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viii USA Evan M. Smoak Fordham University, Department of Chemistry, 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458, USA Ipsita A. Banerjee Fordham University, Department of Chemistry, 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458, USA Thomas J. Smith Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Rd, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland James E. Kennedy Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Rd, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland Clement L. Higginbotham Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Rd, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland Zhigang Zhu Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK Andrew J Flewitt Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK William I Milne Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
Smart Nanomaterials for Sensor Application, 2012, 3-41 3 Songjun Li, Yi Ge and He Li (Eds) All rights reserved - © 2012 <strong>Bentham</strong> <strong>Science</strong> Publishers CHAPTER 1 Smart Nanomaterials for Biosensors, Biochips and Molecular Bioelectronics Ravindra Pratap Singh 1,2* , Ashutosh Tiwari 3 , Joeng-Woo Choi 2 and Avinash Chandra Pandey 1 1 Nanotechnology Application Centre, University of Allahabad, Allahabad- 211 002, India; 2 Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University #1 Sinsoo-Dong, Mapo-Gu, Seoul 121-742, Korea and 3 Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK Abstract: The domain of biology has greatly been benefited by advances in other sciences leading to new levels of sensitivity, precision and resolution in biomolecular detection. The key driving force is the complementary length scale between biological structures that range from the 10's of nanometers (proteins, DNA, viruses) to the micron scale (cells and cellular assemblies) and capabilities of nanosystems to manipulate and control such feature sizes within our environment. Progress and development in biosensor development will inevitably focus upon the technology of the nanomaterials that promise to solve the biocompatibility and biofouling problems. The biosensors are integrated with new technologies in molecular biology, micro-fluidics, and smart nanomaterials, have applications in agricultural production, food processing, and environmental monitoring for rapid, specific, sensitive, inexpensive, in-field, on-line and/or real-time detection of pesticides, antibiotics, pathogens, toxins, proteins, microbes, plants, animals, foods, soil, air, and water. Thus, biosensors are excellent analytical tools for pollution monitoring, by which implementation of legislative provisions to safeguard our biosphere could be made effectively plausible. The current trends and challenges with smart nanomaterials for various applications have been the focuse in this chapter that pertains to biosensor development, bionanoelectronics, nanotechnology, biotechnology and miniaturization. All these growing areas will have a remarkable influence on the development of new ultra biosensing devices to resolve the severe pollution problems in the future that not only challenge the human health but also affect adversely other various comforts to living entities. Keywords: Smart nonmaterials; biosensors; biochips; molecular bioelectronics. 1. INTRODUCTION Richard Feynman in 1959 (the birth of nanotechnology) proposed for the first time about the possibility of manipulating the atoms for its application in data storage down to the scale of a single atom. When the characteristic length of the microstructures is in the 1-100 nm range, it becomes comparable with the critical length scales, i.e. size and shape effects on physical phenomena offer their usefulness in the devices using nano-structured materials, nano-tools, and nano-devices. Nano-devices such as Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM), Scanning Tunneling Microscopes (STM), Atomic-Layer-Deposition (ALD) and nanolithography tools, can manipulate matter at the atomic or molecular scale. In medical diagnostics and biosensors, lithography, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), 3-D printing, and nano-fluidics are mostly used. Many other promising applications of nano tools and nanodevices are in the developmental phase such as nanoelectronic memory devices, nanosensors and drug delivery systems utilizing nanomaterials, semiconducting organic molecules, polymers and high purity chemicals and materials [1, 2]. A smart nanomaterial utilizes nano-scale engineering and system integration of existing materials to develop better materials and products. Various smart materials, including piezoelectric, thermoresponsive, shape memory alloys, polychromic, chromogenic and halochromic materials have become an integral part of our modern society. Smart materials exhibit properties that can be engineered in such a manner that their *Address correspondence to Ravindra Pratap Singh: Nanotechnology Application Centre, University of Allahabad, Allahabad- 211 002, India; Tel: +91-0532-2460675; Fax: +91-0532-2460675; Mobile: +91-9451525764; E-mail: rpsnpl69@gmail.com
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