toluene - National Park Service

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Odor: Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 1163] [609]. SWEET, PUNGENT, BENZENE-LIKE ODOR [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3284] [609]. ODOR DETECTABLE AT .17-1.74 PPM IN AIR [608]. Fate.Detail: Detailed Information on Fate, Transport, Persistence, and/or Pathways: Toluene is rapidly lost from the water column by volatilization. The half-life in still water 1 m deep has been estimated to be 5.2 hours; it would be shorter for turbulent water. Volatilization rates were calculated for lakes (8 days) and rivers (1 to 2 days) and for streams and rivers (36 min to 47 days) [866]. In lakes and ponds, it has been estimated that biodegradation of toluene takes place with half-lives ranging from
where microbial degradation will not occur(SRC). [(1) Overcash MR et al; Behavior of organic priority pollutants in the terrestrial system: di-n-butyl phthalate ester, toluene and 2,4-dinitrophenol Raleigh NC Water Resources Inst p.48-59 Rept no 171 (1982). AQUATIC FATE: When released into water, toluene will be lost by both volatilization to the atmosphere and biodegradation. The predominant process will depend on water temperature, mixing conditions and the existence of acclimated microorganisms at the site. The half-life will range from days to several weeks. It will not significantly hydrolyze, directly photolyze, adsorb to sediment or bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms. (SRC) ATMOSPHERIC FATE: If toluene is released to the atmosphere, it will exist predominately in the vapor phase(5). It degrades moderately rapidly by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Its half-life ranges from 3 hrs to somewhat over a day(3,4). It is very effectively washed out by rain(1,2). It will not be subject to direct photolysis in sunlight, although a complex of toluene with molecular oxygen has been shown to absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm(6). [(1) Tada T et al; Tokyo-Toritsu Eisei Kenkyusko Kenkyu Nempo 1979: 206-9 (1979) (2) Kato T et al; Yokohama Kokuritsu Daigaku Kankyo Kagaku Kenkyu Senta Kiyo 6: 11-20 (1980) (3) Smith JH, Harper JC; 12th Conf Environ Toxicol Airforce Aerospace Med Res Lab pp. 336-53 (1982) (4) Suzuki J et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 31: 79-84 (1983) (5) Eisenreich SJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 15: 30-8 (1981) (6) Overcash MR et al; Behavior of Organic Priority Pollutants in the Terrestrial System: Di-n-butyl phthalate ester, toluene and 2,4-dinitrophenol Raleigh, NC Water Res Inst Rept No. 171 p. 104 (1982). Biodegradation [609]: Toluene is readily degradable in a variety of standard biodegradability tests using sewage seed or sludge inoculums(1-7). Degradation has been observed in several die-away tests using seawater or estuarine water(9-12). The degradation rate is much faster in systems which have been contaminated by oil(9,10). Complete degradation has been observed in 4 days and 22 days in a marine mesocosm with summer and spring conditions resp(12) and 10 days in a 1% gas oil mixture in a North Sea coast water inoculum(8). A 90 day half-life in uncontaminated estuarine water was reduced in 30 days in oil-polluted water(10). The half-life in water collected near Port Valdez, Alaska was 12 days(9). 1.5 mM and 3 mM Ringlabeled toluene added to a methanogenic inoculum originally enriched from sewage sludge and incubated at 35 deg C for 60 days resulted in 3.6 and 4.5% 14-C final
Page 1 and 2: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS ENCYCLOP
Page 3 and 4: It should be kept in mind that data
Page 5 and 6: on the internet or NTIS: 1998).
Page 7 and 8: (often including PAHs, alkyl PAHs,
Page 9 and 10: intake of toluene in an 8-hour day
Page 11 and 12: There are many reports of reproduct
Page 13 and 14: emerging technologies. Proceedings
Page 15 and 16: In mammalian species, acidic metabo
Page 17 and 18: Highest MTBE (additive often found
Page 19 and 20: (10) Coniglio WA et al; The occurre
Page 21 and 22: Marine Chronic: 5.0E+3 ug/L LEC Old
Page 23 and 24: [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Enviro
Page 25 and 26: 96 hour /Conditions of bioassay not
Page 27 and 28: Criteria for Water and Organisms: 1
Page 29 and 30: Sed.Typical (Sediment Concentration
Page 31 and 32: Soil.Typical (Soil Concentrations C
Page 33 and 34: SSL = 16,000 mg/kg for ingestion pa
Page 35 and 36: A) As Food: Concentrations or Doses
Page 37 and 38: Food Survey Results [609]: Identifi
Page 39 and 40: (Chlorella fusca), 380, golden ide
Page 41 and 42: 15 mmol ethanol/kg body weight. Tol
Page 43 and 44: Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York
Page 45: 36.7 MM HG @ 30 DEG C [Browning, E.
Page 49 and 50: Toluene does not adsorb radiation >
Page 51 and 52: 150 ppm) showed little difference i
Page 53 and 54: concentrations for the 200 and 1000
Page 55 and 56: groundwater depends on the degree o
Page 57 and 58: criteria. USGS can achieve water de
Page 59 and 60: FWS, NOAA) also recommends glass co
Page 61 and 62: volatiles during sample shipment, s
Page 63 and 64: The standards for adequacy depend o
Page 65 and 66: EPA method 418.1 protocols, the inv
Page 67 and 68: fish or many wildlife species. They
Page 69 and 70: een spent on water column analyses
Page 71 and 72: analytes which are then detected wi
Page 73 and 74: is applicable for the determination
Page 75 and 76: standard [861]. Surrogate analytes,
Page 77 and 78: BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS [904]: Because
Page 79: 1982b). Small bed volume (0.68 cms)

toluene - National Park Service

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