mega-study guide of Greek grammar and syntax

Greek 201: Grammar and Syntax Review
1. Accents (pp. 1-2)
2. Rules of Lengthening and Contraction: diphthongs, lengthened vowels, rules for
contracting vowels, double consonants (pp. 2-3)
3. Articles (p. 3)
4. Nouns: forms (pp. 4-5), practice (pp. 5-6) and syntax (p. 7)
5. Adjectives: declensions (forms: p. 8), comparison (p. 8) and practice (p. 9-10)
6. Pronouns (p. 11)
7. Verbs: principal parts (p. 12), thematic vowels (p. 12), temporal augments (p. 13),
Indicative: Present (p. 14), Imperfect (p. 14), Future Active/Middle (p. 15) and Passive (p.
15), Aorist system (aspect: p. 16), 1 st Aorist Active/Middle (p. 16), 2 nd Aorist
Active/Middle (p. 17), Aorist Passive (p. 17), Perfect system (aspect & reduplication: p.
18), Perfect Active (p. 18), Pluperfect Active (p. 19), Perfect Middle/Passive (p. 19),
Pluperfect Passive (p. 19), Future Perfect (p. 19), Sample Verb Synopsis Grid (pp. 20-21),
Contract verbs (pp. 22-26; your verb list: p. 26), -mi mi verbs (pp. 27-40: lots of charts to
complete; your –mi verb lists, p. 40), Irregular Verbs (ei0mi and ei]mi: p. 41, fill out the
charts of p.p.: pp. 42-46), Subjunctive (pp. 47-48), Optative (p. 49), Infinitives (p. 50),
Participles (p. 51)
8. Subordinate Syntax: Sequence of Tenses (p. 52), Impersonal Expressions (p. 52),
Purpose (p. 52), Indirect Statement (p. 52), Conditionals (p. 53)
9. Pesky little words: negatives (p. 54), words meaning “because” (p. 54), temporal
conjunctions (p. 54), correlative adverbs (p. 54), prepositions (p. 55), particles (pp. 56-
57), yeudei=v fi/loi (pp. 58-61), your adverb list (p. 62)
I: ACCENTS
• terms
o ultima: last syllable
o penult: 2nd to last syllable
o antepenult: 3rd to last syllable
o oxytone: acute on ultima
o paroxytone: acute on penult
o proparoxytone: acute on antepenult
o perispomenon: circumflex on ultima
o properispomenon: circumflex on penult
o barytone: unaccented ultima (this includes paroxytones, proparoxytones,
properispomenons)
• acute: a/
o can stand on one of last three syllables of a word
• circumflex: a~
o can stand on one of last two syllables of a word
o but only over a diphthong or long vowel
• grave: a_
o can stand only on last syllable of a word (ultima)
• antepenult
o takes acute:
a!nqrwpov, i9ppo/ o/ o/kampov, o/ pa/ a/ a/nqhrov a/
o unless ultima is long by nature or ends in c, y
a)nqrw/ w/ w/pou, w/
• penult
1

o usually takes acute: lo/gov
o takes circumflex if long by nature and ultima is short: dw~ron
• ultima
o acute: if long or short
o circumflex: if long
• grave: an acute in the ultima will change to a grave if followed by a word without
intervening punctuation:
o potamo/ o/ o/v o/
o potamo\ \\ \v kalo/v
• enclitics (leaning back: mou=, moi/, me/, sou=, soi/, se/, ou], oi[, ti/v, ti/, ei0mi/, ge/, te/) and lose
accents to preceding words which will gain an additional accent on ultima IF
o antepenult takes acute: ai1tio/v ei0mi
o penult takes circumflex: andrei=o/v e0sti
• proclitics (leaning forward: o9, h9, oi9, ai9, e0n, ei0v, e0c, ei0, w9v, ou0, ou0k, ou0x) have no
accents except:
o ou0 at the end of a sentence
o w9v when it follows the noun upon which it depends
o and when any proclitic precedes an enclitic (e2i tiv)
• accents on verbs tend to be recessive
o note that when an accent of a contract verb falls on one of the contracted vowels,
the resultant contracted syllable will carry a circumflex (excepting the singular
imperative)
• accents on nouns tend to be persistent
o note that first declension nouns with acute on the ultima in the nominative take a
circumflex on the genitive and dative, singular and plural
o the genitive plurals of all first declension nouns take a circumflex on the ultima
o this does not apply to adjectives
• Accent Practice: accent the following words
luomen patera mhtrov basilea8 o9rwmen
tima| bouletai stratiwtai prosexwrhsa sunhlqon
speusw e0speusa komiw dakrusav balein
e0lpida maxwmenwn ponountov
tou kalou a0stewv twn megalwn basilewn
II: RULES OF LENGHTHENING AND CONTRACTION
diphthongs: ai, au, ei, eu, hu, oi, ou, ui
lengthened vowels:
• a, e h
• a|, ai, ei h|
• au, eu hu
• i i<
• o w
2

• oi w|
• u u<
arithmetic for the contractions of vowels:
a + a = a e + a = h o + a = w
a + e = a e + e = ei o + e = ou
a + ei = a| e + ei = ei o + ei = oi
a + h = a e + h = h o + h = w
a + h| = a| e + h| = h| o + h| = oi
a + i = ai e + i = ei o + i = oi
a + o = w e + o = ou o + o = ou
a + oi = w| e + oi = oi o + oi = oi
a + ou = w e + ou = ou o + ou = ou
a + w = w e + w = w o + w = w
doubled consonants:
• z = sd, ds
• c = ks, gs, xs
• y = ps, bs, fs
III: ARTICLES
| ~ |
• decline like nouns,
• agree with their nouns in
o case, number, & gender
o article chart
singular plural
m f n m f n
Nominative o( h( to\ oi9 ai( ta\
Genitive tou= th~v tou= tw~n tw~n tw~n
Dative tw~ th| tw~ toi=v tai=v toi=v
Accusative to/n th\n to\ tou\v ta\v ta\
• Syntax:
o use articles for particular individuals, abstract nouns, personal names
o( Swkra/thv
o articles can take the place of a possessive adjective, according to context
o( adelfo/v (my brother)
o articles can take the place of a personal pronoun, according to context o( de\ to\n
a0delfo\n e1xei (he has a brother)
o o( de\ indicates a change of subject (o9 me\n 1Argov to\n lagw\n ble/pei, o9 de\
feu/gei)
o some adjectives can take the place of articles (au0tov, tosou=tov)
o the article will be omitted with predicates (oi9 lo/goi a0gaqoi/), generalities
(a1ggelov ga\r h3kei a0po\ tou= a1stewv: some messenger, no particular
messenger), and things well-known (e0n a0gora|/)
3

IV: NOUNS
1 ST DECLENSION
• mostly feminine, some masculine
• note the genitive singular endings: –hv, -av, -ou, -a=v, -h=v
• varieties include:
o feminine nominatives in –h with genitive in –hv [-h dominates the singular
endings]: a0ga/ph, ni/kh
o feminine nominatives in –a with genitive in -hv [-h and –a are mixed in the
singular endings]: glw~ssa, qa/lassa
o feminine nominatives in -a with stem ending in e, i, r, genitive in -av [-a
dominates the singular endings]: qe/a, basilei/a, qu/ra
o masculine nominatives in–hv, genitive in -ou [-h dominates the singular
endings]: dikasth/v, krith/v
o masculine nominatives in -av with stem ending in e, i, r [-ou, -a dominates
the singular endings]: tamiav (steward), Ai0nei/av
o contract nouns [observe the rules of vowel contraction]: mna=, sukh=, 9Ermh=v
2 ND DECLENSION
• most are masculine and neuter, some feminine
• note the genitive singular ending is consistently in -ou
• varieties include:
o nominative in -ov [masculine and feminine, endings are consistent]:
o nominative in -on [neuter, endings are consistent]:
o contract nouns [observe the rules of vowel contraction]: nou=v, o0stou=n, new/v
3 RD DECLENSION
• all three genders
• notice the article [o9, h9, to/]
• varieties include (see Smyth 256-279 for more exhaustive notes):
o mute labial stems [p,b,f; note the rules for doubling and undoubling consonants,
and note especially dative plural]: klw/y (klwp-), fle/y (fleb-), kath=lic
(kathlif-)
o mute palatal stems [k,g,x; note the rules for doubling and undoubling consonants,
and note especially dative plural]: fu/lac (fulak-), fa/lagc (falagg-), ai3c
(a9ig-),
o dental stems[t,d,q; note especially the dative plural]: o9dou/v (o9dont-), qau=ma
(qaumat-), e0lpi/v
o nasal stems [n; note the dative plural, largely regular]: de/lfiv (delfin-)
o liquid stems [l, r]: qh/r
o stems in –er, r [ drops out of stem in genitive and dative singular, restored in
accusative singular and onward]: mh/thr, quga/thr, path/r, gasth/r
a0nhr retains the stem 0andr- throughout the paradigm
o stems in -s [intervocal sigma drops out, follow the rules of vowel contraction]
o stems in –i, -u [stem vowel contracts with ending vowel]
note the subsets:
• o9 ma/ntiv, mantewv; h9 e1xiv, e0xewv; poliv; poihsiv; du/namiv;
sta/siv, u3briv
• o9 ki/v, kio/v; o9 Lu/gdamiv, Lugda/miov
4

• o9 mu=v, muov; bro/tuv; i0xqu/v; dru=v; i0sxu/v
• o9 mh=xuv, phxeov; pe/lekuv, a1stu
o stems in –eu, -au, -ou [stem vowel contracts with ending vowel]: basileu/v,
i9ppeu/v, i9ereu/v, goneu/v, foneu/v; grau=v; nau=v; bou=v, xou=v
o and irregular nouns
1 st f in -h 1 st f in -a 1st f in -a
(e, i, r rule) 2nd m/f 2 nd n 3 rd m/f 3 rd neuter
sing
Nom. -h -a -a -ov -on unpredictable unpredictable
Gen. -hv -hv -av -ou -ov, -wv -ov, -wv
Dat. -h| -h| -a| -w| -i -i
Acc. -hn -an -an -on -on -a, -in, -un = Nom sing
Voc.
plural
-h -a -a -e -on
usually = Nom
sing
= Nom sing
Nom./Voc -ai -oi -a -ev -a
Gen. -w~n -w~n -w~n -w~n
Dat. -aiv -oiv -si(n) -si(n)
Acc. -av -ouv -a -av -a
DECLINE THE FOLLOWING NOUNS
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Voc.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
e0ne/dra qea h9likiw/thv dro/mov o0stou=n
singular
plural
5

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Voc.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
a0lw/phc sunh/qhv delfi/v leimwn mu=v
singular
plural
6

SYNTAX OF NOUNS: CASE USAGE
• Nominative:
o subject
o predicate
• Genitive:
o possession
o absolute
o partitive
o personal agent with u9po/
o source
o place from which
o time within which
o comparison
o separation
o prepositions (a0mfi, a0po/, dia/, e0k, e0c, e0pi/, e3neka, kata/, meta/, para/, peri/,
pro/, pro/v, u9pe/r, u9po/)
o after “face verbs” (remember, forget, hear, taste, smell, k.t.l.)
• Dative
o indirect object
o means/instrument
o place where
o time when
o possession (often with linking verbs: ei0mi/)
o reference
o degree of difference
o specification
o compound verbs
o special verbs
o agent (with perfect passive and gerundive)
o prepositions (a0mfi,pro/v, e0n, e0pi/, meta/, para/, peri/, pro/v, su/n, u9po/)
• Accusative
o direct object
o subject of infinitive or participle in indirect discourse
o duration of time
o extent of space
o specification (respect)
o place to which (with prepositions)
o prepositions (a0mfi, a0na/, dia/, kata/, pro/v, ei0v, e0pi/, meta/, para/, peri/, pro/v,
u9pe/r, u9po/)
• Vocative
o direct address: Hey, Jude – w}} 0Iou=dov
7

V: ADJECTIVES
• Varieties:
o 1 st /2 nd declension triple termination (n.b. the e, e, i, i, i, r r rule): kalo/v, kalh/, kalo/n;
a0ndrei=ov, a0ndrei=a, a0ndrei=on
o 1 st /2 nd declension double termination (r9a/qumov, r9a/qumon) – (use masculine
endings to modify both masculine and feminine nouns): a0qa/natov, a0qa/naton;
pro/qumov, pro/qumon
o 3 rd declension double termination: eu0dai/mwn, eu0dai/mon; u9gih/v, u9gie/v
o mixed declension, triple termination (3 rd declension endings for masculine and
neuter, 1 st declension endings for feminine): taxu/v, taxei=a, taxu/
o irregular: me/gav, pa=v, polu/v
• Adjectives take the same case, number, and gender as the noun they modify regardless of
declension group
• the rules of declension are the same as for nouns (see endings charts above)
• note the attributive position of articles regarding noun-adjective modification
o o9 a0gaqo\v lu/kov; o9 lu/kov o9 a0gaqo/v
Comparison of Adjectives
• Positive (manly) = Dictionary entry: a0ndrei=ov, a0ndrei=a, a0ndrei=on
• Comparative (manlier) = positive masculine stem + -terov, -tera, -teron:
a0ndreio/terov, a0ndreiote/ra, a0ndreio/teron
o 1 st /2 nd declension
o followed by h1 clause (than…) or genitive of comparison
• Superlative (manliest) = positive masculine stem + -tatov, -tath, -taton:
a0ndreio/tatov, a0ndreiota/th, a0ndreio/taton
o 1 st /2 nd declension
o followed by or partitive genitive or w9v: w9v a0ndreio/terov: as manly as possible
• Notes
o lengthen o to w if preceding syllable is short: r9a|/diov r9a|diw/terov
o for 3 rd declensions adjectives with sigma stem: add –terov, -tatov: yeude/sterov
o for 3 rd declension nasal stem: add –esterov, -estatov directly to stem:
swfron-e/sterov
• Irregulars: must be memorized
o Irregular Comparatives are 3 rd declension
o Irregular Superlatives are 1 st /2 nd declension
• Adjectives with irregular comparisons:
o a0gaqo/v, a0mei/nwn, a1ristov
o kako/v, kaki/wn, ka/kistov
o kalo/v, kalli/wn, ka/llistov
o me/gav, mei/zwn, me/gistov
o o0li/gov, e0la/ttwn, o0li/gistov
o polu/v, plei/wn, plei=stov
8

Give the comparative and superlative (nominative, singular, masculine) of the following:
• fi/lov
• deino/v
• ge/rwn
• sw/frwn
• be/baiov
• lampro/v
• a0lhqh/v
• steno/v
9

Decline the following adjectives
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
sing plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
xrusou=v, -h=, -ou=n
eu1frwn, -on
u9gih/v, -ev
h9du/v, -ei=a, -u
10

VI: PRONOUNS
• e0gw: personal pronoun, 1 st person
• su/: personal pronoun, 2 nd person
• au0tov: personal pronoun, 3 rd person
• ou0deiv: negative personal pronoun
• o3v, h3, o3: relative pronoun, 1 st /2 nd declension endings with rough breathings, note the
differences with the article (e.g., no t, rough breathings throughout)
• o3stiv: indefinite relative pronoun, combines the paradigms for the relative and indefinite
pronouns
• tiv, ti: indefinite pronoun, note the lack of accents
• ti/v, ti/: interrogative pronoun/adjective, note the accents
WRITE OUT THE PARADIGM FOR ti/v, ti and o9stiv, h3tiv, o3 ti
singulars
masc/fem neuter masculine feminine neuter
Nom ti/v ti o3stiv h3tiv o3 ti
Gen
Dat
Acc
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
plurals
11

VII: VERBS AND VERBAL FORMS
Principal Parts
1. pau/w [present & imperfect, all voices]
2. pau/sw [Future, active & middle]
3. e1pausa [Aorist, active & middle]
4. pe/pauka [Perfect & Pluperfect, Active]
5. pe/paumai [Perfect & Pluperfect, Middle & Passive]
6. e0pau/qhn [Aorist & Future Passive]
FINITE VERBS HAVE:
• person (1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd )
• number (singular, plural, dual–rare)
• tense (Present, Imperfect, Future, Aorist, Perfect, Perfect Passive)
• voice (Active, Middle/Passive)
• mood (Indicative, Subjunctive, Optative)
NOTE THE THEMATIC VOWELS:
• connecting verb stems to endings
• use o in indicative and optative for endings beginning with m or n
• use w in subjunctive for endings beginning with m or n
• use e in indicative and optative for all other endings
• use w in subjunctive for all other endings
12

A NOTE (OR FIVE) ABOUT THE e- (TEMPORAL) AUGMENT:
• appears in the imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect indicative only
• verbs beginning with consonants will add an e- in front of the verb
• verbs beginning with vowels will lengthen their intitial vowels
o a, e h
o a|, ai, ei h|
o au, eu hu
o i i<
o o w
o oi w|
o u u<
• compound verbs will insert the augment between the prefix and the verb
o if the regular verb stem begins in a consonant, drop any final vowel in the prefix:
kate/balon
o if the regular verb stem begins in a vowel, lengthen that vowel: ei0sh/gagon
• the accent cannot fall on a syllable preceding the augment
• Augment the following verbs (giving 1 st person, singular, active, imperfect)
a0gge/lw a0pokri/nomai
ai0te/w au0ca/nw
diafqei/rw e0chge/omai
e0kbainw e0lau/nw
e0piple/w e0re/ssw
ei0sagw ei1kw
eu9ri/skw h9ge/omai
o9ra/w oi0ke/w
paraskeua/zw prosxwre/w
sunagei/rw w0fele/w
13

TENSES AND FORMS:
• Present
o 1 st p.p.
o Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive, Subjunctive, Optative, Participle
Active Middle Passive
1 st -w -omen -mai -meqa
2 nd -eiv -ete -sai* -sqe
3 rd -ei -ousin -tai -ntai
imperative -e -ete -ou, so* -sqe
infinitive -ein -sqai
participle -wn, -ousa, -on -omenov, -h, -on
o *intervocalic sigma drops out, follow rules of contraction
o Forms:
indicative forms: 1 st p.p. + thematic vowel + primary endings = pau/w,
pau/omai
imperatives: pau/e, pau/ou
subjunctives: stem + lengthened thematic vowel + primary endings (1 st
singular active is ambiguous) = pau/wmen, pau/wmai
optatives: stem + oi + secondary endings = pau/oi oi oimi, oi pauoi oi oi/mhn oi
infinitives: pau/ein, pau/esqai
participles: pau/wn, pau/ousa, pau=on; pauo/menov, -h, -on
• Imperfect
o 1 st p.p.
o indicative only
o e- (temporal) augment
secondary
endings
Active Middle Passive
1 st -n, -mi -men -mhn -meqa
2 nd -v -te -ou* -sqe
3 rd o Forms:
- -n -to -nto
indicative: e- augment + 1 st p.p. stem + thematic vowel + secondary endings
= e1 e1pauon, e1
e0 e0pauo/mhn e0
o Syntax:
inchoative imperfect (expresses beginning of an action or a series of actions)
• e0peidh\ o9 Swkra/thv th\n kiqa/rida e0kiqa/rize, e0sigh/samen
iterative (again and again)
• e0kiqa/rizen a2n o9 Swkra/thv to\n u3mnon to\n au0ton
conative (attempted, intended, or expected action in the past)
• o9 Swkra/thv to\n u3mnon kiqari/zein e1melle
14

• Future Active and Middle
o 2 nd p.p.
o Indicative, Optative, Infinitive, Participle
o tense indicator is usually –s-
o but note
velar (g,k,x) + s = c: a1gw, a1cw
labial (b,p,f) + s = y: lei/pw, lei/yw,
dental (d,q,t,z) + s = dental drops out: fra/zw, fra/sw
o verbs in –izw lose the z: komi/zw, komiw~
o contract verbs: lengthen final stem vowel + s: file/w, filh/sw; xra/omai, xrh/somai;
dhlo/w, dhlw/sw
o verbs with deponent future (as per principal parts): a0kou/w, a0kou/somai
o liquids (l,r) and nasals: (m,n): note principal parts and the circumflexes in the future:
ba/llw, balw~; ai1rw, a0rw~; me/nw, menw~
o Forms:
indicative forms: 2 nd p.p. + s + primary endings = pau/sw, pau/somai
optatives (rare): 2 nd p.p. + s + oi + secondary endings = pau/soimi
infinitives: pau/sein, pau/sesqai
participles: pau/swn, pau/sousa, pau=son; pauso/menov, -h, -on
• Future Passive
o 6 th p.p., drop augment
o Indicative, Optative, Infinitive, Participle
o stem marker is –qh
o tense marker is –s
o Forms:
indicative: 6 th p.p. + s + primary middle/passive endings = pauqh/s qh/s qh/somai qh/s
optative: (rare) 6 th p.p. + s + oi + secondary middle/passive endings =
pau/qhsoi qhsoi qhsoimhn qhsoi
infinitive: pau/qhsesqai /qhsesqai
participle: pauqhs qhs qhso/menov, qhs -h, -on
15

• Aorist Active and Middle
o 3 rd p.p.
o Indicative, Subjunctive, Optative, Infinitive, Imperative, Participle
o e- augment for indicative only
o ASPECT: a single event, crisply done (be quick about it):
I dashed off an email
Socrates gulped the Konion
• 1 st Aorist
o 3 rd p.p. in –sa
o tense marker is –sao
e- augment for indicative only
1 st Aorist Active Middle Passive
1 st -sa -samen -samhn -sameqa
2 nd -sav -sate -sw* -sasqe
3 rd -se -san -sato -santo
imperative -son -sate -sai -sasqe
infinitive -sai -sasqai
participle
o Forms:
-sav, -sasa, -san -samenov, -h, -on
indicative forms: e- augment + 3 rd p.p. + primary endings = pau/sa,
pausa/mhn
imperatives: pau/son, pau/sai
subjunctives: 3 rd p.p. + primary endings with lengthened thematic vowel
(endings as in present tense; no augment; 1 st singular active is identical to
future active indicative; other forms are unambiguous) = pau/sw,
pau/swmai
optatives: 3 rd =
p.p. + ai + secondary endings = pau/sa sa saimi, sa pausa sa sai/mhn sa
infinitives: pau/sai sai sai, sai pau/esasqai
participles: pau/sa sa sav, sa pau/sa sa sasa, sa pau san; pausa sa sa/menov, sa -h, -on
16

• 2 nd Aorist
o 3 rd p.p. in –on
o e- augment for indicative only
notice what happens to the augment in a1gw and other verbs beginning in
vowels
2 nd Aorist
Active Middle
Indicative
1 st -n -men -mhn -meqa
2 nd -v -te -ou* -sqe
3 rd - -n -to -nto
imperative -e -ete -ou = -esqe
infinitive -ein -esqai
participle -wn, -ousa, -on -omenov, -h, -on
o Forms:
indicative forms: e- augment + 3 rd p.p. + secondary endings = h1gagon,
h0gago/mhn
imperatives: a1gage, a0gagou=
subjunctives: 3 rd p.p. + primary endings with lengthened thematic vowel
(endings as in present tense; no augment) = a0ga/gw, a0ga/gwmai
optatives: 3 rd p.p. + oi + secondary endings = a0ga/goimi, , a0gagoi/mhn
infinitives: a0gagei=n, a0gage/sqai
participles: a0gagw/n, a0gagou=sa, a0gago/n; a0gago/menov, -h, -on
• Aorist Passive
o 6 th p.p.
o e- augment for indicative only
o stem marker is –qh
o tense marker is –s
o use (mostly) secondary middle/passive endings
Aorist Passive
1 st -n -men
2 nd -v -te
3 rd - -san
imperative -ti -te
infinitive -nai
participle -qei/v, -qei = sa, -qen
o Forms
indicative: e- augment + 6 th p.p. + secondary endings = e0pau/qhn
imperative: pau/qhti
subjunctives: 6 th p.p. + primary endings with lengthened thematic vowel
(endings as in present tense; no augment) = pauqw~
optatives: 6 th p.p. + ei + secondary endings = pauqei/hn
infinitive: pauqh=nai
participle: pauqei/v, pauqei=sa, pauqe/n
17

Aorist Syntax
• ingressive aorist: one can begin to do things in the Aorist if the present tense of that
verb expresses a state of being or continued action (a1rxw, basileu/w, ble/pw,
dakru/w, douleu/w, e0rw~, qa/rrw, nosw~, ploutw~, polemw~, sigw~):
tou = Swkra/touv ka/llista kiqari/zontov, oi9 o3miloi e0da/krusan
• Perfect System (4 th & 5 th p.p.)
• ASPECT: past action with enduring result
• the email is sent
• Because he drank the Konion, Sokrates is dead
• REDUPLICATION:
• verbs whose stems begin in consonants usually reduplicate the consonant (or the first
consonant) to form the 4 th /5 th p.p.: deda/kruka, teti/mhka
• verbs beginning in two consonants reduplicate the 1 st consonant: be/blafa,
ge/grafa
• verbs beginning in an aspirated stop (f, q, x) reduplicate the unaspirated equivalent
(p, t, k): pe/feuga, teqau/maka
• verbs whose stems begin in vowels take a temporal augment in place of
reduplication: h3|rhka,
h]xa, hu]gmai, w!rgismai, h1ggelka
• note also: e1speuka, e1strammai, e1skemai, e1sparmai, e1speismai
• note also augmentation of compound verbs: a0pe/ktona, die/fqarka, e0gh/germai
• Perfect Active
• 4 th p.p.
• Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive, Optative, Infinitive, Participle
• like the Aorist, there are two Perfect Active systems (but the endings are the same;
some verbs have both a 1 st and a 2 nd perfect: pei/qw, pei/sw, e1peisa,
pe/peika/pe/poiqa, pe/peismai, e0pei/sqhn)
o 1 st Perfect with 4 th p.p. in –ka – pepai/deuka
o 2 nd Perfect with 4 th p.p. not in –k – pe/pomfa (note the stem vowel change)
o Verbs with stems in labials (b, p, f) and velars (g, k, x) usually form the 2 nd
perfect in –a: gra/fw, gra/yw, e1graya, ge/grafa; a1gw, a1cw, h1gagon,
h]xa
o note the 2 nd perfect of i3sthmi – e3sthka, e3sthkav, e3sthke, e3stamen, e3state,
e9sta=si
o note that oi]da is an irregular 2 nd perfect (see Ath. 2.220)
• verbs commonly used in the perfect: oi]da, de/doika, ei1wqa, e1oika, pe/fuka
• Forms
o indicative endings: -ka, -kav, -ke, -kamen, -kate, -kasi
o indicative: 4 th p.p. + perfect endings (primary) = pe/pauka
o imperative (very rare): te/qnaqi (be dead! Iliad 22.365) also perfect participle +
imperative of ei0mi/ = pepaukw/v i1sqi
o subjunctive: perfect active participle + subjunctive of ei0mi/ = pepaukw\v w}
o optative: perfect participle + optative of ei0mi = pepaukw\v ei1h
o alternate optative: 4 th p.p. + oi + secondary endings = pepau/koimi, pepaukoi/hn
o infinitive: 4 th p.p. + thematic vowel + -enai = pepau/kenai
o participle: 4 th p.p. + -wv, -ui=a, -ov = pepaukw/v, pepaukui=a, pepauko/v
18

• Pluperfect Active (Indicative only)
o 4 th p.p.
o e- augment
o primary M/P endings
o e- augment
o no thematic vowel: simply add appropriate endings to stem
o endings: -kh, -khv, -kei, -kemen, -kete, -kesan
o indicative: e0pepau/kh
• Perfect M/P
o 5 th p.p.
o Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive, Optative, Infinitive, Participle
o no thematic vowel
o primary M/P endings
o Forms:
• indicative: 5 th p.p. + primary M/P endings = pe/paumai
• imperative (very rare): 5 th p.p. + imperative endings = pe/pauso,
pe/pausqe
• subjunctive: Perfect M/P participle + subjunctive of ei0mi/ = pepau/menov
w}
• optative: Perfect M/P participle + optative of ei0mi = pepau/menov ei1h
• infinitive: 5 th p.p. + -sqai = pepau/sqai
• participle: 5 th p.p. + -menov, -h, -on = pepau/menov, -h, -on
o note also variations for consonant stems: skope/w, ske/yomai, e0skeya/mhn,
e1skemmai
• Pluperfect M/P (Indicative only)
o e- augment + 5 th p.p. + secondary M/P endings: e0pepau/mmhn
o no thematic vowel
o 3 rd plural = participle + h]san
• Future Perfect Active
o indicative only
o perfect active participle + future of ei0mi/ = pepaukw/v e1somai
19

Verb Synopsis Grid: provide a synopsis of the verb tre/ // /fw / // / in the 3 rd person singular
principle parts
Indicative Active Middle/Passive
Pres
Imperfect
Future
Aor
Aor Pass ************
Fut Pass ************
Imperative Active Middle/Passive
Present
Aor
Aor Pass ************
Subjunctive Active Middle/Passive
Present
Aor
Aor Pass ************
Optative Active Middle/Passive
Pres
Future
Aor
Aor Pass ************
Fut Pass ************
20

Infinitives Active Middle/Passive
Present
Future
Aor
Aor Pass ************
Fut Pass ************
Participles Active Middle/Passive
Present
Future
Aor
Aor Pass ************
Fut Pass ************
Gerundive ************
21

Contract Verbs
• surprisingly and refreshingly regular and predictable
• only slighty tricky in the present and imperfect tenses
• not to fear, just follow the rules of alphabet arithmetic (above, p. )for contracting stem vowels
with thematic vowels
• henceforth, let the p.p. parts and the regular rules be your guide
• Note the formulae for contracting vowels
o e + e = ei
o e + o = ou
o e + long vowel or diphthong ( ei, ou, w ) drops out
o a + e = a
o a + ei = a| (excepting the infinitive)
o a + w, o, ou = w
o o + e = ou
o o + ei = oi
o o + o = ou
o o + w = w
22

• a-contract
o tima/w, timh/sw, eti/mhsa, teti/mhka, teti/mhmai, e0timh/qhn (regular)
o peira/w, peira/sw, e0pei/rasa, pepei/raka, pepei/ramai, e0peira/qhn (e, i, r rule)
Active M/P
Indicative
1 st peira+w = peirw~ peira+o+mai = peirw~mai
2 nd
=
peira+eiv = peira| =v peira+e+sai = peira|
3 rd
= peira+ei = peira|
peira+e+tai = peira=tai
1 st peira+o+men = peirw~men peira+o+meqa = peirw/meqa
2 nd
peira+e+te = peira~te peira+e+sqe = peira=sqe
3 rd
peira+ousi = peirw~si peira+o+ntai = peirw~ntai
Subjunctive: identical to indicative
Optative: notice the subscripts
1 st peira+oi+mi = peirw~ |mi peira+oi+ mhn = peirw~mhn
2 nd
peira+oi+v = peirw~ |v peira+oi+ou = peirw~ |o
3 rd
~ peira+oi = peirw|
peira+oi+to = peirw~ |to
1 st peira+oi+o+men = peirw|~men peira+oi+meqa =
peirw|/meqa
2 nd
peira+oi+ te = peirw~ |te peira+oi+sqe = peirw~ |sqe
3 rd
peira+oi+san, n = peirw~ |en peira+oi+nto = peirw~ |nto
singular peira+e = pei/ra
Imperatives
peira+ou = peirw~
plural peira+ete = peira=te
Infinitives
peira+e+sqe = peira=sqe
peira+ein = peira| =n
Participles
peira+e+sqai = peira=sqai
peira+wn, -ousa, -on = peira+omenov =
peirw~n, -w~sa, -w~n
Imperfect
peirw/menov, -h, -on
1 st e0+peira+o+n = e0pei/rwn e0+peira+o+mhn = e0peirw~mhn
2 nd e0+peira+e+v = e0pei/rav e0+peira+e+so = e0peirw~
3 rd e0+peira+e = e0pei/ra e0+peira+e+to = e0peira=to
1 st e0+peira+o+men = e0peirw~men e0+peira+o+meqa =
e0peirw/meqa
2 nd e0+peira+e+te = e0peira=te e0+peira+e+sqe = e0peira=sqe
3 rd e0+peira+o+n = e0peirw~n e0+peira+o+nto = e0peirw~nto
23

• e-contract
o doke/w, do/cw, e1doca, de/dogmai, e0do/xqhnv
o ai9re/w, ai9rh/sw, ei[lon, h3|rhka,
h3|rhmai,
h9|re/qhn
(stem changes in p.p.)
Active M/P
Indicative
1 st ai9re+w = ai9rw~ ai9re+o+mai = ai9reou~mai
2 nd
=
ai9re+eiv = ai9rei=v ai9re+e+sai = ai9rei=, ai9reh|
3 rd
ai9re+ei = ai9rei= ai9re+e+tai = ai9rei=tai
1 st ai9re+o+men = ai9reou~men ai9re+o+meqa = ai9reou/meqa
2 nd
3 rd
ai9re+e+te = ai9rei~te ai9re+e+sqe = ai9rei=sqe
ai9re+ousi = ai9reou~si ai9re+o+ntai = ai9reou~ntai
1
Subjunctive
st ai9re+w = ai9rw~ ai9re+o+mai = ai9rw~mai
2 nd
=
ai9re+eiv = ai9rh| =v ai9re+e+sai = ai9rh|
3 rd
= ai9re+ei = ai9rh|
ai9re+e+tai = ai9rh=tai
1 st ai9re+o+men = ai9rw~men ai9re+o+meqa = ai9rw/meqa
2 nd
3 rd
ai9re+ete = ai9rh=te ai9re+e+sqe = ai9rh=sqe
ai9re+ousi = ai9rw~si ai9re+o+ntai = ai9rw~ntai
Optative: notice the circumflexes
1 st ai9re+oi+mi = ai9roi=mi ai9re+oi+o+mhn = ai9roi/mhn
2 nd
ai9re+oi+v = ai9roi=v ai9re+oi+e+ou = ai9roi=o
3 rd
ai9re+oi = ai9roi= ai9re+oi+e+to = ai9roi=to
1 st ai9re+oi+o+men = ai9roi=men ai9re+oi+o+meqa =
ai9roi/meqa
2 nd
3 rd
ai9re+oi+e+te = ai9roi=te ai9re+oi +e+sqe = ai9roi=sqe
ai9re+oi+san, n = ai9roi=en ai9re+oi +o+nto = ai9roi~ntai
Imperatives
singular ai9re+e = ai3rei ai9re+ou = ai9rou=
plural ai9re+ete = ai9rei=te ai9re+e+sqe = ai9rei=sqe
Infinitives
ai9re+ein = ai9rei=n ai9re+e+sqai = ai9rei=sqai
Participles
ai9re+wn, -ousa, -on =
ai9rw~n, -ou~sa, -ou~n
Imperfect
ai9re+omenov, -h, -on =
ai9rou/menov, -h, -on
1 st e0+ai9re +o+n = h| 3roun e0+ai9re +o+mhn = h| (rou/mhn
2 nd e0+ai9re +e+v = h| 3reiv e0+ai9re +e+so = h| (rou=
3 rd e0+ai9re +e = h| 3rei e0+ai9re +e+to = h| (rei=to
1 st e0+ai9re +o+men = h| (rou=men e0+ai9re +o+meqa = h| (rou/meqa
2 nd e0+ai9re +e+te = h| (rei=te e0+ai9re +e+sqe = h| (rei=sqe
3 rd e0+ai9re +o+n = h| 3roun e0+ai9re +o+nto = h| (rou=nto
24

• o-contract
o i0dro/w, i0drw/sw, i1drwsa
Active M/P
Indicative
1 st i0dro+w = i0drw~ i0dro+o+mai = i0drou=mai
2 nd
i0dro+eiv = i0droi=v i)dro+e+sai = i0droi=
3 rd
i)dro+ei = i0droi= i)dro+e+tai = i0drou=tai
1 st i)dro+o+men = i0drou~men i)dro+o+meqa = i0drou/meqa
2 nd
3 rd
i)dro+e+te = i0drou~te i)dro+e+sqe = i0drou=sqe
i)dro+ousi = i0drou=si i)dra+o+ntai = i0drou=ntai
1
Subjunctive
st i0dro+w = i0drw~ i0dro+o+mai = i0drw~mai
2 nd
i0dro+eiv = i0droi=v i0dro+e+sai = i0droi=
3 rd
i0dro+ei = i0droi= i0dro+e+tai = i0drw~tai
1 st i0dro+o+men = i0drw~men i0dro+o+meqa = i0drw/meqa
2 nd
3 rd
i0dro+ete = i0drw~te i0dro+e+sqe = i0drw~sqe
i0dro+ousi = i0drw~si i0dro+o+ntai = i0drw~ntai
1
Optative
st i0dro+oi+mi = i0droi=mi i0dro+oi+o+mhn = i0droi/mhn
2 nd
i0dro+oi+v = i0droi=v i0dro+oi+e+ou = i0droi=o
3 rd
i0dro+oi = i0droi= i0dro+oi+e+to = i0droi=to
1 st i0dro+oi+o+men = i0droi=men i0dro+oi+o+meqa = i0doi/meqa
2 nd
3 rd
i0dro+oi+e+te = i0droi=te i0dro+oi +e+sqe = i0droi=sqe
i0dro+oi+san, n = i0droi=en i0dro+oi +o+nto = i0droi=nto
Imperatives
singular i0dro+e = i1drou i0dro+ou = i)drou=
plural i0dro+ete = i0drou=te i0dro+e+sqe = i)drou=sqe
Infinitives
i0dro+ein = i0drou=n i0dro+e+sqai = i0drou=sqai
Participles
i0dro +wn, ousa, on = i)drw~n,
i0dro +omenov = i)drou/menov,
-h, -on
-ou=sa, -ou=n
1
Imperfect
st e0+i0dro+o+n = i< 1droun e0+i0dro+o+mhn = i< 0drou/mhn
2 nd e0+i0dro+e+v = i< 1drouv e0+i0dro+e+so = i< 0drou=
3 rd e0+i0dro+e = i1

Keep a list of the contract verbs you come across
a-
e-
o-
26

-mi verbs
• the other conjugation group of Greek regular verbs
• note the differences with the –w conjugation
o no thematic vowels
except for all subjunctives
and optatives of –nu>mi verbs
o in the present active
stem changes
indicative endings: 1 st singular, 3 rd singular, 3 rd plural
subjunctive: contraction of stem vowel
optative varies
o imperfect active indicative
contraction of stem and thematic vowel
reduplicated syllable is usually dropped
o second aorist active and middle – sometimes
stem changes
optative varies
o second perfect – rarely
• there are two sub-categories
o root class
in -hmi or –wmi
stem reduplicates in present
• di/dwmi, dw/sw, e1dwka, de/dwka, de/domai, e0do/qhn
o long stem in present and aorist singular;
o short stem in imperfect and present and aorist plural
o present optative in -oih
• i3sthmi, sth/sw, e1sthsa, e1sthn, e1sthka, e0sta/qhn
• ti/qhmi, qh/sw, e1qhka, te/qhka, e0te/qhn
o long stem in present and aorist singular;
o short stem in imperfect and present and aorist plural
o present optative in -eih
o aorist optative in -eih
• i3hmi, h3sw, h[ka, ei[ka, ei[mai, ei3qhn
• fh/mi
o –nu>mi class
adds –nu- to verb stem
• dei/knumi, dei/cw, e1deica, de/deixa, de/deigmai, e0dei/xqhn
• zeu/gnumi, zeu/cw, e1zeuca, e1zeugmai, e0zeuxqhn e0zu/ghn
• a0noi/gnumi, a0noi/cw, a0ne/w|ca, a0ne/w|xa, a0ne/w|gmai, a0new|/xqhn
• r9h/gnumi, r9h/cw, e1rrhca, e1rrwga, e0rra/ghn r9ageiv
• sbe/nnumi, sbe/sw, e1sbesa, e1sbhka, e0sbe/sqhn
• these verbs are very common
• and must be reviewed often
27

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART OF –MI MI VERB FORMS
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
2 nd s.
2 nd pl.
act.
M/P
act
M/P
di/dwmi ti/qhmi i3sthmi i3hmi dei/knumi
Present System
Present Active Indicative
Present M/P Indicative
Imperatives
Infinitives
Participles
28

1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
di/dwmi ti/qhmi i3sthmi i3hmi dei/knumi
Present Active Subjunctive
Present M/P Subjunctive
Present Active Optative
29

1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
di/dwmi ti/qhmi i3sthmi i3hmi dei/knumi
Present M/P Optative
Imperfect Indicative Active
Imperfect Indicative M/P
30

1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
act.
M/P
act
M/P
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
di/dwmi ti/qhmi i3sthmi i3hmi dei/knumi
Future System
Future Active Indicative
Future M/P Indicative
Infinitives
Participles
Future Active Optative
31

1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
2 nd s.
2 nd pl.
di/dwmi ti/qhmi i3sthmi i3hmi dei/knumi
Future M/P Optative
Aorist Active & M/P System
Aorist Active Indicative
Aorist M/P Indicative
Imperatives
32

act.
M/P
act
M/P
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
di/dwmi ti/qhmi i3sthmi i3hmi dei/knumi
Aorist Infinitives
Participles
Aorist Active Subjunctive
Aorist M/P Subjunctive
Aorist Active Optative
33

1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
2 nd s.
2 nd pl.
di/dwmi ti/qhmi i3sthmi i3hmi dei/knumi
Aorist M/P Optative
Perfect Active System
Perfect Active Indicative
Perfect Active Imperatives
Perfect Active Infinitives
Perfect Active Participles
34

1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
di/dwmi ti/qhmi i3sthmi i3hmi dei/knumi
Perfect Active Subjunctive
Perfect Active Optative
Pluerfect Active Indicative
35

1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
2 nd s.
2 nd pl.
M/P
M/P
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
di/dwmi ti/qhmi i3sthmi i3hmi dei/knumi
Perfect M/P System
Perfect M/P Indicative
Perfect M/P Imperatives
Perfect M/P Infinitives
Perfect M/P Participles
Perfect M/P Subjunctive
36

1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
2 nd s.
2 nd pl.
di/dwmi ti/qhmi i3sthmi i3hmi dei/knumi
Perfect M/P Optative
Pluerfect M/P Indicative
Aorist Passive System
Aorist Passive Indicative
Aorist Passive Imperatives
Aorist Passive Infinitive
37

1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
di/dwmi ti/qhmi i3sthmi i3hmi dei/knumi
Aorist Passive Participles
Aorist Aorist Passive Subjunctive
Aorist Aorist Passive Optative
Future Passive System
Future Passive Indicative
Future Passive Infinitives
Future Passive Participles
38

1 st s.
2 nd s.
3 rd s.
1 st pl.
2 nd pl.
3 rd pl.
di/dwmi ti/qhmi i3sthmi i3hmi dei/knumi
Future Passive Optative
39

Keep a list of the –mi and –nummi verbs you come across
–mi
–nummi
40

IRREGULAR VERBS: Note carefully the Differences between ei0mi and ei]mi
ei0mi ei0mi: ei0mi be ei]mi ei]mi: ei]mi go
Present Indicative
singular plural singular plural
1 st
2 nd
3 rd
2 nd
1 st
2 nd
3 rd
Present Imperative
Present Subjunctive
Present Optative
singular plural singular plural
1 st
2 nd
3 rd
Infinitive Participle Infinitive Participle
Imperfect Tense
singular plural singular plural
1 st
2 nd
3 rd
41

Note the Handy List of 101 Irregular Verbs and their Prinicpal Parts in Morwood, Oxford
Grammar of Classical Greek. Complete the following chart of the prinicpal parts of the most
common irregular verbs.
1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 th
a0gge/lw
a1gw
ai0ne/w
ai9re/w
ai1rw
ai0sqa/nomai
ai0sxu/nw
a0kou/w
a9liskomai
a0marta/nw
a0nali/sxw
a1rxw
a0fikne/omai
bai/nw
ba/llw
bio/w
bou/lomai
game/w
gela/w
gi/gnomai
gignw/skw
da/knw
42

1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 th
dei=
dei/knumi
dida/skw
di/dwmi
doke/w
du/namai
e0a/w
e0gei/rw
e0qe/lw
ei0mi/
e0lau/nw
e3lkw
e3pomai
e1rxomai
e0rwta/w
e0sqi/w
eu9ri/skw
e1xw
h3domai
qa/ptw
qnh|/sxw
i3hmi
i3sthmi
kai/w
kale/w
43

1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 th
klai/w
kle/ptw
kri/nw
kta/omai
ktei/nw
lamba/nw
lanqa/nw
le/gw
lei/pw
manqa/nw
ma/xomai
me/lei
me/llw
me/nw
mimnh/sxw
nomi/zw
oi1gnumi
oi]da
o1llumi
o1mnumi
o9ra/w
o0fei/lw
pa/sxw
pei/qw
pe/mpw
44

1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 th
pi/mplhmi
pi/nw
pi/ptw
ple/w
pra/ttw
punqa/nomai
pwle/w
r9h/gnumi
ste/llw
sw|/zw
te/mnw
ti/qhmi
ti/ktw
titrw/skw
tre/mw
tre/fw
tre/xw
tugxa/nw
u9pisne/omai
fai/nw
fe/rw
feu/gw
fhmi/
fqa/nw
fqei/rw
45

1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 th
fobe/omai
fu/w
xrh/
w0ne/omai
46

SUBJUNCTIVE
• Forms and Formation:
o Present, Aorist, and Perfect tenses only
o appropriate stem + lengthened stem vowel + primary endings
o tima/w, timh/sw, eti/mhsa, teti/mhka, teti/mhmai, e0timh/qhn (alpha-contract)
3 rd plural Active M/P Passive
synopsis
Present timw~sin timw~ntai
Aorist timh/swsin timh/swntai timhqw~sin
Perfect tetimh/kwsin tetimhme/noi
w]sin
• Notes
o Expresses assumption or possibility (not fact)
o Sense is of aspect (not of time)
present: continuous, ongoing action
aorist: a single, crisp event
o In Aorist, there is no augment
o Nota bene:
1 st person singular is ambiguous in present tense active (except for –
mi verbs)
2 nd ~ |
person singular is ambiguous in present tense M/P (except for –mi
verbs)
a- contract verbs are identical in all forms of the present indicative
and subjunctive
o- contract verbs are identical in present indicative and subjunctive
singular
ti/qhmi has stem tiqe and therefore is an e-contract
for di/dwmi (stem is dido-), note the contraction o + h| w|
• Independent Syntax:
o Hortatory
o9 Swkra/thv to\ koni/on pi/nh|
mh\ o9 Swkra/thv to\ koni/on pi/nh|
to\ koni/on u9po\ tou= Swkra/touv pi/nhtai
mh/ to\ koni/on u9po\ tou= Swkra/touv pi/nhtai
o9 Swkra/thv to\ koni/on pi/h|
mh\ o9 Swkra/thv to\ koni/on pi/h|
to\ koni/on u9po\ tou= Swkra/touv po/qhtai
mh/ to\ koni/on u9po\ tou= Swkra/touv po/qhtai
o Prohibitions (usually with an aorist subjunctive)
w} Swkra/thv, mh\ to\ koni/on pi/h|v
o Doubtful Assertions and Emphatic Denials (perhaps, I suspect)
mh\ ou0x o9 Swkra/thv to\ koni/on pi/nh|
ou0 mh\ o9 Swkra/thv to\ koni/on pi/h|
o Deliberative questions: what is Socrates to do? What is about to happen?
o9 Swkra/thv to\ koni/on pi/nh|;
ti\ tw| koni/w~ gi/gnhtai;
47

• Subordinate Syntax:
o Purpose
o9 Swkra/thv to\ koni/on pi/nei i3na a1meinon th\n kiqa/rida kiqari/zh|
o9 Swkra/thv to\ koni/on e1pinen i3na a1meinon th\n kiqa/rida
kiqari/zoi
o Object Clauses with verbs of fearing (mh/ introduces a positive fear; mh/ ou0k
introduces a negative fear)
fobou/meqa mh\ o9 Swkra/thv to\ koni/on pi/nh|
fobou/meqa mh\ o9 Swkra/thv ou0k th\n kiqa/rida kalw~v kiqari/zh| |
o Conditionals
h9 kiqa/riv kalw~v kiqariei=tai e0a\n o9 Swkra/thv to\ koni/on pi/nh|
o Temporal clauses introduced by conjunctions meaning before or until
me/nomen e3wv a2n o9 Swkra/thv th\n kiqa/rida kiqari/zh| |
48

OPTATIVE
• Forms and Formation
o appropriate stem + tense indicator + secondary endings
o ba/llw, balw~, e1balon, be/blhka, be/blhmai, e0blh/qhn (liquid stem, 2 nd
aorist)
3 rd singular
synopsis
Active M/P Passive
Present ba/lloi oi ba/lloi oi oito oi
Future (rare) baloi oi oi/h oi baloi oi oi=to oi blhqh/soi oi oito oi
Aorist ba/loi oi ba/loi oi oito oi blhqei/ ei/ ei/h ei/
Perfect beblh/koi oi beblh/menov
Future Perfect
(rare)
• Note
o Present, Aorist, and Perfect tenses; rare in future and future perfect
o Expresses wish and potentiality (as opposed to facts and assertions)
o Present and Aorist refer to future and differ in aspect
o Use secondary personal endings with appropriate tense and mood marker
added to the appropriate principal part
o no augment
ei2h
• Independent Syntax:
o Optative of Wish (wish referring to future): ei0 ga/r, ei1qe, w9v
w9v h3liov xwroi/h
ei0qe o9 r9h/twr mh\ to\n u3strixa e0k th| \ e0kklhsi/a| e0kballoi
ei1qe kiqa/rida kiqari/zoimi e0n to\ MTV
oi1moi, w9v paideu/oimen ma/lista/ ge
mh\ kludwniw~n kaminouv tiqei=men; mh\ kinoi=men ta/de yuxome/na,
mh\ kinoi=men xrwmata ta/de TV
ei0 ga/r kiqari/zein gnoi/mi (but I didn’t: Aorist expresses unattainable
or unattained wishes)
o Imperative (almost as strong as the imperative)
kludwniw~n kaminouv tiqei=te
o Potential Optative: with a1n to express future possibility, probability, or any
softened form of opinion
a2n kwma/zoite nu=n knwda/lwv
o a2n ou0 kiqari/zein gnoi/mi
• Subordinate Syntax:
o Purpose
o Indirect Statement
o Indirect Question
o Conditionals
49

Infinitives
• Forms and Formation
o appropriate stem + infinitive endings
o present, future, aorist, perfect
o diafqei/rw, diafqerw~, die/fqeira, die/fqarka die/fqora, die/fqarmai,
diefqa/rhn (liquid stem, compound verb, perfect temporal augment)
Infinitives Active M/P Passive
Present diafqei/rein diafqei/resqai
Future diafqerei=n diafqerei=sqai diafqa/rsesqai
Aorist diafqei=rai diafqei/rasqai diafqa/resqai
Perfect diafqarke/nai diafqo/rsqai
• Syntax
o complementary: o9 Swkra/thv th\n kiqa/rida ka/llista kiqari/zein dunetai.
o with impersonal verbs: dei=, xrh/, e1cesti, pa/resti: th\n kiqa/rida kalw~v
kiqari/zein e1cesti.
o Indirect Statement (see below)
o articular (with an article): tou= th\n kiqa/rida kiqari/zein a1koumen.
50

Participles
• Forms and Formation
o appropriate stem + infinitive endings
o present, future, aorist, perfect
o pei/qw, pei/sw, e1peisa, pe/peika/pe/poiqa, pe/peismai, e0pei/sqhn (dental stem,
with 1 st and 2 nd perfect)
Participles Active M/P Passive
Present pei/qwn, -ousa, -on peiqo/menov, -h, -on
Future pei/swn, -ousa, -on peiso/menov, -h, -on peisqhsomenov, -h, -on
Aorist pei/sav, -sasa, -san peisa/menov, -h, on peisqei/v, -qei=sa, -qe/n
Perfect pepeikw/v, -ui=a, -o/v
pepoiqw/v, -ui=a, -o/v
pe/peismenov, -h, -on
• Declension
o mixed: Present, Future, Aorist, and Perfect Active:
o 1 st /2 nd : Present, Future, Aorist, and Perfect M/P, and Future Passive
• Syntax
o Attributive (simply an adjective): o9 filosofw~n Swkra/thv
o Substantive (with article) : o9 filosofw~n
o Circumstantial (negative will be ou0)
causal: with a3te, oi[a, oi[on (inasmuch as, seeing that): oi[on to\ koni/on
pi/nwn, o9 Swkra/thv a1meinon th\n kiqa/rida kiqari/zh|.
concessive: with kai/per: kai/per ou0 to\ koni/on pi/nwn, o9 Swkra/thv
a1meinon th\n kiqa/rida kiqari/zh|.
comparison: with w3sper: o9 Swkra/thv th\n kiqa/rida kiqari/zh|,
w3sper a1lloiv e0pideiknu/menov.
Purpose: w9v + future participle: w9v th\n kiqa/rida a1meinon kiqariw~n, o9
Swkra/thv to\ koni/on pi/nh|.
temporal: to\ koni/on pi/nwn, o9 Swkra/thv th\n kiqa/rida kiqari/zh|.
o Supplementary (completes the meaning of verbs: a0nexomai, a1rxomai,
diatele/w, lanqa/nw, lh/gw, pau/omai, tugxa/nw, fai/nomai, fqa/nw)
o9 Swkra/thv to\ koni/on pi/nwn diatelei=.
o Indirect Statement (see below)
o Genitive Absolute
tou = Swkra/touv th\n kiqa/rida kiqari/zontov, terpo/meqa.
o Accusative Absolute, when the participle is an impersonal verb
a0du/naton to\ koni/on pi/nein o1n, o9 Swkra/thv th\n kiqa/rida kiqari/zh|.
VERBAL ADJECTIVE IN –te/ov te/ov (GERUNDIVE):
te/ov
• expresses obligation or necessity
• 1 st /2 nd declension adjective endings
• takes dative of agent (without a preposition)
• add the suffix –te/ov to the stem of the 6 th p.p. (no augment, drop the –q-) and decline as
necessary
51

VII: SUBORDINATE SYNTAX
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
• “They’re more like guidelines.” Captain Barbossa
• Primary tense main verbs [present, future, perfect, future perfect] prefer
subjunctive subordinate verbs
• Secondary tense main verbs [imperfect, aorist, pluperfect , or main verbs in optative] prefer optative
subordinate verbs
IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS
• impersonal verbs (dei=, dokei=, e1cesti, xrh/): dei= tw| ~ Swkra/tei to\ koni/on pi/nein
• Gerundive of intransitive verbs: badiste/a tw| ~ Swkra/tei pro\v to\ koni/on
• Accusative Absolute with participles of impersonal verbs: de/on to\ koni/on pi/nein, th\n
kiqari/dhn h0kou/omen:
EXPRESSING PURPOSE IN GREEK
• subordinate clause introduced by i3na, o3pwv, w9v
o negative in mh/
• w9v + future participle
• relative pronoun + future indicative
INDIRECT STATEMENT
• w9v + indicative
• accusative/infinitive
• accusative/participle
52

CONDITIONALS
~ |
TYPE PROTASIS APODOSIS IMPLICATIONS
Simple ei0 + Indicative Indicative none (on one particular
occasion)
ei0 manqa/neiv th\n 9Ellhnikh\n glw~ttan, kalw~v poiei=v
ei0 e0c a0rxh=v ta\ xalepa\ r9h/mata e0ma/nqanev, kalw~v e0poi/eiv
Present General e0a/n + Pres/Aor Present Indicative on each or any
Subjunctive
occasion
e0a\n o9 h3liov xwrh| =, terpo/meqa
e0a\n mh\ o9 h3liov xwrh| =, lupou=men
e0a\n o9 0Igor kwma/zh| knwda/lwv, la/mbanei taxe/wv
Past General ei0 + Pres/Aor Imperfect Indicative on each or any
Optative
occasion
ei0 o9 u3stric ei0v th\n e0kklhsi/an th\| Murri/nh| e3spoi, o9 r9h/twr e0ke/balle
ei0 1Argov u9lakth/sh|, o9 pa/ppov o0rgie/zeto
Future Most
Vivid
ei0 + Future Indicative Future Indicative rare
ei0 th\n kiqarida kiqari/zein maqhso/meqa, th\n kiqa/rida kiqariou=men e0n to\ MTV
Future More e0a/n + Pres/Aor Future Indicative fulfillment is probable
Vivid
(Particular)
Subjunctive
h9 kiqa/riv kalw~v kiqariei=tai, e0a\n o9 Swkra/thv to\ koni/on pi/nh|
e0a\n ei0v tou\v Dionusi/ouv e0rxw/meqa, a0eto/n e0n e0lai/a| o9rh/somen
Future Less ei0 + Optative Optative + a1n protasis unlikely,
Vivid
fulfillment is less
(Remote)
probable
ei0 tini nukti tw| frontisthriw~ poioi/hn, kai\ o9 Dra/kula kai\ o9 ui0ov a1n kwma/soi=en
knwda/lwv
Contrary to Fact ei0 +Aorist Indicative Aorist Indicative + a1n protasis not
Past
accomplished,
fulfillment highly
unlikely
ei0 e0kw/masav knwda/lwv, e1labe taxe/wv
ei0 o9 lu/kov prose/bale, ta\ pro/bata a1n e1fuge
Contrary to Fact
Present
ei0 + Imperfect Imperfect Indicative + a1n protasis not
Indicative
accomplished,
fulfillment highly
unlikely
ei0 0Argov kaqeu=de, ta\ pro/bata a1n a0pe/qnh|ske
Future Minatory ei0 + Future Indicative Future
protasis expresses
Indicative/Imperative threat or warning
ei0 o9 Swkra/thv to\ koni/on pi/nh|, a0poqanei=tai
ei0 fa/smata oi]kwn tapeinwn a0fi/cetai, sei/setai ga\r e0moiv stoixei/oiv
53

IX: PESKY LITTLE WORDS
Negatives
ou0 mh/
no one ou0dei/v, ou0demi/a, ou0de/n mhdei/v, mhdemi/a, mh/den
never ou0…pote/ mh\...pote/
ou0de/pote mhde/pote
ou1pote mh/pote
no longer ou0ke/ti mhke/ti
not yet ou1pw mh/pw
and not, not even ou0de/ mhde/
neither…nor ou1te…ou1te mh/te…mh/te
in no way ou0damw~v mhdamw~v
Words Meaning “because”
o o3ti
o dio/ti
o dio/per
o ou[neka
o e0pei/
o e0peidh/
o o3te
o o9po/te
o w9v
Temporal Conjunctions
o when: o3te, o3tan, o9po/te, o9potan, h9ni/ka
o as long as: e3wv, me/xri, o3son
o while: e3wv, e0n w{ |
o after: e0pei/, e0peidh/, e0peida/n
o as soon as: e0pei\ prw~ton, w9v ta/xista, e0peidh\ ta/xista,
o since, ever since: e0c ou[, e0c o3tou, a0f’ ou[, w9v
o until: e3wv, me/xri, me/xri ou[
o before: pri/n
o sooner than: pro/teron h1
Correlative Adverbs
Interrogative Indefinite Deictic (pointing
to a place or
person)
Relative Indefinite
Relative
pou= pou e0nqa/de, e0kei= ou[ o3pou
poi= poi deu=ro, e0kei=se oi[ o3poi
po/qen poqe/n e0nqe/nde, e0kei=qen o3qen o9po/qen
po/te pote/ to/te o3te o9po/te
pw~v pwv w[de, ou3pwv w9v o3pwv
54

Prepositions: look up each preposition and note the meanings with various cases (not all
prepostions will pattern with objects in all three cases). Consult the Handy List in Morwood,
Oxford Grammar of Classical Greek
preposition with genitive with dative with accusative
a0mfi/
a0na/
a0nti/
a0po/
di/a
ei0v
e0k, e0c
e0n
e0pi/
kata/
meta/
para/
peri/
pro/
pro/v
su/n
u9per
u9po/
w9v
55

Particles: as you translate and look up the particles, jot down their common meanings. Consult
the Handy Lists in Smyth or Morwood, Oxford Grammar of Classical Greek
a0lla/
a0lla\ ga/r
ou0 mh\n a0lla/
ou0 mo/non…a0lla/ kai\
a1llwv te kai/
a1ra
a1tar
au]
ga/r
pw~v ga\r ou1
ge
gou=n
de/
d’ ou]n
dh/
dh/pou
dh=ta
ou0 dh=ta
ei1te…ei1te…
h1…h1…
h]
h] mh/n
h0de/
kai/
kai/…kai/…
kai/…te
kai\...ga/r
kai\ dh/
kai\ dh\ kai/
kai/per
kai/toi
56

ma/
me/n…de/
me\n ou]n
me/ntoi
mh/n
kai\ mh/n
ti/ mh/n
mh/te…mh/te
nai/, nh/
o3mwv
ou0de/
ou1te…ou1te
ou1koun, ou0kou=n
ou]n
d’ ou]n
pe/r
pou
te
te…te
te…kai/
toi/
toi/nun
w9v
57

yeudei=v yeudei=v fi/loi fi/loi: fi/loi Words that are easily confused: as you come across these words, note their
differences
a0gei/rw
e0gei/rw
e0paine/w
paraine/w
ai9re/w
ai1rw
h9 au0lh/
o9 au0lo/v
au0to/v
au9to/v
baqu/v, -ei=a, -u/
baru/v, -ei=a, -u/
bradu/v, -ei=a, -u/
braxu/v, -ei=a, -u/
o9 bi/ov
h9 bi/a>
de/w
de/w + gen
de/omai + gen
dei=
de/on
to\ deo/v, de/ouv
ei0mi/
ei]mi
h9 e1riv, -idov
o9 e1rwv, -wtov
e0rw~ [-a/w]
e0rw~ [-e/w]
e0rwta/w
h9 qe/a
h9 qea/
qew~n
58

qe/wn
to\ i1on
o9 i0o/v
o9 i0o/v
o9 i0o/v
i1oiv
i0wn, -ou=sa, -o/n
i1sqi
i1sqi
i1qi
kaino/v, -h, -on
kei=nov, -h, -on
keno/v, -h, -on
koi=lov, -h, -on
koino/v, -h, -on
kiw/n, -ou=sa, -o/n
h9 ki/wn, -onov
h9 xiw/n, -o/nov
me/llw
me/lw
me/le
to\ me/li, me/litov
to\ me/lov, -ouv
to\ me/lov, -ouv
me/leov, -a, -on
me/lav, -aina, -an
o9 mo/xqov
o9 moxlo/v
o9 o1xlov
o9 no/mov
o9 nomo/v
ne/mw
oi]mai
oi1moi
59

oi0mw/zw
oi9
oi3
oi[
oi]ov, -a, -on
oi[ov, -a, -on
to\ o1rov, -ouv
o9 o3rov
ou[toi
ou1toi
ou1tiv
mhti/v
h9 mh=tiv, -idov
o0ye/
h9 o1yiv, -ewv
to\ o1yon
poi=ov, -a, -on
poiei=n
h9 poi/h
h9 po/siv, -ewv
o9 po/siv
o9 pou/v, podo/v
po/sov, -h, -on
h9 stratei/a
to\ stra/teuma
strateu/w
o9 strathgo/v
strathge/w + gen.
o9 strato/v
h9 stratia/
to\ strato/pedon
o9 stratiw/thv, -ou
tau=ta
tau0ta/
60

ti/si
tisi/
h9 tisiv, -ewv
ti/nw
tei/nw
fobe/w
fobe/omai
o9 fo/bov
h9 fo/bh
w1moi
w]mov
w0mo/v, -h, -on
61

KEEP A LIST OF THE TRICKY ADVERBS YOU LOOK UP EVERY TIME
62