Bronze and Silver Greek, Macedonian and Etruscan Vessels in ...

Introduction 

Mikhail Treister 

Bronze and Silver Greek, Macedonian and Etruscan Vessels in Scythia 

I am analysing the finds from well-dated complexes 

of three categories. 1) From intact burials (central 1 and side 2 

catacombs of Great Ryzhanovka barrow; warrior burial no. 1 

of the barrow no. 9 near the village of Peski [fig. 1] 3 ) or 

closed parts of burials, such as domestic niches (in a 

northern wall of the Northern catacomb of Gaimanova Mogila 

[figs. 2-3] 4 ). – 2) From caches made in the walls of 

catacombs to hide the most precious objects (central burial of 

the Northern catacomb of Gaimanova Mogila (figs. 4-5) 5 , 

secondary catacomb of Chmyreva Mogila [figs. 6-7] 6 ). – 3) A 

set of fifteen bronze vessels (fig. 8), found during operations 

to extract peat near the village of Peschanoe in the valley of 

the river Supoi, which may be considered as a boat cargo 7 . 

Fig. 1 - Warrior burial no. 1 of the barrow no. 9 near the village of Peski: 1- 

silver bowl on a stand ring; 2 – silver situlae (after GREBENNIKOV 1987, 155, 

fig. 5, 1. 3); 3, 4 – silver round-bottomed vessels (photograph, M. Treister); 

5 – view of the burial (after: O.G. Shaposhnikova, Report 1972, Institute of 

Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, Archive, inv. 

6241, fig. 67). 1, 2 – lost; 3-4 – Kiev, Museum of Historical Treasures. 

1 

SKORYI 1998, 119–37; SKORII ET AL. 1999, 94–105; CHOCHOROWSKI, SKORYJ 2000, 105–22. 

2 

OSSOWSKI 1888; BOBRINSKII 1894, 138–47, pls. 16–9; CHOCHOROWSKI ET AL. 1996, 239–49. 

3 

GREBENNIKOV 1987, 152–6. Dated after the amphoras of Mende to ca. 330-310 BC: MONAKHOV 2003, 94, note 46; 295, pl. 65, 4–5; cf. 

MONAKHOV 1999, 406: not earlier than 320-s BC. 

4 

BIDZILYA 1971, 47–8, fig. 2; CHARRIÈRE 1974, fig. 348; IL’INSKAYA, TERENOZHKIN 1983, 145; ROLLE 1989, 111, fig. 83. – Detailed 

analysis, see TREISTER forthcoming. 

5 

BIDZILYA 1971, 49–55, figs. 5, 7; CHARRIÈRE 1974, fig. 349; IL’INSKAYA, TERENOZHKIN 1983, 145–6; ROLLE 1979: 1, 129, 131, no. 3, pl. 

21; ROLLE 1979: 2, 20; ROLLE 1989, 57, 115, fig. 86. 

6 

VESELOVSKII 1910, 307–9; PHARMAKOWSKY 1910, 219–26, figs. 18–25; SCHEFOLD 1938, 29–30; ROLLE 1979: 1, 131, no. 1; ROLLE 

1979: 2, 39; IL’INSKAYA, TERENOZHKIN 1983, 148; ALEKSEEV 1985, 33. – On the dating of the barrow to ca. 350-320 BC, see ALEKSEEV 

1985, 34. – The detailed analysis of complex, see TREISTER 2009, 414–460. 

7 GANINA 1970; FUCHS 1978, 113–5; PARZINGER 2007, 34–5, fig. 5. 

Bollettino di Archeologia on line I 2010/ Volume speciale C / C10 / 2 Reg. Tribunale Roma 05.08.2010 n. 330 ISSN 2039 - 0076 

www.archeologia.beniculturali.it 

9

M. Treister – Bronze and Silver Greek, Macedonian and Etruscan Vessels in Scythia 

Fig. 2 - Domestic niche in the north wall of the 

Northern catacomb of Gaimanova Mogila: 1 – 

view of the niche (after BIDZILYA 1971, 47, fig. 

2); 2 – amphoras from the niche (after 

MONAKHOV 1999, pls. 172-173). 

Fig. 4 - Vessels from the cache of the central burial 

of the Northern catacomb of Gaimanova Mogila: 1 – 

Analysis view of the of cache Various (after Categories ROLLE 1989, 115, of Imported fig. 86); Metalware 

general view of the finds (after BIDZILYA 1971, 50, 

fig. 5). 



10 

Fig. 3 - Bronze vessels from the northern wall of the 

Northern catacomb of Gaimanova Mogila. Kiev, State 

Museum of Historical Treasures. Photographs, M. 

Treister, 2004. 

Fig. 5 - Vessels from the cache of the central burial of 

the Northern catacomb of Gaimanova Mogila Kiev, 

State Museum of Historical Treasures. Photographs, 

M. Treister, 2007.

Fig. 6 - Silver vessels from the cache of Chmyreva Mogila. State 

Hermitage till 1932; Kharkov Museum, 1932-1941. Lost during 

the World War II. 1-2, 4-6 - after the negatives, kept in the 

photoarchive, Institute of Material Culture, St. Petersburg; 3 – 

after ONAIKO 1970, pl. XIV, no. 398. 

XVII International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Roma 22-26 Sept. 2008 

Session: Tracia e Dacia 

The main categories of the imported bronze and silver vessels in Scythia under discussion are 

situlae, kraters, hemispherical bowls on stand-rings, basins, braziers and oinochoai. 

Situlae 

A bronze kalathos situla from Gaimanova Mogila (fig. 3, 1 right) 8 belongs to the rare variant of 

kalathos situlae with concave body 9 , of which only 5 pieces (fig. 9) were known before: one from Thrace 

(Orizovo 10 ), and four – from Macedonian tombs A 11 and B 12 at Derveni). 

It is worth noting, that the find from Gaimanova Mogila is the only kalathos situla in Scythia, whereas 

related bronze bell or ovoid situlae (fig. 10), the type which also widespread primarily in Macedonia 13 and 

Thrace 14 in the second half of the 4 th century BC, is represented by the fragmentary finds from 

8 

TREISTER 2006, 144, fig. 6. 

9 

See ZAHLHAAS 1971, 74–87 (type B); PFROMMER 1983, 251–52, fig. 9; ARCHIBALD 1998, 189–90, 275–76; BARR-SHARRAR 2000, 280– 

81; BARR-SHARRAR 2002, 70–2; PELLEGRIS 2004, 359–60. 

10 

TSONCHEV 1948, 19, No. 1; 20, fig. 4; VENEDIKOV 1977, 99, No. 11; 80, fig. 31; ARCHIBALD 1998, 275–76, note 46; 329; BARR- 

SHARRAR 2000, 280–81. 

11 

THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 33–4, nos. A48–A50, pls. 3; 35–7. 

12 

BARR-SHARRAR 1982, 130–31, fig. 16; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 73, no. B28, pls. 18, 78; BARR-SHARRAR 2008, 23, fig. 18. 

13 

See, e.g., Derveni: THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, pls. 111, ∆4, 6; 134, Z15; BARR-SHARRAR 2000, 282; Nikisiani, tomb A-Γ: 

LAZARIDIS ET AL. 1992, 42–3, A 2580, fig. 14, pl. 27. 

14 Vratsa: PAUNOV, TORBOV 2000, 167, fig. 3. 



11 

Fig. 7 - Silver vessels from the cache of Chmyreva Mogila. State 

Hermitage till 1932; Kharkov Museum, 1932-1941. Lost during 

the World War II. Photographs after the negatives, kept in the 

photoarchive, Institute of Material Culture, St. Petersburg.


Fig. 8 - Bronze vessels from Peschanoe. Kiev, National Museum of History of the Ukraine. 1 – photograph, M. Treister, 2007; 2 – after 

PARZINGER 2007, 34, fig. 5. 



12

Fig. 9 - Map. Distribution of bronze kalathos situlae. M. 

Treister, 2008. 



Karagodeuashkh (fig. 11, 3) 15 , Tishkovo (fig. 11, 4) 16 and Chertomlyk (fig. 11, 2) 17 and a complete piece from 

Peschanoe (fig. 11, 1) 18 . 

Also popular in Scythia (fig. 12) were bronze stamnoid situlae, with the spout decorated with a lion 

head (type С, after G. Zahlhaas 19 ), the finds of which originate from the central 20 and side 21 catacombs of 

Great Ryzhanovka barrow, аs well as from Peschanoe (fig. 13) 22 . All these situlae have almost identical 

spouts shaped as lion’ heads. Very similar parallels to these may be found on the situlae of the same shape 

from Derveni tombs A 23 , B 24 , Vergina tomb II (in silver) 25 , Nikesiani grave E 26 , tomb of the Northern cemetery 

of Pydna 27 , tomb no. 3 at Methone 28 . Not only the spouts but also details of the shape of the both situlae 

from Ryzhanovka barrow correspond with the finds from Macedonia. The handle attachment in the form of 

the bust of the helmeted Athena on the situla from Peschanoe (fig. 13, 4) finds parallels (fig. 14) only on few 

15 

LAPPO-DANILEVSKII, MALMBERG 1894, 45, fig. 13; ONAIKO 1970, 21. 

16 

ONAIKO 1970, 115, no. 764, pl. XVII; SHEFTON 1994, 584, 592, no. 2; SKORYI 1998, 126. 

17 

ONAIKO 1970, 21, no. 408; ROLLE, MURZIN, ALEKSEEV 1998, 1: 150; ROLLE, MURZIN, ALEKSEEV 1998, 2–3: 27, no. 157, pl. 44, 2. 

18 

GANINA 1970, 48–50, 89–90, figs. 18, 46; Cat. SAN ANTONIO 1999, no. 87. 

19 

ZAHLHAAS 1971, 96–107; BARR-SHARRAR 1982, 129–30; PFROMMER 1983, 250–62; CANDELA 1985, 25–42; ZIMMERMANN 1998, 47–54. 

20 

SKORYI 1998, 125–6; SKORYI ET AL. 1999, 99; CHOCHOROWSKI, SKORYJ 2000, 107; SKORYI 2000, 123. 

20 

SKORYI 1999, 99; CHOCHOROWSKI, SKORYJ 2000, 107; SKORYI 2000, 123. 

21 

BOBRINSKII 1894, 141, 145–6, pl. XIX, 5–7; ONAIKO 1970, 115, no. 765, pl. 33; ZAHLHAAS 1971, 90, no. C7; SKORYI 1998, 125–126; 

SKORYI 2000, 123. 

22 

GANINA 1970, 68–71, 90, figs. 19-22, 30; ZAHLHAAS 1971, 92, no. C18; BOUCHER 1973, 94–5, figs. 18-20; GANINA 1974, fig. 20; Cat. 

NEW YORK 1975, no. 179; CANDELA 1985, 31, no. 43; 34, figs. 25–6; 42–3; Cat. SCHLESWIG 1991, no. 103f; Cat. VIENNA 1993, no. 65; 

Cat. SAN ANTONIO 1999, no. 85. 

23 

ZAHLHAAS 1971, 89, no. C4; Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 57, no. 158; CANDELA 1985, 27, no. 2, fig. 1; 34; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 

1997, 33, no. A 2, pls. 2, 34; Cat. HANOVER 1994, 225, no. 262. 

24 

Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 64, no. 212; CANDELA 1985, 27, no. 3; 34; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 73, no. B 29, pl. 79; Cat. NEW 

YORK 2004, 79, no. 6. 

25 

Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 52, no. 112; ANDRONICOS 1984, 146–7, figs. 104–5; CANDELA 1985, 27, no. 1; 34. 

26 BOUCHER 1973, 91, 93, fig. 16; Cat. WASHINGTON 1980, 161, no. 122, col. pl. 18; BARR-SHARRAR 1982, 129–30, fig. 14; LAZARIDIS ET 

AL. 1992, 27, A1403, pl. A; Cat. HANOVER 1994, 241, no. 305. 

27 BESSIOS, PAPPA 1995, pl. 83A. 

28 BESSIOS, PAPPA 1995, pl. 83B. 



13 

Fig. 10 - Map. Distribution of bronze ovoid situlae. M. Treister, 

2008.


Fig. 11 - Bronze ovoid situlae: 1 – Peschanoe; 2 – Chertomlyk; 3 

– Karagodeuashkh; 4 – Tishkovo. 1- Kiev, National Museum of 

History of the Ukraine; 2-4 – St. Petersburg, State Hermitage. 1 – 

after Cat. SAN ANTONIO 1999, no. 87; 2 – after ROLLE, MURZIN, 

ALEKSEEV 1998, pl. 44, 2; 3 – after LAPPO-DANILEVSKII, MALMBERG 

1894, 45, fig. 13; 4 – after ONAIKO 1970, pl. XVII, no. 764. 



14 

examples from Western Macedonia (Tsotylion 29 ), 

Thrace (Slavjane 30 and the vicinities of Kazanlyk 31 ) 

and allegedly from Dodona 32 . 

On this background distinguishes a silver 

situla of the same shape with a spout, which is 

fixed with a lower attachment in the form of a leaf 

and a support in the form of a bent rod, with a 

handle on the opposite side of the body, found in the burial no. 1 of the barrow no. 9 near the village of Peski 

(fig. 1, 3) 33 . Bronze situlae with similarly shaped spout and handles originate from the first half of the 4 th 

century BC grave II in Kozani, Macedonia 34 and from the mid-4 th century BC burial no. 166 of the Vitsa 

necropolis in Epirus 35 . These situlae belong to the earliest group of type C 36 . 

Kraters 

Two similar bronze kraters originate from the central catacomb of Great Ryzhanovka barrow 37 and 

from Peschanoe (fig. 15) 38 . Close parallels were found only in Macedonia and Thrace (fig. 16): in the tombs 

29 

ZAHLHAAS 1971, 92, no. C16; BOUCHER 1973, 91–2, fig. 14; PFROMMER 1983, 253; CANDELA 1985, 27, no. 4, fig. 20; 41; ZIMMERMANN 

1998, 165, STM 13. 

30 

VENEDIKOV, GERASSIMOV 1973, pl. 109; CANDELA 1985, 30, no. 37; 42–3, figs. 27, 30. 

31 

VENEDIKOV, GERASSIMOV 1973, pl. 110; CANDELA 1985, 30, no. 38; 42–3. 

32 

ZAHLHAAS 1971, 92, no. C17; CANDELA 1985, 28, no. 8; Cat. VIENNA 1986, 70–1, no. 67, figs. 132–3. 

33 

GREBENNIKOV 1987, 155, fig. 5, 3; 156, no. 20. 

34 

Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 41, no. 36, pl. 8; BARR-SHARRAR 1982, 129–30, fig. 13; BARR-SHARRAR 1986, 81, fig. 3; ZIMMERMANN 1998, 

165, STM 2. 

35 

VOKOTOPOULOU 1986, 186–7, no. 2; 289, pl. 297, fig. 82c; ZIMMERMANN 1998, 165, STM 3. On the inventoty of the tomb and its 

dating, see VOKOTOPOULOU 1986, 185–8. 

36 

ZIMMERMANN 1998, 49–50; BARR-SHARRAR 2000, 280. 

37 

Kiev, Archaeological Museum National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, inv. АМ 2893/8319. Unpublished. 

38 GANINA 1970, 80–1, 93, fig. 28. 

Fig. 12 - Map. Distribution of bronze stamnoid situlae. M. 

Treister, 2008.

Fig. 13 - Bronze stamnoid situla from Peschanoe. Kiev, 

National Museum of History of the Ukraine. After Cat. SAN 

ANTONIO 1999, no. 85. 

Fig. 15 - Bronze krater from Peschanoe. Kiev, National Museum of 

History of the Ukraine. Photo, courtesy National Museum of History 

of the Ukraine, Kiev. 





15 

Fig. 14 - Map. Distribution of bronze stamnoid situlae with 

attachments in the form of Athena heads. M. Treister, 2008. 

Fig. 16 - Map. Distribution of bronze kraters. M. Treister, 2008.


Fig. 17 - Map. Distribution of hemispherical bowls on standrings 

and movable handles. M. Treister, 2008. 

Basin with a movable handle 



16 

A 39 , B 40 and Z 41 in Derveni, in the tomb II at Vergina 42 

as well as in the Naip tumulus in the Propontic 

Thrace 43 . These kraters are usually associated with 

ritual washing before the symposium. 

Hemispherical bowls on stand-rings and movable 

handles 

Two bronze pieces originate from the 

central 44 and side catacombs 45 of Great Ryzhanovka 

barrow; a bronze bowl was found in the north burial 

of the barrow no. 22 near Arkhangel’skaya sloboda 46 , 

a silver one – in the barrow no. 9 near the village 

Peski (fig. 1, 1) 47 . Numerous parallels which coincide 

also in the details of decoration of the rim and (or) 

the shape of handles originate from Macedonian 

burials of the second half of the 4 th century BC (fig. 

17), including those of Derveni tombs B 48 and Z 49 , 

tomb II at Vergina (in silver) 50 , tomb E at Nikesiani 51 , 

tomb 20 at Pydna 52 , tomb at Methone 53 , as well as 

from Votonosi 54 and Vitsa 55 in Epirus. A similar bowl 

with the lost stand-ring and loop-handles originates 

from Vyrbitsa in Thrace 56 . 

A bronze basin with a movable handle and an attachment decorated with an open-worked palmette 

from the niche in Gaimanova Mogila (figs. 3, 2; 18) 57 finds the closest parallel both in dimensions and in 

details of decoration of the palmette attachment in the tomb No. 2 of the mid-4 th century BC Thracian 

Mogilanska Mogila 58 . 

39 

Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 59, no. 174; Cat. WASHINGTON 1980, 163, no. 126; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 31, no. A51, pl. 32; 

BARR-SHARRAR 2008, 13, fig. 7. 

40 

Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 65, no. 223; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 72–3, no. B40, pl. 77. 

41 

Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 71, no. 265; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 122, no. Z18, pl. 132. 

42 

ANDRONICOS 1984, 160, fig. 127. 

43 

DELEMEN 2006, 262, 266, fig. 14. 

44 

Kiev, Archaeological Museum National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine. Unpublished. 

45 

BOBRINSKII 1894, 142, 146, pl. XVII, 8; ONAIKO 1970, 116, no. 772, pl. XXXIII. 

46 

LESKOV 1974, 79, fig. 118; 86. 

47 

GREBENNIKOV 1987, 155, fig. 5, 1; 156, No. 21. 

48 

Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 63, no. 208; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 73, B25, pl. 77. 

49 

Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 71, no. 263; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 122–3, Z16, pl. 136. 

50 


51 

Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 97, no. 407, pl. 57; LAZARIDIS ET AL. 1992, 40, A1402, pl. 23. 

52 

BESSIOS, PAPPA 1995, pl. 86∆; Cat. NEW YORK 2004, 84, no. 19. 

53 

BESSIOS, PAPPA 1995, pl. 83B. 

54 

VOKOTOPOULOU 1975, 773, 775, no. 24, fig. 34. 

55 

VOKOTOPOULOU 1986, 288, no. 4, fig. 83a. 

56 

FILOW 1934, 176–7, no. 8, fig. 194. 

57 

Kiev, Museum of Historical Treasures, inv. АЗС-2787: TREISTER 2009, 435–9, 448–9, no. 6, figs, 2, 1; 7–10. 

58 PAUNOV, TORBOV 2000, 171, fig. 5.

Fig. 18 - Bronze basin from Gaimanova Mogila. Kiev, State 

Museum of Historical Treasures. Photographs, M. Treister, 

2007. 



Brazier 



17 

Fig. 19 - Bronze brazier from Gaimanova Mogila. 

Kiev, State Museum of Historical Treasures. 

Photographs, M. Treister, 2007. 

A bronze biconical brazier from Gaimanova Mogila (figs. 

3, 4; 19) 59 belongs to an extremely rare type, which is 

not represented among the finds from the Scythian 

tumuli, with only three parallels known to me, two of 

them from Macedonia (fig. 20) 60 , including a very similar 

brazier found beneath the floor level of a house in 

Olynthus 61 , where it had probably been hidden by the 

owner in attempt to save it from the looting Macedonian 

soldiers in 348 BC. There is practically no doubt, that 

the brazier from Gaimanova Mogila was manufactured 

in the workshop on the Chalhidike or, in broad terms, in 

Macedonia 62 . 

59 TREISTER 2006, 115–8, figs. 1–2. 

60 The find from Pella, see OIKONOMOS 1914, 144–5, fig. 11; SIGANIDOU, LILIMPAKI-AKAMATI 1996, 37; TREISTER 2006, 116–7, fig. 4. 

61 ROBINSON 1941, 181–2, no. 570a-c, pls. XXXVII–XXXVIII; CAHILL 2002, 49; TREISTER 2006, 115–6, fig. 3. 

62 TREISTER 2006, 117. 

Fig. 20 - Map. Distribution of bronze braziers. M. Treister, 2008.


Fig. 21 - Bronze oinochoe from Gaimanova Mogila. Kiev, State 

Museum of Historical Treasures. Photographs, M. Treister, 

2007. 



18 

Oinochoai 

An oinochoe with biconical body from 

Gaimanova Mogila (figs. 3, 1 top left; 21) 63 have 

only four parallels in the North and East Pontic 

area 64 . This type of oinochoe goes back to Etruscan 

‘Schnabelkanne’, since the late 5 th or early 4 th 

century BC known in Macedonia 65 . In Thraco-Macedonian area in the 4 th century BC a specific variant of 

them was locally developed and produced (fig. 22). Six silver and bronze vessels of this shape and one clay 

imitation were found in the Macedonian burials of the second half of the 4 th – early 3 rd century BC 66 , including 

two finds from Tomb A in Derveni 67 . Six bronze oinochoai originate from the burials in Thrace, dated from the 

second quarter to the middle of the 4 th century BC 68 , whereas one piece was found in the late 4 th century BC 

Naip tumulus 69 . A similar bronze oinochoe was found in a burial of the Getic necropolis of Zimnicea, dated by 

a stamped amphora of Heraklea Pontica to ca. 330-300 BC 70 . 

63 TREISTER 2006, 117, fig. 5. 

64 Barrow No. 6 of Seven Brothers tumuli: BILIMOVICH 1971, 216, fig. on p. 217; PFROMMER 1983, 242–3; ARCHIBALD 1998, 279, note 95. 

– Barrow at Zelenskaya Gora: BILIMOVICH 1971, 218; PFROMMER 1982, 148, note 126; ARCHIBALD 1998, 279; TREISTER 2002, 65, fig. 6; 

TREISTER 2003, 64–6 with complete bibliography, fig. 13. – Barrow No. 9/1909 of the Elizavetovka necropolis: МILLER 1910, 112–3, fig. 

118. – Burial no. 24/2004 in Vani, Colchis: KACHARAVA, KVIRKVELIA 2008, 196, pl. 49a. 

65 See, e.g. Derveni, A3: Cat. HANOVER 1994, no. 261 and infra N. 67. On Etruscan bronze jugs of this type, see CASTOLDI 2000, 408– 

12, figs. 7-8; 414, App. Id. 

66 Detailed bibliography, see TREISTER 2003, 64–5. 

67 Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, no. 159, pl. 24; Cat. WASHINGTON 1980, no. 135; PFROMMER 1983, 243–45, fig. 3; Cat. HANOVER 1994, no. 

261; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 35, no. A 3, pls. 4; 39, no. A 5, pl. 40; ARCHIBALD 1998, 279. 

68 Detailed bibliography, see TREISTER 2003, 65–6. 

69 DELEMEN 2006, 263–64, 266, fig. 16. 

70 ALEXANDRESCU 1980, 49, 93, fig. 42, 2; 117, fig. 69, 3, 5. 

Fig. 22 - Map. Distribution of bronze oinochoai with biconical 

body. M. Treister, 2008.

Fig. 23 - Bronze cup from Gaimanova Mogila. Kiev, State 

Museum of Historical Treasures. Photographs, M. Treister, 2004. 





19 

Characteristic feature of the oinochoe from 

Gaimanova Mogila is its handle: such handles, with 

a female head in the upper part and a lower 

attachment in the form of Silenus head (fig. 21, 3- 

4), are characteristic for another class of oinochoai, 

the so-called oinochoai of Form 2 71 . Especially 

similar both in shape and details of decoration is a 

handle of such a bronze oinochoe used as a 

container for the hoard of cyzicines, found near the 

village of Orlovka 72 . Z. Archibald mentions the finds 

of eight similar bronze oinochoai in Thrace 73 . It is 

hardly probably that the handle of the oinochoe 

from Gaimanova Mogila was executed specially for 

that vessel; that is indirectly proved by the 

comparison with the location of lower handle 

attachments on the typical biconical oinochoai from 

Macedonia and Thrace. 

The Use of Imported Metalware by the 

Scythians 

Before the vessels were placed in the 

graves, they were sometime in use. That is proved 

by the missing elements of the brazier, as well as 

signs of repair on it (fig. 19) 74 , the oinochoe (fig. 

21) 75 and the cup (fig. 23) 76 from the domestic 

niche of Gaimanova Mogila. A situla from the side 

catacomb of Great Ryzhanovka barrow has an iron 

instead of a bronze handle 77 . The signs of 

breakage, repair, abrasion and dimples may be 

seen on almost all of bronze vessels from Great Ryzhanovka barrow 78 and on some vessels from 

Peschanoe there are patches 79 or replacements 80 . A silver situla from the cache of Chmyreva Mogila was 

refashioned in a goblet with a vertical handle (fig. 6, 4) 81 . Nevertheless, such a treatment of imported ware in 

71 

WEBER 1983, 130–7. 

72 

KRAVCHENKO 1969, 274–77, fig. 1; SHTITEL’MAN 1977, figs. 59–60; Greek and Cypriote Antiquities ODESSA 2001, no. 107; Cat. 

KRAKOW 2006, 204, no. 30. 

73 

ARCHIBALD 1998, 279, 333. 

74 

See supra N. 59. 

75 


76 

Cat. SCHLESWIG 1991, No. 120b. Its shape finds parallels in Attic black-glazed cup-skythoi of the “heavy wall” group, dated to 420– 

380 BC (SPARKES, TALCOTT 1970, 111–2, nos. 612–23, pl. 27). Two bronze cups similar in shape, one with an engraved rosette in the 

interior, originate from Votonosi (VOKOTOPOULOU 1975, 761–64, nos. 13–4, figs. 21–2: ca. 420 BC). To the same type belong two 

bronze cups from the tomb near the village of Staroselska in Thrace, with the inventory dated to the last decades of the 4 th – first quarter 

of the 3 rd century BC, one of them has a comparable engraved ornament on the interior: TACHEVA-CHITOVA 1971, 44, figs. 42a-b; 43, 

nos. 8–9; ARCHIBALD 1998, 281, pl. 46. 

77 


78 

SKORYI 2000, 125. 

79 

E.g. stamnos: GANINA 1970, 88. 

80 

Cat. SAN ANTONIO 1999, 203–4, no. 88 (amphora). 

81 

PHARMAKOWSKY 1910, 223, no. 11; 226, fig. 25; MINNS 1913, 383; ROLLE 1979, 128, 130–1, 133, no. 8, pl. 22, 2; TREISTER 2003, 60. 

Detailed analysis, see TREISTER 2009, 433–5, 448, no. 5, fig. 1, 4.


Fig. 24 - Set of silver and bronze vessels from tomb III of the 

barrow at Zelenskaya Mount. St. Petersburg, State Hermitage. 

After the negatives, kept in the photoarchive, Institute of 

Material Culture, St. Petersburg. 



20 

the Scythian milieu was absolutely universal and 

applied not only to the imported metal vessels, but 

also bronze Attic mirrors, which could have been 

added with gold overlays in animal style, or their 

disks may have been additionally decorated with 

incised images of animals; items of jewellery and 

arms 82 . However, these were cases of alteration of objects. 

In some cases, in Scythian barrows we come across the finds of imported bronze vessels with 

missing stand-rings or handles, whereas the objects have not been alternated. These losses may not be 

explained by the low level of excavations or the later losses in the museums, as is shown by the finds from 

the central catacomb of Great Ryzhanovka barrow, excavated recently. So, the krater was not only crumpled 

in antiquity, but lost its stand-ring and one of the two handles; whereas the situla from lost the handle 

attachment. 

Parallels in Macedonia and Thrace 

Fig. 25 - Bronze and silver vessels from Karagodeuashkh barrow. 

St. Petersburg, State Hermitage. 1-3 – after LAPPO-DANILEVSKII, 

MALMBERG 1894, pl. VI, 2-4; 4 - LAPPO-DANILEVSKII, MALMBERG 

1894, 151, pl. V, 2; medallion: ARTAMONOW 1970, fig. 155. 

The set of silver and bronze vessels from the tomb III of the barrow on Zelenskaya Mount in the 

Taman peninsula (fig. 24), which was originally created for symposion 83 , demonstrates that the majority of 

shapes was characteristic for the rich burials of Macedonia of the last quarter of the 4 th century BC. The 

vessels set from the domestic niche in Gaimanova Mogila (fig. 3) presents even more evident parallels, 

allowing to suggest, that considerable part of these vessels 84 could originate from Macedonia or in general 

82 TREISTER 2007, 83–92. 

83 TREISTER 2003, 66–7. 

84 Most probably excluding the cup, see supra N. 76 (fig. 23), and the strainer (fig. 3, 1 below): Сat. SCHLESWIG 1991, no. 120a. Detailed 

analysis of the strainer, see TREISTER forthcoming, no. 5. It belongs to a group of four pieces from the North and Northeastern Black

Fig. 26 - Gold gorytus overlay from tomb II at Vergina 

(background) (after Cat. HANOVER 1994, no. 259) and 

fragmentary gorytus overlay from Karagodeuakhsh 

(foreground) (after LAPPO-DANILEVSKII, MAL’MBERG 1894, pl. 

IX). 



from Thraco-Macedonian region. The convincing 

archaeological dating of the complex, and the parallel 

to the bronze brazier from Olynthus, allows to date 

their acquisition not later than to the 340 – early 330s 

BC 85 . 

The same also applies to the sets of bronze 

vessels from both burials of Great Ryzhanovka 

barrow and those from the barrow near village Peski 

(fig. 1). These three burials yielded the sets of bronze 

stamnoid situlae (fig. 1, 3) and hemispherical bowls 

on stand-rings with movable handles (fig. 1, 1) – a 

combination known otherwise only after the finds 

from the tombs of the last third of the 4 th century BC 

in Macedonia 86 ; besides, the central burial of Great 

Ryzhanovka barrow yielded the bronze krater of the 

type, known only after the finds from the Macedonian 

and Thracian burials (fig. 16). 

Also in Karagodeuakhsh barrow, probably 

the tomb of the King of Phateii 87 , there were found 

silver and bronze vessels (fig. 25) and items of 

jewellery, which may be attributed as Macedonian or 

North Greek 88 . These are not the only documented 

evidences of Scytho-Macedonian contacts, which 

reflected also, in the finds of gorytus scabbard 

overlays (fig. 26), hammered in the same matrix, in 

tomb II at Vergina 89 , which is most recently 

associated with the burial of Philip III Arrhidaios, 

killed in 317 BC, rather than Philip II 90 , and in 

Karagodeaukhsh 91 . It may be hardly found any other 

plausible explanation of the finds of the same 

overlays of gorytus scabbards in the royal tombs in 

Macedonia and in the Kuban area – as evidences of 

diplomatic contacts on the highest level. It is not by 

accident, that in Karagodeuashkh there was found 

also a silver “Achaemenid” bowl of Macedonian type (fig. 25, 4), with a gold, probably, portrait medallion 92 . 

Sea area, originating from the burial contexts of the first half to the middle of the 5 th century BC; they are considered to be Etruscan 

products (BILIMOVICH 1979, 29–30, 33–4; KAKHIDZE 2002, 42–3, fig. 2, 2). 

85 

TREISTER 2006, 117. 

86 

Bronze, Methone: BESSIOS, PAPPA 1995, pl. 83 (below). – Silver, Vergina, tomb II (situla: ANDRONICOS 1984, 146–7, figs. 104–5; bowl: 


87 

MASLENNIKOV 1981, 46. 

88 

TREISTER 2003, 67–72. 

89 

Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, no. 89; SCHILTZ 1979, 307–8, fig. 2; Cat. WASHINGTON 1980, no. 160; ANDRONICOS 1984, 180–6, figs. 146–9; 

Cat. HANOVER 1994, no. 259; VOKOTOPOULOU 1996, 172–3, Βε 3; STÄHLER 1997, 85–114, figs. 34–5, 37; TREISTER 2001, 136, 139–40, 

fig. 66. 

90 

GILL 2008, 354. 

91 

LAPPO-DANILEVSKII, MAL’MBERG 1894, 56–7, fig. 34, 122–8, pl. IX; SCHILTZ 1979, 305–7, fig. 1; Cat. ST. PETERSBURG 2007, no. 67. 

92 LAPPO-DANILEVSKII, MALMBERG 1894, 151–2, pl. V, 2; SCHEFOLD 1938, 27, fig. 16; PFROMMER 1987, 235, KaB M 12; ZIMMERMANN 

1998, 36–40, 160, BM 2. – Medallion: LAPPO-DANILEVSKII, MALMBERG 1894, 157–8, pl. III, 12; MINNS 1913, 217, fig. 119, III 12; 

ARTAMONOW 1970, fig. 155. On the bowl and medallion, see: TREISTER 2003, 67–9. 



21


Trade Objects? Gifts? War Booty? Stealing? The Case of Peschanoe Find 

Probably, as gifts, or, perhaps, as war booty, should be discussed also the sets of vessels, 

characteristic only for Macedonia, associated with washing, including situlae of characteristic shape and 

hemispherical bowls with movable loops. The sets of such vessels found in rich Macedonian burials are 

made in bronze, only in the royal and princely barrows in Vergina, there were found sets including silver 

situlae and bowls 93 . Thus, we can suppose the high status of the original owner of a similar set from a rather 

modest Scythian warrior burial in the barrow near the village Peski. 

In the connection with the problem of distribution of such sets of bronze vessels in Scythia the find 

from Peschanoe (fig. 8) attracts a special attention, whether or not its owner may be designated as a trader 

of old metalware, as suggested by W. Fuchs 94 . The first publisher of the find, O.D. Ganina has dated it to 

the 5 th century BC 95 . Indeed, a considerable part of the find, including three amphorae, five hydriai, three 

luteria, one stamnos, two situlae and one krater, is represented by the 5 th century BC vessels. At the same 

time, this complex yielded the stamnoid situla with a lion-head spout and handle attachment in the form of 

Athena bust (fig. 13) 96 and the krater (fig. 15) 97 – they belong to the types, characteristic both to the finds 

from Macedonia, Thrace and Scythia found in the burials of the last third of the 4 th – early 3 rd century BC 

(figs. 14; 16). Whether this cargo was a war booty or stealing, or objects for gift exchange – the questions 

are still open. 

Historical Context 

The analysis of imported bronze- and silverware from the Scythian barrows of the second half of the 

4 th – early 3 rd centuries BC confirms the already suggested hypothesis of Scytho-Macedonian contacts in the 

first half of 330-s BC during the rule of Philip of Macedon and a Scythian king Ataias, including the 

interrogations after the war conflict of 339 BC between two powers 98 . Another known historical event, which 

could give an explanation of the distribution of Macedonian bronze- and silverware in Scythia is a war 

campaign of the Pontic general of Alexander the Great, Zopyrion, who invaded Scythia and besieged Olbia 

in 331 or 330 BC 99 (Just. XII. 2. 16; Macrob. Saturn. I. 11. 33; Oros. IV. 18.4). The embassies between 

Alexander and the Scythians in 329/328 BC, most probably connected with the news of the death of 

Zopyrion, were exchanged, when Alexander was in Bactria (Arr. Anab. IV. 1; 15). Finally, there was another 

Scythian embassy to Alexander in 323 BC, sent to Babylon (Arr. Anab. VII. 15. 4). 

The text was finished and supplied for the publication in November 2008. It was not updated for the on-line publication in 

August 2011. In the meantime there was published its enlarged Russian version: TREISTER M., 2010. Importnaya 

metallicheskaya posuda v Skifii. Atributsii i interpretatsiya istoricheskogo kontexta, Problemy istorii, filologii, kul'tury 1 

(27). Magnitogorsk, 217–251. 



22 

Dr. habil. Mikhail Treister 

Institute of Near Eastern Archaeology 

Free-University Berlin 

Weißenburgstr. 59 

D-53175 Bonn 

93 See supra N. 86. 

94 FUCHS 1978, 115. 

95 GANINA 1970, 81. 



98 On the Macedonian – Bosporan – Scythian diplomatic contacts in the third quarter of the 4th century BC, see, e.g. STÄHLER 1997, 88; 

ALEKSEEV 2003, 238–242 (with bibliography). 

99 VINOGRADOV 1997, 323–35.

Bibliography 





23 

Tel. +49(0) 228-2428767 

Fax +49(0) 228-3692518 

www.ancienttoreutics.com 

E-mail: mikhailtreister@yahoo.de 

ALEKSEEV A. YU., 1985. Kurgan Chmyreva Mogila i data ego sooruzheniya. Soobshcheniya 

Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha, 50, 31–5. 

ALEKSEEV A. YU., 2003. Khronografiya evropeiskoi Skifii. St. Petersburg. 

ALEXANDRESCU A. D., 1980. La nécropole gète de Zimnicea. Dacia, 24, 19–126. 

ANDRONICOS M., 1984. Vergina: The Royal Tombs. Athens. 

ARCHIBALD Z. H., 1998. The Odryssian Kingdom of Thrace. Orpheus Unmasked. Oxford. 

ARTAMONOW M. I., 1970. Goldschatz der Skythen. Prague. 

BARR-SHARRAR B., 1982. Macedonian Metal Vessels in Perspective: Some Observations on Context and 

Tradition. In B. BARR-SHARRAR (ed), Macedonia and Greece in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic 

Times. Washington, 123–39. 

BARR-SHARRAR B., 1986. Eastern Influence on the Toreutic Art of Macedonia before the Conquest of 

Alexander the Great. In Ancient Macedonia IV. Papers read at the Fourth International Symposium 

held in Thessaloniki, September 21-25, 1983. Thessaloniki, 71–82. 

BARR-SHARRAR B., 2000. Some Observations on the Cast Bronze Ovoid Situla. In R. THOMAS (ed), Antike 

Bronzen. Werkstattkreise: Figuren und Geräte. Akten des 14.Internationalen Kongresses für antike 

Bronzen in Köln, 21.bis 24.September 1999 (Kölner Jahrbuch 33). Cologne, 277–90. 

BARR-SHARRAR B., 2002. Osservazioni sulla produzione di vasi in bronzo greci tra il V e il III secolo a.C.’ In 

Cat. TRIESTE, 69–73. 

BARR-SHARRAR B., 2008. The Derveni Krater. Masterpiece of Classical Greek Metalwork. Princeton. 

BESSIOS M., PAPPA M., 1995. Πύδνα. Athens. 

BIDZILYA V. I., 1971. Doslidzhennya Gaimanovoi Mogili. Arkheologiya (Kiev), 1, 44–56. 

BILIMOVICH Z. A., 1971. Bronzovyi kuvshin iz VI Semibratnego kurgana. Sovetskaya Arkheologiya, 1, 216–9. 

BILIMOVICH Z. A., 1979. Etrusskie bronzovye sitechki, naidennye v Severnom Prichermorie. In K. S. 

GORBUNOVA (ed), Iz istorii Severnogo Prichernomoriya v antichnuyu epokhu. Leningrad, 26–36. 

BOBRINSKII A., 1894. Kurgany i sluchainye arkheologicheskie nakhodki bliz mestechka Smely. V. 2. St. 

Petersburg. 

BOUCHER S., 1973. Trajets terrestres du commerce étrusque aus Ve et IVe siècle savant J.-C. Revue 

Archéologique, 1, 79–96. 

CAHILL N., 2002. Household and City Organization at Olynthus. London. 

CANDELA M., 1985. Situle metalliche e ceramiche a beccuccio nel IV e III secolo a.C. Origine e diffusione. 

Bulletin antieke Beschaving, 60, 24–71. 

CASTOLDI M., 2000. Vasellame in bronzo d’età ellenistica: Osservazioni su alcuni tipi di brocche di produzione 

etrusca. In R. THOMAS (ed), Antike Bronzen. Werkstattkreise: Figuren und Geräte. Akten des 

14.Internationalen Kongresses für antike Bronzen in Köln, 21.bis 24. September 1999 (Kölner Jahrbuch 

33). Cologne, 403–16. 

Cat. HANOVER 1994. I.-K. VOKOTOPOULOU (ed), Makedonen die Griechen des Nordens. Sonderaustellung 

11.3.1994-19.6.1994. Forum des Landesmuseum Hannover. Hanover. Athens. 

Cat. KRAKOW 2006. J. ŻYGULSKI (ed), Skarby znad Morsza Czarnego. Złoto, rzeźba, ceramika z Muzeum 

Archeologicznego w Odessie. Krakow.


Cat. NEW YORK 1975. From the Lands of the Scythians. Ancient Treasures from the Museums of the U.S.S.R., 

3000 B.C.–100 B.C. (Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 32.5, 1973/74). New York. 

Cat. NEW YORK 2004. D. PANDERMALIS (ed), Alexander the Great. Treasures from an Epic Era of Hellenism. 

New York. 

Cat. SAN ANTONIO 1999. E. D. REEDER (ed), Scythian Gold. Treasures from Ancient Ukraine. San Antonio. 

Cat. SCHLESWIG 1991. R. ROLLE, M. MÜLLER-WILLE, K. SCHIETZEL (eds), Gold der Steppe. Archäologie der 

Ukraine. Schleswig. 

Cat. ST. PETERSBURG 2007. A. TROFIMOVA (ed), Aleksandr Velikii. Put’ na Vostok. Katalog vystavki. St. 

Petersburg. 

Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978. K. NINOU (ed), Treasures of Ancient Macedonia: Catalogue. Thessaloniki. 

Cat. VIENNA 1986. K. GSCHWANTLER, Guß + Form. Bronzen aus der Antikensammlung. Kunsthistorisches 

Museum Wien. Vienna. 

Cat. VIENNA 1993. W. SEIPEL (ed), Gold aus Kiew. 170 Meisterwerke aus der Schatzkammer der Ukraine. 

Eine Ausstellung des Kunsthistorischen Museums Wien. Vienna. 

Cat. WASHINGTON 1980. The Search for Alexander. An Exhibition. Washington. 

CHARRIÈRE G., 1974. Die Kunst der Skythen. Cologne. 

CHOCHOROWSKI J., GRIGOR’EV V., SKORYJ S., 1996. Badania wykopaliskowe Wielkiego Kurhanu 

Ryżanowskiego w Ryżanówce na Ukrainie. Materiały i sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka 

Archeologicznego, 17, 239–61. 

CHOCHOROWSKI J., SKORYJ S., 2000. Die Zentralbestattung des Groß-Grabhügels von Ryžanovka im 

rechtsseitigen Teil des ukrainischen Waldsteppengebietes. In Hommage à Gavrilă Simion. Pratiques 

funeraires dans l’Europe des XIIIe – IVe s. av. J.-C. Actes du IIIe Colloque International d’Archéologie 

Funéraire organisé à Tulcea, Brăila, Călăraşi et Slobozia, 15-20 septembre 1997. Tulcea, 105–22. 

DELEMEN I., 2006. An Unplundered Chamber Tomb on Ganos Mountain in Southeastern Thrace. American 

Journal of Archaeology, 110, 251–73. 

FILOW B., 1934. Die Grabhügelnekropole bei Duvanlij in Südbulgarien. Sofia. 

FUCHS W., 1978. Bronzegefäße in Kiev. Boreas, 1, 113–5. 

GANINA O. D., 1970. Antichni bronzi iz Pishchanogo. Kiev. 

GANINA O. D., 1974. Kiev Museum of Historical Treasures. Kiev. 

GILL D. W. J., 2008. Inscribed Silver Plate from Tomb II at Vergina. Chronological Implications. Hesperia, 77, 

335–58. 

GREBENNIKOV YU. S., 1987. Kurgany skifskoi znati v Poingul’e. In O. G. SHAPOSHNIKOVA (ed), Drevneishie 

skotovody stepei yuga Ukrainy. Kiev, 148–58. 

Greek and Cypriote Antiquities Odessa 2001. V. KARAGEORGHIS, V. VANCHUGOV (eds), Greek and Cypriote 

Antiquities in the Archaeological Museum of Odessa. Nicosia. 

IL’INSKAYA V. A., TERENOZHKIN A. I., 1983. Skifiya 7-4 vv. do n.e. Kiev. 

KACHARAVA D., KVIRKVELIA G., 2008. Wine, Worship, and Sacrifice: The Golden Graves of Ancient Vani. 

Princeton. 

KAKHIDZE A., 2002. Specimens of Classical Bronze Toreutics from Pichvnari. Talanta, XXXII-XXXIII (2000- 

2001), 41–60. 

KRAVCHENKO A. A., 1969. Klad kizikinskikh staterov iz Odesskoi oblasti. Sovetskaya Arkheologiya, 1, 274– 

77. 

LAPPO-DANILEVSKII A., MALMBERG V., 1894. Drevnosti Yuzhnoj Rossii. Kurgan Karagodeuashkh (Materialy po 

arkheologii Rossii, 13). Moscow. 

LAZARIDIS D., RHOMIOPOULOU K., TOURATSOUGLOU G., 1992. Ὸ Tύµβος τῆς Νικήσιανης. Athens. 

LESKOV A. M., 1974. Die skythische Kurgane. Antike Welt. Sondernummer, Küsnacht. 

MASLENNIKOV A. A., 1981. Naselenie bosporskogo gosudarstva v VI-II vv. do n.e. Moscow. 

МILLER A. A., 1910. Raskopki v raione drevnego Tanaisa. Izvestiya arkheologicheskoi kommissii, 35, 86– 

130. 



24



MONAKHOV S. YU., 1999. Grecheskie amfory v Prichernomorie. Kopleksy keramicheskoi tary. Saratov. 

MONAKHOV S. YU., 2003. Grecheskie amfory v Prichernomor’e. Moscow and Saratov. 

Oikonomos G. P., 1914. Πελλα. Πρακτικά, 127–48. 

ONAIKO N. A., 1970. Antichnyi import v Pridneprov’e i Pobuzh’e v 4-2 vv. do n.e. Moscow. 

OSSOWSKI G., 1888. Wielki Kurhan Ryżanowski według badań dokonanych w latach 1884 i 1887. Krakow. 

PARZINGER H., 2007. Die Reiternomaden der eurasischen Steppe während der Skythenzeit. In H. H. 

PARZINGER (ed), Im Zeichen des goldenen Greifen. Königsgräber der Skythen. München, Berlin, 

London, New York. 

PAUNOV E. I., TORBOV N. T., 2000. The bronze vessels from tomb 2 in the Mogilanska Mogila tumulus at 

Vratsa (NW Bulgaria). In C. C. MATTUSCH, A. BRAUER, S. E. KNUDSEN (eds), From the Parts to the 

Whole 1. Acta of the 13 th International Bronze Congress, held at Cambridge, Massachusetts, May, 28- 

June 1, 1996. Portsmouth, 163–72. 

PELLEGRIS C., 2004. Osservazioni sulle situle a kalathos. In C. MUŞEȚEANU (ed), The Antique Bronzes: 

Typology, Chronology, Authenticity. The Acta of the 16 th International Congress of Antique Bronzes, 

organized by the Romanian National History Museum, Bucharest, May 26 th – 31 st , 2003. Bucharest, 

347–66. 

PFROMMER M., 1982. Grossgriechischer und mittelitalischer Einfluss in der Rankenornamentik 

frühhellenistischer Zeit. Jahrbuch des deutschen archäologischen Instittuts, 97, 119–90. 

PFROMMER M., 1983. Italien-Makedonien-Kleinasien. Interdependenzen spätklassischer und 

frühhellenistischer Toreutik. Jahrbuch des deutschen archäologischen Instittuts, 98, 235–85. 

PFROMMER M., 1987. Studien zu alexandrinischer und grossgriechicher Toreutik frühhellenistischer Zeit. 

Berlin 

PHARMAKOWSKY B., 1910. Archäologische Funde im Jahre 1909. Rußland. Archäologischer Anzeiger, 195– 

244. 

ROBINSON D. M., 1941. Metal and Minor Miscellaneous Finds. (Excavations at Olynthus, 10). Baltimore. 

ROLLE R., 1979. Totenkult der Skythen. Teil I: Das Steppengebiet. Berlin and New York. 

ROLLE R., 1989. The World of the Scythians. Berkeley and Los Angeles. 

ROLLE R., MURZIN V. JU., ALEKSEEV A. JU., 1998. Königskurgan Čertomlyk. Ein skythischer Grabhügel des 4. 

vorchristlichen Jahrhunderts. Mainz. 

SCHILTZ V., 1979. Deux gorytes identiques en Macédoine et dans le Kouban. Revue Archéologique, 305–10. 

SCHEFOLD K., 1938. Der skythische Tierstil in Südrussland. Eurasia Septrionalis Antiqua, 12, 3–78. 

SHEFTON B., 1994. The Waldalgesheim Situla: Where was it made? In C. DOBIAT (ed), Festschrift für Otto- 

Herman Frey zum 65. Geburtstag. Hitzeroth, 583–93. 

SHTITEL’MAN F. M., 1977. Antique Art (Works of World Art in the Museums of Ukraine). Kiev. 

SIGANIDOU M., LILIMPAKI-AKAMATI M., 1996. Pella. Capital of Macedonians. Athens. 

SKORYI S. A., 1998. Osnovy arkheologicheskogo datirovaniya Bol’shogo Ryzhanovskogo kurgana. Materiały i 

sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 19, 119–37. 

SKORYI S. A., 2000. Antichnaya metallicheskaya posuda iz Bol’shogo Ryzhanovskogo kurgana. In ZH. G. 

ARUSTAMYAN (ed.), Muzeini chitannya. Kiev, 122–5. 

SKORII S. A., KHOKHOROVSKI YA, GRIGOR’EV V. P., RIDZEVSKI YA. 1999. Tsentral’na mogila Velikogo 

Rizhanivskogo kurganu. Arkheologiya, 1, 94–105. 

SPARKES B. A., TALCOTT L., 1970. Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th and 4th Centuries B.C. (The 

Athenian Agora, XII). Princeton. 

STÄHLER K., 1997. Zum Gorytrelief aus dem sog. Philippsgrab in Vergina. In K. STÄHLER (ed), Zur graecoskythischen 

Kunst. Archäologisches Kolloquium Münster 1995. Münster, 85–114. 

ТАCHEVA-CHITOVA M., 1971. Inventaire, rite et datation de la sépulture dans la tombe tumulaire. In Тrakiisko 

mogilno pogrebenie krai s. Staroselka, Shumenski okrug. Аrcheologiya (Sofia), 3, 42–51. 

THEMELIS P., TOURATSOGLOU I., 1997. Οι Τάφοι του ∆ερβενίου. Athens. 



25


TREISTER M., 2001. Hammering Techniques in Greek and Roman Jewellery and Toreutics. (Colloquia 

Pontica, 8). Leiden, Boston and Cologne. 

TREISTER M., 2003. Metal Vessels from Zelenskaya Gora Barrow and related finds from Karagodeuashkh. 

Ancient West & East, 2.1, 51–77. 

TREISTER M., 2006. Zharovnya iz Gaimanovoi Mogily (k voprosu o skifo-makedonskikh lontaktakh v tret’ei 

chetverti IV v. do n.e.). Rossiiskaya arkheologiya, 4, 115–8. 

TREISTER M., 2007. Nekotorye nablyudeniya o veshchakh i ikh dekore v inokul’turnykh kontektakh. In V. YU. 

ZUEV (ed), Bosporskii fenomen, 1. St. Petersburg, 83–92. 

TREISTER M., 2009. Serebryannye sosudy iz tainika Chmyrevoi Mogily. Drevnosti Bospora, 13, 414–460. 

TREISTER M., Forthcoming. Macedonian Metal Vessels in the Burials of the Scythian Elite. To the Scytho- 

Macedonian Contacts in the Third Quarter of the 4 th Century BC. In Acta of the 11 th Symposium on the 

Ancient History of the Mediterranean and Black Sea Area. Vani, Georgia. September 2005. 

TSONCHEV D., 1948. Antichni mogilni grobnitse pri Orizovo. Godishnik na narodniya arkheologicheski muzei 

Plovdiv, 1, 15–26. 

VENEDIKOV I., 1977. Le situles de bronzes en Thrace. Thracia, 4, 59–103. 

VENEDIKOV I., GERASSIMOV T., 1973. Thrakische Kunst. Vienna and Munich. 

VESELOVSKII N. I., 1910. Chmyrev kurgan. Hermes, VII.11-12, 302–310. 

VINOGRADOV JU. G., 1997. Eine neue Quelle zum Zopyrion-Zug. In JU.G. VINOGRADOV, Pontische Studien. 

Mainz, 323–35. 

VOKOTOPOULOU I., 1975. Le trésor de vases de bronze de Votonosi. Bulletin de correspondence hellénique, 

99, 729–88. 

VOKOTOPOULOU I., 1986. Βίτσα. Τα νεκροταφεία µιας µολοσσικής κώµης. Athens. 

VOKOTOPOULOU J., 1996. Führer durch das Archäologische Museum Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki. 

WEBER T., 1983. Bronzekannen. Studien zu ausgewählten archaischen und klassischen Oinochoenformen 

aus Metall in Griechenland und Etrurien (Archäologische Studien, 5). Frankfurt am Main and Bern. 

ZAHLHAAS G., 1971. Grossgriechische und römische Metalleimer. Munich. 

ZIMMERMANN N., 1998. Beziehungen zwischen Ton und Metallgefäßen spätklassischer und 

frühhellenistischer Zeit. Rahden. 



26

Bronze and Silver Greek, Macedonian and Etruscan Vessels in ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?