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CHAPTER 1 Climate and Geomorphologic-related Disasters in Latin America Norberto O. Garcia, 1 Rosana Nieto Ferreira, 2 and Edgardo M. Latrubesse 3 1 Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CC495-3000 Santa Fe, Argentina 2 Department of Geography, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858-4353, U.S.A. 3 University of Texas at Austin, Department of Geography, GRG 334, A3100, Austin TX, 78712, USA Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Latin American Climate 3 2.1. Ocean Currents 3 2.2. Air Temperature Patterns 5 2.3. Pressure and Wind Patterns 6 2.4. Rainfall Patterns 7 2.5. ENSO 11 3. Geomorphologic consequences of climate 12 3.1. ENSO 12 3.2. Mountain Areas and Intense Tropical Rainfall 15 3.3. Floods in Tropical Rivers 16 3.4. Tropical Cyclones and Disasters 19 3.5. Drought and Floods in the Plains of the Middle Latitudes 20 3.6. A Bad Combination in Patagonia: Inappropriate Land Use in a Windy Land 20 3.7. Extratropical Storms and the ‘‘Sudestada’’ 21 3.8. Snow/Ice Storage in the Andes and Climatic Change 21 3.9. Climatic Trends over Recent Decades 22 4. Final Remarks 26 Corresponding author: Norberto O. García, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CC495-3000 Santa Fe, Argentina, nogarcia@fich1.unl.edu.ar Developments in Earth Surface Processes, Volume 13 Ó 2010 Elsevier B.V. ISSN 0928-2025, DOI 10.1016/S0928-2025(08)10001-3 All rights reserved. 1
2 Norberto O. Garcia et al. 1. Introduction Latin America extends from the northern border of Mexico at 32°N to Cape Horn at 56°S in the southernmost tip of Chile, and from Cape Branco at 35° 30 0 W to Cape Fariñas at 81° 20 0 W. With a landmass that extends over 20,340,000 km 2 , mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, Latin America represents 16% of the Earth’s landmass and is much more extensive in the tropics than in the higher latitudes. The Andes Mountains run along the entire western coast of South America (Fig. 1.1) forming an effective meteorological barrier between the Pacific Ocean and the continent. Similarly, along Mexico and Central America the Sierra Madre Mountains act as a barrier to the trade wind easterlies. In Latin America the topography, geographic position, and contrasting surrounding oceanic conditions create great climatic diversity. Section 2 of this chapter offers an overview of Latin America’s 20N 15N 4 10N 5N EQ 8 5S 3 10S 15S 1 9 20S 25S 30S 35S 6 7 11 2 40S 45S 50S 10 5 110W 100W 90W 80W 70W 60W 50W 40W 30W 20W 10W 0 Figure 1.1 Schematic of the summertime circulation in Latin America (adapted from Zhou and Lau,1998). 1. Andes Mountains 2. Warm Brazil Current 3. Equatorial Current 4. Caribbean Current 5. Malvinas Current 6. Humboldt Current 7. Bolivian Anticyclone 8. Trade wind easterlies 9. South American Low-Level Jet 10. MidlatitudeWesterlies 11. South American Convergence Zone
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The Changing Coastlines of South Am
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Table 3.1 Historically Known Transo
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Table 4.1 Baseline Data for Mexico
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Table 4.2 The Aftermath of Disaster
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CHAPTER 5 Venezuela: The Constructi
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Venezuela: The Construction of Vuln
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Table 5.1 Vulnerability and Perform
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CHAPTER 6 Natural Hazards and Human
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Natural Hazards and Human-Induced D
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132 Michel Hermelin and Natalia Hoy
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Table 7.1 Summary of Selected Convu
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150 Fausto O. Sarmiento the shadow
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152 Fausto O. Sarmiento Maquipucuna
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154 Fausto O. Sarmiento Table 8.2 S
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156 Fausto O. Sarmiento (a) Figure
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158 Fausto O. Sarmiento Table 8.3 S
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160 Fausto O. Sarmiento meant to fa
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Table 8.4 Adapted Summary Table of
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CHAPTER 9 Natural Hazards in Peru:
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Natural Hazards in Peru: Causation
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CHAPTER 10 Geomorphology of Natural
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Geomorphology of Natural Hazards an
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CHAPTER 11 Soil Erosion in Brazil f
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Soil Erosion in Brazil from Coffee
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8° 0° 8° 16° 24° 32° 40° 48
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Table 11.3 Soil Loss Caused by Eros
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224 Ana Luiza Coelho -Netto et al.
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CHAPTER 13 Floods in Urban Areas of
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Floods in Urban Areas of Brazil 247
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CHAPTER 14 Seismic and Volcanic Haz
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Seismic and Volcanic Hazards in Arg
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Table 14.1 Historical Earthquakes o
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Table 14.2 Historical Earthquakes o
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Table 14.4 Active volcanoes of the
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Table 14.5 (Continued) Volcano SL W
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CHAPTER 15 Landslide Processes in A
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Landslide Processes in Argentina 30
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CHAPTER 16 Floods in Argentina Edga
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Floods in Argentina 335 Figure 16.1
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Floods in Argentina 337 A B C Figur
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Floods in Argentina 341 intense loc
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Floods in Argentina 345 Table 16.2
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Floods in Argentina 349 these activ
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CHAPTER 18 Geology and Geomorpholog
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Geology and Geomorphology of Natura
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430 Jorge Rabassa Figure 19.9 The M
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432 Jorge Rabassa Figure 19.11 (C)
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434 Jorge Rabassa Figure 19.13 (A)
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436 Jorge Rabassa Last Glacial Maxi
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438 Jorge Rabassa Acknowledgments T
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440 Andrew S. Goudie A second facto
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442 Andrew S. Goudie estimates have
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CHAPTER 21 A Latin American Perspec
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A Latin American Perspective on Geo
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REFERENCES Ab’Saber, A.N., 2003.
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References 451 Atwater, B.F., Nuñe
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References 453 Beck, S.L., Barrient
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References 455 Bragagnolo, N., 1994
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References 457 Carr, M.J., Feigenso
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References 459 Coelho Netto, A.L.,
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References 461 De Cserna Zoltan, 19
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References 463 EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRE
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References 465 Fritz, S.C., Baker,
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References 467 González Díaz, E.F
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References 469 Hermanns, R.L.M., St
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References 471 Isla, F.I., 1989. Th
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References 473 Krepper, C.M., Garc
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References 475 López Bermúdez, F.
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References 477 Meis, M.R.M., Silva,
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References 479 Moura, A.D., Shukla,
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References 481 Pacheco, H., Suárez
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References 483 Plafker, G., Savage,
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References 485 Rodríguez, E.E., 19
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References 487 Schnack E.J, Pousa J
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References 489 Smith, K, 1996. Envi
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References 491 Cordillera Central C
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References 493 Vuille, M., Bradley,
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INDEX A Accelerated erosion, soil,
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Index 497 floods in, 257, 259-265,
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Index 499 CO 2 . See Carbon dioxide
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Index 501 E Earthquake(s) Ambato ea
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Index 503 Glaciers, GCC and, 420-43
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Index 505 global warming in, 439 IT
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Index 507 dry regions in, 10 squall
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Index 509 Tectonic plates, 32-37 Ca
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