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Biography of Jean Baptiste le Rond, dit D'Alembert

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<strong>Biography</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Jean</strong> <strong>Baptiste</strong> <strong>le</strong> <strong>Rond</strong>, <strong>dit</strong> D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert<br />

Name and Name Modifications:<br />

Also d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert<br />

Dates <strong>of</strong> Birth and Death:<br />

(∗) 16 November 1717 in Paris, France<br />

(†) 29 October 1783 in Paris, France<br />

Family Data:<br />

<strong>Jean</strong> <strong>Baptiste</strong> was the il<strong>le</strong>gitimate son <strong>of</strong> the Chevalier Louis-Camus Destouches<br />

(1668-1726) and <strong>of</strong> the famous writer Claudine A<strong>le</strong>xandrine Guérin de Tencin<br />

(1682-1749), who had a salon in Paris. His mother abandoned him at the<br />

steps <strong>of</strong> the church Saint-<strong>Jean</strong>-<strong>le</strong>-<strong>Rond</strong> in Paris (therefore his name) and he<br />

was brought to an orphanage. His father only found him some days afterwards<br />

and gave the baby to adoption to the wife <strong>of</strong> a glazier, Mme Rousseau,<br />

who raised him and lived with him till he was 48. His father paid for his<br />

education. When he died in 1726 he <strong>le</strong>ft his son an annuity <strong>of</strong> 1200 livres.<br />

From 1764 until her death D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert lived with <strong>Jean</strong>ne Julie Eléonore de<br />

Lespinasse (1732-1776), quite probably platonically.<br />

D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert died <strong>of</strong> a bladder illness.<br />

Education:<br />

At his 12, D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert entered the Jansenist Collège des Quatre-Nations<br />

(Collège Mazarin), where he studied philosophy, law and the arts and shined<br />

out <strong>of</strong> his intelligence. He graduated with the bachelor in 1735. The Jansenists<br />

wanted d’D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert for an ecc<strong>le</strong>siastical career, but he was neither interested<br />

in Theology in general nor in their Cartesian princip<strong>le</strong>s and disassociated<br />

himself from them. For two years (till 1738) he studied successfully law,<br />

but did not want to become an advocate. He studied medicine thereafter<br />

and taught himself mathematics and physics. He was also a Latin scholar,<br />

who translated Tacitus. With 22 years he submitted his first mathematical<br />

artic<strong>le</strong> to the Académie des Sciences.<br />

Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Career:<br />

D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert became access to several Parisian salons, that <strong>of</strong> the Marie de<br />

Vichy-Chamrond, Marquise de Deffand (1697-1780), and <strong>of</strong> her niece, the


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writer Julie de Lespinasse, where he met Denis Diderot (1713-1784) in 1746.<br />

He also became acquainted with Marie-<strong>Jean</strong> Condorcet (1743-1794) and<br />

David Hume (1711-1776). In 1747 together with Denis Diderot he started the<br />

joint project <strong>of</strong> the Encyclopédie, in 1751 the first volume appeared, in 1757<br />

the project was interrupted and in 1758 D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert retired. He wrote more<br />

than a thousand artic<strong>le</strong>s for the Encyclopédie and also the famous “Discours<br />

préliminaire”.<br />

In 1754, D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert was e<strong>le</strong>cted into the Académie française, and from<br />

1772 till his death he was the Permanent Secretary. Among other things<br />

D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert worked for a gambling system in rou<strong>le</strong>tte, the “Progression<br />

D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert” is said to have been his invention. He also founded the mathematical<br />

physics.<br />

D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert was befriended with Voltaire (1694-1778) and corresponded with<br />

the “enlightened” ru<strong>le</strong>rs Frederick the Great and Katharina the Great. However,<br />

he developed mistrust against all ru<strong>le</strong>rs. Lately, he lived as a retired <strong>of</strong><br />

Frederick the Great.<br />

Publications:<br />

• Œuvres philosophiques, historiques et littéraires de d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert, 18 vols.<br />

(Paris 1805).<br />

• Œuvres complètes, 5 vols. (Paris 1821-1822; 2002)<br />

• Opuscu<strong>le</strong>s mathématiques, 8 vols. (Paris 1761-1780), http://gallica.bnf.fr/<br />

ark:/12148/bpt6k62394p.<br />

• Encyclopédie, 17 vols. (Paris 1751-1765) + 11 volumes with pictures<br />

(Paris 1762-1772; Marsanne, ca. 2000), also as DVD-Rom (Paris 2004).<br />

• Se<strong>le</strong>ct essays from the Encyclopedia (online, Farmington Hills, Mich.<br />

2004).<br />

• Œuvres et correspondance iné<strong>dit</strong>es de d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Paris 1887; Genève<br />

1967).<br />

• Réf<strong>le</strong>cions sur la cause généra<strong>le</strong> des vents (Berlin 1747).<br />

• Friedrich, Hinterlassene Werke. Briefwechsel des Königs: Briefe an<br />

d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert. Vermischte Briefe, 2 vols. (Berlin 1788).


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• Friedrich, Correspondance de Frédéric II. Roi de Prusse: Lettres du<br />

Roi de Prusse de d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert: 1760-74 (online Farmington Hills, Mich.<br />

2004).<br />

• Friedrich, Correspondance de Frédéric II. Roi de Prusse: Lettres du<br />

Roi de Prusse de d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert: 1775-83 (online Farmington Hills, Mich.<br />

2004).<br />

• Correspondence: Letters between Frederic II. and Mess. d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert, de<br />

Condorcet, Grimm et d’Argent, translated from the French by Thomas<br />

Holcr<strong>of</strong>t (online Farmington Hills, Mich. 2004).<br />

• Marie de Vichy Chamrond Du Deffand, Correspondance iné<strong>dit</strong>e de<br />

Mme Du Deffand avec D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert, Montesquieu, ... suivie des <strong>le</strong>ttres<br />

de M. de Voltaire à Mme du Deffand, 2 vols. (Paris 1809).<br />

• Abbé Ferdinando Galiani, Correspondance avec Madame d’Epinay, Madame<br />

Necker, Madame Ge<strong>of</strong>frin... Diderot, Grimm, d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert, de Sartine,<br />

d’Holbach (Paris 1881).<br />

• Geschichte von Errichtung der Bettelorden (Leipzig 1769).<br />

• Sur la destruction des Jésuites en France (Paris 1765), English: An<br />

account <strong>of</strong> the destruction <strong>of</strong> the Jesuits in France (online Farmington<br />

Hills, Mich. 2004).<br />

• Voltaire, Correspondance avec d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Paris 1830).<br />

• Untersuchungen über die Präcession der Nachtg<strong>le</strong>ichen und über die<br />

Nutation der Erdaxe nach Newton’s Systeme (Nürnberg 1857).<br />

• J. Proust (ed.), L’Encyclopédie Diderot et d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert: Planches et<br />

commentaires (Paris 1985).<br />

• Traité de dynamique (Paris 1743, 1758, 1796), repr. (Bruxel<strong>le</strong>s 1967;<br />

Paris 1990), also as: Œuvres complètes, ser. 1, vol. 2, German: Abhandlung<br />

der Dynamik, in welcher die Gesetze des G<strong>le</strong>ichgewichtes und der<br />

Bewegung der Körper auf die k<strong>le</strong>instmögliche Zahl zurückgeführt und<br />

in neuer Weise abge<strong>le</strong>itet werden... (Ostwalds Klassiker der exakten<br />

Wissenschaften 106) (Leipzig 1899; Micr<strong>of</strong>ilm Ann Arbor 1980), repr.<br />

(Thun 1997).<br />

• Essai sur <strong>le</strong>s éléments de philosophie: ou sur <strong>le</strong>s principes des connaissances<br />

humaines (Paris 1805; Paris 1986; Hildesheim 2003).


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• Discours préliminaire des é<strong>dit</strong>eurs de 1751 et artic<strong>le</strong>s de l’Encyclopédie<br />

introduits par la querel<strong>le</strong> avec <strong>le</strong> Journal de Trévoux’, (Paris 1999), German:<br />

Ein<strong>le</strong>itung zur Enzyklopädie (Hamburg 1955; Hamburg 1997), cf.<br />

http://www.philos-website.de/index g.htm?autoren/a<strong>le</strong>mbert g.htm main2<br />

(30.04.2007).<br />

• J. Aikin (ed.), Histoire de membres de l’Académie Française morts<br />

depuis 1700, jusqu’en 1771, English: Se<strong>le</strong>ct eulogies <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> the<br />

French academy (online Farmington Hills, Mich. 2004).<br />

• Miscellaneous pieces in literature, history, and philosophy (online Farmington<br />

Hills, Mich. 2004).<br />

• Basse continue, 4 vols. (Courlay 2006).<br />

Scientific Awards:<br />

Member <strong>of</strong> the Académie française, the Académie des Sciences, and the<br />

Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften.<br />

Bibliography:<br />

• Char<strong>le</strong>s Coulston Gil<strong>le</strong>spie (ed.), Dictionary <strong>of</strong> scientific biography, vol. I<br />

(New York 1970) pp. 110-117.<br />

• Ulrich Kronauer, “Enzyklopädisten”, Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart<br />

2 (Tübingen 1999) p. 1344.<br />

• Sophie Audidière, Encyclopédie du “Rêve de d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert” de Diderot (Paris<br />

2006).<br />

• Joseph Bertrand, D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Paris 1889).<br />

• Philipp Blom, Das vernünftige Ungeheuer: Diderot, d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert, de Jaucourt<br />

und die grosse Enzyklopädie (Frankfurt 2005).<br />

• August Böckh, D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert und Friedrich der Große über das Verhältnis<br />

der Wissenschaft zum Staat (Berlin 1938).<br />

• Robert E. Brad<strong>le</strong>y, “Eu<strong>le</strong>r, d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert and the logarithm function”, in:<br />

Leonhard Eu<strong>le</strong>r: life, work and <strong>le</strong>gacy (Amsterdam 2007) pp. 255-277.<br />

• Melissa But<strong>le</strong>r, Rousseau on arts and politics: autour de la Lettre à d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert<br />

(Ottawa 1997).<br />

• Edric Cane, D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert and the notion <strong>of</strong> the limitation <strong>of</strong> know<strong>le</strong>dge (Ann<br />

Arbor, Mich. 1984).<br />

• Paolo Casini, Enciclopedia: o dizionario ragionato del<strong>le</strong> scienze, del<strong>le</strong> arti<br />

e dei mestieri, ordinato da Diderot e D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Bari 1968).<br />

• Roberta Cavazzuti, Deus ex machina: macchine e lavoro nell’Encyclopédia<br />

di Diderot et D’Almebert (Bologna 2004).


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• Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret, D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert: une vie d’intel<strong>le</strong>ctuel au sièc<strong>le</strong> des<br />

Lumières (Paris 2007).<br />

• P. Crépel, “D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert”, in: C.C. Heyde, E. Seneta (eds.), Statisticians <strong>of</strong><br />

the centuries (New York 2001) pp. 86-89.<br />

• Pierre Crépel, “<strong>Jean</strong> <strong>le</strong> <strong>Rond</strong> d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert, Traité de Dynamique (1743,<br />

1758)”, in: I. Grattan-Guiness (ed.), Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics<br />

(Amsterdam, Boston 2005) pp. 159-167.<br />

• Jürgen Dahl, Jugend der Maschinen: Bilder aus der Enzyklopädie von<br />

Diderot und d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (1751-1772) (Ebenhausen b. München 1965).<br />

• L. Daston, “D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert’s critique <strong>of</strong> probability theory”, Historia Mathematica<br />

6 (1979) pp. 259-279.<br />

• Herbert Diekmann, Die künst<strong>le</strong>rische Form des Rêve de D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Köln<br />

1966).<br />

• M. Dupont-Chatelain, Les encyclopédistes et <strong>le</strong>s femmes: Diderot, D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert,<br />

Grimm, Helvetius, D’Holbach, Rousseau, Voltaire (Paris 1911; repr. Genève<br />

1970).<br />

• Monique Emery (ed.), <strong>Jean</strong> d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert, savant et philosophe: portrait<br />

à plusieurs voix. Actes du Colloque organisé par Centre International de<br />

Synthèse (Paris 1989).<br />

• Leonhard Eu<strong>le</strong>r, Commercium epistolicum, vol. 5: Correspondance de<br />

Leonhard Eu<strong>le</strong>r avec A.C. Clairaut, J. d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert et J.L. Lagrange (Basel<br />

1980).<br />

• Norbert Eu<strong>le</strong>r, Madelung representation for comp<strong>le</strong>x nonlinear D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert<br />

equations in n-dimensional Minkowski space (Darmstadt 1995).<br />

• S. Firode, La dynamique de D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Montréal 2001).<br />

• La formation d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert: 1730-1738 (Paris 2005).<br />

• Craig Graham Fraser, The approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>Jean</strong> d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert and Lazare Carnot<br />

to the theory <strong>of</strong> constrained dynamical system (Diss., Toronto 1981).<br />

• C. Fraser, “D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert’s Princip<strong>le</strong>: the original formulation and application<br />

in <strong>Jean</strong> d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert’s Traité de dynamique”, Centaurus 28 (1985) pp.<br />

31-61, 145-159.<br />

• Friedrich, Friedrichs des Zweiten Königs von Preussen hinterlassene Werke.<br />

11. Briefwechsel: des Königs Briefe an d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Berlin 1789).<br />

• Friedrich (II. von Preußen), Briefe an d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert und den Marquis d’Argens<br />

(Würzburg 1878).<br />

• Gérard Emi<strong>le</strong> Grimberg, D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert et <strong>le</strong>s équations aux dérives partiel<strong>le</strong>s<br />

en hydrodynamique (Diss., Paris, Micr<strong>of</strong>iche 1998).<br />

• R. Grims<strong>le</strong>y, <strong>Jean</strong> d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert, 1717-83 (Oxford 1963).<br />

• Martine Groult, D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert et la mécanique de la vérité dans “L’Encyclopédie”<br />

(Paris 1999).<br />

• T.L. Hankins, <strong>Jean</strong> d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert: science and the enlightenment (New York


Copyright c○ by Stochastikon GmbH (http://encyclopedia.stochastikon.com) 6<br />

1990).<br />

• Helmut Heißenbüttel, La fin de d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Paris 1973).<br />

• G.A. Koetl’nikov, Method <strong>of</strong> replacing the variab<strong>le</strong>s for generalized symmetry<br />

<strong>of</strong> D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert equation (Moscow 2000).<br />

• Heinz Koppe, Das Prinzip von d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert in der klassischen Mechanik und<br />

in der Quantentheorie (Berlin 1971).<br />

• F. von Krbek, “Geschichte des Prinzips von d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert”,<br />

• Véronique Le Ru, <strong>Jean</strong> <strong>le</strong> <strong>Rond</strong> d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert philosophe (Paris 1994).<br />

• Véronique Le Ru, Subversives Lumières l’Encyclopédie comme machine de<br />

guerre (Paris 2007).<br />

• Julie de Lespinasse, Lettres iné<strong>dit</strong>es de Lespinasse à Condorcet, à d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert,<br />

à Guibert, au Comte de Crillon (Paris 1887).<br />

• John Lough, Essays on the “Encyclopédie” <strong>of</strong> Diderot and d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Oxford<br />

1968).<br />

• E. Mach, La mécanique. Exposé historique et critique de son développement<br />

(Paris 1904).<br />

• Francine Markovits, D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Paris 2001).<br />

• Eliane Martin-Haag, Ordre et production des savoirs dans l’Encyclopédie<br />

de Diderot et d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Toulouse 2001).<br />

• Alain Michel, Analyse et dynamique: études sur l’oeuvre d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Québec<br />

2002).<br />

• Ourida Moustefai, Le citoyen de Genève et la république des <strong>le</strong>ttres: étude<br />

sur la controverse autour de la <strong>le</strong>ttre à d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert de <strong>Jean</strong>-Jacques Rousseau<br />

(New York 2003).<br />

• M. Mul<strong>le</strong>r, Essai sur la philosophie de <strong>Jean</strong> d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Paris 1926).<br />

• J.N. Pappas, Voltaire and d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Bloomington, Ind. 1962).<br />

• M. Paty, “D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert et <strong>le</strong>s probabilités”, Sciences à l’époque de la Révolution<br />

(Paris 1988) pp. 203-265.<br />

• M. Paty, D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Paris 1998).<br />

• E.S. Pearson (ed.), The History <strong>of</strong> Statistics in the 17th and 18th Centuries<br />

against the changing background <strong>of</strong> intel<strong>le</strong>ctual, scientific and religious<br />

thought. Lectures by Karl Pearson given at University Col<strong>le</strong>ge London during<br />

the academic sessions 1921–1933 (London 1978) pp. 506-573.<br />

• Jacques Proust, Diderot et l’encyclopédie (Genève 1982; Paris 1995).<br />

• V.V. Ramon, “The D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert-Eu<strong>le</strong>r Rivalry”; The Mathematical Intelligencer<br />

7 (1985) pp. 35-41.<br />

• Recherches sur Diderot et sur l’Encyclopédie (1997).<br />

• <strong>Jean</strong>-Jacques Rousseau, Lettre à d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert sur <strong>le</strong>s spectac<strong>le</strong>s (Paris 1946).<br />

• <strong>Jean</strong>-Jacques Rousseau, Original <strong>le</strong>tters <strong>of</strong> J.J. Rousseau, to M. de Ma<strong>le</strong>sherbes,<br />

M. d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert, Madame la M. de Luxembourg, &c. &c. (Farmington Hills,<br />

Mich. 2004).


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• <strong>Jean</strong>-Jacques Rousseau, Rousseau citoyen de Genève, à Mr. d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert,<br />

englisch: A <strong>le</strong>tter from M. Rousseau, <strong>of</strong> Geneva, to M. d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert, <strong>of</strong> Paris<br />

(Farmington Hills, Mich. 2004).<br />

• Terence M. Russell, Architecture in the Encyclopédie <strong>of</strong> Diderot and d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert:<br />

the <strong>le</strong>tterpress artic<strong>le</strong>s and se<strong>le</strong>cted engravings (Aldershot 1993).<br />

• Anette Selg, Rainer Wieland (eds.), Die Welt der Enzyklopädie (Frankfurt<br />

2001).<br />

• A<strong>le</strong>xia Steinhause, D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert linguiste (Marburg 1995).<br />

• Henrich Stetkær, Properties <strong>of</strong> d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert functions (Aarhus 2007).<br />

• Silvio Suppa, Società, politica, diritto: percorsi dell’“Encyclopédie” di<br />

Diderot e D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Fasano 1999).<br />

• Zeno G. Swijtink, “D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert and the maturity <strong>of</strong> chances”, Studies in<br />

History and Philosophy <strong>of</strong> Science 17 (1986) pp. 327-349.<br />

• G<strong>le</strong>nn J. Van Treese, D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert and Frederick the Great: a study <strong>of</strong> their<br />

relationship (New York 1974).<br />

• Jerôme Viard, “Le principe de D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert et la conservation du ’moment<br />

cinétique’ d’un système de corps isolés dans <strong>le</strong> Traité de dynamique”, Physis<br />

39 (2002) pp. 1-40.<br />

• C. Vilain, “La question du centre d’oscillation de 1703 à 1743”, Physis 37<br />

(2000) pp. 439-466.<br />

• <strong>Jean</strong>-Louis Vissière, La secte des empoissonneurs. Polémiques autour de<br />

l’Encyclopédie de Diderot et d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert (Aix-en-Provence 1993).<br />

• Herman J. de V<strong>le</strong>eschauwer, Autour de la classification psychologique des<br />

sciences: Juan Huarte de San Juan, Francis Bacon, Pierre Charron, d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert<br />

(Pretoria 1958).<br />

• Calvin H. Wilcox, Scattering theory for the d’A<strong>le</strong>mbert equation in exterior<br />

domains (Berlin 1975).<br />

• http://www.academie-francaise.fr/immortels/base/academiciens/fiche.aps?<br />

param=219 (30 April 2007).<br />

• J.J. O’Connor, E.F. Robertson, http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/ history/Mathematicians/D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert.html<br />

(30 April 2007).<br />

• J.J. O’Connor, E.F. Robertson, http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/ history/References/D’A<strong>le</strong>mbert.html<br />

(30 April 2007).<br />

Author(s) <strong>of</strong> this contribution:<br />

Claudia von Collani


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