.Smith 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus sclerophylla Hard-leaved Scribbly 

Gum 

Cav. 

(Blakely) L.Johnson & Blaxell 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus serpentinicola L. Johnson & K. Hill 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus siderophloia Grey Ironbark Benth. 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus sideroxylon Mugga Ironbark a.Cunn. ex Woolls 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus sieberi Silvertop ash L.Johnson 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus signata Scribbly Gum F. Muell. 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus sparsifolia Narrow-leaved 

Stringybark 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus squamosa Scaly Bark Deane & Maiden 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus stellulata Black Sally Sieber ex DC. 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus stricta Mallee ash Sieber ex Sprengel 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus subtilior L. Johnson & K. Hill 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus tenella Stringybark L. Johnoson & K. Hill 

DC.




Myrtaceae Eucalyptus tereticornis Forest Red Gum Smith 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus viminalis Ribbon Gum Labill. 

Myrtaceae Gossia acmenoides Scrub Ironwood 9F. Muell.) Guymer & 

N.Snow ms 

Myrtaceae Gossia bidwillii Python Tree (Benth.)n.Snow & Guymer 

ms. 

Myrtaceae Harmogia densifolia (Sm.) F. Muell. 

Myrtaceae Homoranthus cernuus (R.T.Baker) Craven & 

S.R.Jones 

Myrtaceae Homoranthus darwinioides (Maiden & e. Betche) Cheel 

Myrtaceae Homoranthus flavescens Schauer 

Myrtaceae Homoranthus virgatus Schauer 

Myrtaceae Kunzea ambigua Tick Bush (Smith) Druce 

Myrtaceae Kunzea capitata (Smith) Heynh. 

Myrtaceae Kunzea ericoides Burgan (a.Rich.) J.Thompson 

Myrtaceae Kunzea parvifolia Schauer 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum arachnoides Gaertner 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum argenteum J. Thompson 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum brevipes F. Muell. 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum continentale Prickly Teatree J. Thompson 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum grandifolium Woolly Teatree Smith 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum gregarium J. Thompson 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum juniperinum Prickly Tea-tree Smith 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Teatree (Gaertner) F. Muell. 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum liversidgei R.Baker & H.G.Smith 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum morrisonii J. Thompson 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum obovatum Sweet 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum parvifolium Sm. 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum petersonii Lemon-scented Teatree Bailey 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum polyanthum Joy Thomps. 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum semibaccatum Cheel 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum sphaerocarpum Cheel 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum squarrosum Gaertner 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum trinervium Slender Tea-tree (Smith) J. Thompson 

Myrtaceae Leptospermum variabile J.Thompson 

Myrtaceae Lophostemon confertus Brush Box (R. Br.) Peter G.Wilson & 

Waterhouse 

Myrtaceae Lophostemon suaveolens Swamp Mahogany (Gaertner) Peter G.Wilson & 

Waterhouse 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & e.Betche) Cheel 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca armillaris subsp. armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm. 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca biconvexa Biconvex Paperbark Byrnes 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca decora (Salisb.) Britten 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca diosmatifolia Otto 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca ericifolia Swamp Paperbark Smith 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca groveana Grove’s Paperbark Cheel & C. White 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca hypericifolia Hillock bush Smith 

260




Myrtaceae Melaleuca lanceolata Otto 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca linariifolia Flax-leaved Paperbark Smith 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca nodosa (Gaertner) Vent. 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca quinquenervia Broad-leaved 

Paperbark 

261 

(Cav.) S.T.Blake 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca sieberi Schauer 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca squamea Labill. 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca thymifolia Smith 

Myrtaceae Melaleuca uncinata Broombush R. Br. 

Myrtaceae Micromyrtus blakelyi J. Green 

Myrtaceae Micromyrtus ciliata Fringed Heath-myrtle (Smith) Druce 

Myrtaceae Micromyrtus sessilis J.Green 

Myrtaceae Micromyrtus striata J.Green 

Myrtaceae Ochrosperma lineare (C.White) Trudgeon 

Myrtaceae Ochrosperma oligomerum (Radlk.) a.R. Bean 

Myrtaceae Pilidiostigma glabrum Burret 

Myrtaceae Rhodamnia argentea White Myrtle Benth. 

Myrtaceae Rhodamnia rubescens Scrub Turpentine (Benth.) Miq. 

Myrtaceae Rhodomyrtus psidioides Native Guava (G.Don) Benth. 

Myrtaceae Sannantha cunninghamii (Schauer) a.R. Bean 

Myrtaceae Sannantha pluriflora (F. Muell.) a.R. Bean 

Myrtaceae Sannantha similis a.R. Bean 

Myrtaceae Syzygium australe Brush Cherry (Wendl. ex Link) B.Hyland 

Myrtaceae Syzygium crebrinerve Purple Cherry (C.White) L.Johnson 

Myrtaceae Syzygium francisii Giant Water Gum (Bailey) L.Johnson 

Myrtaceae Syzygium oleosum Blue Lilly Pilly (F. Muell.) B.Hyland 

Myrtaceae Syzygium paniculatum Magenta Lilly Pilly Gaertner 

Myrtaceae Tristania neriifolia Water Gum (Sims) R. Br. 

Myrtaceae Tristaniopsis collina Mountain Water Gum Peter G. Wilson & 

Waterhouse 

Myrtaceae Tristaniopsis laurina Kanuka (Smith) Peter G.Wilson & 

Waterhouse 

Myrtaceae Waterhousea floribunda Weeping Lilly Pilly (F. Muell.) B.Hyland 

Nothofagaceae Nothofagus moorei antarctic Beech (F. Muell.) Krasser 

Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia dominii Tarvine Meikle & Hewson 

Nyctaginaceae Pisonia umbellifera Birdlime Tree (Forster & Forster f.) 

Seemann 

Ochnaceae Ochna serrulata Mickey Mouse Plant (Hochst.) Walp. 

Olacaceae Olax retusa F. Muell. ex Benth. 

Olacaceae Olax stricta R.BR 

Oleaceae Jasminum suavissimum Lindley 

Oleaceae Jasminum volubile Jacq. 

Oleaceae Ligustrum lucidum Large-leaved Privet aiton 

Oleaceae Ligustrum sinense Small-leaved Privet Lour. 

Oleaceae Ligustrum vulgare european Privet L. 

Oleaceae Notelaea neglecta P.Green




Oleaceae Notelaea ovata R. Br. 

Oleaceae Notelaea species A 

Oleaceae Notelaea venosa Veined Mock-olive F. Muell. 

Oleaceae Olea paniculata Native Olive R. Br. 

Onagraceae Epilobium billardierianum Ser. 

Onagraceae Epilobium gunnianum Hausskn. 

Onagraceae Epilobium hirtigerum Cunn. 

Onagraceae Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis Water Primrose (Kunth) Raven 

Onagraceae Oenothera affinis Cambess. 

Onagraceae Oenothera indecora subsp. bonariensis Cambess. 

Ophioglossaceae Botrychium australe Parsley Fern R.Br 

Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum lusitanicum adder’s Tongue L. 

Orchidaceae Acianthus amplexicaulis (Bailey) Rolfe 

Orchidaceae Acianthus collinus D.L.Jones 

Orchidaceae Acianthus exsertus Mosquito Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Acianthus fornicatus Pixie Caps R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Acianthus pusillus Gnat Orchid D.L.Jones 

Orchidaceae Arthrochilus prolixus D.L.Jones 

Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum elisae Pineapple Orchid (F. Muell.) Benth. 

Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum exiguum F. Muell. 

Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum shepherdii Wheat-leaved Orchid (F. Muell.) F. Muell. 

Orchidaceae Caladenia alata Fairy Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Caladenia capillata Fringed Spider Orchid D.L.Jones 

Orchidaceae Caladenia catenata White Caladenia (Sm.) Druce 

Orchidaceae Caladenia gracilis Musky Caladenia R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Caladenia picta (Nicholls) M.Clements & 

D.Jones 

Orchidaceae Calanthe triplicata Christmas Orchid (Willem.) ames 

Orchidaceae Caleana major Large Duck Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Calochilus campestris Copper Beard Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Calochilus grandiflorus Giant Beard Orchid (Benth.) Domin 

Orchidaceae Calochilus paludosus Red Beard Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Calochilus robertsonii Purplish Beard Orchid Benth. 

Orchidaceae Cestichis coelogynoides (F. Muell.) Benth. 

Orchidaceae Cestichis reflexa (R. Br.) Lindley 

Orchidaceae Chiloglottis diphylla R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Chiloglottis formicifera ant Orchid Fitzg. 

Orchidaceae Chiloglottis platyptera Barrington Tops ant 

Orchid 

262 

D.L. Jones 

Orchidaceae Chiloglottis pluricallata D.L.Jones 

Orchidaceae Chiloglottis reflexa (Labill.) Druce 

Orchidaceae Chiloglottis seminuda D.L. Jones 

Orchidaceae Chiloglottis trilabra Fitzg. 

Orchidaceae Corybas aconitiflorus Spurred Helmet Orchid Salisb. 

Orchidaceae Corybas fimbriatus Fringed Helmet Orchid (R. Br.) H.G.Reichb. 

Orchidaceae Corybas fordhamii Banded Helmet Orchid (Rupp) Rupp




Orchidaceae Corybas pruinosus Toothed Helmet Orchid H.G.Reichb. 

Orchidaceae Cryptostylis erecta Tartan Tongue Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Cryptostylis hunteriana Leafless Tongue Orchid Nicholls 

Orchidaceae Cryptostylis leptochila Small Tongue Orchid F. Muell. ex Benth. 

Orchidaceae Cryptostylis subulata Large Tongue Orchid (Labill.) H.G.Reichb. 

Orchidaceae Cyanicula caerulea Blue Caladenia (R. Br.) Hopper & a.P.Br. 

Orchidaceae Cymbidium canaliculatum Tiger Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Cymbidium suave Snake Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Cyrtostylis reniformis Gnat Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium aemulum Ironbark Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium cucumerinum Cucumber Orchid MacLeay 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium fairfaxii F. Muell. & Fitzg. 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium falcorostrum Beech Orchid Fitzg. 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium gracilicaule F. Muell. 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium kingianum Pink Rock Orchid Lindley 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium linguiforme Tongue Orchid Sw. 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium mortii F. Muell. 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium pugioniforme Dagger Orchid Cunn. 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium schoeninum Pencil Orchid Lindley 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium striolatum H.G.Reichb. 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium tetragonum Tree Spider Orchid Cunn. 

Orchidaceae Dipodium punctatum (Smith) R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Dipodium roseum D.L.Jones & M.a.Clem. 

Orchidaceae Dipodium variegatum M.Clements & D.Jones 

Orchidaceae Diuris aurea Smith 

Orchidaceae Diuris platichila Fitzg. 

Orchidaceae Diuris sulphurea Tiger/Hornet Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Diuris venosa Veined Doubletail Rupp 

Orchidaceae Eriochilus cucullatus Parson’s Bands (Labill.) H.G.Reichb. 

Orchidaceae Gastrodia sesamoides Cinnamon Bells R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Genoplesium archeri Variable Midge Orchid (Hook.f.)D.L.Jones & 

M.a.Clem. 

Orchidaceae Genoplesium despectans Sharp Midge Orchid (Hook. f.)D.L.Jones & 

M.a.Clem 

Orchidaceae Genoplesium fimbriatum Fringed Midge Orchid (R. Br.) D.L.Jones & M.a.Clem. 

Orchidaceae Genoplesium rufum Red Midge Orchid (R. Br.)D.L.Jones & M.a.Clem. 

Orchidaceae Glossodia major Waxlip Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Glossodia minor Small Waxlip Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Lyperanthus suaveolens Brown Beaks R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Microtis parviflora Slender Onion Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Microtis rara Scented Onion Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Microtis unifolia Common Onion Orchid (G.Forster) H.G.Reichb. 

Orchidaceae Orthoceras strictum Horned/Bird’s-mouth 

Orchid 

Orchidaceae Papillilabium beckleri (Benth.) Dockr. 

Orchidaceae Plectorrhiza tridentata Tangle Orchid (Lindley) Dockr. 

263 

R. Br.




Orchidaceae Prasophyllum fuscum Slaty Leek Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis abrupta D.L.Jones 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis acuminata Pointed Greenhood R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis alveata Garnet 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis baptistii King Greenhood Fitzg. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis boormanii Rupp 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis coccina Fitzg. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis concinna Trim Greenhood R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis curta Blunt Greenhood R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis cycnocephala Swan Greenhood Fitzg. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis daintreana Benth. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis decurva Summer Grasshood R.Rogers 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis erecta Hunt 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis furcata Sickle Greenhood Lindley 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis furcillata Rupp 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis grandiflora Cobra Greenhood R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis hispidula Fitzg. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis laxa Blackmore 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis longicurva Rupp 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis longifolia Tall Greenhood R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis nutans Nodding Greenhood R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis obtusa R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis ophioglossa Snake Tongue 

Greenhood 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis parviflora Tiny Greenhood R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis pedunculata Maroonhood R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis reflexa R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis revoluta R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis rufa Rusty Hood R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Pterostylis species B 

Orchidaceae Rhinerrhiza divitiflora Raspy Root Orchid Rupp 

Orchidaceae Sarcochilus australis Butterfly Orchid (Lindley) H.G.Reichb. 

Orchidaceae Sarcochilus falcatus Orange Blossom Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Sarcochilus hillii (F. Muell.) F. Muell. 

Orchidaceae Sarcochilus olivaceus Lindley 

Orchidaceae Sarcochilus spathulatus R.Rogers 

Orchidaceae Spiranthes australis (R. Br.) Lindl. 

Orchidaceae Thelymitra circumsepta Naked Sun Orchid Fitzg. 

Orchidaceae Thelymitra cyanea Veined Sun Orchid (Lindley) Benth. 

Orchidaceae Thelymitra ixioides var. ixioides Dotted Sun Orchid Sw. 

Orchidaceae Thelymitra nuda Plain Sun Orchid R. Br. 

Orchidaceae Thelymitra pauciflora Slender Sun Orchid R. Br. 

Osmundaceae Todea barbara King Fern (L.)T.Moore 

Oxalidaceae Oxalis chnoodes Lourt. 

Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Creeping Oxalis L. 

264 

R. Br.




Oxalidaceae Oxalis exilis Cunn. 

Oxalidaceae Oxalis perennans Haw. 

Oxalidaceae Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob L. 

Oxalidaceae Oxalis radicosa a.Rich. 

Oxalidaceae Oxalis rubens Haw. 

Oxalidaceae Oxalis thompsoniae Conn & Richards 

Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum subsp. setigerum L. 

Passifloraceae Passiflora aurantia var. aurantia Blunt-leaved 

Passionfruit 

Passifloraceae Passiflora caerulea Blue Passionflower L. 

265 

G.Forst. 

Passifloraceae Passiflora cinnabarina Red Passionfruit Lindley 

Passifloraceae Passiflora edulis Common Passionfruit Sims 

Passifloraceae Passiflora suberosa Cork Passionfruit L. 

Passifloraceae Passiflora subpeltata White Passionflower Ortega 

Peperomiaceae Peperomia blanda var. floribunda (Jacq.) Kunth. 

Peperomiaceae Peperomia tetraphylla (Forster f.) Hook. & arn. 

Philydraceae Philydrum lanuginosum Frogsmouth Gaertner 

Phormiaceae Dianella congesta R. Br. 

Phormiaceae Dianella crinoides R. J. F. Hend. 

Phormiaceae Dianella prunina R.Henderson 

Phormiaceae Dianella sp. aff. revoluta ‘Pilliga’ Geoff Car 

Phormiaceae Dianella tasmanica Hook. f. 

Phormiaceae Stypandra glauca Nodding Blue Lily R. Br. 

Phormiaceae Thelionema caespitosum (R. Br.) R.Henderson 

Phormiaceae Thelionema umbellatum (R. Br.) R.Henderson 

Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana Pokeweed L. 

Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca octandra Inkweed L. 

Phytolaccaceae Rivina humilis Coral Berry L. 

Pinaceae Pinus pinaster Cluster Pine aiton 

Pinaceae Pinus radiata Radiata Pine D.Don 

Piperaceae Piper novae-hollandiae Giant Pepper Vine Miq. 

Pittosporaceae Billardiera macrantha Purple appleberry Labill. 

Pittosporaceae Bursaria longisepala Domin 

Pittosporaceae Hymenosporum flavum Native Frangipani (Hook.) F. Muell. 

Pittosporaceae Pittosporum multiflorum Orange Thorn ‘(aCunn ex Loudon) 

Cayzer,Crisp’ 

Pittosporaceae Pittosporum revolutum Rough Fruit 

Pittosporum 

Pittosporaceae Pittosporum undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Vent. 

Dryander 

Pittosporaceae Rhytidosporum procumbens (Hook.) F. Muell. 

Plantaginaceae Plantago cladarophylla ‘B.Briggs, Carolin & Pulley’ 

Plantaginaceae Plantago debilis R. Br. 

Plantaginaceae Plantago gaudichaudii Barneoud 

Plantaginaceae Plantago hispida R. Br. 

Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata Lamb’s Tongues L. 

Plantaginaceae Plantago major Large Plantain L.




Plantaginaceae Plantago myosuros subsp. myosuros Lam. 

Plantaginaceae Plantago varia R. Br. 

Poaceae Agrostis venusta Graceful Bent Trin. 

Poaceae Aira caryophyllea Silvery Hairgrass L. 

Poaceae Aira cupaniana Silvery Hairgrass Guss. 

Poaceae Ancistrachne maidenii (a.a. Ham.) Vickery 

Poaceae Ancistrachne uncinulata Hooked-hairy Panic 

Grass 

Poaceae Andropogon virginicus Whisky Grass L. 

Poaceae Anisopogon avenaceus Oat Speargrass R. Br. 

Poaceae Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal Grass L. 

266 

(R. Br.) S.T.Blake 

Poaceae Aristida acuta S.T.Blake 

Poaceae Aristida gracilipes (Domin) Henrard 

Poaceae Aristida latifolia Featherop Wiregrass Domin 

Poaceae Aristida leptopoda White Speargrass Benth. 

Poaceae Aristida nitidula (Henrard) S.T. Blake ex Black 

Poaceae Aristida queenslandica var. queenslandica Henrard 

Poaceae Aristida vagans Threeawn Speargrass Cav. 

Poaceae Aristida warburgii Mez 

Poaceae Arrhenatherum elatius Oatgrass (L.) P.Beauv. ex J.Presl & 

C.Presl 

Poaceae Arundinella nepalensis Reedgrass Trin. 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia caespitosa Ringed Wallaby Grass (Gaudich.) H.P. Linder 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia duttoniana (Cashmore) H.P. Linder 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia eriantha (Lindl.) H.P. Linder 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia fulva Wallaby Grass (Vickery) H.P. Linder 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia induta (Vickery) H.P. Linder 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia laevis (Vickery) H.P. Linder 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia monticola (Vickery) H.P. Linder 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia penicillata Slender Wallaby Grass (Labill.) H.P. Linder 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia pilosa Smooth-flowered 

Wallaby Grass 

(R. Br.) H.P. Linder 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia richardsonii Wallaby Grass (Cashmore) H.P> Linder 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia setacea (R. Br.) H.P. Linder 

Poaceae Austrodanthonia tenuior (Steud.) H.P. Linder 

Poaceae Austrofestuca eriopoda Snow Fescue (Vickery) S.W.L.Jacobs 

Poaceae Austrostipa aristiglumis Plains Grass (F. Muell.) Jacobs & everett 

Poaceae Austrostipa bigeniculata (Hughes) Jacobs & everett 

Poaceae Austrostipa blackii (C.e. Hubb.) Jacobs & everett 

Poaceae Austrostipa densiflora (Hughes) Jacobs & everett 

Poaceae Austrostipa mollis Speargrass (R. Br.) Jacobs & everett 

Poaceae Austrostipa nodosa (S.T. Blake) Jacobs & everett 

Poaceae Austrostipa platychaeta Flat-awn Speargrass (Hughes) Jacobs & everett 

Poaceae Austrostipa pubescens (R. Br.) Jacobs & everett 

Poaceae Austrostipa ramosissima Stout Bamboo Grass (Trin.) Jacobs & everett 

Poaceae Austrostipa semibarbata (R. Br.) Jacobs & everett




Poaceae Austrostipa setacea Corkscrew Grass (R. Br.) Jacobs & J. everett 

Poaceae Austrostipa verticillata Slender Bamboo Grass (Nees ex Spreng)Jacobs & 

evere 

Poaceae Avena barbata Bearded Oats Pott ex Link 

Poaceae Avena fatua Wild Oats L. 

Poaceae Avena ludoviciana Ludo Wild Oats Durieu 

Poaceae Avena sativa Oats L. 

Poaceae Axonopus fissifolius Narrow-leafed Carpet 

Grass 

267 

(Raddi) Kuhlm. 

Poaceae Bothriochloa biloba S.T.Blake 

Poaceae Bothriochloa decipiens Red Grass (Hackel) C.e.Hubb. 

Poaceae Bothriochloa macra Red Grass (Steudel) S.T.Blake 

Poaceae Briza maxima Quaking Grass L. 

Poaceae Briza minor Shivery Grass L. 

Poaceae Bromus alopecuros Poir. 

Poaceae Bromus brevis Nees & Steudel 

Poaceae Bromus catharticus Praire Grass M.Vahl 

Poaceae Bromus diandrus Great Brome Roth 

Poaceae Capillipedium parviflorum Scented-top Grass (R. Br.) Stapf 

Poaceae Capillipedium spicigerum Scented-top Grass S.T.Blake 

Poaceae Catapodium rigidum Rigid Fescue (L.) Dony 

Poaceae Cenchrus caliculatus Hillside Burrgrass Cav. 

Poaceae Chloris divaricata var. divaricata Slender Chloris R. Br. 

Poaceae Chloris gayana Rhodes Grass Kunth 

Poaceae Chloris truncata Windmill Grass R. Br. 

Poaceae Chloris ventricosa Tall Chloris R. Br. 

Poaceae Chloris virgata Feathertop Rhodes 

Grass 

Poaceae Cleistochloa rigida (S.T.Blake) W.Clayton 

Poaceae Cleistochloa subjuncea C.e.Hubb. 

Poaceae Cortaderia selloana Pampas Grass (Schultes & J.H.Schultes) 

asch. & Graebner 

Poaceae Cymbopogon ambiguus Lemon Grass (Hackel) a.Camus 

Poaceae Cymbopogon obtectus Silky Heads S.T.Blake 

Poaceae Cymbopogon refractus Barbed Wire Grass (R. Br.) a.Camus 

Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Common Couch (L.) Pers. 

Poaceae Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dog’s Tail L. 

Poaceae Cynosurus echinatus Rough Dog’s Tail L. 

Poaceae Dactylis glomerata Cocksfoot L. 

Poaceae Dactyloctenium radulans Button Grass (R. Br.) P.Beauv. 

Poaceae Desmazeria rigida Doney 

Poaceae Deyeuxia accedens Vick. 

Poaceae Deyeuxia acuminata Vick. 

Poaceae Deyeuxia decipiens (R. Br.) Vick. 

Poaceae Deyeuxia gunniana (Nees) Benth. 

Poaceae Deyeuxia mesathera Stapf ex Vickery 

Sw.




Poaceae Deyeuxia nudiflora Vick. 

Poaceae Deyeuxia quadriseta (Labill.) Benth. 

Poaceae Deyeuxia reflexa Vick. 

Poaceae Deyeuxia rodwayi Vick. 

Poaceae Dichelachne crinita Longhair Plumegrass (L.f.) J.D.Hook. 

Poaceae Dichelachne hirtella N.G. Walsh 

Poaceae Dichelachne inaequiglumis (Hackel ex Cheeseman) 

edgar & Connor 

Poaceae Dichelachne micrantha Shorthair Plumegrass (Cav.) Domin 

Poaceae Dichelachne parva B.Simon 

Poaceae Dichelachne rara (R. Br.) Vick. 

Poaceae Dichelachne sieberiana Trin. & Rupr. 

Poaceae Digitaria breviglumis (Domin) Henrard 

Poaceae Digitaria brownii Cotton Panic Grass (Roemer & Schultes) Hughes 

Poaceae Digitaria coenicola (F. Muell.) Hughes 

Poaceae Digitaria diffusa Vick. 

Poaceae Digitaria divaricatissima Umbrella Grass (R. Br.) Hughes 

Poaceae Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers. 

Poaceae Digitaria parviflora Small-flowered Finger 

Grass 

268 

(R. Br.) Hughes 

Poaceae Digitaria ramularis (Trin.) Henrard 

Poaceae Digitaria sanguinalis ‘Summer Grass, Crab 

Grass’ 

(L.) Scop. 

Poaceae Echinochloa colona awnless Barnyard Grass (L.) Link 

Poaceae Echinochloa crus-galli Barnyard Grass (L.) P. Beauv. 

Poaceae Echinochloa esculenta Japanese Millet (a.Braun) H.Scholz 

Poaceae Echinopogon cheelii Long-flowered 

Hedgehog Grass 

C.e.Hubb. 

Poaceae Echinopogon intermedius erect Hedgehog Grass C.e.Hubb. 

Poaceae Echinopogon nutans C.e.Hubb. 

Poaceae Ehrharta erecta Panic Veldtgrass Lam. 

Poaceae Enneapogon gracilis Slender Nineawn (R. Br.) P.Beauv. 

Poaceae Enneapogon nigricans Niggerheads (R. Br.) P.Beauv. 

Poaceae Enteropogon acicularis (Lindley) Lazarides 

Poaceae Entolasia marginata Bordered Panic (R. Br.) Hughes 

Poaceae Entolasia stricta Wiry Panic (R. Br.) Hughes 

Poaceae Entolasia whiteana C.e.Hubb. 

Poaceae Eragrostis benthamii Mattei 

Poaceae Eragrostis brownii Brown’s Lovegrass Nees ex Steud. 

Poaceae Eragrostis cilianensis Stinkgrass (all.) Janchen 

Poaceae Eragrostis curvula african Lovegrass Nees 

Poaceae Eragrostis elongata Clustered Lovegrass (Willd.) J.F.Jacq. 

Poaceae Eragrostis lacunaria Purple Lovegrass F. Muell. ex Benth. 

Poaceae Eragrostis leptocarpa Drooping Lovegrass Benth. 

Poaceae Eragrostis leptostachya Paddock Lovegrass (R. Br.) Steudel 

Poaceae Eragrostis megalosperma Benth.




Poaceae Eragrostis mexicana Mexican Lovegrass (Hornem.) Link 

Poaceae Eragrostis parviflora Weeping Lovegrass (R. Br.) Trin. 

Poaceae Eragrostis pilosa Soft Lovegrass P.Beauv. 

Poaceae Eragrostis sororia Domin 

Poaceae Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter 

Poaceae Eragrostis trachycarpa (Benth.) Domin 

Poaceae Eremochloa bimaculata Poverty Grass Hackel 

Poaceae Eriachne glabrata (Maiden) Hartley 

Poaceae Eriochloa procera Spring Grass (Retz.) C.e.Hubb. 

Poaceae Eriochloa pseudoacrotricha early Spring Grass (Thell.) S.T.Blake 

Poaceae Festuca asperula Graceful Fescue Vick. 

Poaceae Festuca elatior Tall Fescue L. 

Poaceae Festuca pratensis Meadow Fescue Hudson 

Poaceae Glyceria australis australian Sweetgrass C.e.Hubb. 

Poaceae Heteropogon contortus Bunch Speargrass (L.) Roemer & Schultes 

Poaceae Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog L. 

Poaceae Hordeum leporinum Barley Grass Link 

Poaceae Hyparrhenia hirta Coolatai Grass (L.) Stapf 

Poaceae Imperata cylindrica var. major Blady Grass (L.) Raeusch. 

Poaceae Isachne globosa Swamp Millet (Thunb.) Kuntze 

Poaceae Joycea pallida Silvertop Wallaby Grass (R. Br.) H.P. Linder 

Poaceae Lachnagrostis aemula Blowngrass (R. Br.) Trin. 

Poaceae Lachnagrostis filiformis (Forst.) Trin. 

Poaceae Lamarckia aurea Goldentop (L.) Moench 

Poaceae Leersia hexandra Swamp Ricegrass Sw. 

Poaceae Leptochloa ciliolata (Jedw.) S.T.Blake 

Poaceae Leptochloa decipiens Slender Canegrass (R. Br.) Stapf ex Maiden 

Poaceae Lolium perenne Perennial Ryegrass L. 

Poaceae Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass Gaudin 

Poaceae Melinis repens Red Natal Grass (Willd.) Zizka 

Poaceae Notodanthonia longifolia Long-leaved Wallaby 

Grass 

269 

(R. Br.) Veldkamp 

Poaceae Notodanthonia semiannularis (Labill.) Zotov 

Poaceae Oplismenus aemulus (R. Br.) Roem. & Schult. 

Poaceae Oplismenus imbecillis (R. Br.) Roemer & Schultes 

Poaceae Oplismenus undulatifolius var. mollis (ard.) P. Beauv. 

Poaceae Ottochloa gracillima C.e.Hubb. 

Poaceae Panicum antidotale Giant Panic Grass Retz. 

Poaceae Panicum bisulcatum Black-seeded Panic Thunb. 

Poaceae Panicum coloratum var. coloratum L. 

Poaceae Panicum decompositum Native Millet R. Br. 

Poaceae Panicum effusum Poison or Hairy Panic R. Br. 

Poaceae Panicum gilvum Launert 

Poaceae Panicum lachnophyllum Don’t Panic Benth. 

Poaceae Panicum miliaceum French Millet L.




Poaceae Panicum pygmaeum Pygmy Panic R. Br. 

Poaceae Panicum schinzii Hackel 

Poaceae Panicum simile Two-colour Panic Domin 

Poaceae Paspalidium albovillosum S.T.Blake 

Poaceae Paspalidium aversum Vickery 

Poaceae Paspalidium constrictum Knottybutt Grass (Domin) C.e.Hubb. 

Poaceae Paspalidium criniforme S.T.Blake 

Poaceae Paspalidium distans (Trin.) Hughes 

Poaceae Paspalidium gracile Slender Panic (R. Br.) Hughes 

Poaceae Paspalidium jubiflorum Warrego Grass (Trin.) Hughes 

Poaceae Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum Poiret 

Poaceae Paspalum distichum Water Couch L. 

Poaceae Paspalum notatum Bahia Grass Fluegge 

Poaceae Paspalum orbiculare Ditch Millet Forster 

Poaceae Paspalum scrobiculatum Scrobic L. 

Poaceae Paspalum urvillei Vasey Grass Steudel 

Poaceae Paspalum vaginatum Salt-water Couch Sw. 

Poaceae Paspalum wettsteinii Broad-leaved Paspalum Hack. 

Poaceae Pennisetum alopecuroides Swamp Foxtail (L.) Spreng. 

Poaceae Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Grass Chiov. 

Poaceae Phalaris aquatica Phalaris L. 

Poaceae Phalaris canariensis L. 

Poaceae Phalaris minor Lesser Canary Grass Retz. 

Poaceae Phalaris paradoxa Paradoxa Grass L. 

Poaceae Phragmites australis Common Reed (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel 

Poaceae Phyllostachys aurea Fishpole Bamboo Riv. 

Poaceae Plinthanthesis paradoxa (R. Br.) S.T.Blake 

Poaceae Poa affinis R. Br. 

Poaceae Poa annua Winter Grass L. 

Poaceae Poa bulbosa Bulbous Poa L. 

Poaceae Poa costiniana Vick. 

Poaceae Poa labillardierei var. labillardierei Tussock Steud. 

Poaceae Poa meionectes Vick. 

Poaceae Poa poiformis var. poiformis (Labill.) Druce 

Poaceae Poa queenslandica C.e.Hubb. 

Poaceae Polypogon littoralis Perennial Beardgrass Smith 

Poaceae Polypogon monspeliensis annual Beardgrass (L.) Desf. 

Poaceae Pseudoraphis paradoxa Slender Mudgrass (R. Br.) Pilger 

Poaceae Rytidosperma vickeryae M. Gray & H.P. Linder 

Poaceae Sacciolepis indica Indian Cupscale Grass (L.) Chase 

Poaceae Setaria gracilis Slender Pigeon Grass Kunth 

Poaceae Setaria italica Foxtail Millet (L.) P.Beauv. 

Poaceae Setaria pumila Pale Pigeon Grass (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. 

Poaceae Setaria sphacelata South african Pigeon 

Grass 

270 

(Schumach.) Stapf & 

C.e.Hubb.




Poaceae Setaria viridis Green Pigeon Grass (L.) P.Beauv. 

Poaceae Sorghum halepense Johnson Grass Pers. 

Poaceae Sorghum leiocladum (Hack.) Spangler 

Poaceae Spinifex sericeus Hairy Spinifex R. Br. 

Poaceae Sporobolus africanus Parramatta Grass (Poiret) Robyns & Tournay 

Poaceae Sporobolus caroli Fairy Grass Mez 

Poaceae Sporobolus creber Slender Rat’s Tail Grass De Nardi 

Poaceae Sporobolus diander P.Beauv. 

Poaceae Sporobolus elongatus Slender Rat’s Tail Grass R. Br. 

Poaceae Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton 

Poaceae Sporobolus indicus Parramatta Grass (L.) R. Br. 

Poaceae Sporobolus pyramidalis P.Beauv. 

Poaceae Stenotaphrum secundatum Buffalo Grass (Walter) Kuntze 

Poaceae Tetrarrhena juncea Wiry Ricegrass R. Br. 

Poaceae Themeda quadrivalvis Grader Grass (L.) Kuntze 

Poaceae Thyridolepis mitchelliana Mulga Mitchell Grass (Nees) S.T.Blake 

Poaceae Tragus australianus Small Burrgrass S.T.Blake 

Poaceae Tripogon loliiformis Fiveminute Grass (F. Muell.) C.e.Hubb. 

Poaceae Urochloa panicoides Urochloa Grass P.Beauv. 

Poaceae Vulpia bromoides Squirrel Tail Fesque (L.) Gray 

Poaceae Vulpia muralis (Kunth) Nees. 

Poaceae Vulpia myuros forma megalura (L.) C. C. Gmel. 

Poaceae Walwhalleya subxerophila Gilgai Grass Domin 

Poaceae Zoysia macrantha Prickly Couch Desv. 

Podocarpaceae Podocarpus elatus Plum Pine R. Br. ex endl. 

Podocarpaceae Podocarpus spinulosus (Smith) R. Br. ex Mirbel 

Polygalaceae Comesperma defoliatum F. Muell. 

Polygalaceae Comesperma ericinum DC. 

Polygalaceae Comesperma retusum Labill. 

Polygalaceae Comesperma sphaerocarpum Steetz 

Polygalaceae Comesperma volubile Labill. 

Polygalaceae Polygala japonica Houtt. 

Polygalaceae Polygala myrtifolia L. 

Polygonaceae Acetosa sagittata ‘Rambling Dock, Turkey 

Rhubarb’ 

Polygonaceae Acetosella vulgaris ‘Sorrel, Sheep Sorrel’ Fourr. 

Polygonaceae Muehlenbeckia gracillima Meissner 

Polygonaceae Muehlenbeckia rhyticarya F. Muell. 

271 

(Thunb.) L.Johnson & 

B.Briggs 

Polygonaceae Persicaria decipiens Slender Knotweed (R. Br.) K.L.Wilson 

Polygonaceae Persicaria dichotoma (Blume) Masamune 

Polygonaceae Persicaria hydropiper Water Pepper (L.) Spach 

Polygonaceae Persicaria lapathifolia Pale Knotweed (L.) Gray 

Polygonaceae Persicaria maculosa Redshank S.F. Gray 

Polygonaceae Persicaria orientalis Princes Feathers (L.) Spach 

Polygonaceae Persicaria praetermissa (Hook. f.) Hara




Polygonaceae Persicaria prostrata Creeping Knotweed (R. Br.) Sojak 

Polygonaceae Persicaria strigosa (R. Br.) Gross 

Polygonaceae Persicaria subsessilis Hairy Knotweed (R. Br.) K.L.Wilson 

Polygonaceae Polygonum arenastrum Wireweed Boreau 

Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare Wireweed L. 

Polygonaceae Rumex brownii Swamp Dock Campdera 

Polygonaceae Rumex conglomeratus Clustered Dock Murray 

Polygonaceae Rumex crispus Curled Dock L. 

Polygonaceae Rumex crystallinus Shiny Dock Lange 

Polygonaceae Rumex obtusifolius subsp. obtusifolius Broadleaf Dock L. 

Polypodiaceae Dictymia brownii (Wikstrom) Copel. 

Polypodiaceae Microsorum scandens Fragrant Fern (Forster f.) Tind. 

Polypodiaceae Platycerium bifurcatum elkhorn (Cav.) C.Chr. 

Polypodiaceae Platycerium superbum Staghorn Joncheere et Hennipman 

Polypodiaceae Pyrrosia confluens var. confluens Horseshoe Felt Fern (R. Br.) Ching 

Polypodiaceae Pyrrosia rupestris Rock Felt Fern (R. Br.)Ching 

Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth (C.Martius) Solms-Laub. 

Pontederiaceae Monochoria cyanea (F. Muell.) F. Muell. 

Portulacaceae Calandrinia eremaea ewart 

Portulacaceae Calandrinia pickeringii a.Gray 

Portulacaceae Neopaxia australasica (Hook. f.) O. Nilsson 

Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea Pigweed L. 

Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis Scarlet/Blue Pimpernel L. 

Primulaceae Lysimachia japonica Thunb. 

Primulaceae Samolus repens Creeping Brookweed (Forster & Forster f.) Pers. 

Proteaceae Banksia aemula Wallum Banksia R. Br. 

Proteaceae Banksia marginata Silver Banksia Cav. 

Proteaceae Banksia oblongifolia Fern-leaved Banksia Cav. 

Proteaceae Banksia penicillata (a.S.George) K.R. Thiele 

Proteaceae Banksia robur Swamp Banksia Cav. 

Proteaceae Banksia serrata Old-man Banksia L.f. 

Proteaceae Conospermum ellipticum Smith 

Proteaceae Conospermum ericifolium Smith 

Proteaceae Conospermum taxifolium Smith 

Proteaceae Conospermum tenuifolium R. Br. 

Proteaceae Grevillea acanthifolia subsp. acanthifolia Cunn. 

Proteaceae Grevillea arenaria R. Br. 

Proteaceae Grevillea australis alpine Grevillea R. Br. 

Proteaceae Grevillea floribunda subsp. floribunda Seven Dwarfs Grevillea R. Br. 

Proteaceae Grevillea granulifera (McGillivray) P.Olde & 

N.Marri 

Proteaceae Grevillea johnsonii McGillivray 

Proteaceae Grevillea linearifolia (Cav.) Druce 

Proteaceae Grevillea montana R. Br. 

Proteaceae Grevillea mucronulata R. Br. 

272




Proteaceae Grevillea obtusiflora R. Br. 

Proteaceae Grevillea oldei McGillvary 

Proteaceae Grevillea parviflora subsp. parviflora Small-flower Grevillea R. Br. 

Proteaceae Grevillea phylicoides R. Br. 

Proteaceae Grevillea ramosissima subsp. ramosissima Fan Grevillea Meisn. 

Proteaceae Grevillea robusta Silky Oak R. Br. 

Proteaceae Grevillea rosmarinifolia a.Cunn. 

Proteaceae Grevillea shiressii Blakely 

Proteaceae Grevillea speciosa Red Spider Flower (Knight) McGillivray 

Proteaceae Grevillea sphacelata Grey Spider Flower R. Br. 

Proteaceae Grevillea triternata R. Br. 

Proteaceae Hakea archaeoides Big Nellie Hakea W.R. Barker 

Proteaceae Hakea bakeriana F.Muell & Maiden 

Proteaceae Hakea dactyloides ‘Finger Hakea, Broadleaved 

Hakea’ 

Proteaceae Hakea eriantha R. Br. 

273 

(Gaertner) Cav. 

Proteaceae Hakea gibbosa (Smith) Cav. 

Proteaceae Hakea microcarpa Small-fruited Hakea R. Br. 

Proteaceae Hakea propinqua Cunn. 

Proteaceae Hakea salicifolia Willow-leaved Hakea (Vent.) B.L.Burtt 

Proteaceae Hakea sericea Needlebush Schrader & Wendl. 

Proteaceae Isopogon anemonifolius Broad-leaf Drumsticks (Salisb.) Knight 

Proteaceae Isopogon anethifolius (Salisb.) Knight 

Proteaceae Isopogon dawsonii R. Baker 

Proteaceae Isopogon petiolaris Cunn. 

Proteaceae Lambertia formosa Mountain Devil Smith 

Proteaceae Lomatia arborescens L. Fraser & Vick. 

Proteaceae Lomatia fraseri Silky Lomatia R. Br. 

Proteaceae Lomatia myricoides River Lomatia (C.F.Gaertner) Domin 

Proteaceae Lomatia silaifolia Crinkle Bush (Smith) R. Br. 

Proteaceae Orites excelsus Prickly ash R. Br. 

Proteaceae Persoonia acuminata L. Johnson & P. Weston 

Proteaceae Persoonia brevifolia (F.Muell) L Johnson & P 

Weston 

Proteaceae Persoonia chamaepeuce Lhotsky ex Meissner 

Proteaceae Persoonia chamaepitys Mountain Geebung Cunn. 

Proteaceae Persoonia conjuncta P. Weston & L. Johnson 

Proteaceae Persoonia cornifolia Cunn. ex R. Br. 

Proteaceae Persoonia curvifolia R. Br. 

Proteaceae Persoonia cuspidifera L. Johnson and P. Weston 

Proteaceae Persoonia hirsuta subsp. hirsuta Pers. 

Proteaceae Persoonia isophylla L.Johnson & P.Weston 

Proteaceae Persoonia lanceolata Lance Leaf Geebung andrews 

Proteaceae Persoonia levis Broad-leaved Geebung (Cav.) Domin 

Proteaceae Persoonia linearis Narrow-leaved 

Geebung 

andrews




Proteaceae Persoonia media R. Br. 

Proteaceae Persoonia mollis subsp. mollis R. Br. 

Proteaceae Persoonia oblongata R. Br. 

Proteaceae Persoonia oleoides L. Johnson & P. Weston 

Proteaceae Persoonia pauciflora North Rothbury 

Persoonia 

Proteaceae Persoonia pinifolia Pine-leaved Geebung R. Br. 

Proteaceae Persoonia rigida R. Br. 

274 

P.H. Weston 

Proteaceae Persoonia sericea Cunn. ex R. Br. 

Proteaceae Persoonia virgata R. Br. 

Proteaceae Petrophile canescens Conesticks Cunn. ex R. Br. 

Proteaceae Petrophile pulchella Conesticks (Schrader & Wendl.) R. Br. 

Proteaceae Stenocarpus salignus Scrub Beefwood R. Br. 

Proteaceae Stenocarpus sinuatus Firewheel Tree endl. 

Proteaceae Symphionema paludosum R. Br. 

Proteaceae Telopea speciosissima Waratah (Smith) R. Br. 

Proteaceae Xylomelum pyriforme Woody Pear (Gaertner) Knight 

Psilotaceae Tmesipteris ovata Wakef. 

Psilotaceae Tmesipteris truncata (R. Br.) Desv. 

Pteridaceae Pteris sp. aff. comans Forst.f 

Pteridaceae Pteris tremula Tender Brake R.Br 

Pteridaceae Pteris umbrosa Jungle Brake R.Br 

Ranunculaceae Clematis aristata Old Man’s Beard R. Br. ex DC. 

Ranunculaceae Clematis microphylla Small-leaved Clematis DC. 

Ranunculaceae Ranunculus amphitrichus Colenso 

Ranunculaceae Ranunculus collinus R. Br. ex DC. 

Ranunculaceae Ranunculus inundatus River Buttercup R. Br. ex DC. 

Ranunculaceae Ranunculus lappaceus Common Buttercup Sm. 

Ranunculaceae Ranunculus meristus 

Ranunculaceae Ranunculus pimpinellifolius Hook. 

Ranunculaceae Ranunculus plebeius R. Br. ex DC. 

Ranunculaceae Ranunculus pumilio R. Br. ex DC. 

Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup L. 

Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sessiliflorus var. sessiliflorus R. Br. ex DC. 

Restionaceae Baloskion fimbriatum (Johnson & evans)Johnson 

& Bri 

Restionaceae Baloskion gracile (R. Br.) L Johnson & B Briggs 

Restionaceae Baloskion pallens (R. Br.) L Johnson & B Briggs 

Restionaceae Baloskion stenocoleum (Johnson & evans)Johnson 

& Bri 

Restionaceae Baloskion tenuiculme (S.T. Blake) Johnson & Briggs 

Restionaceae Chordifex dimorphus (R. Br.) B. Briggs & L Johnson 

Restionaceae Coleocarya gracilis S.T.Blake 

Restionaceae Empodisma minus (Hook. f) L.Johnson & 

D.Cutler 

Restionaceae Eurychorda complanata (R. Br.) B Briggs & L Johnson




Restionaceae Hypolaena fastigiata R. Br. 

Restionaceae Leptocarpus tenax (Labill.) R. Br. 

Restionaceae Lepyrodia anarthria F. Muell. 

Restionaceae Lepyrodia leptocaulis L.Johnson&O.evans 

Restionaceae Lepyrodia muelleri Benth. 

Restionaceae Lepyrodia scariosa R. Br. 

Restionaceae Lepyrodia species A 

Restionaceae Sporadanthus caudatus (Johnson & evans)Johnson 

& Bri 

Restionaceae Sporadanthus gracilis (R. Br.) L Johnson & B Briggs 

Restionaceae Sporadanthus interruptus (F. Muell.) Johnson & Briggs 

Rhamnaceae Alphitonia excelsa Red ash (Fenzl) Reisseck ex Benth. 

Rhamnaceae Cryptandra armata C. White & Francis 

Rhamnaceae Cryptandra ericoides Smith 

Rhamnaceae Cryptandra propinqua Fenzl 

Rhamnaceae Cryptandra spinescens Sieber ex DC. 

Rhamnaceae Discaria pubescens australian anchor Plant (Brongn.) Druce 

Rhamnaceae Emmenosperma alphitonioides Yellow ash F. Muell. 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris angustifolia Wakef. 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris aspera Hazel Pomaderris Sieber ex DC. 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris bodalla Bodalla Pomaderris N.G. Walsh & F. Coates 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris costata Wakef. 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris discolor (Vent.) Poiret 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris elliptica subsp. elliptica Labill. 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris eriocephala Wakef. 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris ferruginea Sieber ex Fenzl 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris helianthemifolia subsp. hispida (Reissek) N.a.Wakef. 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris intermedia Sieber 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris lanigera (andrews) Sims 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris ledifolia Cunn. 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris prunifolia Fenzl 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris queenslandica Scant Pomaderris C. White 

Rhamnaceae Pomaderris vellea Wakef. 

Rhamnaceae Spyridium buxifolium Fenzl 

Ripogonaceae Ripogonum album White Supplejack R. Br. 

Ripogonaceae Ripogonum brevifolium Small-leaved 

Supplejack 

Ripogonaceae Ripogonum discolor Prickly Supplejack F. Muell. 

Ripogonaceae Ripogonum fawcettianum Small Supplejack Benth. 

Rosaceae Acaena agnipila Gand. 

Rosaceae Acaena echinata Nees 

Rosaceae Acaena novae-zelandiae ‘Bidgee-widgee, Biddy 

Biddy’ 

Rosaceae Acaena ovina Cunn. 

Rosaceae Geum urbanum L. 

275 

Conran & Clifford 

Rosaceae Potentilla indica Indian Strawberry (Jacks.) Th.Wolf 

Kirk




Rosaceae Rosa canina Dog Rose L. 

Rosaceae Rosa rubiginosa Sweet Briar L. 

Rosaceae Rubus discolor Blackberry Weihe & Nees 

Rosaceae Rubus fruticosus sp. agg. Blackberry complex L. 

Rosaceae Rubus moorei Silky Bramble F. Muell. 

Rosaceae Rubus nebulosus Green-leaved Bramble Bean 

Rosaceae Rubus parvifolius Native Raspberry L. 

Rosaceae Rubus roribaccus North american 

Dewberry 

276 

Rydb. 

Rosaceae Rubus ulmifolius Blackberry Schott 

Rosaceae Sanguisorba minor subsp. muricata Sheep’s Burnet Scop. 

Rubiaceae Asperula asthenes Trailing Woodruff airy Shaw & Turrill 

Rubiaceae Asperula charophyton airy Shaw & Turrill 

Rubiaceae Asperula conferta Common Woodruff J.D.Hook. 

Rubiaceae Asperula gunnii Mountain Woodruff J.D.Hook. 

Rubiaceae Asperula scoparia Prickly Woodruff J.D.Hook. 

Rubiaceae Atractocarpus benthamianus (F. Muell.) Puttock 

Rubiaceae Coprosma hirtella Labill. 

Rubiaceae Coprosma nitida Hook. f. 

Rubiaceae Coprosma quadrifida Prickly Currant Bush (Labill.) Robinson 

Rubiaceae Coprosma repens Looking-glass Bush a.Rich. 

Rubiaceae Cyclophyllum coprosmoides Coast Canthium F. Muell. 

Rubiaceae Cyclophyllum longipetalum Coast Canthium S.T.Reynolds & R.J.F.Hend. 

Rubiaceae Durringtonia paludosa R.Henderson & Guymer 

Rubiaceae Galium aparine Goosegrass L. 

Rubiaceae Galium binifolium Wakef. 

Rubiaceae Galium ciliare J.D.Hook. 

Rubiaceae Galium curvihirtum ehrend. & McGillvray 

Rubiaceae Galium gaudichaudii Rough Bedstraw DC. 

Rubiaceae Galium liratum Wakef. 

Rubiaceae Galium migrans ehrend. & McGillivray 

Rubiaceae Galium murale Small Bedstraw (L.) all. 

Rubiaceae Galium propinquum Maori Bedstraw Cunn. 

Rubiaceae Ixora beckleri Native Ixora Benth. 

Rubiaceae Leptostigma reptans (F. Muell.) Fosberg 

Rubiaceae Morinda canthoides Veiny Morinda (F.Muell.) Halford & 

R.J.F.Hend. 

Rubiaceae Morinda jasminoides Sweet Morinda Cunn. 

Rubiaceae Nertera granadensis (Mutis) Druce 

Rubiaceae Opercularia aspera Coarse Stinkweed Gaertner 

Rubiaceae Opercularia diphylla Gaertner 

Rubiaceae Opercularia hispida Hairy Stinkweed Sprengel 

Rubiaceae Opercularia varia Variable Stinkweed J.D.Hook. 

Rubiaceae Pomax umbellata (Gaertner) Sol ex a. Rich 

Rubiaceae Psychotria daphnoides Smooth Psychotria Hook. 

Rubiaceae Psychotria loniceroides Hairy Psychotria DC.




Rubiaceae Psydrax oleifolia (Hook.f.) S.T.Reynolds & 

R.J.F.Hend. 

Rubiaceae Richardia brasiliensis Mexican Clover (Moq.) Gomez 

Rubiaceae Richardia humistrata (Chambers & Schlecht.) 

Steud. 

Rubiaceae Richardia stellaris (Cham. & Schldl.) Steudel 

Rubiaceae Sherardia arvensis Field Madder L. 

Rutaceae Acradenia euodiiformis Yellow Satinheart (F. Muell.) T.Hartley 

Rutaceae Acronychia oblongifolia Common acronychia (Cunn. ex Hook) endl ex 

Heynh. 

Rutaceae Acronychia wilcoxiana Silver aspen (F. Muell.) T.Hartley 

Rutaceae Asterolasia correifolia (Juss.) Benth. 

Rutaceae Boronia anemonifolia var. anemonifolia a.Cunn. 

Rutaceae Boronia anethifolia Cunn. ex endl. 

Rutaceae Boronia bipinnata Lindley 

Rutaceae Boronia falcifolia Cunn. ex Lindley 

Rutaceae Boronia floribunda Pale-pink Boronia Reichb. 

Rutaceae Boronia fraseri Hook. 

Rutaceae Boronia ledifolia Sydney Boronia (Vent.) DC. 

Rutaceae Boronia microphylla Small-leaved Boronia Reichb. 

Rutaceae Boronia mollis Soft Boronia Cunn. ex Lindley 

Rutaceae Boronia parviflora Swamp Boronia Smith 

Rutaceae Boronia pinnata Smith 

Rutaceae Boronia polygalifolia Smith 

Rutaceae Boronia rigens Cheel 

Rutaceae Citrus x taitensis Rough Lemon Risso 

Rutaceae Correa alba var. alba White Correa andrews 

Rutaceae Correa glabra Rock Correa Lindl. 

Rutaceae Crowea exalata subsp. exalata F. Muell. 

Rutaceae Crowea saligna andrews 

Rutaceae Eriostemon australasius Pers. 

Rutaceae Geijera parviflora Wilga Lindley 

Rutaceae Leionema dentatum Toothed Phebalium (Sm.) Paul G. Wilson 

Rutaceae Leionema diosmeum Juss. 

Rutaceae Melicope micrococca Hairy-leaved 

Doughwood 

277 

(F. Muell.) T.Hartley 

Rutaceae Nematolepis squamea subsp. squamea Satinwood (Labill.) Paul G. Wilson 

Rutaceae Phebalium obcordatum Club-leaved Phebalium Benth. 

Rutaceae Philotheca ericifolia (a. Cunn. ex Benth.) Paul G. 

Wilson 

Rutaceae Philotheca hispidula (Spreng.) Paul G. Wilson 

Rutaceae Philotheca obovalis (a.Cunn.) Paul G. Wilson 

Rutaceae Philotheca scabra subsp. scabra (Paxton) Paul G. Wilson 

Rutaceae Philotheca trachyphylla (F. Muell.) Paul G. Wilson 

Rutaceae Sarcomelicope simplicifolia subsp. simplicifolia Big Yellow Wood (endl.) T.Hartley 

Rutaceae Zanthoxylum brachyacanthum Thorny Yellowwood F. Muell. 

Rutaceae Zieria adenodonta Wollumbin Zieria (F. Muell.) J.a. armstrong




Rutaceae Zieria arborescens Stinkwood Sims 

Rutaceae Zieria aspalathoides Cunn. ex Benth. 

Rutaceae Zieria cytisoides Downy Zieria Smith 

Rutaceae Zieria furfuracea R. Br. ex Benth. 

Rutaceae Zieria laevigata Bonpl. 

Rutaceae Zieria laxiflora Domin 

Rutaceae Zieria pilosa ‘Pilose-leafed Zieria, 

Hairy Zieria’ 

278 

Rudge 

Rutaceae Zieria smithii Sandfly Zieria Jackson 

Rutaceae Zieria southwellii J.a. armstrong ms 

Salicaceae Salix babylonica Weeping Willow L. 

Salicaceae Salix x sepulcralis var. chrysocoma Golden Weeping 

Willow 

Simonk. 

Salviniaceae Salvinia molesta D. Mitch. 

Sambucaceae Sambucus australasica Native elderberry (Lindley) Fritsch 

Sambucaceae Sambucus gaudichaudiana White elderberry DC. 

Santalaceae Choretrum candollei White Sour Bush Benth. 

Santalaceae Choretrum glomeratum Common Sour Bush R. Br. 

Santalaceae Choretrum species A 

Santalaceae Exocarpos cupressiformis Native Cherry Labill. 

Santalaceae Exocarpos strictus Dwarf Cherry R. Br. 

Santalaceae Leptomeria acida Sour Currant Bush R. Br. 

Santalaceae Leptomeria drupacea (Labill.) Druce 

Santalaceae Omphacomeria acerba (R. Br.) a.DC. 

Santalaceae Santalum acuminatum Sweet Quandong (R. Br.) a.DC. 

Santalaceae Santalum lanceolatum Northern Sandalwood R. Br. 

Santalaceae Santalum obtusifolium Sandalwood R. Br. 

Santalaceae Thesium australe austral Toadflax R. Br. 

Sapindaceae Alectryon coriaceus Beach alectryon (Benth.) Radlk. 

Sapindaceae Alectryon subcinereus Wild Quince (a.Gray) Radlk. 

Sapindaceae Alectryon subdentatus forma subdentatus (F. Muell. ex Benth.) Radlk. 

Sapindaceae Alectryon tomentosus (F. Muell.) Radlk. 

Sapindaceae Arytera divaricata Coogera F. Muell. 

Sapindaceae Cardiospermum grandiflorum Balloon Vine Sw. 

Sapindaceae Cardiospermum halicacabum var. halicacabum Small Balloon Vine L. 

Sapindaceae Cupaniopsis anacardioides Tuckeroo (a.Rich.) Radlk. 

Sapindaceae Cupaniopsis baileyana Radlk. 

Sapindaceae Cupaniopsis parvifolia (Bailey) L.Johnson 

Sapindaceae Diploglottis cunninghamii (Hook.) J.D.Hook. 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea boroniifolia G.Don 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea camfieldii Maiden & Betche 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea lanceolata var. subsessilifolia F. Muell. 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea megazyga (F. Muell.) Benth. 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea multijuga G.Don 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea pinnata Smith 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea triangularis Lindley




Sapindaceae Dodonaea triquetra Large-leaf Hop-bush Wendl. 

Sapindaceae Dodonaea truncatiales F. Muell. 

Sapindaceae Elattostachys nervosa Green Tamarind (F. Muell.) Radlk. 

Sapindaceae Guioa semiglauca (F. Muell.) Radlk. 

Sapindaceae Harpullia hillii F. Muell. 

Sapindaceae Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma 

pseudorhus 

279 

Foambark Tree (a.Rich.) Radlk. 

Sapindaceae Mischocarpus australis S.Reyn. 

Sapindaceae Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis Yellow Pear-fruit (F. Muell.) Radlk. 

Sapindaceae Rhysotoechia bifoliolata subsp. bifoliolata Two-leaved Tuckeroo Radlk. 

Sapindaceae Sarcopteryx stipata Steelwood (F. Muell.) Radlk. 

Sapotaceae Planchonella australis Black apple (R. Br.) Baehni 

Sapotaceae Planchonella sp. Blunt-leaved Coondoo (Cunn. ex Benth.) Francis 

Schizaeaceae Schizaea bifida Forked Comb Fern Willd 

Schizaeaceae Schizaea dichotoma Branched Comb Fern (L.) Smith 

Schizaeaceae Schizaea rupestris R.Br 

Scrophulariaceae Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell 

Scrophulariaceae Derwentia blakelyi B. Briggs & ehrend 

Scrophulariaceae Derwentia derwentiana (andrews) B.Briggs & 

ehrend. 

Scrophulariaceae Derwentia perfoliata Digger’s Speedwell (R. Br.) B. Briggs & ehrend. 

Scrophulariaceae Euphrasia ciliolata Polblue eyebright W.R. Barker 

Scrophulariaceae Euphrasia collina subsp. paludosa R. Br. 

Scrophulariaceae Euphrasia orthocheila subsp. orthocheila W.R.Barker 

Scrophulariaceae Gratiola pedunculata R. Br. 

Scrophulariaceae Gratiola peruviana australian Brooklime L. 

Scrophulariaceae Gratiola pubescens R. Br. 

Scrophulariaceae Linaria pelisseriana Pelisser’s Toadflax (L.) Miller 

Scrophulariaceae Mimulus moschatus Musk Monkey-flower Lindley 

Scrophulariaceae Mimulus repens Creeping Monkeyflower 

Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus subsp. thapsus Blanket Weed L. 

Scrophulariaceae Verbascum virgatum ‘Twiggy Mullein, Green 

Mullein’ 

Scrophulariaceae Veronica anagallis-aquatica Blue Water-speedwell L. 

Scrophulariaceae Veronica arvensis Wall Speedwell L. 

R. Br. 

Stokes 

Scrophulariaceae Veronica brownii Roemer & Schultes 

Scrophulariaceae Veronica calycina Hairy Speedwell R. Br. 

Scrophulariaceae Veronica hederifolia Ivy-leaved Speedwell L. 

Scrophulariaceae Veronica notabilis F. Muell. ex Benth. 

Scrophulariaceae Veronica persica Creeping Speedwell Poiret 

Scrophulariaceae Veronica plebeia Trailing Speedwell R. Br. 

Selaginellaceae Selaginella uliginosa Swamp Selaginella (Labill.)Spring 

Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven (Miller) Swingle 

Simaroubaceae Ailanthus triphysa White Bean (Dennst.) alston 

Smilacaceae Smilax australis ‘Lawyer Vine, Wait-awhile, 

Barbwire Vine’ 

R. Br.




Smilacaceae Smilax glyciphylla Sweet Sarsparilla Smith 

Solanaceae Cestrum aurantiacum Orange Cestrum Lindley 

Solanaceae Cestrum nocturnum Lady-of-the-night L. 

Solanaceae Cestrum parqui Green Cestrum L’Her. 

Solanaceae Datura ferox Fierce Thornapple L. 

Solanaceae Datura stramonium Common Thornapple L. 

Solanaceae Duboisia myoporoides Corkwood R. Br. 

Solanaceae Lycium ferocissimum african Boxthorn Miers 

Solanaceae Nicotiana megalosiphon subsp. megalosiphon Van Heurck & Muell.arg. 

Solanaceae Nicotiana suaveolens Native Tobacco Lehm. 

Solanaceae Physalis angulata Wild Gooseberry L. 

Solanaceae Physalis ixocarpa Ground Cherry Hornem. 

Solanaceae Physalis peruviana Cape Gooseberry L. 

Solanaceae Solanum amblymerum Spiny Kangaroo apple Dunal 

Solanaceae Solanum americanum Glossy Nightshade Miller 

Solanaceae Solanum aviculare Kangaroo apple G.Forster 

Solanaceae Solanum brownii Violet Nightshade Dunal 

Solanaceae Solanum campanulatum R. Br. 

Solanaceae Solanum capsicoides Devil’s apple all. 

Solanaceae Solanum chenopodioides Whitetip Nightshade Lam. 

Solanaceae Solanum cinereum Narrawa Burr R. Br. 

Solanaceae Solanum cleistogamum Symon 

Solanaceae Solanum densevestitum Benth. 

Solanaceae Solanum esuriale Quena Lindley 

Solanaceae Solanum laxum Potato Climber Paxton 

Solanaceae Solanum mauritianum Wild Tobacco Bush Scop. 

Solanaceae Solanum parvifolium R. Br. 

Solanaceae Solanum physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum Rusby 

Solanaceae Solanum prinophyllum Forest Nightshade Dunal 

Solanaceae Solanum pseudocapsicum Madeira Winter Cherry L. 

Solanaceae Solanum pungetium eastern Nightshade R. Br. 

Solanaceae Solanum radicans L. 

Solanaceae Solanum seaforthianum Brazilian Nightshade andrews 

Solanaceae Solanum stelligerum Devil’s Needles Smith 

Solanaceae Solanum vescum F. Muell. 

Solanaceae Withania somnifera Winter Cherry (L.) Dunal 

Sparganiaceae Sparganium subglobosum Morong 

Stackhousiaceae Stackhousia monogyna Creamy Candles Labill. 

Stackhousiaceae Stackhousia muricata Lindley 

Stackhousiaceae Stackhousia nuda Lindley 

Stackhousiaceae Stackhousia viminea Slender Stackhousia Smith 

Sterculiaceae Brachychiton acerifolius Illawarra Flame Tree F. Muell. 

Sterculiaceae Brachychiton discolor Lacebark Tree F. Muell. 

Sterculiaceae Commersonia fraseri Brush Kurrajong Gay 

Sterculiaceae Heritiera actinophylla Black Booyong (Bailey) Kosterm. 

280




Sterculiaceae Heritiera trifoliolata White Booyong (F. Muell.) Kosterm. 

Sterculiaceae Keraudrenia corollata var. corollata (Steetz) Druce 

Sterculiaceae Lasiopetalum macrophyllum Graham 

Sterculiaceae Lasiopetalum parviflorum Rudge 

Sterculiaceae Lasiopetalum rufum Benth. 

Sterculiaceae Melhania oblongifolia F. Muell. 

Sterculiaceae Rulingia dasyphylla Kerrawang (andrews) Sweet 

Sterculiaceae Rulingia hermanniifolia (DC.) endl. 

Sterculiaceae Rulingia procumbens Maiden & Betche 

Sterculiaceae Seringia arborescens (aiton) Druce 

Stylidiaceae Stylidium debile var. debile F. Muell. 

Stylidiaceae Stylidium graminifolium Grass Triggerplant Willd. 

Stylidiaceae Stylidium laricifolium Tree Triggerplant Rich. 

Stylidiaceae Stylidium lineare Narrow-leaved 

Triggerplant 

281 

Sw. ex Willd. 

Stylidiaceae Stylidium paniculatum F. Muell. 

Stylidiaceae Stylidium productum Hindmarsh & Blaxell 

Surianaceae Guilfoylia monostylis (Benth.) F. Muell. 

Symplocaceae Symplocos stawellii White Hazelwood F. Muell. 

Symplocaceae Symplocos thwaitesii Buff Hazelwood F. Muell. 

Thelypteridaceae Christella dentata (Forsskal) Brownsey & Jermy 

Thelypteridaceae Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.)H.Ito 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea glauca R. Br. 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea micrantha F. Muell. ex Meissner 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea neo-anglica Poison Pimelea Threlfall 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea simplex subsp. simplex F. Muell. 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea spicata Spiked Rice-flower R. Br. 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea stricta Meissner 

Thymelaeaceae Pimelea strigosa Gand. 

Thymelaeaceae Wikstroemia indica (L.) C.Meyer 

Tremandraceae Tetratheca ericifolia Smith 

Tremandraceae Tetratheca glandulosa Smith 

Tremandraceae Tetratheca juncea Black-eyed Susan Smith 

Tremandraceae Tetratheca rubioides Cunn. 

Tremandraceae Tetratheca shiressii Blakely 

Tremandraceae Tetratheca thymifolia Black-eyed Susan Smith 

Trimeniaceae Trimenia moorei Bitter Vine (Oliv. ex Benth.) Philipson 

Typhaceae Typha domingensis Narrow-leaved 

Cumbungi 

Typhaceae Typha orientalis Broad-leaved 

Cumbungi 

Pers. 

C.Presl 

Ulmaceae Aphananthe philippinensis Rough-leaved elm Planchon 

Ulmaceae Trema tomentosa var. viridis Native Peach (Roxb.) Hara 

Unidentified Unidentified 

Urticaceae Australina pusilla (Poir.) Gaudich. 

Urticaceae Dendrocnide excelsa Giant Stinging Tree (Wedd.) Chew




Urticaceae Dendrocnide photinophylla Shiny-leaved Stinging 

Tree 

Urticaceae Elatostema reticulatum Wedd. 

Urticaceae Elatostema stipitatum Wedd. 

282 

(Kunth) Chew 

Urticaceae Parietaria debilis Native Pellitory G. Forster 

Urticaceae Parietaria judaica Pellitory L. 

Urticaceae Urtica incisa Stinging Nettle Poiret 

Urticaceae Urtica urens Small Nettle L. 

Uvulariaceae Schelhammera undulata R. Br. 

Uvulariaceae Tripladenia cunninghamii D.Don 

Verbenaceae Callicarpa pedunculata R. Br. 

Verbenaceae Clerodendrum floribundum R. Br. 

Verbenaceae Clerodendrum tomentosum ‘Hairy Clerodendrum, 

Downy Chance Tree’ 

(Vent.) R. Br. 

Verbenaceae Glandularia aristigera S. Moore 

Verbenaceae Gmelina leichhardtii White Beech (F. Muell.) Benth. 

Verbenaceae Lantana camara Lantana L. 

Verbenaceae Lantana montevidensis Creeping Lantana (Sprengel) Briq. 

Verbenaceae Oncinocalyx betchei F. Muell. 

Verbenaceae Phyla nodiflora var. nodiflora Lippia (L.) Greene 

Verbenaceae Verbena bonariensis Purpletop L. 

Verbenaceae Verbena gaudichaudii (Briq.) P.W. Michael 

Verbenaceae Verbena littoralis Kunth 

Verbenaceae Verbena officinalis Common Verbena L. 

Verbenaceae Verbena quadrangularis Vell. 

Verbenaceae Verbena rigida Veined Verbena Spreng. 

Verbenaceae Verbena supina Trailing Verbena L. 

Violaceae Hybanthus enneaspermus Spade Flower (L.) F. Muell. 

Violaceae Hybanthus monopetalus Slender Violet-bush (Schultes) Domin 

Violaceae Hybanthus stellarioides (Domin.) P.I. Forst. 

Violaceae Melicytus dentatus Tree Violet DC. 

Violaceae Viola caleyana Swamp Violet G. Don 

Violaceae Viola fuscoviolacea (L.G. adams) T.a. James 

Violaceae Viola sieberiana Spreng. 

Viscaceae Korthalsella rubra endl. 

Viscaceae Notothixos cornifolius Kurrajong Mistletoe Oliver 

Viscaceae Notothixos subaureus Golden Mistletoe Oliver 

Vitaceae Cayratia clematidea Slender Grape (F. Muell.) Domin 

Vitaceae Cayratia eurynema B.L.Burtt 

Vitaceae Cissus antarctica Water Vine Vent. 

Vitaceae Cissus hypoglauca Giant Water Vine a.Gray 

Vitaceae Cissus opaca Small-leaved Water 

Vine 

F. Muell. 

Vitaceae Tetrastigma nitens (F. Muell.) Planchon 

Winteraceae Tasmannia glaucifolia Fragrant Pepperbush J. Williams 

Winteraceae Tasmannia insipida Brush Pepperwood R. Br. ex DC.




Winteraceae Tasmannia purpurascens Broad-leaved 

Pepperbush 

283 

(Vick.) a.C. Smith 

Winteraceae Tasmannia stipitata Northern Pepperbush (Vick.) a.C.Smith 

xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea acaulis (a.Lee) Bedford 

xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea arborea R. Br. 

xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea australis R. Br. 

xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea fulva (a.Lee) Bedford 

xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea johnsonii a.Lee 

xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea macronema F. Muell. ex Benth. 

xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea malacophylla Bedford 

xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea media R. Br. 

xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea minor subsp. minor R. Br. 

xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea resinosa (Sol. ex Kite)Nelson & 

Belford 

xyridaceae Xyris complanata R. Br. 

xyridaceae Xyris gracilis R. Br. 

xyridaceae Xyris juncea Dwarf Yellow-eye R. Br. 

xyridaceae Xyris operculata Labill. 

xyridaceae Xyris ustulata Nilsson 

Zamiaceae Lepidozamia peroffskyana Regel 

Zamiaceae Macrozamia communis Burrawang L.Johnson 

Zamiaceae Macrozamia concinna D.L. Jones 

Zamiaceae Macrozamia plurinervia (L.a.S. Johnson) D.L. Jones 

Zamiaceae Macrozamia reducta K.D. Hill & D.L. Jones 

Zamiaceae Macrozamia secunda C. Moore 

Zamiaceae Macrozamia spiralis (Salisb.) Miq. 

Zingiberaceae Alpinia arundelliana (Bailey) Schumann 

Zingiberaceae Alpinia caerulea Native Ginger Benth. 

Zingiberaceae Hedychium gardnerianum Ginger Lily Ker Gawler 

Zygophyllaceae Tribulus micrococcus ‘Yellow Vine, Spineless 

Caltrop’ 

Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris Catshead L. 

Domin. 

Zygophyllaceae Zygophyllum glaucum Pale Twinleaf F. Muell.


Appendix 10: 

Grasslands communities expert review workshop outcomes 

Appendix 10: Grasslands communities expert review workshop outcomes continued 

ID Community Diagnostic species Soils & geology Landscape & climate Locations Comments Biometric 

Derived grasslands 

in coastal valleys 

dominated by 

Aristida vagans / 

Microlaena stipoides / 

Themeda australis / 

Cymbopogon 

refractus / Oplismenus 

aemulus / 

O. imbecillus 

Typically heavily grazed and likely had tree 

canopy cleared or greatly thinned / modified 

(i.e. derived from grassy woodlands) 

Low to medium 

fertility soils, e.g. 

Permian-derived 

soils; sedimentary 

soils 

Various associations: Aristida / 

Bothriochloa macra; Aristida / 

Eragrostis; Aristida / Cymbopogon 

refractus; Bothriochloa decipiens / 

Dichanthium sericeum; 

Chloris truncata / Sporobolus 

creber / Bothriochloa; Eragrostis 

leptostachya / Chloris ventricosa / 

Digitaria divaricatissima / Digitaria 

brownii / & others from above; 

may include small areas of 

Aristida ramosa / Austrostipa 

scabra / Bothriochloa decipiens 

on poorer soils on lower 

parts of Merriwa plateau 

landscape; may include areas 

of derived grasslands from 

modified / cleared Yellow Box 

communities (may represent 

White Box / Yellow Box / Blakely’s 

Red Gum woodland eeC) 

GC1 Mixed derived 

grasslands of lower 

fertility soils on 

valley floor 

284 

Typically have no or low tree cover; may 

include areas of derived grassland from 

modified / cleared Yellow Box communities 

(if so may represent White Box / Yellow 

Box / Blakely’s Red Gum woodland eeC) 

Upper Hunter: Merriwa, 

Scone, Bunnan, Denman 

& Cassilis areas 

Black soils of 

Merriwa plateau, 

south of Liverpool 

Range; grey clay; 

heavy clay; black 

basaltic soils 

Austrostipa aristiglumis; may also 

be dominated or co-dominated 

by Aristida spp. (e.g. Aristida 

personata on Merriwa plateau), 

Dichanthium sericeum, Panicum 

decompositum, Themeda 

avacenea, Austrostipa scabra & 

Austrodanthonia spp. 

GC 2 Plains Grass 

grassland of higher 

fertility soils 

Typically in ungrazed situations 

(Sorghum sensitive to grazing). Often in 

ungrazed / rarely grazed road & railway 

reserves. 

Known from Rouchel, 

Mt Royal & Gresford. 

Targeted surveying 

required to define spatial 

distribution. 

Occurs on a range 

of soils: shales, 

sandstones 

GC 3 Themeda australis / 

sorghum leiocladum 

grasslands



Restricted to ungrazed roadsides; possibly 

just variant of GC1 (mixed derived 

grasslands) but considered to be a higher 

quality grassland reflective of less-disturbed 

habitats 

Capillipedium spicigerum Targetted surveying 


distribution 

GC 4 Capillipedium 

spicigerum 

grassland 

aPPeNDIx 10 Grasslands communities expert review workshop outcomes 

Includes derived 

grasslands of the 

upper slopes, 

ridgetops and frost 

hollows of the Upper 

Hunter & Barrington 

ranges: dominated 

by P. sieberiana / P. 

Labillardieri /Themeda 

australis 

Likely derived from woodland / forest 

communities; typically tree canopy 

removed or greatly reduced (i.e. not 

naturally without trees) 

Upper Hunter, Barrington 

Tops, Mt Royal & 

Liverpool Range 

Rich basaltic soils >600m; 1. Valley floors 

of higher altitudes (e.g. 

linear riparian areas 

& chains of ponds); 

2. Slopes of higher 

altitude 

Two variants / associations: 

1. P. labillardieri / M. stipoides 

2. P. siberiana / M. stipoides 

GC 5 Poa spp. / Microlaena 

stipoides derived 

grasslands of higher 

altitudes 

Represents listed eeC Includes ‘Headland 

grasslands’ 

Seacliffs & headlands all coastal areas but only 

in small areas due to 

restrictive habitats 

Themeda australis / Lomandra 

longifolia / Westringia fruticosa / 

Isolepis nodosa 

GC 6 Themeda grasslands 

on seacliffs & 

coastal headlands 

285 

Scattered occurrences 

along coast and on 

offshore islands 

Coastal sands Sand dunes (not 

headlands): restricted 

to sand dunes (typically 

fore dunes); considered 

littoral species; may 

be confused with 

introduced species 

which RBG have 

records of co-existing; 

known from Indian 

Head; distribution 

unknown in Hunter 

Typical variants include: 

1. Zoysia macrantha 

2. Spinifex sericeus 

3. Sporobolus virginicus var. 

minor 

Other co-dominants or 

associated species: Themeda 

australis, Microlaena stipoides, 

Lomandra longifolia (possibly 

also Austrofestuca littoralis but 

S Jacobs considered unlikely to 

be present in Hunter or not as 

distinct grassland) 

GC 7 Coastal dune 

grasslands 

Likely derived from woodland / open forest 

communities; burnt repeatedly 

Widespread: Lower, 

Central & Upper Hunter 

Valley; Karuah & Manning 

valleys; foothills; to lesser 

extent in Wollombi & 

Central Coast areas 

Imperata cylindrica; often 

co-dominated by Bracken fern, 

Pteridium esculentum 

GC 8 Derived Blady Grass 

grasslands




Brushy Hill, Wybong, 

Goulburn River, 

Curricabark & Blackjack 

Mtn. Targeted surveying 


distribution: Travis Peake 

has some limited data. 

On serpentinite Often on north-facing 

slopes 

Triodia scariosa; often with 

Xanthorrhoea glauca present 

GC 9 Triodia grassland / 

shrubland 

Saltmarsh in 

estuaries of the 

Sydney Basin 

and south-east 

corner (Biometric 

Community 13059) 

Combine with saltmarsh complex, though 

technically still defined as grassland; 

represents a listed eeC 

Tidally inundated soils Hunter, Central Coast, 

Port Stephens, Karuah 

& Manning estuaries. 

Targeted surveying 


distribution. 

Sporobolus virginicus / 

Sarcocornia quinqueflora / 

Baumea juncea / Juncus krausii / 

Sueda australis / Samolus repens 

GC 10 Sporobolus 

virginicus 

saltmarsh / 

grasslands 

Considered as part of the wetland 

communities defined under ‘woody 

communities’ analysis although still 

technically grassland 

Hexham Swamp; 

targeted surveying 


distribution 

Phragmites australis Restricted to 

saturated / waterlogged 

soils 

GC 11 Phragmites australis 

tall grasslands 

286 

Similar to GC9 

Barrington ranges, 

Tomalla, Wollemi & 

Goulburn River; targeted 

surveying required 

to define spatial 

distribution: may be too 

small to map (e.g.



May be artefact of disturbance or 

introduction (widely used as lawn grass); 

S. Jacobs questioned whether natually 

occurring in Hunter, though given that it is 

considered native (albeit with cosmopolitan 

distribution) should be considered; may 

be part of the natural variation (though 

associated with disturbance) in other 

derived grassland communities such as 

GC1, GC2 & GC3 

Management related Widespread; extensive 

areas of Hunter, Central 

Coast & Mid North Coast 

Cynodon dactylon High fertility, 

deep soils 

GC 15 Cynodon dactylon 

grasslands of 

alluvial plains, 

floodplains & 

terraces 

aPPeNDIx 10 Grasslands communities expert review workshop outcomes 

Wollemi, Goulburn 

River & Owens Gap; 

targeted surveying 


distribution: may be too 

small to map (e.g.




Merriwa plateau Not main grassland on Merriwa plateau 

(Plains Grass); feedback from workshop 

suggested this should be grouped in with 

Group 1 above, however, as it is a different 

landscape position I thought it should 

possibly be treated seperately? 

Threeawn Wire Grass (Aristida 

ramosa), Corkscrew Grass 

(Austrostipa scabra), Red Grass 

(Bothriochloa decipiens) 

? Derived grasslands 

of the slopes on the 

Merriwa plateau 

alluvial plains Scone research centre Feedback from the workshop suggested 

this was not a real community – does it 

possibly belong with Couch Grass–derived 

grasslands on alluvial plains above as a 

‘Derived grasslands on alluvial plains’ 

community? 

? Paspalidium distans 

on alluvialm flats 

288

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