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THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS AND RELATED POLICY CHALLENGE 1.3.5 IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY- MAKERS New public policy solutions are urgently needed to enhance the benefit that society as a whole obtains from ecosystems. This will require us to level the tilted playing field that currently favours private production over conservation of natural resources and ecosystems. Improved decision-making should take full account of the wider social benefits they provide for current and future generations and encourage markets and prices to reflect the true value of ecosystems, biodiversity and other natural resources. Better measurement is required with regard to the role of ecosystems and biodiversity in providing services and of the value of these services, alongside improved policy assessment and tools to help make use of natural assets more efficiently. Copyright: © IUCN / Michelle Laurie The tools and approaches presented in this report will therefore be relevant not only to central administrators but also to: • statistical officers (given importance of measurement); • planning administrators (given spatial planning needs and also permit issues); • monitoring, permitting and inspection officers (for implementation and compliance); • judges (for compliance and enforcement); and • state auditors (to assess value for money on government spending). TEEB for NATIoNAL AND INTErNATIoNAL PoLIcy MAKErs - chAPTEr 1: PAGE 26
1.4 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS AND RELATED POLICY CHALLENGE hUMAN DIMENsIoNs of ThE BIoDIvErsITy crIsIs 1.4.1 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: A LIFELINE FOR THE POOR, A NECESSITY FOR EVERYONE It is not just wealth that is in danger, but also ‘well-being’ – both individual well-being and health (human capital) and social well-being and stability (social capital). The poor are often much more directly dependent on ecosystems for basic provisioning services but ultimately we all depend on nature and healthy natural systems. It is not all about dependency and negative impacts; the engagement of local communities is also a key part of the solution. Poor populations are often the first to suffer the impact of degraded or lost biodiversity because the connection between their livelihoods and biodiversity is direct. Natural resources are a basic source of their income generation (see the discussion on ‘GDP of the Poor’ in chapter 3). one less well-known aspect is that healthcare needs for the world's poor are mostly met by traditional medicines and treatments extracted from natural sources. They suffer directly from the loss of biodiversity as the cost of ‘formal’ healthcare medicines is often prohibitive. The TEEB Interim report (TEEB 2008) demonstrated that there are critically important links between ecosystem services (loss) and the feasibility of achieving the Millennium Development Goals (see also chapter 5). Beyond material dependency, biodiversity often plays an important role in religious beliefs, traditional knowledge and social institutions. Many communities are enmeshed with the ecosystems within which they live and this connection often forms the basis of their collective identity and culture (see Box 1.10). Box 1.10: Forests are essential for the well-being of the poor… and rural communities are often essential for the well-being of the forests over 90% of the world's poorest people depend on forests for their livelihoods. some populations are entirely dependent on forests (e.g. indigenous forest peoples) and for a wide range of others, their livelihoods are fundamentally linked. The value of non-timber forest products (NTfPs) is variously estimated at between $1/ha and $100/ha (scBD 2001). however, in certain countries, the share of NTfP of household income as massively higher e.g. 40-60% in chivi (Zimbabwe) (Lynam et al. 1994), 47% in Mantandia (Madagascar) (Kramer et al. 1995) and 49% in Madhya Pradesh, orissa and Gujarat (India) (Bahuguna 2000). A loss of forest can represent a fundamental loss of income/ well-being for population groups that often have no easy substitute for the loss. At the same time, the communities can and do play an important role in the well-being of forests and there are strong arguments for making communities part of the solution to deforestation and forest degradation. 22% of all developing country forests are owned by communities. community tenure is expected to double again by 2020 to more than 700 million hectares. In some countries the benefits communities bring is rewarded financially, for example in: • Ecuador: municipal government pays communities $11-16 per hectare/year for maintaining natural forest cover and ensuring clean water supplies in the Pisque watershed; • Uganda: EcoTrUsT pays villagers $45.60 per hectare/year ($8 per tonne of carbon sequestered) for reforestation with native trees. TEEB for NATIoNAL AND INTErNATIoNAL PoLIcy MAKErs - chAPTEr 1: PAGE 27 Source: Borges 2007
Page 1 and 2: Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
Page 3 and 4: ThE EcoNoMIcs of EcosysTEMs AND BIo
Page 5 and 6: THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS AND
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Page 11 and 12: • Enough food could be produced o
Page 13 and 14: MArINE sysTEMs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERS
Page 17 and 18: 1.2.3 WHAT IS DRIVING THESE LOSSES?
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Page 33 and 34: EfErENcEs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY C
Page 39 and 40: THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
Page 41 and 42: 10.1 WHY VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Page 43 and 44: RESPONDING TO THE VALUE OF NATURE B
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Page 69 and 70: Making this a reality will require
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FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES FO
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2.3 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
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2.3.4 BASE POLICIES ON GOOD GOVERNA
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2.4 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
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REfERENCES FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PR
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Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
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THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
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STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND ACCOUN
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3.1 STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND AC
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Endnotes STRENGTHENING INDICATORS A
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Chapter 4: Integrating ecosystem an
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INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERS
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4.1 INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODI
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Endnotes INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND
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Economic valuation methods INTEGRAT
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ANNEx 2: sTAGEs of A PoLIcy AssEssM
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Chapter 5: Rewarding benefits throu
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REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS
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5.1 REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYM
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REGULATORY BASELINES AND ADDITIONAL
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could have adverse consequences for
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• some contained an element of te
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• ancillary provisions e.g. possi
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5.4.2 GREENING INTERGOVERNMEN- TAL
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financial flows involved. Building
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considerable patience as such optio
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CERTIFICATION OF SUSTAINABLE FISHER
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While certification systems can sig
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Endnotes REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH
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44 http://www.mekongtourism.org/sit
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Chapter 6: Reforming Subsidies Chap
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Key Messages of
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6 Chapter 6 addresses the need for
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6.1.2 HOW BIG ARE EXISTING SUBSIDIE
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6.2 6.2.1 DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN
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through provision of water and ener
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6.3 6.3.1 AGRICULTURE Subsidies to
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Box 6.4: The EU Common Agricultural
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Second, it has to be borne in mind
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• increases the producer price of
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Box 6.9: Removi
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In the agriculture sector, the pric
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Some consumer energy subsidies may
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6.4 “People who love soft methods
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6.4.2 RESISTANCE TO CHANGE Subsidie
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The multiple policy objectives ofte
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Social impacts
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The G-20 Heads of State have recent
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REFERENCES Agnew, D.J.; Pearce, J.;
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OECD - Organisation for Economic Co
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Bernd hansjürgens, Christoph Schr
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Key Messages of Chapter 7 Rewarding
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7.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES FoR hALTING oN
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7.2 REGULATING To AvoID DAMAGE: ENv
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y reducing the release of pollutant
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y reducing uncertainties with respe
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This equivalence can involve the sa
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PoTENTIAL BENEFITS oF oFFSETS AND B
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A biodiversity offset should be des
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7.4 SETTING MoRE ACCURATE PRICES: M
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Market-based instruments can be des
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China’s first water use rights sy
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PoTENTIAL CoST SAvINGS ThRoUGh MBIS
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Despite the potential described abo
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Non-market valuation studies can he
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PoLLUTIoN AND oThER DAMAGING ACTIvI
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The 1973 CITES treaty (Convention o
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7.6 MAKING IT hAPPEN - PoLICy MIxES
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has shown the critical need to stre
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Gutman, P. and Davidson, S. (2007)
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Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
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T H E E C O N O M I C S O F E C O S
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