19.07.2013 Views

The impact of subdivision and sedentarization of ... - Land Portal

The impact of subdivision and sedentarization of ... - Land Portal

The impact of subdivision and sedentarization of ... - Land Portal

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

2546 D. Western et al. / Biological Conservation 142 (2009) 2538–2546<br />

President, Wildlife Conservation <strong>and</strong> Management Department<br />

<strong>and</strong> Kenya Wildlife Service for permission to conduct the research.<br />

References<br />

Altmann, J., Alberts, S.C., Altmann, S.A., Roy, S.B., 2002. Dramatic change in local<br />

climate patterns in the Amboseli basin, Kenya. African Journal <strong>of</strong> Ecology 40,<br />

248–251.<br />

Anantha Ram, K., Tsunekawa, A., Sahad, D.K., Miyazaki, T., 1999. Subdivision <strong>and</strong><br />

fragmentation <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> holdings <strong>and</strong> their implication in desertification in the<br />

Thar Desert, India. Journal <strong>of</strong> Arid Environments 41, 463–477.<br />

Beuchat, C.A., Kuikka, J., Brown, J.H., Enquist, B.J., West, G.B., 1997. Allometric<br />

scaling laws in Biology. Science 278, 371–373.<br />

Boitani et al., 1998. A Databank for the Conservation <strong>and</strong> Management <strong>of</strong> the<br />

African Mammals. Institute <strong>of</strong> Applied Ecology, Rome, Italy.<br />

Boone, R.B., 2005. Quantifying changes in vegetation in shrinking grazing areas.<br />

Conservation <strong>and</strong> Society 3, 150–173.<br />

Boone, R.B., BurnSilver, S.B., Thornton, P.K., Worden, J.S., Galvin, K.A., 2005.<br />

Quantifying declines in livestock due to l<strong>and</strong> <strong>subdivision</strong>. Rangel<strong>and</strong><br />

Ecological Management 58, 523–532.<br />

BurnSilver, S.B., Mwangi, E., 2007. Beyond Group Ranch Subdivision: Collective<br />

Action for Livestock Mobility, Ecological Viability, <strong>and</strong> Livelihoods. CAPRi<br />

Working Paper. No. 66, CGIAR, Washington.<br />

BurnSilver, S.B., Worden, J.S., Boone, R.B., 2008. Processes <strong>of</strong> fragmentation in the<br />

Amboseli ecosystem, southern Kajiado District, Kenya. In: Galvin et al. (Eds.),<br />

Fragmentation in Semi-arid <strong>and</strong> Arid L<strong>and</strong>scapes. Springer, <strong>The</strong> Netherl<strong>and</strong>s, pp.<br />

225–254.<br />

Campbell, D.J., 1999. Response to drought among farmers <strong>and</strong> herders in southern<br />

Kajiado District, Kenya: a comparison <strong>of</strong> 1972–1976 <strong>and</strong> 1994–1995. Human<br />

Ecology 27, 377–415.<br />

Clauss, M., Schwarm, A., Ortmann, S., Streich, W.J., Hummel, J., 2007. A case <strong>of</strong><br />

nonscaling in mammalian physiology? Body size, digestive capacity, food<br />

intake, <strong>and</strong> ingesta passage in mammalian herbivores. Comparative<br />

Biochemistry <strong>and</strong> Physiology, Part A 148, 249–265.<br />

Coe, M.J., Cumming, D.H.M., Phillipson, J., 1975. Biomass <strong>and</strong> production <strong>of</strong> large<br />

African herbivores in relation to rainfall <strong>and</strong> primary production. Oecologia 22,<br />

341–354.<br />

Curtin, C., Western, D., 2008. Grassl<strong>and</strong>s, people <strong>and</strong> conservation. Over-thehorizon<br />

learning exchanges between African <strong>and</strong> American pastoralists.<br />

Conservation biology 22 (4), 870–877.<br />

Du Toit, J.T., Cumming, D.H.M., 1999. Functional significance <strong>of</strong> ungulate diversity in<br />

African savannas <strong>and</strong> the ecological implications <strong>of</strong> the spread <strong>of</strong> pastoralism.<br />

Biodiversity <strong>and</strong> Conservation 8, 1643–1661.<br />

Ellis, J.E., Swift, D.M., 1988. Stability <strong>of</strong> African pastoral ecosystems: alternate<br />

paradigms <strong>and</strong> implications for development. Journal <strong>of</strong> Range Management 41,<br />

450–459.<br />

Flannery, T., 2001. <strong>The</strong> Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History <strong>of</strong> North America <strong>and</strong><br />

Its Peoples. Atlantic Monthly Press, New York.<br />

Glazier, D.S., 2005. Beyond the ‘3/4-power-law’: variation in the intra- <strong>and</strong><br />

interspecific scaling <strong>of</strong> metabolic rate in animals. Biological Review 80, 611–<br />

622.<br />

Gosnell, H., Haggerty, J.H., Travis, W.R., 2006. Ranchl<strong>and</strong> ownership change in the<br />

Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, 1990–2001: implications for conservation.<br />

Society <strong>and</strong> Natural Resources 19, 743–758.<br />

Graham, O., 1988. Enclosure <strong>of</strong> the East African Rangel<strong>and</strong>s: Recent Trends <strong>and</strong><br />

<strong>The</strong>ir Impact. Pastoral Development Network Paper 24a. Overseas Development<br />

Institute, London.<br />

Groom, R., 2007. How to make l<strong>and</strong> <strong>subdivision</strong> work: an analysis <strong>of</strong> the ecological<br />

<strong>and</strong> socio-economic factors affecting conservation outcomes during l<strong>and</strong><br />

privatisation in Kenyan Maasail<strong>and</strong>. In Biological Sciences, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science.<br />

University <strong>of</strong> Bristol, Bristol. p. 230.<br />

Grunblatt, J.M., Said, M., Wargute, P., 1996. National Rangel<strong>and</strong>s Report. Summary<br />

<strong>of</strong> Population Estimates <strong>of</strong> Wildlife <strong>and</strong> Livestock (1977–1994). Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />

Planning <strong>and</strong> National Development, Department <strong>of</strong> Resource Surveys <strong>and</strong><br />

Remote Sensing, Nairobi, Kenya.<br />

Guevara, J.C., Estevez, O.R., Stasi, C.R., Gonnet, J.M., 2002. Perennial grass response to<br />

10-year cattle grazing in the Mendoza plain, mid-west Argentina. Journal <strong>of</strong><br />

Arid Environments 52, 339–348.<br />

Holdt, B.M., Civco, D.L., Hurd, J.D., 2004. Forest fragmentation due to l<strong>and</strong><br />

parcelization <strong>and</strong> <strong>subdivision</strong>: a remote sensing <strong>and</strong> GIS analysis. In:<br />

Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the 2004 ASPRS Annual Convention, Denver, Colorado.<br />

Hsieh, C.-h., Reiss, C.S., Hunter, J.R., Beddington, J.R., May, R.M., Sugihara, G., 2006.<br />

Fishing elevates variability in the abundance <strong>of</strong> exploited species. Nature 443,<br />

859–862.<br />

Jacobs, A.L., 1965. <strong>The</strong> Traditional Political Organisation <strong>of</strong> the Pastoral Maasai.<br />

Oxford University, Oxford. p. 350.<br />

Jolly, G.M., 1969. Sampling methods for aerial censuses <strong>of</strong> wildlife populations. East<br />

African Agricultural <strong>and</strong> Forestry Journal, 46–49 (special issue).<br />

Kimani, K., Pickard, J., 1998. Recent trends <strong>and</strong> implications <strong>of</strong> group ranch <strong>subdivision</strong><br />

<strong>and</strong> fragmentation in Kajiado District, Kenya. <strong>The</strong> Geographical Journal<br />

164, 202–213.<br />

Knight, R.L., Wallace, G.N., Riebsame, W.E., 1995. Ranching the view: <strong>subdivision</strong>s<br />

versus agriculture. Conservation Biology 9, 459–461.<br />

Lane, C.R. (Ed)., 1998. Custodians <strong>of</strong> the Commons. Pastoral L<strong>and</strong> Tenure in East <strong>and</strong><br />

West Africa. Earthscan, London.<br />

Manzolillo-Nightingale, D.L., Western, D., 2006. <strong>The</strong> Future <strong>of</strong> the Open Rangel<strong>and</strong>s.<br />

African Centre for Technological Studies Press, Nairobi. p. 67.<br />

Martin, P.S., 1984. Prehistoric overkill: the global model. In: Martin, P.S., Klein, R.G.<br />

(Eds.), Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution. University <strong>of</strong> Arizona<br />

Press, Tuscon, pp. 354–403.<br />

McNaughton, S.J., 1985. Ecology <strong>of</strong> a grazing ecosystem: the Serengeti. Ecological<br />

Monographs 55, 259–294.<br />

Njoka, T.J., 1979. Ecological <strong>and</strong> socio-cultural trends <strong>of</strong> Kaputei group ranches in<br />

Kenya. In Wildl<strong>and</strong> Resource Science. University <strong>of</strong> California, Berkeley. p. 306.<br />

Ntiati, P., 2002. Group ranch <strong>subdivision</strong> study in Loitokitok Division <strong>of</strong> Kajiado<br />

District, Kenya. Lucid Working Paper Series No. 7, Lucid, LUCID Project.<br />

International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi.<br />

Ojwang, G.O., Waragute, P., Njiro, L., 2006. Trends <strong>and</strong> Spatial Distribution <strong>of</strong> Large<br />

Herbivores in Kajiado District (1978–2000). Technical Report No. 161.<br />

Department <strong>of</strong> Resource Surveys <strong>and</strong> Remote Sensing, Nairobi, Kenya.<br />

Ottichilo, W.K., Grunblatt, J.M., Said, M.Y., Wargute, P., 2000. Wildlife <strong>and</strong> livestock<br />

population trends in the Kenya rangel<strong>and</strong>. In: Prins, H.H.T., Grootenhuis, J.G.,<br />

Dolan, T.T. (Eds.), Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use. Kluwer Academic<br />

Publishers, Boston, pp. 203–218.<br />

Owen, D.F., Weigert, R.G., 1981. Mutualism between grass <strong>and</strong> grazers: an<br />

evolutionary hypothesis. Oikos 36, 376–378.<br />

Pennycuick, C.J., Western, D., 1972. An investigation <strong>of</strong> some sources <strong>of</strong> bias in aerial<br />

transect sampling <strong>of</strong> large mammal populations. East African Wildlife Journal<br />

10, 175–191.<br />

Rutenberg, H., 1971. Farming Systems in the Tropics. Oxford University Press,<br />

London.<br />

Rutten, M.M.M., 1992. Selling Wealth to Buy Poverty: <strong>The</strong> Process <strong>of</strong><br />

Individualization <strong>of</strong> L<strong>and</strong> Ownership among the Maasai pastoralists <strong>of</strong> Kajiado<br />

District, Kenya, 1890–1990. Verlag Breitenbach, Saarbrucken.<br />

Satterfield, A.J., Crosby, M.J., Long, A.J., Wedge, D.C., 1998. Bird Areas <strong>of</strong> the World.<br />

Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. Birdlife International, Cambridge, UK.<br />

Simon, N., 1962. Between the Sunlight <strong>and</strong> the Thunder: <strong>The</strong> Wildlife <strong>of</strong> Kenya.<br />

Collins, London.<br />

Sombroek, W.C., Braun, H.M.H., van der Pouw, B.J.A., 1982. Explanatory Soil Map<br />

<strong>and</strong> Agro-climatic Zone Map <strong>of</strong> Kenya, Report E1. National Agricultural<br />

Laboratories, Soil Survey Unit, Nairobi, Kenya, p. 56.<br />

Walker, B.H., Noy-Meir, I., 1982. Aspects <strong>of</strong> the stability <strong>and</strong> resilience <strong>of</strong> savanna<br />

ecosystems. In: Huntley, B.J., Walker, B.H. (Eds.), Ecology <strong>of</strong> Tropical Savannahs.<br />

Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 556–590.<br />

Western, D., 1973. <strong>The</strong> Structure, Dynamics <strong>and</strong> Changes <strong>of</strong> the Amboseli<br />

Ecosystem. Zoology. University <strong>of</strong> Nairobi, Nairobi. p. 385.<br />

Western, D., 1975. Water availability <strong>and</strong> its influence on the structure <strong>and</strong><br />

dynamics <strong>of</strong> a savannah large mammal community. East African Wildlife<br />

Journal 13, 265–286.<br />

Western, D., 1976. An Aerial Method <strong>of</strong> Monitoring Large Mammals <strong>and</strong> their<br />

Environment. UNDP/FAO Project Working Document No. 9, Nairobi, Kenya.<br />

Western, D., 1982. <strong>The</strong> environment <strong>and</strong> ecology <strong>of</strong> pastoralists in arid savannas.<br />

Development <strong>and</strong> Change 13, 183–211.<br />

Western, D., 1983. Production, reproduction <strong>and</strong> size in mammals. Oecologia 59,<br />

269–271.<br />

Western, D., 1989. Conservation without parks: wildlife within the rural l<strong>and</strong>scape.<br />

In: Western, D., Pearl, M. (Eds.), Conservation for the 21st Century. Oxford<br />

University Press, New York, pp. 158–165.<br />

Western, D., 1991. Climatic Change <strong>and</strong> Biodiversity. In: Ominde, S.H., Juma, C.<br />

(Eds.), A Change in the Weather: African Perspectives on Climatic Change. Acts<br />

Press, Nairobi, pp. 87–96.<br />

Western, D., 1994. Ecosystem conservation <strong>and</strong> rural development: the case <strong>of</strong><br />

Amboseli. In: Western, D., Wright, R.M. (Eds.), Natural Connections:<br />

Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation. Isl<strong>and</strong> Press, Washington DC,<br />

pp. 15–52.<br />

Western, D., Manzolillo-Nightingale, D.L., 2004. Environmental Change <strong>and</strong> the<br />

Vulnerability <strong>of</strong> Pastoralists to Drought: A Case Study <strong>of</strong> the Maasai in Amboseli,<br />

Kenya. Africa Environment Outlook Case Studies: Human Vulnerability to<br />

Environmental Change. UNEP, Nairobi. pp. 35–50.<br />

White, R., Murray, A., Rohweder, M., 2000. Pilot Analysis <strong>of</strong> Global Ecosystems:<br />

Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecosystems. World Resources Institute, Washington DC.<br />

White, C.R., Seymour, R.S., 2005. Allometric scaling <strong>of</strong> mammalian metabolism. <strong>The</strong><br />

Journal <strong>of</strong> Experimental Biology 208, 1611–1619.<br />

Worden, J.S., 2007. Fragmentation <strong>and</strong> Settlement Patterns in Maasail<strong>and</strong> -<br />

Implications for Pastoral Mobility, Drought Vulnerability <strong>and</strong> Wildlife<br />

Conservation in An East African Savanna. Ecology. Colorado State University,<br />

Fort Collins, Colorado. p. 295.

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!