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Chapter 1: The global biodiversity crisis and related policy challenge Chapter Coordinating Lead Author: Patrick ten Brink (Institute for European Environmental Policy – IEEP) Lead authors: Marianne Kettunen, Alexandra vakrou and heidi Wittmer Contributing authors: Jonathan Armstrong, Matt rayment, Alice ruhweza and clare shine Editing and language check: clare shine Acknowledgements: for comments and inputs from David Baldock, Bernd hansjürgens, Kaley hart, Pushpam Kumar, Indrani Luchtman, Paul Morling, carsten Neßhöver, Aude Neuville, rosimeiry Portela, Graham Tucker, Emma Watkins, stephen White and many others. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this chapter are purely those of the authors and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the organisations involved. Citation: TEEB – The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for National and International Policy Makers (2009). URL: www.teebweb.org TEEB for Policy Makers Team TEEB for Policy Makers Coordinator: Patrick ten Brink (IEEP) TEEB for Policy Makers Core Team: Bernd hansjuergens (UfZ), sylvia Kaplan (BMU, Germany), Katia Karousakis (oEcD), Marianne Kettunen (IEEP), Markus Lehmann (scBD), Meriem Bouamrane (UNEsco), helen Mountford (oEcD), Alice ruhweza (Katoomba Group, Uganda), Mark schauer (UNEP), christoph schröter-schlaack (UfZ), Benjamin simmons (UNEP), Alexandra vakrou (European commission), stefan van der Esch (vroM, The Netherlands), James vause (Defra, United Kingdom), Madhu verma (IIfM, India), Jean-Louis Weber (EEA), stephen White (European commission) and heidi Wittmer (UfZ). TEEB Study Leader: Pavan sukhdev (UNEP) TEEB communications: Georgina Langdale (UNEP)
ThE EcoNoMIcs of EcosysTEMs AND BIoDIvErsITy TEEB for National and International Policy Makers Table of Contents chapter 1 The global biodiversity crisis and related policy challenge Key Messages of Chapter 1 2 1.1 What is biodiversity and why does it matter 4 1.2 The biodiversity crisis: scale and causes 7 1.2.1 How much of our natural capital is being lost? 7 1.2.2 Global projections of future loss 13 1.2.3 What is driving these losses? 15 1.3 Economic dimensions of the biodiversity crisis 18 1.3.1 How do ecosystem services underpin the economy 18 1.3.2 Understanding the value of ecosystem services 19 1.3.3 Using valuation to assess trade-offs, costs and benefits 21 1.3.4 Returns on investment in ecological infrastructure 24 1.3.5 Implications for policy-makers 26 1.4 Human dimensions of the biodiversity crisis 27 1.4.1 Ecosystem services: a lifeline for the poor, a necessity for everyone 27 1.4.2 Substitution potential: limits and implications 28 1.4.3 Engaging communities to define policy solutions 29 References 31 TEEB for NATIoNAL AND INTErNATIoNAL PoLIcy MAKErs - chAPTEr 1: PAGE 1
Page 1: Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
Page 5 and 6: THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS AND
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Page 11 and 12: • Enough food could be produced o
Page 13 and 14: MArINE sysTEMs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERS
Page 17 and 18: 1.2.3 WHAT IS DRIVING THESE LOSSES?
Page 29 and 30: 1.4 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
Page 33 and 34: EfErENcEs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY C
Page 37 and 38: Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
Page 39 and 40: THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
Page 41 and 42: 10.1 WHY VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
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as well as the value for money and
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Global National or Regional Local T
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RESPONDING TO THE VALUE OF NATURE B
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10.4 By taking distributional issue
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has origins and impacts beyond bord
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The ‘Nobel Prize’*-winning econ
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10.5 Biodiversity and ecosystem ser
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Rewarding the provision of services
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Making this a reality will require
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GHK, CE and IEEP - GHK, Cambridge E
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Torras, M. (2000) The Total Economi
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Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
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ThE ECoNoMICS of ECoSySTEMS AND BIo
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FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES FO
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2.3 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
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2.3.4 BASE POLICIES ON GOOD GOVERNA
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2.4 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
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REfERENCES FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PR
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THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
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STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND ACCOUN
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3.1 STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND AC
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Endnotes STRENGTHENING INDICATORS A
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Chapter 4: Integrating ecosystem an
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INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERS
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4.1 INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODI
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Endnotes INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND
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Economic valuation methods INTEGRAT
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ANNEx 2: sTAGEs of A PoLIcy AssEssM
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Chapter 5: Rewarding benefits throu
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REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS
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5.1 REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYM
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REGULATORY BASELINES AND ADDITIONAL
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could have adverse consequences for
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• some contained an element of te
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• ancillary provisions e.g. possi
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5.4.2 GREENING INTERGOVERNMEN- TAL
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financial flows involved. Building
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considerable patience as such optio
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CERTIFICATION OF SUSTAINABLE FISHER
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While certification systems can sig
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Endnotes REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH
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44 http://www.mekongtourism.org/sit
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Chapter 6: Reforming Subsidies Chap
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Key Messages of
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6 Chapter 6 addresses the need for
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6.1.2 HOW BIG ARE EXISTING SUBSIDIE
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6.2 6.2.1 DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN
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through provision of water and ener
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6.3 6.3.1 AGRICULTURE Subsidies to
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Box 6.4: The EU Common Agricultural
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Second, it has to be borne in mind
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• increases the producer price of
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Box 6.9: Removi
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In the agriculture sector, the pric
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Some consumer energy subsidies may
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6.4 “People who love soft methods
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6.4.2 RESISTANCE TO CHANGE Subsidie
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The multiple policy objectives ofte
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Social impacts
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The G-20 Heads of State have recent
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REFERENCES Agnew, D.J.; Pearce, J.;
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OECD - Organisation for Economic Co
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Bernd hansjürgens, Christoph Schr
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Key Messages of Chapter 7 Rewarding
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7.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES FoR hALTING oN
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7.2 REGULATING To AvoID DAMAGE: ENv
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y reducing the release of pollutant
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y reducing uncertainties with respe
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This equivalence can involve the sa
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PoTENTIAL BENEFITS oF oFFSETS AND B
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A biodiversity offset should be des
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7.4 SETTING MoRE ACCURATE PRICES: M
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Market-based instruments can be des
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China’s first water use rights sy
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PoTENTIAL CoST SAvINGS ThRoUGh MBIS
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Despite the potential described abo
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Non-market valuation studies can he
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PoLLUTIoN AND oThER DAMAGING ACTIvI
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The 1973 CITES treaty (Convention o
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7.6 MAKING IT hAPPEN - PoLICy MIxES
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has shown the critical need to stre
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Gutman, P. and Davidson, S. (2007)
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· ·· · · · · · · · · ·
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T H E E C O N O M I C S O F E C O S
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