Research Abstracts on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008 - Nipccd

<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare
1998 – 2008
2009
Documentation Centre for Women and Children
National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development
5, Siri Institutional Area, Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110016

Number of Copies: 100
Copyright: National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development, 2009
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008

Project Team
Guidance and Support : Dr. Dinesh Paul
Dr. Sulochana Vasudevan
Project In-Charge : Meenakshi Sood
Abstracting : Meenu Kapur
Computer Assistance : Pawan Kumar
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008

<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008

Foreword
<strong>Research</strong> on women and children reveals that there are several areas which require the
attention of planners and programme implementers. Policy decisions based on research
findings are rooted in ground reality, and therefore have the capacity to bring about
tangible improvement in the situation, whether it is with regard to nutritional status, health
practices, income generation, domestic violence or rights of women and children. <strong>Research</strong>
on social issues in India is being conducted by a plethora of organisations, namely research
institutes, government ministries and departments, autonomous organisations, home science
colleges, social work departments of universities, medical colleges, international and national
voluntary organisations. As research is a vital input for development, planners,
administrators and researchers are on the look out for social factors which have the
potential to impact the outcomes of various programmes. With this aim in view, the
Documentation Centre for Women and Children (DCWC) of the Institute is engaged in the
process of collecting and documenting valuable research in the areas of women and children.
DCWC collects research findings from many widely scattered sources for the use of
researchers. Hence this project was undertaken to bring out compilations of research
abstracts on various areas for the benefit of users.
“<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998-2008” has been compiled to present widely
scattered research in a compact form, and assist in making encapsulated information and
recommendations of research available to planners, programme implementers and
researchers. <strong>Research</strong> studies conducted by various organisations during the period 1998
to 2008 have been summarised on various subjects such as the aged, budget, disaster
relief, drug abuse, employment, family, human development, marriage, panchayati raj,
poverty, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, voluntary organisations, etc.
It is hoped that this document would be of immense value to all stakeholders working for
the survival, development and empowerment of women and children. It would not have been
possible to bring out this document without the cooperation of various organisations who
have very kindly shared their research studies with NIPCCD. I wish to place on record my
appreciation of the efforts put in by the staff of DCWC specially Smt. Meenakshi Sood,
Deputy Director, and Dr. Dinesh Paul, Additional Director (TC) and Dr. Sulochana
Vasudevan, Joint Director (WD) for overall guidance and support in completion of the
project.
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
(A.K. Gopal)

<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008

Contents
S. No. Subject and Titles Page No.
Aged Welfare
1. Problems and issues of elderly women in India: a comparative family study in
state of Delhi and Bihar with executive summary. (2004).
- Hegdewar Samajothan and Kalyan Samiti, Munger, Bihar.
2. Problem of elderly abuse : some reflections and implications for social work
practice. (2005).
- Sinha, Debotosh.
- Perspectives in Social Work.
AIDS
3. Sexual behaviour and sexual negotiation among poor women and men in Mumbai
: an exploratory study. (1997).
- George, Annie.
- Sahaj Society for Health Alternatives, Vadodara.
Budget
4. Whose side are you on, Mr. Finance Minister? Response to the Union Budget
2006-07. (2006).
- Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, New Delhi.
5. Budget 2008-09 : Reaffirming Rhetoric?: Response to the Union Budget 2008-
09. (2008).
- Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, New Delhi.
Community Participation/ Community Development
6. Social mobilization and community empowerment for poverty alleviation.
(2003).
- Ganju Thakur, Sarojini.
- India, Ministry of Women and Child Development, New Delhi.
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S. No. Subject and Titles Page No.
Development
7. Infrastructure and growth in a regional context : Indian states since the
1980s. (2005).
- Gujarat Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong>, Ahmedabad.
Disaster Relief
8. Clouds of injustice : Bhopal disaster 20 years on : the summary. (2004).
- Amnesty International, London.
9. Met and unmet needs of quake affected population : interim findings.
Ahmedabad (2002).
- Parathasarathy, R. and B.L. Kumar.
- Gujarat Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong>.
10. Coping strategy of weaker sections (dalits and women) in post super cyclone
Orissa. (2003).
- Samal, Kishor C. and Mohanty, Srikanta.
- Nabakrushna Choudhary Centre for Development Studies,
Bhubaneswar.
11. Orissa supercyclone emergency information pack : UNICEF. (2000).
- UNICEF Orissa, Bhubaneswar.
12. Tsunami : India two years after : a joint report by the United Nations, World
Bank and Asian Development Bank. (2006).
- United Nations, New Delhi.
Drug Abuse/ Alcohol/ Tobacco
13. Association between tobacco marketing and use among urban
youth in India. (2008).
- Arora, Monika et al.
- Health Related Information Dissemination Amongst Youth
(HRIDAY), New Delhi.
14. The Social cost of alcoholism Karnataka. (2000).
- Benegal, Vivek, Veleayudhan, Ajay and Jain, Sanjeev.
- VIMHANS, Deptt. of Psychiatry, Bangalore.
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S. No. Subject and Titles Page No.
15. Mapping and size estimation of injecting drug users in five north eastern
states of India. (2007).
- Family Health International, New Delhi.
- ICMR, New Delhi.
16. Tobacco control in India : report. (2004).
- Reddy, Srinath K. and Gupta, Prakash C.
- India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi.
17. Impact of state excise policy on arrack sales and consumption : final project
report. (2008).
- Singamma Sreenivasan Foundation, Bangalore.
18. Alcohol habits in teenagers of Ludhiana City. (2001).
- Singh, Manmeet and Singh Sarabjeet.
- Social Defence.
Employment
19. Commendable Act: field reports suggest that the anticipated benefits of
employment guarantee are beginning to show in the pioneer districts. (2007).
- Dreze, Jean and Oldiges, Christian.
- Delhi University, Deptt. of Sociology, New Delhi.
20. Employment and unemployment situation in India 2004-05 : part I : NSS 61st
Round (2006).
- India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, National
Sample Survey Organization, New Delhi.
21. Report on evaluation study of rural employment generation programme.
(2005).
- Khadi and Village Industries, Mumbai.
- VMRCDI, Mumbai.
22. Performance of self-employment enterprises promoted under PMRY scheme :
a study in Andhra Pradesh. (2004).
- Reddeppa, L.
- Council for Social Development, Hyderabad.
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27
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S. No. Subject and Titles Page No.
Family/ Family Planning
23. Population explosion and media. (2003).
- Pattanaik, Anjali. and Badu Kanak, Manjari.
- Indian Journal of Population Education.
24. Child and the family. (2002).
- Society for Integrated Development of Himalayas, Mussoorie.
Housing/ Displaced Persons / Housing Rights
25. The Impact of the 2002 submergence on housing and land rights in the
Narmada valley : report of a Fact Finding Mission to Sardar Sarovar and Man
Dam projects. (2003).
- Habitat International Coalition, Housing and Land Rights
Network, New Delhi.
26. Acts of commission acts of omission : housing and land rights and the Indian
state - a report to the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights. (2004).
- Habitat International Coalition, Housing and Land Rights
Network, New Delhi.
Human Development
27. Human Development Report Chhattisgarh (2005).
- Chhattisgarh, Chief Minister's Office, Raipur.
- New Concept Information Systems. New Delhi.
28. India Social Development Report 2008. (2008).
- Council for Social Development, New Delhi.
29. Gujarat Human Development Report 2004. (2005).
- Mahatma Gandhi Labour Institute, Ahmedabad.
30. Human Development Report 2004 Punjab. (2004).
- Punjab, Chief Minister's Office, Chandigarh.
- New Concept Information Systems, New Delhi.
31. Delhi Human Development Report 2006. (2006).
- Shiva Kumar, A. K. ed.
- Chief Minister's Office, New Delhi.
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S. No. Subject and Titles Page No.
32. Human development in Kerala : disparities and distortions. (2004).
- Verghese, Bindu P.
- Calicut Universit, Deptt of Economics, Dr. John Matthai Centre,
Thrissur, Kerala.
Information, Education, Communication
33. Quick evaluation study of information, education, communication (IEC)
programmes. (2000).
- Chanakya News and Features, New Delhi.
Marriage/ Marital Problems
34. Families at risk of marital disorder : corelates of conflict for poor rural
households of Ludhiana. (2004).
- Gulati, Jatinder K. and Dutta, Jayanti.
- Social Change.
35. Inter-religious marriages : religious socialization of the adolescent. (2002).
- Jain, Nilima.
- Lady Irwin College, Deptt. of Child Development, New Delhi.
Minorities/ Sachar Committee Report
36. Summarized Sachar report on status of Indian muslims. (2006).
- Sachar, Justice Rajindar.
- India, Prime Minister's Office, New Delhi.
Parenting/ Working Parent
37. A study on challenges of families with working parents. (1998)
- Chockalingam, K.
- Madras University, Department of Criminology, Chennai.
Panchayati Raj/ Gram Panchayat
38. The State of the Panchayats : a mid-term review and appraisal : 22 November
2006. (2007).
- India, Ministry of Panchayati Raj, New Delhi.
39. Panchayats and communities in family welfare. (2004).
- Palanithurai, G.
- Social Welfare.
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S. No. Subject and Titles Page No.
Poverty/ Urban Poor/ Quality of Life
40. Countering uncertainties: strategies for sustainable livelihoods: an assessment
of impact of poverty reduction programmes on the poor in Rajasthan. (2002).
- Bhargava, Pradeep and Sharma, Radheyshyam.
- Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur.
41. Mid-term impact of the District Poverty Initiative Project Rajasthan. (2004).
- Bhargava, Pradeep et al.
- Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur.
42. Evaluation of programmes for improvement in the quality of life in rural areas
of Uttar Pradesh. (2003).
- Dhar, Hiranmay.
- Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow.
43. Towards a poverty reduction strategy for Orissa : some analytical and policy
issues. (2003).
- Nabakrushna Choudhary Centre for Development Studies,
Bhubaneswar.
44. Towards mainstreaming poor women in development : the DWCRA experience
in Gujarat. (2000).
- Nair, Tara S.
- Gujarat Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong>, Ahmedabad.
45. Chronic poverty in remote rural areas of south western Madhya Pradesh.
(2003 ).
- Sah, D. C., Shah, Amita and Bird, Kate.
- Gujarat Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong>, Ahmedabad.
46. Patterns, processes of reproduction, and policy imperatives for poverty in
remote rural areas : a case study of southern Orissa in India. (2007).
- Shah, Amita.
- Gujarat Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong>, Ahmedabad.
47. Estimates of BPL-households in rural Gujarat : measurement, spatial pattern
and policy imperatives. (2007).
- Shah, Amita and Yagnik, Jignasu.
- Gujarat Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong>, Ahmedabad.
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S. No. Subject and Titles Page No.
Primary Health Care
48. Realizing rights demanding Government accountability for change: Citizen
report on primary health care and girl child education in Uttar Pradesh.
(2006).
- VANI, Voluntary Action Network India (UP), Lucknow.
<strong>Research</strong>/ Documentation
49. Indo-Dutch Programme on Alternative in Development, New Delhi. (2004).
- IDPAD Newsletter.
50. Is Internet harmful ? Perceived influences on personal and social life of
Internet users. (2006).
- Siwach, Sunita.
- NIPCCD, New Delhi.
Scheduled Castes/ Other Backward Classes
51. Social mobility and changing identity of the dalits in Haryana. (2006).
- Dabhi, Jimmy and Nayak, Ramesh C.
- Indian Social Institute, New Delhi.
52. Aspirations and achievements of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in last
five decades of independence : a study in Madhya Pradesh : institutional
project report. (2002).
- Joshi, Y. G. and Verma, D.K.
- Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar National Institute of Social Sciences,
Mhow, Madhya Pradesh.
53. Report on prevention of atrocities against scheduled castes. (2004).
- National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), New Delhi.
Slum Dweller
54. Well being of the urban poor : assessment and policy issues : a study of slum
clusters in Jaipur, Ludhiana, Mathura and Ujjain : final report. (2007).
- Goldar, Bishwananth et al.
- Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi.
55. Restructuring New Delhi's urban habitat : building an apartheid city. (2002).
- Habitat International Coalition, Housing and Land Rights
Network, New Delhi.
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S. No. Subject and Titles Page No.
56. A Study on the problems of the people of the urban slums of Udaipur city.
(2003).
- Sarkar, Mainak, Roy, Anindo and Purshottam Kumar.
- Seva Mandir, Udaipur.
Swarn Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana
57. Evaluation of Swarn Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) and National
Slums Development Programme (NSDP), 1999-2000 in Lucknow division of
Uttar Pradesh. (2001).
- Jafri, S.S.A.
- Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow.
58. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (food for work component) : a study of
the state of Uttar Pradesh : final report. (2004).
- Majumdar, Bhaskar et al.
- G.B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad.
Tribals
59. Status of tribal women in Maharashtra: executive summary. (2002).
- Datar, Chhaya and Santosh Kumar.
- Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.
60. Tribal education in Gujarat : an evaluation of educational incentives schemes.
(2004).
- Kumar, B.L.
- Gujarat Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong>, Ahmedabad.
61. Schools and schooling in tribal Gujarat : the quality dimension. (2004).
- Kumar, B.L.
- Gujarat Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong>, Ahmedabad.
62. Cognitive styles in tribal children. (2001).
- Kusuma, A. and Reddy, G.L.
- Perspectives in Social Work.
63. Confronting discrimination nomadic communities in Rajasthan and their human
rights to land and adequate housing. (2006).
- Lim, Ai Li and Anand, Rita.
- Habitat International Coalition, Housing and Land Rights Network,
New Delhi.
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S. No. Subject and Titles Page No.
64. Nagi, B.S. (2000).
- Educating tribals in India: a study of ashram schools.
- Kanishka, New Delhi.
USAID Assisted Programmes
65. United States Agency for International Development (USAID) assisted
Development Assistance Programme II : Final evaluation July 2006. (2006).
- Mukhopadhyay, Sudesh et al.
- Catholic Relief Services, New Delhi.
Village Industries/ Rural Development
66. Provision of urban amenities in the cluster of villages around Khairana town
Muzaffarnagar detailed project report. (2006).
- Fahimuddin and Tyagi, R.C.
- Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow.
67. Status of village industries in India : Report of an all India Survey (2004).
- Khadi and Village Industries, Mumbai.
Voluntary Organisations
68. Database on voluntary organizations : a compilation. (2007).
- Ashok Kumar, et al.
- NIPCCD, New Delhi.
69. Invisible, yet widespread : the non-profit sector in India. (2002).
- Tandon, Rajesh and Srivastava, S.S.
- PRIA, New Delhi.
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Aged Welfare
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare
Hegdewar Samajothan and Kalyan Samiti, Munger, Bihar. (2004).
Problems and issues of elderly women in India: a comparative family study in
state of Delhi and Bihar with executive summary. Munger, Bihar : HSKS.
89 p.
Key Words : 1.AGED WELFARE 2.AGED WOMEN 3.PROBLEMS OF AGED WOMEN 4.DELHI
5.BIHAR.
Abstract : The present study focused on personal, family and social aspects of
elderly women, and attempted to identify their problems in the states of Bihar and
Delhi. A sample of 800 women was selected from two districts of Bihar (Munger,
Bhagalpur) and Delhi (South Delhi, East Delhi). In the sample there were 3.45%
single women respondents, 51.5% widows, 3.94% divorcees and 0.69% separated
women. About 41.4% of the respondents had living husbands. Most of the
respondents were illiterate (68.52%), 8.8% were educated up to primary level, 4.51%
up to middle level and 3.82% were educated up to high school level. 1.04% women
were self employed, 2.31% had businesses, 0.81% were professionals, 0.69% were
skilled labourers, 23.73% were labourers and 66.09% did not work. About 71.18% of
the respondents received their food from their own sons; 6.25% respondents were
getting food from their daughters; 18% reported that their nephews/ nieces were
meeting their food requirements; 5% respondents were dependent on their brothers
for food; and about 10.42% did not specify for certain personal reasons. 41.78%
respondents reported that they were not able to walk properly due to osteoporosis,
injuries, arthritis, muscular strain, etc; 41.55% respondents had weak eye sight,
48.95% had sleep disorders; 8.44% were suffering from T.B; and 2% respondents
had cancer. 39.58% respondents had access to TV, 25% radio, 7.75% to newspapers,
but 27.66% were unable to answer. Only 18.52% respondents had control over their
children, 6.37% has some control over their children, while 50.46% did not have any
control. 46% of the respondents in Bihar and about 67% in Delhi reported that their
family’s attitude towards them was affectionate, but in 18.28% cases the attitude
was dominating. Over-protective behaviour was reported by 11% of the respondents.
4.62% respondents had ‘nagging’ families and about 14.23% had ‘anxious’ families.
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Aged Welfare
23% respondents’ families had an attitude of indifference towards the respondents.
10.64% respondents’ families were observed to be quarrel-some; in Bihar about
11.49% and in Delhi about 9.54% respondents were observed to be quarrelsome.
About 17.12% respondents were jealous/ peevish in both states. About 24.53%
respondents were assessed to be ego-centric. About 40% respondents were not able
to manage tension and anxiety. About 13.65% respondents in Delhi and Bihar were
found to be interested in music. It was recommended that there is a need for
counselling and referral services for elderly women in view of their material and
psychological problems. The traditional knowledge and skills of capable aged women
should be utilized to provide services for women and children under various
Government programmes. Recreation centres, exclusively for elderly women, should
be set up at the village level and in each neighbourhood in urban areas. Local bodies
should earmark specific allocations/ funds for providing relief to aged women,
especially widows and neglected women.
Sinha, Debotosh. (2005).
Problem of elderly abuse : some reflections and implications for social work
practice. Perspectives in Social Work. 20(3) : 31-37.
Key Words : 1.AGED WELFARE 2.AGED ABUSE 3.ELDERLY ABUSE 4.PHYSICAL ABUSE
5.EMOTIONAL ABUSE 6.PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE 7.NEGLECTED 8.SEXUAL ABUSE
9.CULTURAL FACTORS 10.ABUSE OF AGED.
Abstract : Worldwide there are 600 million people aged 60 years, and the number
is expected to reach 2 billion by 2050. In India, life expectancy increased from 40
years in 1951 to 64 years in 2005. Thus, there are 77 million older persons in India
in 2005. Old age has never been perceived as a problem in India. But in urban areas,
older persons feel isolated and insecure. Modernization and industrialization have
created a rupture in the traditional Indian society. Usually the family members or
other caregivers are themselves the abusers. The objectives of the study were to
investigate the problem of elderly abuse; formulate an appropriate response; and
see how social work interventions could be effective in dealing with such problems.
There is no single pattern of elderly abuse. It can take different forms such as
emotional abuse, physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, financial exploitation and
many other forms of abuse. About 80% of the elderly population in India lives in
rural areas, and 30% elderly are below the poverty line. When the elderly are
isolated from society or from social networks, they are not permitted to come into
the mainstream society. Elderly people with severe physical or mental impairments
tend to become more dependent or vulnerable. It was found that abuse was cyclic in

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Aged Welfare
nature. The present generation felt that older people were unproductive and
treated them as a burden. The physical abuses observed among elderly people were
repeated unexplained injuries; bruises or grip marks around the arms or neck and
inconsistent explanations of the injuries. Emotional/ psychological abuses were
verbal assaults, humiliation, threats, harassment or abusive behavior. When the
elderly were neglected they had sunken eyes, extreme thirst, bedsores, signs of
malnourishment, etc. When the elderly were sexually abused, they showed bruised
breasts, torn or bloody underwear, unexplained vaginal or anal bleeding, etc. At
times caregivers withheld even the basic rights. Studies have found that individuals
in poor health were more likely to be abused than relatively healthy individuals.
Some caregivers may be abusing elders by using them as a scapegoat or as an outlet
for their own difficulties and frustrations. This abuse could be due to marital stress
between an older couple, family stress, emotional and psychological problems of
caregivers, certain societal attitudes, etc. Social workers in India need to develop
the skills for working with elderly. At the community level, planning for long term
care must focus on four themes: developing priorities to reflect values; setting up
human services organizations governed by a set of rules and procedures, choosing
objectives to which participants and organizations are committed; and mobilizing the
various resources. WHO has developed awareness materials to assist professionals
with screening tools to identify abusive and potentially abusive situations, protocols
for referral and intervention, and training resource kits for service providers.
People and caregivers should be sensitized about the security of elderly persons;
elderly individuals should not be left alone for long periods of time; family members
should have close ties with their ageing relatives or friends; and communities should
consider providing direct assistance to care giving families.

AIDS
George, Annie. (1997).
Sexual behaviour and sexual negotiation among poor women and men in
Mumbai : an exploratory study. Vadodara : Sahaj Society for Health
Alternatives. 136 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR 3.AIDS 4.HIV/AIDS 5.SEX
INDUSTRY 6.LOCAL SEX INDUSTRY 7.HEALTH FACILITIES 8.SEXUAL
NEGOTIATIONS 9.GENDER ISSUES 10.PATRIARCHY 11.VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
12.SEXUAL UNHAPPINESS 13.SEXUALITY 14.MUMBAI.
Abstract : This study examined aspects of sexual behaviour and sexual negotiation
of an urban slum population with a view to gaining insights into the sexual lives of
people that would be useful in understanding the social context and conditions for
the spread of HIV/AIDS in Mumbai. This study was conducted between October
1995 and September 1997 in Brihan Mumbai, having a population of 9.9 millions
(Census of India, 1991), adopting qualitative research methodology, and using a semistructured
interview format. Of the 87 women contacted, 65 participated in the
study and they were mostly from Kaamgar Nagar; 37 men were also contacted but
only 23 participated in the study. Fifteen men were in the age range 26 to 35 years,
the youngest man interviewed was 26 years and the oldest was 42 years. The
average age of women was 29.9 years. Forty-seven women were literate having five
years of schooling. The average age at first marriage was 16.2 years. The personal
and family situation of the men and women respondents indicated early marriages,
early child bearing, and child care responsibilities that were shouldered in small
homes in poor conditions, where even basic facilities were available only on payment
of exorbitant rates. In marriages where men provided for the family regularly (42
of 65 women respondents, and 22 of 23 male respondents), their wage was perceived
to be adequate for the family. Thirty-two women reported being beaten by their
husbands at least sometimes. Women were beaten on the arms, back and thighs.
Sticks, hands, cooking vessels, etc. were the instruments used for beating. The
consequences of such violence as expressed by the women were aches and pains,
cuts and bruises with bleeding, damage of vision and hearing, and problems during
pregnancy. But four women mentioned that they beat their husbands. Alcohol abuse
was the major reason for wife beating. All women respondents counted on their
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AIDS
parents and siblings as their main source of support, whether they were in
harmonious or in conflicting marital relationships. A few women shared a compatible
relationship with their husbands, but women felt compelled to live up to the belief
of male right to sex in marriage. There were some men who said they used force all
the time, some who used it some of the time, and some who did not use it at all.
Men’s views about their wives sexuality appeared to be that it is a force which
exists primarily to please the husband or fulfill his sexual needs. For men, the risk
of unwanted pregnancies existed only within the context of marriage. For most men
and their wives, female sterilization was the preferred method of contraception.
The possibility of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS,
through sex with sex workers and other outside women was well known to men, and
some of them used condoms only with sex workers. One of them had between 100
to125 sexual partners in his lifetime. Women who were poor, who provided sex for
money, or who were otherwise marginalized, did not consider their risk of acquiring
AIDS to be high, because they had always faced some kind of risk on the other. The
availability of condoms and its increased marketing increased its appeal across all
sectors. Reforms in the health sector along with greater focus on HIV/AIDS
prevention strategies will go a long way in controlling the AIDS epidemic. There
should be more clinics and qualified and sensitive doctors to provide high quality
treatment for sexual transmitted diseases. Short term improvements in men’s and
women’s access to education, health care and economic opportunities may improve
their health status.

Budget
Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, New Delhi. (2006).
Whose side are you on, Mr. Finance Minister? Response to the Union Budget
2006-07. New Delhi: CBGA. 44 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.BUDGET SOCIAL SECTOR 3.EVALUATION OF
BUDGET 2006-07 4.SOCIAL SECTOR ALLOCATION 5.GOVERNMENT SPENDING.
Abstract : The Union Budget is on important document manifesting the priorities
accorded to various sectors. This study analyzed the Union Budget of 2006-07. It
focused on allocation and proposals relating to various sectors. In 2005-06 Gender
Budget Cells had been set up in 35 Departments of the Government of India. From
33 blocks/projects in 1975, ICDS has expanded to 5,652 projects in 2005, of which
5,625 projects with 7,43,156 anganwadi centres were operational on 31 st July 2005.
ICDS covered 484,42,000 (484.42 lakh) beneficiaries consisting of 403 lakh
children below 6 years of age and 81 lakh pregnant and lactating mothers.
Government gave assistance of Rs.17000 crore under ICDS. Total allocation
increased from Rs.3,315 crore to Rs.4,087 crore in 2006-07 budget. On an average,
85% of the total expenditure on social services is being undertaken by the States.
Social services as per annual financial statement of the Central Government for
2006-07 include: General Education, Technical Education, Medical and Public Health,
Family Welfare, Social Security and Welfare, Nutrition, Welfare of SCs, STs and
Other Backward Classes, and other social services. Total expenditure on these
services was Rs.43396.88 crore in 2006-07 budget. For education, Government has
committed to spend around Rs.14855 crore, which is substantially higher than the
past allocation. On health, Government raised the plan allocation for National AIDS
Control Organization from Rs.232 crores in 2004-05 to Rs.636.67 crore. TB Control
Programme had registered an increase in budget from Rs.115 crore in 2004-05 to
Rs.184.17 crore in 2006-07. Rs.4842.68 crore was for Ministry of Women and Child
Development, Rs.6541.98 crore for Department of Health and Family Welfare, and
Rs. 84.37 crore for Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. Central
Government has not made any radical move in the direction of addressing the social
sector deficiencies visible across all sectors. Allocation made for education is in no
way going to fulfill the goal of spending 6% of GDP on this sector. A similar story
holds for the health sector. Food subsidy for the poor has increased by Rs.1000
crore over the last year figure, but as a proportion of total budgetary expenditure,
it declined from 4.6% to 4.3%. Fiscal conservatism and associated expenditure
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7
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Budget
management is the central character of the Union Budget 2006-07. Union Budget
does not seem to provide any significant programme for welfare of children. The
negligence of important needs of children relating to nutrition and development,
health and protection is apparent, and the priorities for women in allocation of
resources are very low in crucial sectors like rural development, secondary and
higher education, etc. The Government must expand the scope of such an exercise
to other important departments such as the Department of Health and Family
Welfare. HAQ’s endeavour towards demystifying the budget and informing various
stakeholders about its implications for the economically and socially vulnerable
sections of the population will be useful in seeking transparency and accountability
for just governance.
Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, New Delhi. (2008).
Budget 2008-09: Reaffirming Rhetoric?: Response to the Union Budget
2008-09. New Delhi : CBGA. 78 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.BUDGET 2008-09 3.SOCIAL SECTOR SPENDING.
Abstract : With the UPA Government approaching the fifth and last year of its
tenure, hopes reigned high from the Union Budget 2008-09. The Centre for Budget
and Governance Accountability (CBGA) has attempted to demystify this budget
from the lens of the disadvantaged sections of society. The economy has shown
steady growth and in 2008-09, tax collections are expected to be around 13% of
GDP. In spite of the increasing tax collections and growing GDP, the Government has
failed to make sufficient investment in the social sectors. The National Common
Minimum Programme (NCMP) promise of spending 6% of GDP and public resources
for education remains unfulfilled with the combined outlay for the education
departments of centre and states remaining at a meagre 2.84% of GDP in 2007-08.
Mid Day Meal scheme has been extended to upper primary classes in Government
and Government aided schools in all blocks, which is a welcome step. Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyan (excluding the NER Component) decreased from Rs. 12.020 crore in 2007-
08 (RE) to Rs. 11,940 crore in 2008-09 (BE). The Finance Minister has proposed to
increase allocation on health by 15% to 16,534 crore in 2008-09. Since 2005-06,
health expenditure of States and Union Government taken together has remained
stagnant at around 0.99% of GDP, which is not even one third of the promised 3% of
the GDP on health. The proposed allocation for National Rural Health Mission
(NRHM) is Rs. 12,050 crore which is a mere 11.4% increase over 2007-08 RE. The
Government has introduced Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana that will provide a
health insurance cover of Rs. 30,000 for every worker and their family in the
unorganized sector falling under the Below Poverty Line (BPL) category, and has
allocated Rs. 205 crore as the Centre’s share. This is a meagre amount, and it seems

8
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Budget
the Union Government is proposing to shift the major burden of the scheme to
states. Total allocations for women show a very marginal increase from 3.3% to 3.6%
of the total government expenditure, a mere 0.3% increase. The budget provisions
for Early Childhood Care and Development for the year 2008-09 was Rs. 6,695.33
crore. Allocation for Child Development as a proportion of total Government
expenditure was 0.89% for 2008-09. Budgetary provisions for Child Health were Rs.
4,064.33 crore, which was 0.54% of total expenditure of Union Government.
Budgetary provisions for Child Education were Rs. 29,009.55 crore (3.86%).
Budgetary provision for Child Protection was Rs. 429.9 crore for the year 2008-09
which was 0.06% of the total expenditure. Total outlays for Child Specific Schemes
was Rs. 40,199.11 crore, total outlays from Union Budget was Rs. 750,884 crore, and
total Child Specific outlays as a proportion of total outlays from Union Budget was
5.35%. The Union Budget outlay for ICDS has been increased from Rs. 4,857 crore
in 2007-08 to Rs. 5,665 crore in 2008-09. Increase has been proposed in the
allocations for Ministry of Minority Affairs from Rs. 362.83 crore to Rs. 1,013.83
crore, but still there are no schemes to address the specific vulnerabilities of
Muslim women. Women specific allocations in agriculture as a percentage of total
allocations in agriculture have increased while in higher education, priority for
women has gone down. Allocations for RCH have gone up from Rs. 1,629.17 crore last
year to Rs. 2,504.75 crore. There are some new interventions for the scheduled
castes and scheduled tribes, namely special focus on SC/ ST women in National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), Rs. 130 crore allocations to make Jawahar
Navodaya Vidyalayas accessible to SC/ ST students in 20 districts that have large
concentration of SC/ ST population. The total plan outlay earmarked for scheduled
castes as a percentage of total Government expenditure has declined from 7.90% in
2007-08 (BE) to 7.51% in 2008-09 (BE). A close review of plan outlay for the North
Eastern Region (NER) reflects an ambitious and satisfactory allocation for the NER,
amounting to 6.8% of the plan outlay. It was recommended that there is an urgent
need to invest a large amount of funds for creation of irrigation facilities to realize
the irrigation potential. There should be fair reconciliation of conflicting interests
of different regions; adequate total development with accountability; infrastructure
development; economic growth; greater economic linkages with neighbouring regions;
and better governance and democratic legitimacy. These should form the foundation
of durable peace and prosperity of the country and the NER region.

Community Participation/ Community Development
Ganju Thakur, Sarojini. (2003).
Social mobilization and community empowerment for poverty alleviation.
New Delhi : India, Ministry of Women and Child Development. 31 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.COMMUNITY RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
3.COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION 4.MOBILIZATION COMMUNITY 5.SOCIAL
MOBILIZATION 6.POVERTY ALLEVIATION 7.SELF HELP GROUPS 8.VILLAGE BASED
ORGANIZATIONS.
Abstract : Social mobilisation and community empowerment for poverty alleviation is
a joint programme of the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India and
UNDP in Anantpur, Kurnool and Mahbubnagar districts of Andhra Pradesh. Its main
objectives are to promote and develop grass roots people’s institutions and
strengthen their capabilities for self-management; build capacities of the three
DRDAs and line departments on social mobilization for poverty alleviation; promote
sustainable livelihoods and income earning opportunities for the poor; and to identify
legal and regulatory frameworks that come in the way of the poor. The project is
based on the organization of women into self help groups (SHGs) of 15-20 women
with saving and credit as an entry point. A sum of Rs. 1 per day to Rs. 20 per week
per woman is collected from group members and forms the basis of funds for
rotation for the initial internal loaning that takes place in the group. Village
organizations credit a common platform in the village, provide services in the form
of capacity building of village groups, monitor the functioning of groups, provide
linkages with banks, mobilize community action, and most importantly, act as
financial intermediaries. Mandal Mahila Samakhyas are women’s organizations,
playing the advocacy, link, delivery and monitoring roles that many NGOs play. They
are recognized as an apex organization for giving loans to women, and funds/
benefits for various Government programmes such as DPEP, PDS, Indira Awas
Yojana, etc. Dairy development is also routed through them. The project has
specifically targeted women, as approximately 90% of the members of groups are
women. Group functioning, training and capacity building have resulted in a visible
9
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008

Community Participation/ Community Development
increase in self confidence and self esteem of all members, and thrown up an
articulate leadership which can interact with various organizations at the village
level and also with the official machinery. As far as overall progress of the Project
is concerned it can be said that the project has succeeded in dealing with social
mobilization, but issues related to empowerment and poverty eradication need to be
given more attention. The poor require that investments should be made to build
their capacity to demand and access other resources and exercise effective
participation in community organizations for the existing groups to reach a stage
where many more women cross the poverty line. There is need to further facilitate
the groups so that there can be greater focus on higher incomes and value addition.
It we accept that poverty alleviation is to lead to well being and we include in this
basic nutritional status, access to education and health as among the basic needs, we
need not only address these issues more directly in the Project, but also have an
evaluation that looks at qualitative changes in income, health status, literacy, etc.
While it is clear that there has been a very strong process of institution building at
group, village and mandal level, and also that they have evolved as credit delivery
mechanisms, further study is needed to empirically determine the impact on
poverty, the changes in access and control over resources, and the increase in
capabilities. There is a need to focus on building networks of groups in a systematic
fashion, and over a period of time, there should be a conscious effort to transfer
ownership of the programme and it’s monitoring to the men and women who are
involved.
10
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008

Development
Gujarat Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong>, Ahmedabad. (2005).
Infrastructure and growth in a regional context : Indian states since the
1980s. Ahmedabad : GIDR. 21 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.DEVELOPMENT 3.REGIONAL DISPARITY
4.INFRASTRUCTURE 5.PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE 6.INVESTMENT DECISIONS
7.INDIAN FEDERATION.
Abstract : Over half a century now, in the post World War II scenario, the crucial
role of infrastructure in promoting regional development has been identified and
eminently articulated in the literature on development economics. Numerous studies,
largely concerned with developed nations, have established that a stronger
infrastructure base contributed directly or indirectly to the generation of income
and employment in a given region. This study exclusively considers certain important
physical infrastructure, namely transportation, power, telecommunications,
irrigation, drinking water and sanitation. Advanced and proactive states, namely
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana and Kerala have been in the forefront of
development promoting this crucial component - infrastructure. The states with
least progress were Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Bihar and Orissa; and the level of
development reflects the inability of these states to mobilize resources for
financing state highways. In terms of per capita electricity consumption, Gujarat,
Punjab, Goa, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu are far ahead of low consuming states as
Assam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh. Even during the
period of reforms, the poorer states have failed to catch up with the much
acclaimed communications revolution. Since the early 1990s, national highways
continued to be an important infrastructure resource. From 1980-2001, all the four
selected infrastructure variables, namely density of national highways (NH), density
of rail routes (Rail), irrigation intensity (Irr), per capita consumption of electricity
(Ele), and teledensity (Tel) had grown in importance in impacting state per capita
income. The strong linkage between electricity and rural development is evident. The
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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008

12
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Development
increased coverage of rural electrification has been very low in states such as Bihar,
Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, ranging between just 5% and 20%. Absence
or inadequacy of basic infrastructure continues to plague the progress of numerous
villages and habitations. One of the most neglected aspects of infrastructure in
rural India is the availability of sanitation facilities. In poorer states such as
Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar, the coverage of this facility is abysmally
low. Investing in infrastructure continues to be a Central Government activity. The
private sector has preferred investing in the information and communications
sector, but in relatively better-off states. Detailed studies examining the dynamics
of processes underlying lopsided growth and endowment of infrastructure across
Indian states are essential for understanding the actual context within which
development decisions are taken.

Disaster Relief
Amnesty International, London. (2004).
Clouds of injustice : Bhopal disaster 20 years on : the summary. London : AI.
8 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY 3.DISASTER RELIEF.
Abstract : On the night of 2 nd December 1984, over 35 tons of toxic gases leaked
from a pesticide plant in Bhopal owned by the US-based multinational Union Carbide
Corporation (UCC)’s Indian affiliate Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL). An Amnesty
International Report highlights that the leak has claimed more than 20,000 lives so
far and left more than a 100,000 people chronically ill, who are unable to work due
to their illness or injury and have been impoverished. The high cost of treatment
and meagre compensation have further aggravated the economic hardships of
survivors. The plant site has still not been cleaned up and continues to pollute the
environment and contaminate water used by the surrounding communities. Though
the disaster shocked the world and raised fundamental questions about government
and corporate responsibility for industrial accidents, yet, over 20 years later, the
survivors still await just compensation, adequate medical assistance and treatment,
and comprehensive economic and social rehabilitation. The payment of compensation
to victims did not begin until 1992 and involved numerous problems like payment of
inadequate sums, delayed payments, arbitrary rejection or down grading of claims.
Excessive bureaucracy in the claim process led to the exclusion of victims of
disaster from shaping the end of the case, entry of middlemen, rampant corruption,
and reduction in the amount of compensation money that victims were able to finally
get. Having noted the steps taken by Governments in India to assist the victims of
the Bhopal tragedy, Amnesty International calls on the Governments of India and
Madhya Pradesh to ensure the effective and prompt decontamination and clean up
of the Bhopal site by UCC or DOW Chemical Company (which took over UCC in 2001)
or to undertake the job if UCC/DOW were either unwilling or unable to do so;
conduct a detailed assessment of the nature and extent of damage to health and
environment from improper waste disposal and contaminants from the abandoned
factory site; to ensure that DOW/UCC provide full reparations, restitution,
compensation and rehabilitation for the continuing damage done to health and the
environment by the ongoing contamination of the site; ensure regular supply of
adequate safe water for the domestic use of affected communities; ensure
adequate and accessible health care for all survivors without discrimination,
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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008

14
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Disaster Relief
including children born of parents affected by the gas leak; work with survivors’
organizations to establish a mechanism for the distribution of all outstanding
compensation in a way that guarantees the victims access to justice and due
process, ensures transparency and guards against corruption; reassesses the
compensation received by victim following the 1989 settlement, and make up any
shortfall in line with the Supreme Court’s 1991 order; ensure that UCC make
available full information regarding reaction products released on the day of the
leak and make sure that such information is passed on to survivors in languages they
can understand; ensure that any relevant research on the health aspect of gas leak
are made public; conduct a thorough and transparent review of the rehabilitation
programs in consultation with survivors’ groups; address the particular needs of
women who face social stigma and those who were orphaned as a result of the
disaster; and invite relevant special procedures of the UN Commission on Human
Rights to visit India and examine the effect of UCIL/UCC and the Bhopal disaster
on contamination of the groundwater and the environment, and consequently on the
human rights of affected communities. Amnesty International further calls on the
US Government, DOW Chemical Company, UN Commission on Human Rights and UN
High Commissioner for Human Rights to cooperate with the Government of India to
ensure that UCC and or DOW appear before the Chief Magistrate’s Court in Bhopal
to face trial on criminal charges and provide full reparations, restitution,
compensation and rehabilitation for the continuing damage done to people’s health
and environment. The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath reflects the need for an
international human rights framework that can be applied to companies directly,
that could also act as a catalyst for national legal reform and serve as a benchmark
for national laws and regulations.
Parathasarathy, R and B.L. Kumar. (2002).
Met and unmet needs of quake affected population : interim findings.
Ahmedabad : Gujarat Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong>. ~30 p.
Key Words: 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.DISASTER RELIEF 3.EARTHQUAKE 4.RELIEF AND
REHABILITATION 5.REHABILITATION 6.QUAKE AFFECTED 7.RESCUE
OPERATIONS 8.GUJARAT.
Abstract : The study assessed the relief and rehabilitation packages for the
earthquake (6 th January 2001) affected population in Gujarat. Two Talukas and a
town namely, Patdi, Surendranagar district and Anjar, Kutchh district, and
Gandhidham town were selected for the study. It was found that all 89 villages of
Patdi Taluka were affected by the quake and 16 of them reported severe damages.
Seventeen persons lost their lives and 139 persons were injured. In all 4422 houses
were completely damaged, including 1520 pucca (permanent) and 2902 kutchha

15
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Disaster Relief
(semi-permanent) structures. The study estimated loss of both, partially and fully
damaged houses, to be Rs.4230 lakhs. In Anjar, out of 75 villages, 68 reported loss
of life and properties, 1215 persons died and 2062 persons suffered injuries. The
earthquake also caused loss to village artisans in Bhuj, and affected 130 weavers,
1050 handicraft workers and 2000 other artisans. The study found that financial
assistance given for damaged houses in Patdi taluka was Rs.1961.09 lakhs in the first
instalment, and Rs.198.91 lakhs in the second instalment. Relief provided under
agriculture and industries package in Patdi taluka was in the form of kits containing
seeds, fertilizers, implements, pesticides, etc. and amounted to Rs.33.15 lakhs.
Assistance provided for damage of pump houses was Rs.4.12 lakhs, and for irrigation
equipments it was Rs.0.14 lakh. Assistance to salt workers having a plot of 10 acres
was Rs.3.70 lakhs, and cash assistance given to shop/cabin owners was Rs.17.41
lakhs. In Gandhidham town more than 90% of the people whose houses were
affected were disbursed an amount of Rs.1582 lakhs. In about 2.5% cases financial
assistance was rejected. In Chandrani village of Anjar taluka, rebuilding of 143
houses was in progress and nearing completion. In Navagam village, 326 houses on a
28 acre plot were being constructed, and this project included community buildings,
a Panchayat office, a seven room primary school, an anganwadi, a health centre, two
community halls and two temples. The study suggested that the needs of disabled
persons should be taken into account while constructing new houses. There was
need to adopt a policy for the economic rehabilitation of orphans, aged widowers and
their children and disabled. There should be transparency in Government
functioning, co-ordination between NGOs, people and the Government, and
dissemination of information about relief and rehabilitation packages.
Samal, Kishor C. and Mohanty, Srikanta. (2003).
Coping strategy of weaker sections (dalits and women) in post super cyclone
Orissa. Bhubaneswar : Nabakrushna Choudhary Centre for Development
Studies. 173 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.CYCLONE 3.DISASTER MANAGEMENT 4.SUPER
CYCLONE 5.WOMEN AND CHILDREN 6.COPING STRATEGY 7.COPING MECHANISM
8.SC WOMEN 9.DISASTER RELIEF 10.ORISSA.
Abstract : The present study examined the consequences of the Super-Cyclone
1999 that hit 12 districts on the coast of Orissa. The Cyclone affected 97
community blocks, 28 urban bodies, 1827 Gram Panchayats and 15,676 villages
covering a total population of 13 million. The main objectives of the study were to
assess the loss incurred by weaker sections, measure the benefits received from
relief provided by Government and other agencies, and find out the coping strategy
in post Super Cyclone Orissa. The study covered 9 villages of the most affected
Erasma block of Jagatsinghpur district where more than 8000 people were killed.

16
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Disaster Relief
Data was collected through primary and secondary sources. The samples taken were
women-headed households (38.96%), male-headed households (61.03%), dalits
(54.69%) and non-dalits (45.39%). Cultivation was the main income earning
occupation of the sample households. Study found that when warning about oncoming
cyclone came, only 17% of the sample households took precautionary measures, while
the remaining 83% did not take any action. Findings revealed that the Super-Cyclone
affected the people of Erasma block so badly that all the sample villages remained
marooned and isolated for days together. All the basic necessities as well as
household articles, food stocks, clothes, and income generating assets were swept
away. There was no electricity and telephone connection and roads were blocked by
fallen trees and other debris. The Indian Air Force air-dropped food and other
relief materials 3-4 days after the cyclone stopped. Major relief operation was
started by the Government on an average gap of 8 days after the cyclone. Food
items, clothes, polythene rolls, tarpaulins, blankets, candles, match boxes, bleaching
powder, oil, baby food, drinking water, water purifying tablets, and fodder were
some of the relief materials distributed by the Government. Several relief
operations i.e. reconstruction of damaged infrastructure, digging new tube wells, exgratia
payments to next of kin, revival of agriculture and horticulture, supply of nets
and boats to fishermen, revival of plantation and Food for Work Programmes were
carried out by several NGOs, Gram Panchayats and Government. Government of
Orissa paid an amount of Rs.75,000 to next of kin (legal heir of each person who
died during 1999 Super Cyclone). Provision of safer houses is the first requirement
of affected people who face the sudden impact of natural disasters like cyclones,
floods, etc. Also, community participation and involvement of local level agencies is
necessary, not only in rescue and relief operations, but in the contingency plans for
disaster management of all states.
UNICEF Orissa, Bhubaneswar. (2000).
Orissa supercyclone emergency information pack : UNICEF. Bhubaneswar :
UNICEF. 35 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.CYCLONE 3.ORISSA 4.UNICEF EMERGENCY
RELIEF 5.DISASTER RELIEF 6.CYCLONE ORISSA 7.SUPER CYCLONE 8.ORISSA
SUPER CYCLONE.
Abstract : Study gives an update of the devastating supercyclone of Orissa on 29 th
October 1999 and the rehabilitation efforts of UNICEF. 19 districts were
affected, and the worst affected were Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapura, Puri, Khurda,
Bhadrakh and Balasore. 13 million people were affected, including an estimated 3.3
million children. 1,500 children were orphaned with an undetermined number of
children losing one parent, or becoming especially vulnerable due to the situation of

17
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Disaster Relief
their families. Over 17,000 schools were damaged or destroyed. Along with other
NGOs and donors, UNICEF took immediate action to bring relief to the affected
people of Orissa. The first UNICEF supply reached Orissa on 31st October, and it
was able to mobilize additional resources that included 570 tonnes of food, medicine
and emergency supplies worth more than US $1.3 million. Supplies also included
polythene and tarpauline sheets for temporary shelters, chloroquine phosphate
tablets to treat malaria, high energy biscuits, blankets, jerry cans, bleaching powder
and chlorine tablets for decontamination of water resources, oral dehydration salt
and pre-packed survival kits for families. UNICEF helped to build over 500 latrines;
75% wells in Cuttack district alone were made usable within ten days; and over
68,000 tubewells were repaired, disinfected and restored within two weeks.
UNICEF supported Orissa Government in restoring the cold chain and protection of
vaccines. Vitamin A supplementation campaign, just prior to the Supercylone,
boosted children’s resistance to disease and contributed to the prevention of
epidemics. Volunteers, with UNICEF’s support to identify and locate children at
risk, conducted door-to-door surveys. Action was taken to develop ‘Prevention of
Child Labour Centres’ to support children at risk from becoming child labour or being
engaged in dangerous and exploitative conditions; and to provide accommodation,
health care, education, vocational training and pastoral support to the children.
Cases of trauma and psychosocial conditions referred for psychiatric help included
children 12-18 years of age and elderly people. Community centres were set up to
provide support for the elderly, destitute women and children living in impoverished
families. Locally situated Integrated Child Development Service (ICDS) workers
assisted widows, women-headed households and destitute families to start smallscale
income generating projects that included basket weaving, gardening and
weaving.
United Nations, New Delhi. (2006).
Tsunami : India two years after : a joint report by the United Nations,
World Bank and Asian Development Bank. New Delhi : UN. 74 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.TSUNAMI 3.DISASTER RELIEF
4.REHABILITATION DISASTER 5.NATURAL CALAMITY.
Abstract : This report was a joint initiative by the World Bank, Asian Development
Bank and the United Nations to critically reflect on the pace and extent of progress
in Tsunami recovery in India over the last two years. According to reports from
Government of India the Tsunami led to the loss of life of 12,405 people, caused
injury to 6,913 people, and total of 647,599 people had to move to safer places. 787
women were widowed and 530 children were orphaned. The main objective of the
project was to support the efforts of Governments of Tamil Nadu and Kerala to

18
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Disaster Relief
restore economic growth and alleviate poverty in the Tsunami affected areas.
Response to the Tsunami from India and from the international community was
overwhelming and unique in the history of natural disasters. Under the leadership of
the Prime Minister and the Ministry of Home Affairs, a number of committees were
established to guide the Tsunami relief and recovery efforts. Substantial funding
was given by Government of India (US$ 155.5 million) through Prime Minister’s
National Relief Fund. Asian Development Bank released US$ 58.84 million for
rehabilitation and development of livelihood activities, and Tamil Nadu and Kerala
received a grant of US$ 49.99 million and US$ 8.85 million respectively. The World
Bank provided technical assistance as well as financial support totaling US$ 465
million to Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry. Over the last 24 months the World Bank
Team worked closely with the Government on housing reconstruction. The Team also
supported awareness campaigns on coastal regulatory zone issues and provided
significant input in the formulation of the demarcation of high tide line. Since
reconstruction started, significant progress has been made by NGOs in the housing
sector. In the two years since the disaster, 27,845 houses have been completed of
the total 98,477 houses required across India. United Nations (UN) supported the
implementation plans led by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare for
vaccination against measles and other diseases and supply of Vitamin A to 103,629
children immediately after the Tsunami. The UN provided technical assistance and
as a result immunization coverage rose from 91% to 96.3%. 23,180 (89%) children
received Vitamin A supplementation. The initial focus of psycho-social care
expanded from immediate recovery support to support of children and young people
in life skills. The focus of support was to assist the Government and communities to
strengthen systems and service delivery for children. The swiftness of assistance
brought survivors back on the road of economic recovery fast. Two years after the
Tsunami struck coastal regions of the Indian Ocean, Tsunami Recovery work has
moved into a crucial phase. Results will have to be demonstrated also in terms of
sustainability, equity, and building back better. The road ahead is still long, but is
more clearly paved as a result of the successful completion of the relief phase, and
the establishment of a strong foundation of partnerships between all actors, as
awareness of the importance of disaster risk management and a high level of
commitment develops towards coordination and working together.

Drug Abuse/ Alcohol/ Tobacco
Arora, Monika et al. (2008).
Association between tobacco marketing and use among urban youth in India.
New Delhi : Health Related Information Dissemination Amongst Youth
(HRIDAY). 11 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.DRUG ABUSE 3.TOBACCO 4.YOUTH.
Abstract : The tobacco industry undertakes various activities to increase the sale
of tobacco products. The present study investigated the receptivity to tobacco
marketing and exposure to tobacco advertisements with tobacco use among urban
youth in 2 cities of India. The project covered 32 schools in Delhi (16 schools) and
Chennai (16 schools). A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted
covering 11,748 students who represented 94% of the sample at baseline: 5,889
(50.6%) students were from Delhi, 7,153 (61.4%) belong to government schools,
6,386 (54.9%) were males, and 6,165 (52.9%) were in Grade 6. In this study 24.8%
of sixth grade and 9.3% of eighth grade students had ever used tobacco, and 6.7%
and 2.9% respectively were current users. Of the 493 students who responded that
they had a favourite tobacco advertisement, 238 recollected specific brand names.
A total of 52 brands were listed including smoking and chewing forms of tobacco
products. Of the students reporting brand names, the average number of brands
reported was about one per student. Although a few students (n=3) reported up to 5
brands, most reported just one (n=186), and others reported about 2 to 4 brands
(n=49). There were more favourite advertisements reported for chewing tobacco
(n=236) than smoking tobacco (n=83). Among smoking forms, Wills, a cigarette brand
name of Indian Tobacco Company, was the most reported tobacco brand followed by
Gold Flakes of ITC, and Red and White of Godfrey Phillips India Ltd. Among
advertisements of chewing tobacco product brands, Pan Parag was the most
reported brand. Of the 11,642 students, 11,568 (99.3%) responded to questions of
receptivity to tobacco advertising; of these 5.8% (n=665) were categorized as
moderately receptive, and 64.5% (n=7465) were categorized as not at all receptive.
Of the 11,642 students, 10,877 (93.4%) responded to the questions related to
exposure to tobacco advertising. About 37% students reported having seen tobacco
advertisements at more than 4 places, about 50% reported to have seen tobacco
advertisements at 1-4 places, and 13.2% reported not having seen any tobacco
advertisement on any of the 7 places listed in the survey. The index of exposure to
tobacco advertising was significantly associated with current use of any tobacco
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20
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Drug Abuse/ Alcohol/ Tobacco
product among these students. The relationship between exposure to advertising
and tobacco use did vary by grade for both ever-tobacco use (p

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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Drug Abuse/ Alcohol/ Tobacco
first used alcohol at 23.5 years. The alcoholic beverages preferred were spirits
(mainly whisky and brandy) 69%, arrack (locally brewed and distilled alcohol) 27%,
and beer 0.9%. With a mean monthly earning of Rs.1660.95 [1703.78], they spent
Rs.1938.40 [1649.82] on buying alcohol, contributing Rs.601.84 [1072.88] to family
expenses, i.e. 33% of the individual’s salary. About 40% of the group did not
contribute any money at all to the family expenses. They had also incurred loans
worth Rs.8388.29 [Rs.21447.11]. Only 6.3% of the patients were admitted to deaddiction
centres for the first time. The mean number of admissions was 2.06 [1.71]
over the last two years. Only 25% of the subjects paid for their treatment, the
rest received treatment free of cost. The responsibility for financial support of
the family had been taken over by the spouse or other relatives in 88.6% cases.
Around 7.3% marriages had broken down, and 15% of all the alcoholics had lost their
jobs. About 9.7% families had to send one or more children below 15 years to work
to supplement the family finances. Private cost of alcoholism amounted to
Rs.11086.88, external cost amounted to Rs.18,798.82, and the total social cost of
alcohol dependence was Rs.29,885.80 per patient per month. In Karnataka it was
estimated that there were 5 lakh alcohol dependent individuals (3.97% is the
prevalence rate in the state). The cost per person per day for detoxification and
counselling in NIMHANS was calculated to be Rs.600/-. Each patient was admitted
for 38.42 days per admission, and with a mean of 2.06 admissions over 2 years, the
cost of health care in a year, assuming all alcohol dependent individuals undergo at
least one admission in a year, was estimated to be Rs.1129.39 crores. Cost of
medical treatment (data is available for head injury only) amounted to Rs.0.15
crores. Loss of productivity due to sickness, absenteeism and unemployment
amounted to Rs.691.18 crores. The Total Health and Family Welfare budget of
Karnataka for 1995-96 was Rs.469.58 crores. Therefore, alcoholism caused
substantial economic loss to the individual and state. Knowledge needs to be
disseminated on the public health aspects of alcohol related problems among the
community to reduce health problems, and its cost to the individual and the nation.
The costs are heavy and place a severe burden on society’s scarce resources, more
so in a developing economy.

22
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Drug Abuse/ Alcohol/ Tobacco
Family Health International, New Delhi. (2007).
Mapping and size estimation of injecting drug users in five north eastern
states of India. New Delhi : ICMR. 41 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.DRUG ABUSE NORTH EAST INDIA 3.INJECTING
DRUG ABUSERS 4.AIDS PREVENTION 5.HIGH RISK GROUP 6.NORTH EAST INDIA.
Abstract : HIV infection related to injecting drug use (IDU) is becoming a public
health problem in states like Assam and Mizoram. A need was felt to assess the
problem in this region. The study was carried out in five north-eastern states of
India, viz Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Assam with funding support
from USAID. Rapid Field Assessment (RFA) was done in Assam at Guwahati (14),
Tezpur (1), Jorhat (1), Dibrugarh (1) and Tinsukia (1) centre(s). Heroin, brown sugar,
cannabis, opium, SP, synthetic and psychotropic drugs were the most commonly used
drugs in Assam. The size of IDU population as reported by SACS and NGOs was
estimated to be around 300 in Assam. However, Drug De-addiction Centres (DDC)
reported the number of IDUs to be between 250 and 300, and PLHA reported that
there were 400 IDUs in Guwahati alone. Drug use in the state was showing an
upward trend, and as a result, so was HIV among IDUs. According to one DDC about
70% of IDUs were HIV positive. IDUs preferred to inject in isolated and deserted
places. In Manipur, 30 interviews were conducted. Out of 9 districts, the most drug
prone areas were East and West Imphal, Thoubal and Bishenpur. Key Informants
(KIs) generally agreed that most IDUs were young males. However, there is an
increase in the abuse of adhesives and dendrite by young school children. Some KIs
believe that 6000 – 17,000 IDUs are HIV infected. In Meghalaya, 20 in-depth
interviews were conducted, and discussions with stakeholders from SACs, DDCs and
NGOs were held. The total IDU population of Meghalaya was estimated to be 1462.
In Assam and Meghalaya, either private or government HCPs (Health Care Providers)
were present in the vicinity of almost all the sites. In Manipur, no HCPs were
available in the vicinity of 424 (31.7%) sites. In Nagaland, there were about 173
sites, but no HCPs were available. However, NGOs were present in most areas in
Manipur and Nagaland. About 5-6 NGOs associated with drugs and HIV / AIDS
looked into the needs of the target groups in Meghalaya. In half of Manipur’s IDU
sites, the users were both youngsters and old people. Nearly 33% of the IDUs
comprised adults and 20% were young (18-25 years). Male IDUs were also many
more than females. IDU population appeared to be relatively small in some states,
however the problem is spreading in all districts of these states. Due to the
associated health risk of injecting drugs to the individual and the community, the
public health response needs to be strengthened to tackle the drug use issue in

23
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Drug Abuse/ Alcohol/ Tobacco
north – east India. Inadequacy of the current program interventions to reach out to
the target population was reflected in the study. High rate of risk taking behaviours
like sharing injection equipment was positively correlated with availability of risk
reduction activities like Needle and Syringe Exchange Programme (NSEP) in the
area. It is necessary to expand and strengthen the already existing activities in all
the states to deal with the IDU and HIV / AIDS issue in north–east India.
Reddy, Srinath K. and Gupta, Prakash C. (2004).
Tobacco control in India : report. New Delhi : India, Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare. 378 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.DRUG ABUSE SMOKING 3.SMOKING 4.TOBACCO
5.TOBACCO CONTROL 6.HEALTH HAZARDS 7.HEALTH HAZARDS SMOKING.
Abstract : Tobacco is used in a wide variety of ways: smoking, chewing, applying,
sucking, gargling, etc. National Household Survey of Drug and Alcohol Abuse in India
(NHSDAA), conducted in 2004, reveals that there were 1,860 tobacco users in the
12-18 years category, 7026 in the 19-30 years category, 5,186 in the 31-40 years
category, 4,193 in the 41-50 years category, and 3,638 people were in the 51-60
years category. NFHS-2 (1999) reported that tobacco use among men was 46.5%
and 13.8% among women aged 15 years and above. The prevalence of smoking among
men was reported to be lower than the NSS (1996) (29.3% vs 35.3%) where most
respondents were males, and the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use among women
was higher (12% vs 8.6%). NHSDDA (2003) found the prevalence of tobacco use to
be highest in South Bihar (94.7%), followed by Uttar Pradesh (87.3%), and the
lowest rate was found in Kerala (20.6%). The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS-
2000-04) supported by WHO and CDC revealed that 17.5% school students in the
age group of 13-17 years were current users of tobacco. Among students aged 13-15
years, 14.6% were current smokeless tobacco users. Users ranged from 2% in
Himachal Pradesh to 55.6% in Bihar. Current smoking in India was reported by 8.3%
students. It ranged from 2.2% in Himachal Pradesh to 34.5% in Mizoram. The GYTS
India results show that non-cigarette tobacco use (13.6%) was three times more
common than current cigarette smoking (4.2%). Over one-third of students (36.4%)
were exposed to second-hand smoke inside their homes and nearly half (48.7%)
outside their homes. The exposure to second-hand smoke inside the home ranged
from 9.9% in Punjab to 79.0% in Meghalaya; and outside the home it ranged from
23.5% in Punjab to 84.4% in Meghalaya. The study reveals that the toxic effects of
tobacco include Mutagenicity, Carcinogenicity and Genetic damage in humans. Nearly
3000 chemical constituents have been identified in smokeless tobacco, while close
to 4,000 are present in tobacco smoke, and many of them are harmful. Tobacco
contains tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNs), formed during fermentation and

24
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Drug Abuse/ Alcohol/ Tobacco
curing of tobacco, which are carcinogenic. The Nicotine content of different
tobacco products is Pandharpuri 54.77 mg/ g, Zarda 26.20 mg/ g, Masheri Br.1 6.02
mg/ g, Masheri Br.23.08 mg/ g, Rawa Tobacco 116.91 mg/g, Rawa Masheri 4.99 mg/
g, Beedi filter 42.05 mg/ g, Cigarette tobacco 14.19 mg/ g, and Beedi tobacco 35.15
mg/ g. According to US General’s Report (2004), tobacco is responsible for the
death of 1 in 10 adults, with 2.41 (1.80 – 3.15) million deaths reported in developing
countries, and 2.43 (2.13 – 2.78) million deaths reported in developed countries.
Among these, 3.84 million deaths were in men. The leading causes were
Cardiovascular diseases (1.69 million deaths), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease
(0.97 million deaths), and Lung Cancer (0.85 million). 50% of the unnecessary deaths
due to tobacco occur in middle age (35-69 years), robbing around 22 years of normal
life expectancy. To control tobacco consumption several initiatives have been taken.
Under Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) the Government of India
has set up Central Health Education Bureau (CHEB) and its state branches called the
State Health Education Bureaus. Every year, the CHEB conducts activities on 31
May, which is designated as No Tobacco Day. Directorate of Advertising and Visual
Publicity (DAVP) creates awareness among the masses about various public and social
health issues. WHO – SEARO (South East Asia Regional Office) initiated an year
long campaign in January 2000 to curb tobacco consumption in South East Asia.
National Tobacco Control Cell (NTCC) developed 13 anti-tobacco television
advertisements targeting the entire spectrum of tobacco products used in India.
Kalyani programme was launched by Ministry of Health in collaboration with Prasar
Bharati in 2002 to telecast a weekly health show on Doordarshan. It discusses
issues related to six diseases including those related to tobacco use. The different
varieties of unmanufactured tobacco and its value in Rs. in million in 2003 was Fluecured
Virginia (Rs. 4857.94 million), Burley (Rs. 746.58 million), Sun Cured natu (Rs.
127.96 million), Top leaf/ jutty (Rs. 74.13 million), Lal chopadia (Rs. 143.04 million),
Judi (Rs. 32.82 million), and others (Rs. 108.62 million). It was suggested that a
National Coordination Body (such as a National Commission for Tobacco Control)
should be created through an initiative of the Union Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare. This body should have representatives of key stakeholder groups. It
should help to catalyze policy, create partnerships, facilitate implementation at
multiple levels, monitor performance of NPTC related activities, and provide advice
to central and state Governments on the methods and means by which programme
implementation can be strengthened. Such a body should ideally have the status of a
statutory body but should remain fully autonomous. Mechanisms should be evolved to
obtain more precise estimates of morbidity and mortality attributable to tobacco
use in India. Health facilities should be completely tobacco free, over and beyond
what is required by the law.

25
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Drug Abuse/ Alcohol/ Tobacco
Singamma Sreenivasan Foundation, Bangalore. (2008).
Impact of state excise policy on arrack sales and consumption : final project
report. Bangalore : SSF. 54 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.ALCOHOLISM 3.DRUG ABUSE ALCOHOLISM 4.IMPACT
ON FAMILY 5.ILLICIT LIQUOR 6.ARRACK 7.NUTRITIONAL STATUS CHILDREN
8.KARNATAKA
Abstract : Alcohol has habit-forming and potentially addictive properties besides
being hazardous to health. It also has detrimental effects on family and children.
“Arrack” is diluted rectified spirit, readily used in place of alcohol in Karnataka. This
study was undertaken before the ban on the sale of arrack in Karnataka. It is
important to know that State excise on liquor contributed around 15% the State’s
tax revenue. More than 50% of the revenue from liquor came from arrack sales. It
contributed around Rs. 1565.40 crore out of Rs. 3414.94 crore in year 2005-06.
However, the sale of arrack faced major protests by women and Stree Shakti self
help groups. Therefore, the major objectives of the study were to study the impact
on liquor consumption with respect to its geographical proximity, and to study the
impact on the nutritional status of children (< 6 years) where liquor is consumed. A
total of 1200 households were selected as sample from 120 villages, from 3 districts
of Karnataka namely Chamarajanagar, Bijapur and Bellary. From each district 40
villages and from each village 10 households were selected. Out of 1194 households,
402 reported liquor consumption sometimes, whereas 230 households reported
liquor consumption on daily basis. 84% village households had access to liquor vending
in close proximity. The correlation matrix suggested that people from SC, ST
communities were frequent consumers of arrack. This was directly corrected to
their lower socio-economic status and negatively correlated with the level of
education. This was proven by the fact that Bellary’s Hadgali taluk had maximum
illiterates 66%, and 60% households consumed liquor, which was the highest in all 3
districts and taluks. To check the impact on nutritional status of children coming
from Arrack consuming households their height, weight and Mid Upper Arm
Circumference (MUAC) were noted. Out of 108 male children studied, 57 were from
Arrack consuming households and 51 were from Non Arrack consuming households.
Children from Non-Arrack consuming households were found to be nutritionally
better off. Also Non Arrack consuming households had more female children, 53 out
of 99, as compared to Arrack consuming households. The problem of arrack
consumption has subsided after its ban. Stree Shakti self help groups have helped
the Government in implementing the ban. The recommendations given were to impose
a total ban on sale of arrack, or alternatively to limit its access. After the ban, the
Government provided Indian made liquor (IML) as an alternative, with limited access,
to curb the crunch of Rs. 2000 crore in revenue.

26
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Drug Abuse/ Alcohol/ Tobacco
Singh, Manmeet and Singh Sarabjeet. (2001).
Alcohol habits in teenagers of Ludhiana City. Social Defence, 50(147) :
36-45.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.DRUG ABUSE-ADOLESCENT 3.ADOLESCENTS
4.ADOLESCENT-SUBSTANCE ABUSE 5.ALCOHOLISM 6.ALCHOLISM ADOLESCENT
7.YOUTH WELFARE 8.ALCOHOL HABITS.
Abstract : The objectives of the study were to examine the alcohol consumption
habits among 100 teenagers of five schools of Ludhiana city, Punjab to know the
reasons related to alcohol consumption and effect of media. Information was
collected through questionnaires and interviews. The study found that 68%
teenagers consumed alcohol while they were studying in Class 10 or at the age of 15-
16 years. Around 15% had their first drink when they were in Class 6 and 7. The
first exposure to alcohol of 38.23% teenagers was at marriage parties while 23.52%
had their first drink at home; 55.83% respondent reported that they consumed
alcohol for the first time in the company of friends. Data revealed that beer was
the hot favourite with 50% respondents, followed by whisky (35%). About 55.88%
teenagers mentioned that their families consumed alcohol, so they also were in the
habit of taking alcohol; while 44.12% said that they consumed alcohol but not their
family members. About 64.70% respondents claimed that they did not experience
any effect of liquor after their first drink. 79.41% respondents consumed alcohol
every now and then. 64% respondents felt that media had a powerful role to play in
encouraging a person to drink. It was suggested that parents should help the
teenagers to understand the difference between messages in advertising and truth
about the dangers of drinking. About 91% respondents were of the opinion that the
practice of selling liquor to underage persons should be strictly prohibited, and 81%
felt that Government must reduce the number of vendors drastically. A blanket ban
should be imposed on drinking at marriage parties (56%) and in markets/public
places (63%). The Government can play a significant role in arresting this menace
through effective policies. Media can play a vital role in overcoming the menace of
alcoholism, especially when presented through dialogues.

Employment
Dreze, Jean and Oldiges, Christian. (2007).
Commendable Act: field reports suggest that the anticipated benefits of
employment guarantee are beginning to show in the pioneer districts.
New Delhi : Delhi University, Deptt. of Sociology. 5 p.
Key Words : 1.RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2.EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT 3.EMPLOYMENT
RURAL AREAS 4.EMPOWERMENT WOMEN.
Abstract : The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) came into force
in 200 districts in February 2006. Many districts were unable to put the required
systems in place before the summer months, which tend to be the period of works.
The field report suggests that the anticipated benefits of employment guarantee
are beginning to show in the pioneer districts. The study reports that the levels of
NREGA employment and expenditure were higher in 2007-08. NREGA generated
900 million person-days of employment in 2006-07, at a cost of about Rs. 9000
crore. This is much below the employment and expenditure level that would
materialize if the Act were implemented in letter and spirit. There are startling
differences in the levels of NREGA employment in different states. Some state
governments have clearly decided to own the NREGA and have seized this
opportunity to provide large scale employment to the rural poor at the cost of the
central government. The best performing states were Rajasthan (nearly 100 days),
Tripura in northeastern India (87 days), Assam, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
Surprisingly, Kerala was at the rock bottom due to the low demand for NREGA
employment in the state, rather than that of a failure to provide it. The large north
Indian states generally lag far behind in the implementation of schemes. But in the
case of NREGA, the pattern was reversed - only one of the southern (Karnataka) or
western states has generated more than 10 person-days of employment per rural
household in 2006-07, while the eastern and northern states have done
comparatively well. It was encouraging to find that NREGA made an early start in
these deprived regions. Women’s share of NREGA employment is nearly 50% at the
all India level, rising to a startling 81% in Tamil Nadu. The study found that the
economic dependence of women on men in rural India plays a major role in the
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28
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Employment
subjugation of women, and in this respect NREGA is an important tool of social
change. However, many states are violating the Act by failing to ensure that the
share of women in NREGA employment is at least 33%: Jammu and Kashmir (4%
only), Himachal Pradesh (12% only) and Uttar Pradesh (17%). The labour component
of the NREGA is supposed to account for at least 60% of total expenditure. This
requirement is comfortably met in most states, though some of them have
marginally lower ratios, and Himachal Pradesh spends only 52% of NREGA funds on
the labour component. Some states are evidently paying less than the statutory
minimum wage, in flagrant violation of the Act. The most glaring offender in this
respect is Rajasthan, where NREGA workers earned a meagre Rs. 51 a day on an
average in 2006-07 even though the statutory minimum wage was Rs. 73 a day. The
report suggests that it would be naive to think that the long history of fraud in
public works programmes has already come to an end. But recent experience shows
that it is possible to remove mass corruption from NREGA. This calls for a strict
implementation of transparency safeguards, as well as firm action whenever
corruption is exposed.
India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation,
National Sample Survey Organization, New Delhi. (2006).
Employment and unemployment situation in India 2004-05 : part I : NSS 61 st
Round July 2004 - June 2005. New Delhi : NSSO. ~500 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.EMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT 3.STATISTICS
4.NSSO REPORT 5.NSS 61 st ROUND 6.FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS 7.WAGES.
Abstract : Employment generation has been one of the important priorities of the
Government in India. The present report was based on the Seventh Quinquennial
Survey on Employment and Unemployment conducted in the 61 st Round of NSS
(National Sample Survey) during July 2004 to June 2005. The survey covered over
79,999 villages and 4,602 urban blocks covering 1,24,680 households (79,306 in
rural areas and 45,374 in urban areas) and enumerated 6,02,833 persons (3,98,025
in rural areas and 2,04,808 in urban areas). Employment and unemployment were
measured with 3 different approaches, viz. usual status with a reference period of
one year, current weekly status with one week reference period and current daily
status based on daily activity. In the survey, a little over 73% of the households
were rural and accounted for nearly 75% of the total population. About 11%
households in both rural and urban areas were headed by females. Among the major
states, the proportion of female – headed households was highest in Kerala in both
rural areas (23%) and urban areas (25%). About 57% of the rural and 64% of the

29
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Employment
urban population were in the age group 15-59 years. In rural areas, during 2004-05,
about 64% males and 45% females were literate, whereas in urban areas literacy
was 81% and 69%. According to the usual status, about 56% rural males and 33%
rural females belonged to the labour force, and the corresponding proportions in
urban areas were 57% and 18% respectively. During the period 1999-2000 to 2004-
05, the labour force participation rate (LFPR) according to usual status increased by
nearly 2 percentage points for males and about 3% points for females in rural areas.
In urban areas LFPR increased by about 3% points for both males and females.
About 42% of the population in the country were usually employed. The gender
differential in the worker population ratio (WPR) was distinct: 55% for males and
33% for females in rural areas, and 55% for males and 17% for females in urban
areas. In rural India, the proportion of all male workers engaged in agricultural
activities declined gradually from 81% in 1977-78 to 67% in 2004-05. For all female
workers, the decline was less from 88% in 1977 – 78 to 83% in 2004 – 05. The
proportion of urban females employed in the manufacturing sector increased from
24% in 1999 – 2000 to 28% in 2004 – 05. The unemployment rate (number of
persons unemployed per 1000 in the labour force), according to usual status, was 17
in rural areas and 45 in the urban areas. The unemployment rate for females was
found to be higher than that for males, and was highest among urban females. In
both rural and urban areas, unemployment rate among the educated (secondary and
above) was higher than that among those whose education was lower than secondary.
During the 2 years preceding the date of survey, about 1% of the usually employed
had changed their work status, while about 7% (urban males) to 9% (rural females)
had changed their establishment.
Khadi and Village Industries, Mumbai. (2005).
Report on evaluation study of rural employment generation programme.
Mumbai : VMRCDI. 384 p.
Key Words : 1.RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2.EMPLOYMENT GENERATION 3.RURAL
EMPLOYMENT 4.ENTREPRENEURS 5.RURAL ENTREPRENEURS.
Abstract : The Khadi and Village Industries Programmes (KVIP) have a unique
capacity for generation of large scale employment in rural areas with less capital
cost. The Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP) is not a poverty
alleviation programme but a compendium of all other such schemes under Khadi and
Village Industries (KVI) sector which were merged into REGP when they were
streamlined and approved by the Government of India. The principal objective of
the study was to study the impact on rural employment of the magnitude, nature,

30
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Employment
quality and linkages developed by the enterprises for ensuring sustainability, and to
study the optimal level of investments required. Basic data collected for the study
revealed that 1,18,466 projects were sanctioned under REGP as on March 31, 2001 in
34 States and U.Ts of the country. The mandate was to cover a sample of 10% of
projects by selecting samples State-wise on probability proportional to the total
number stratified into three. A State-wise analysis indicated that Gujarat led other
States in creating employment with 17 persons employed per enterprise. State-wise,
Agro and Food based industry were highly preferred in Punjab (71.8%); Andhra
Pradesh; (63%); Tamil Nadu (55.6%); Uttar Pradesh (46.5%); Meghalaya (44%), and
West Bengal (35%). Projects receiving direct assistance from banks were mostly
working satisfactorily, with 359 service projects comprising 80.13% of the total,
followed by mineral based industries with a total of 353 projects comprising 74.47%
of the total. In Andhra Pradesh, out of 23 districts where projects were assisted,
Mahabubnagar had the highest number of projects assisted (9.69%). In Rajasthan,
districts where enterprises were concentrated were Jaipur (10.9%), Banswara
(10%), Tonk (8.6%) and Ajmer (8.6%), etc. The percentage of enterprises assisted
by banks that were working satisfactorily was highest in Andhra Pradesh (97.3%),
and Madhya Pradesh (94%), while the projects not working satisfactorily were in
Gujarat (28.5%), and West Bengal (27.9%). The local sale of bank assisted
enterprises was higher in Andhra Pradesh (95.5%) and West Bengal (93.7%), and
lowest in Maharashtra (40%). Rajasthan had the most number of enterprises
(15.5%). In the General Category, the State Board assisted 45.3% enterprises or
23.2% started by entrepreneurs. The appraisal aspect of the project should be left
to the prerogative of the Branch Manager, who finances the proposal. Bankers were
happy in prompt release of margin money but requested for post-sanction follow up
by the KVIC/ KVIB. REGP has, in a majority of the cases, encouraged cementing the
relationship between financial institutions and entrepreneurs. The overall additional
employment generated under the projects was 10 persons per enterprise on an
average. The annual average income of Rs.43,000 was not uniform over the different
levels of investment per enterprise. There may be adequate and improved
technologies available, but knowledge about them and their application requires
innovate entrepreneurial skills. REGP also needs to be reoriented to promote upward
social mobility by focusing on certain down trodden social groups in society.

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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Employment
Reddeppa, L. (2004).
Performance of self-employment enterprises promoted under PMRY scheme:
a study in Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad : Council for Social Development. 81 p.
Key Words : 1.RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2.PRIME MINISTER'S ROZGAR YOJANA
3.EMPLOYMENT 4.EMPLOYMENT RURAL YOUTH 5.ENTERPRISES 6.RURAL
ENTERPRISES 7.RURAL EMPLOYMENT 8.EMPLOYMENT SCHEMES 9.EMPLOYMENT
RURAL AREAS 10.ANDHRA PRADESH.
Abstract : The Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) is one of the important
schemes aimed at promoting self-employment of the educated unemployed
youth in the country. The present study assessed the inter – district variation in
achievement of targets in terms of number of loans disbursed for setting up self –
employment enterprises against the targets; extent of profit generation to the
beneficiaries and its determining factors; level of repayment of loans and
influencing factors; and the issues and problems involved in the utilization of banks
loans in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Data was collected through primary and
secondary sources. The PMRY scheme was launched in the middle of financial year
1993-94 in urban areas with a target of 3335 beneficiaries, and was extended in
rural areas with a target of 18,200 beneficiaries in the year 1994-95. In the years,
1995-96 to 2002-03, the target number of beneficiaries increased from 31,000 to
35,000. Data showed that cumulative achievement of targets against the numbers
sanctioned was 87.3%. The achievement of target in terms of cases disbursed with
loans by the banks was highest at 74% in the year 1994-95 which declined to 61% in
the year 2003. It was found that PMRY programme was more attractive to the
educated unemployed youth in backward districts than in developed districts. The
study showed that the profitability in different income class intervals was
comparatively better in urban than in rural areas. Better results in urban areas were
due to higher investment, better market conditions due to the availability of a
better economic and social infrastructure, and concentration of people with regular
incomes to purchase goods and services. It was observed that the net profit was
equal or more than equal to their expectations in the case of 22.3% of the total
beneficiaries. On the other hand, the net profit generated from the enterprise was
below their expectations in the case of 66.28% beneficiaries. The poor performance
of profit generation was due to lack of adequate demand of product/ services, etc.
The recovery of loan was nil in the case of 6.9% beneficiaries and it was up to 25%
of the demand in 19.9% cases. The main reasons were inadequate profit and
diversion of funds. The success of the scheme largely depends on finding solutions
to the issues involved in implementation and also problems faced by beneficiaries in
running the enterprises.

Family/ Family Planning
Pattanaik, Anjali and Badu Kanak, Manjari. (2003).
Population explosion and media. Indian Journal of Population Education, (20)
: 36.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.FAMILY PLANNING 3.POPULATION EXPLOSION
4.MEDIA 5.ADOLESCENTS.
Abstract : The present study was undertaken to elicit the information level and
attitude of adolescents concerning population growth and role of media pertaining to
population growth and policy. For the purpose of the study, samples from both
urban and rural areas were selected from Ganjam district, Orissa. Adolescents girls
in the age group of 13-15 years were randomly selected from the schools of urban
(Berhampur City) and the rural (Dina village) settings. From both the areas, 150
adolescent girls each were chosen to collect information. A structured interview
schedule was prepared after a pilot study. Mean, standard deviation and correlation
of coefficients were used to draw clear and authentic conclusions. It was revealed
that youngsters of the community were quite aware about the problem of population
explosion and had positive attitude toward population policy. The role of media in
this respect was found very strong as all had been in touch with various types of
media. Results proved that all the independent variables (family size, education of
parents, income of parents, mass media, flow of information) had strongly influenced
the awareness and attitude of the samples pertaining to population explosion. It
was recommended that population education should be incorporated in the school
and college curriculum.
Society for Integrated Development of Himalayas. (2002).
Child and the family. Mussoorie : SIDH. 82 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.FAMILY 3.CHILD AND FAMILY.
Abstract : The present study was conducted in rural areas in five districts of
Uttarakhand in which 1093 children and 253 adults participated. The primary means
of information gathering were interviews. The study has revealed that joint
families maintain equality while nuclear families lead to disparity in society. By and
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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Family/ Family Planning
large the joint families have enough food and clothes for all but may not have good
food and good clothes for different members. The study has shown that joint
families are more conducive for physical and emotional well being of the child than
nuclear families. Children and girls were better looked after in joint families than in
nuclear families. All school dropouts were from nuclear families. Children in joint
families had a more conducive environment for studies. Women, children, elderly,
the ill and disabled in joint families get a lot more support than in nuclear families.
The present study clearly established a correlation between poverty and nuclear
families in rural areas. It is possible that larger studies confirm that in rural
areas, joint families are better off in most respects, though they may have their
own set of peculiar problems. If larger study confirm this, then steps should be
taken to keep the families together.

Housing/ Displaced Persons / Housing Rights
Habitat International Coalition, Housing and Land Rights
Network, New Delhi. (2003)
The Impact of the 2002 submergence on housing and land rights in the
Narmada valley : report of a Fact Finding Mission to Sardar Sarovar and Man
Dam projects. New Delhi : HIC-HLRN. 52 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.DISPLACED PERSONS 3.HOUSING RIGHTS
4.LAND RIGHTS 5.HUMAN RIGHTS 6.RESETTLEMENT POLICY 7.TRIBAL AREAS
8.NARMADA DAM PROJECT 9.SARDAR SAROVAR PROJECT 10.REHABILITATION
DISPLACED PERSONS 11.MADHYA PRADESH
Abstract : The Housing and Land Rights Network of Habitat International Coalition
(HLRN-HIC) dispatched a Fact Finding Team (FFT) to the Narmada Valley from 18-
24 September 2002 to investigate the resettlement and rehabilitation issues arising
from the Sardar Sarovar and Man Dam projects. The FFT visited affected villages
and rehabilitation sites, and met with officials of the Grievance Redressal Authority
(GRA) and the Narmada Valley Development Authority (NVDA) in Madhya Pradesh
and Gujarat, and the Narmada Bachao Andolan activists. It was found that
submergence due to the 2002 monsoons and raising the dam’s height in May 2002
had destroyed the crops and homes of Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) affected
villages in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. The rehabilitation sites (Dhar District,
Madhya Pradesh) visited by FFT were not fit for habitation and rejected by the
villagers because there were some rocky, uneven plots for housing and also no
provision for agricultural land. The residents of the Chikhald village, Madhya
Pradesh were not resettled at all because the rehabilitation site chosen for them
was itself subject to being submerged. The state Government had issued ex-parte
house and agricultural land allotments to “non-responsive families”, i.e. families that
had not accepted any rehabilitation offer of the state. The Government sent notices
to the oustees informing them of the allotment of a house or land often in another
state. Once this notice was sent, the people were counted as rehabilitated on
Government records, even while living in their original villages. The Chairman of
Madhya Pradesh GRA admitted that he had no infrastructure to verify claims of the
NVDA. But the affected people told FFT that the NVDA official that had falsely
included families in the rehabilitated list was himself sent to investigate the matter.
The affected people in Alirajpur, Jhabua district in Madhya Pradesh complained
that they were offered only cash compensation for their submerged lands from
Government, and though they had cultivated the land for generations their names
did not figure in land records. There was evidence that the Madhya Pradesh
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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Housing/ Displaced Persons / Housing Rights
Government misapplied the Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal (NWDT) Award, as the
Government was unable to rehabilitate affected persons according to the Award’s
provisions. The Supreme Court had directed that raising the height would be pari
passu (construction and rehabilitation should make equal progress and should be
related) for each stage before they continued to raise the height. In July 2002,
police forcibly evicted the residents of Khedi Balwadi (Man Dam Project, Madhya
Pradesh), dragged them into trucks and moved them to 2 locations 45-70 km away.
Due to this, approximately 25 children, including infants, were separated from their
parents and abandoned in the village. Due to heavy rains following the closure of the
dam’s sluice gates, the homes and crops in several villages were completely inundated
by the new reservoir and people had been forced to live in squalid conditions in tin
sheds. The project-displaced tribals were not given access to full information about
entitlements under the Madhya Pradesh Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy.
Villagers stated that 10 years ago they were forced to accept cash compensation
for partial loss of cropland, and they were told that their homes would not be
affected by the dam. HLRN requests the NHRC to investigate and monitor the
displacement and rehabilitation of the project-affected persons to ensure
protection of rights guaranteed under India’s Constitution and human rights treaty
obligations; and also requests the Government to impose an immediate moratorium on
any increase in the height of the SSP until all affected families have been fully
rehabilitated in accordance with all applicable laws and policies.
Habitat International Coalition, Housing and Land Rights
Network, New Delhi. (2004).
Acts of commission acts of omission : housing and land rights and the Indian
state - a report to the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights. New Delhi : HIC-HLRN. 60 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.HOUSING RIGHTS 3.LAND RIGHTS 4.RIGHT TO
ADEQUATE HOUSING 5.DALITS RIGHTS TO HOUSING 6.SCHEDULED CASTE
HOUSING 7.HOUSING SCHEDULED CASTES 8.DISPLACED PERSONS 9.VULNERABLE
SECTION 10.EVICTIONS 11.NOMADIC TRIBES 12.URBAN POOR 13.HOMELESS
14.GUJARAT RIOTS 15.RAJASTHAN.
Abstract : The present report focused on the human right to adequate housing
which includes legal security of tenure, availability of services, materials, facilities
and infrastructure, affordability, habitability, accessibility, location and cultural
adequacy among 7 vulnerable groups, that is urban slum dwellers, the urban
homeless, forest dwellers, rural dalits, victims of the 2002 riots in the State of
Gujarat, communities displaced due to large-scale development projects, and
nomads. The primary data was based on in-depth civil society reports and other
documentation available from Habitat International Coalition – Housing and Land

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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Housing/ Displaced Persons / Housing Rights
Rights Network (HIC-HLRN). On 27 July 2002, authorities, with use of the police
force and bulldozers, demolished over 2300 homes (out of a total of 7,000) of the
urban poor in Nilangarai Canal Puram, in Chennai. Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board
had selected Pallikaranai as the slum relocation site for rehabilitation. But many
individuals reported that they suffered from acute bronchitis and tuberculosis due
to the dumping ground/ garbage area which was adjacent to it. Another most
controversial and brutal eviction of the urban poor was in Kolkata which occurred at
Tolly Nala on 22 September 2001. The authorities evicted 1,400 households without
providing any alternate land, compensation or rehabilitation plan. The land was
required for Metro Railway extension. In March 2003, the Delhi High Court issued
an order to remove all unauthorized construction along the banks of river Yamuna
and the demolitions started in 2004. Nearly 50,000 slum dwellers were forcibly
evicted from their dwellings and beaten in many instances. As per the order, less
than half the evictees were entitled to any kind of alternate housing and
resettlement. The resettlement rites (Bawana and Holambi Kalan) provided by the
Government lacked sanitation and potable water facilities. It was found that
political disenfranchisement of many forest dwellers, as well as their lack of access
to secure tenure for land, had made them particularly vulnerable to forced eviction
in the name of both development projects and environmental conservation. A survey
was conducted in 14 districts of Andhra Pradesh in August 2003 of land distribution
to Dalits, and it was found that there were 102,000 acres of undistributed land. An
independent survey conducted in Gujarat under the auspices of the National Human
Rights Commission estimated that at least 250,000 families were displaced due to
riots in 2000. About 50% of these families were still living in extremely low cost
permanent housing provided by NGOs. Either these housing colonies were not being
given electricity, water and basic sanitation services, or State authorities were
requesting exorbitant amounts for providing these services. Development projects
have resulted in the displacement of millions of people in India. The Sardar Sarovar
Project on Narmada river affected 40,827 families from 193 villages in Madhya
Pradesh, 33 villages in Maharashtra and 19 villages in Gujarat. Large dam projects
like the Man Dam Irrigation Project, Maheswar Dam, and Upper Beda Dam have
displaced lakhs of people and uprooted several families. Nomadic communities had
been perceived as social outcastes by the Criminal Tribes Act due to which they had
suffered forced evictions by the local authorities and villagers. The new
settlements which were given to them for habitation were located on the hillside
and were in unhygienic surroundings. The Government of India should provide
detailed information to all displaced persons about their legal rights related to
adequate housing, and provide full rehabilitation to evicted persons according to the
International Human Rights Standards.

Human Development
Chhattisgarh, Chief Minister's Office, Raipur. (2005).
Human Development Report Chhattisgarh 2005. New Delhi : New Concept
Information Systems. 274 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2005
3.CHHATTISGARH 4.HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT CHHATTISGARH 5.HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT INDICATOR 6.CHHATTISGARH.
Abstract : Chhattisgarh, one of the youngest States of the Indian nation, was
constituted on 1 st November 2000. The main objective of the Human Development
Report (HDR) was to provide a platform and trigger a debate to evolve the human
development blueprint for the State of Chhattisgarh. The report focused on the
Human Development Index (HDI) of 16 districts of Chhattisgarh. Data was collected
through various sources, from Census of India 2001, education department, Sample
Registration System (SRS), from ‘Jan Rapat’ (people’s views/report) and from other
secondary sources. Important indicators used in the report were health, education,
income and Infant Mortality Rates (IMR). Out of 16 districts, 6 districts had higher
HDI values than the State average. These 6 high ranking districts were Korba,
Durg, Mahasamund, Raipur, Janjgir Champa and Dhamtari. Out of these 6 districts,
Korba ranked first on the HDI values (0.625), whereas the lowest ranked district
was Bastar (0.264). On health indicators, Mahasamund ranked at first place (0.697)
and Rajnandgaon showed lowest health values (0.063). Korba ranked at number one in
the income index (0.980) and Kabirdham was lowest with income index value (0.104)
and ranked at number 16. On the education index values, Rajnandgaon ranked at
first place (0.838) while Dakshin Bastar Dantewada ranked at number 16 with lowest
values (0.413). The data on IMR was not available for all districts so it was
calculated for seven mother districts using fertility tables from the Census figures
for 1991. Mahasamund ranked highest on IMR with 36 infants death per 1000 live
births, whereas Rajnandgaon was at the bottom with 112 infants death per 1000 live
births. There were still some districts of Chhattisgarh which lagged far behind on
all the important indicators of Human Development Index. The Government should
formulate strategies for improvement in the education system, health system and
areas related to human development.
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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008

Council for Social Development, New Delhi. (2008).
India Social Development Report 2008. New Delhi: Oxford. 311 p.
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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Human Development
Key Words: 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT INDIA 3.SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT INDEX 4.POVERTY 5.EDUCATION 6.HEALTH 7.WOMEN IN SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT 8.CHILD DEVELOPMENT 9.SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2008.
Abstract : In India development projects in the last 60 years are estimated to have
displaced roughly 60 million people, most of whom have never been properly
resettled. The present report examined the social impact of a number of current
industrial projects in India in the context of massive unresolved displacement
problems suffered by the people. It was found that in Andhra Pradesh the
proportion of landless rose from 10.9% to 36.5% in 2001 and in Assam from 15.56%
to 24.38% in 2006. Official figures which were updated up to 2004 showed that
the total number of displaced persons (DPs) or project affected persons (PAPs) in
Jharkhand and Orissa went up to 3 million each, 5 million in Andhra Pradesh, 1 million
in Kerala, 100,000 in Goa, 2 million in Assam, and 7.5 million in West Bengal. Even
excluding the high displacement in states like Chhattisgarh and M.P., they account
for 27 million DP/PAPs. Most displacement for dams and other projects was in
administratively neglected ‘backward’ regions in which much of the livelihood lost
was of tribal persons from CPRs (Common Property Resources). No compensation was
paid for it. Also, they owned very little private land and they were paid low
compensation for it because of the ’backwardness’ of the region. The amount paid as
compensation was so little that the land losers could not begin a new life with that
amount. Displacement took many DPs/PAPs beyond impoverishment; led to
deterioration of their economic status, marginalization, that led to deterioration of
their social, cultural and psychological status. Their economy, culture and identity
were linked to the land, forests and other resources that the project alienated
them from. Due to displacement the whole family suffered the impact of
joblessness, reduction in income, and women and children felt the ill effects of going
below the poverty line more than men. In the absence of alternatives, 56% of the
displaced families in Assam and 49% in West Bengal pulled their children out of
school and made them child labouers so that they could earn an income. Because of
forced displacement others had taken to crime. Also, domestic violence and drinking
had increased after displacement. There was also a rise in malnutrition related
diseases, dengue and water borne diseases such as hookworm, cholera,
gastroenteritis, etc. because certain diseases were commonly associated with
wetlands and locations around dam constructions. The report also showed SDI
(Social Development Index) for rural and urban areas in 2005. Among the rural
areas Kerala (72.57) had top rank during 2005 followed by Himachal Pradesh
(62.90). The next high ranking states were Jammu and Kashmir (61.13), Tamil Nadu
(58.27) and Punjab (57.41). Orissa (32.98), Rajasthan (31.87), Chhattisgarh (29.21),

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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Human Development
M.P. (27.84), U.P. (26.21), Jharkhand (18.83) and Bihar (18.29) had aggregate index
value below the national average (33.97). In the case of urban areas, during 2005,
Himachal Pradesh (72.90) was at the top followed by Kerala (67.49), Jammu and
Kashmir (62.77), Punjab (56.36) and Tamil Nadu (53.26). There were significant
differences in the aggregate index values of the 3 states at the bottom - M.P.
(32.0), U.P. (26.1) and Bihar (16.0). In the smaller states, Mizoram (72.40) was top
ranking and Arunachal Pradesh (33.64) was below the national average. There is need
to adopt credible policies that minimize displacement, properly compensate those
relocated to make development possible, and give them a permanent stake in project
benefits. This would help in improving the SDI of the states below the national
average.
Mahatma Gandhi Labour Institute, Ahmedabad. (2005).
Gujarat Human Development Report 2004. Ahmedabad : MGLI. 353 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT GUJARAT 2004
3.INFANT MORTALITY 4.POVERTY 5.SELF EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES 6.WATER
7.RIGHT TO HEALTH 8.SOCIAL SECURITY 9.HEALTH SITUATION GUJARAT
10.NUTRITION SITUATION GUJARAT 11.EDUCATION GUJARAT 12.CHILD LABOUR
GUJARAT 13.SEX RATIO 14.FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS 15.VIOLENCE AGAINST
WOMEN 16.EARLY MARRIAGE 17.EMPOWERMENT WOMEN 18.GUJARAT.
Abstract : The study assessed the present level of development of Gujarat State.
According to Gujarat Human Development Report 2004, the population of Gujarat
increased from 9.1 million in 1901 to 50.65 million in 2001. The total Crude Birth
Rate (CBR) declined from 39.2 in 1971 to 24.9 in 2001. According to 2001 Census,
the overall sex ratio of Gujarat was 919. Crude Death Rate in 2001 was 7.8. The
State per capita income in 2000-01 was Rs. 12,975 (at 1993-94 prices). According to
the Census of India 2001, there are 21.247 million workers in the state in a
population of 50.656 million. Unemployment rate in Gujarat is lower than that in the
country. Unemployment was 4.63% (current daily status) in 1990-2000 compared to
7.29% for the country. The female work participation rate (WPR) in Gujarat was
39% in 2001. According to most experts like Dreze and Deaton (2003) and Dev and
Ravi (2003), the incidence of rural poverty is higher than the incidence of urban
poverty in the state. According to the Population Census 2001, the literacy rate in
the state increased by a mere 8.38%. Enrolment rate in the age group of 6-14 years
in Gujarat is 96% and retention rate upto Class V is 54%. Maternal Mortality Rate in
the year 1992-93 was 389. According to SRS, infant mortality rate was 60 in 2001.
Life expectancy rate at birth of males was 61.53 years and of females was 62.77
years (2001). Child mortality rate was found to be 85.1 per 1000 live births in 1998.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) was 3.0. In Gujarat, the mean BMI (Body Mass Index) for
women was 20.7 and 37% women have a BMI below 18.5, which is called a situation of

40
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Human Development
chronic energy deficiency. There were 32613 Self Help Groups (SHGs) functioning
in Gujarat. According to police records, in 2002 the number of registered dowry
deaths was 41. It would be useful to conduct primary studies to fill in critical gaps in
information and have in-depth understanding of Human Development. This first
Human Development Report needs to be followed up by periodic Human Development
Reports. The value of the reports would increase if new monitoring indicators other
than those already covered are evolved for monitoring the process of human
development.
Punjab, Chief Minister's Office, Chandigarh. (2004).
Human Development Report 2004 Punjab. New Delhi : New Concept
Information Systems. 238 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2004 PUNJAB
3.HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT PUNJAB 4.PUNJAB.
Abstract : The study assessed the human development situation in Punjab. It was
found that Human Development Index (HDI) of Punjab was 0.537 in 2004. Literacy
rate of males was higher (75.6%) than females (63.6%) in the year 2001, whereas
enrolment of males (67%) in schools was lower than that of females (68.1%). Life
expectancy of females was higher (71.4 years) than that of males (67.9 years) in the
years 1992-96. There was a slight decline in the sex ratio from 882 in 1991 to 876
in 2001. Women on an average live 2.2 years more than men; this difference actually
did not mean better quality of women’s health, as females are biologically healthier,
sturdier and outlive, men on an average by 5 years. In rural areas female infant
mortality was much higher than male infant mortality, whereas in urban areas it was
equal. This is also true all over India. The death rate Punjab in the year 2002 was
estimated by SRS at 7.1, 7.4 and 6.2 for all of Punjab, rural Punjab and urban Punjab
respectively. The death rate was substantially lower than that of the rest of India
by 1.5 deaths per thousand in a year or 17% points. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of
Punjab was 2.7 in 1997 and it is gradually decreasing with time. The outreach of
health institutions was very good in Punjab. The average population covered by any
medical institution was around 10,000 to 11,000 and in terms of access, the average
radius served per institution was 2.68 km. There are six Sub-Health Centres (SHCs)
under one Primary Health Centre (PHC). There has been a four fold increase in the
number of PHCs servicing rural Punjab since 1980. Based on NFHS Survey 1998-99,
the number of children who were moderately anaemic was very high and 74.8%
children were found to suffer from some form of anaemia. Amongst women, 42%
were detected as anaemic. The 55th Round of NSS held in 1995-96 found that
among pregnant mothers, 60% in rural and 55% in urban areas were registered for
prenatal care and the average number of visits to the medical service provider was

41
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Human Development
4.1 and 4.6 times respectively. The NFHS-II Survey conducted in 1998-99 found
that 74% of pregnant women had received antenatal check ups. Data published in
the annual report of the Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of
Punjab, for the year 1999-2000 showed that the targets of immunization had been
met and even exceeded. Estimates from 52nd Round of National Sample Survey
found that in rural Punjab in the late 1990s, 64% boys and 62% girls were
registered for pediatric care in rural areas, and 52% boys and 55% girls were
registered in urban areas. Thus it can be concluded that Punjab needs to invest in its
human resources by ensuring basic needs such as good schools, effective primary
health care and an environment that strengthens and sustains livelihood. The people
of Punjab have demonstrated time and again their hardiness in the face of adversity
and their capacity for hard work. These inherent qualities of the people should be
harnessed so that Punjab can once again move forward on the path of development.
Shiva Kumar, A. K. ed. (2006).
Delhi Human Development Report 2006. New Delhi : Delhi, Chief Minister's
Office. 118 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2006 DELHI
3.SITUATION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN 4.SITUATION OF CHILDREN DELHI
5.SITUATION OF WOMEN 6.DELHI.
Abstract : Human development aims at about enhancing people’s capabilities. It is a
concern with expanding people’s choices and assuring them the right to lead a life of
dignity. Delhi has experienced significant gains along different dimensions of human
development. It has recorded an expansion in economic opportunities, growth in
employment and improved access to health and education. 8% of Delhi’s population
lived below the income poverty line. More than 72% of Delhi’s population incurred a
monthly per capita expenditure of Rs.775 and above. 6.53% of their monthly
expenditure was on entertainment alone. Enjoying good health is an essential
constituent of human development. Delhi’s health network established over the
years has enabled the city-state to record many significant achievements. Delhi is a
low prevalence state for HIV/AIDS. Delhi has established an extensive network of
educational institutions offering among the finest education within India. The
private sector plays an important role in providing educational opportunities and
choices for Delhi’s children. 82% of Delhi’s population is literate, and 75% girls and
women above 7 years of age can read and write. Government of Delhi’s Social
Welfare Department supports welfare programmes for women in need and distress,
social security cover for the aged and destitute, and offers care and protection to
children through a network of residential care homes and non-institutional services.
Crime in Delhi particularly against women is unusually and unacceptably high. The

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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Human Development
elderly in Delhi face many forms of increasing insecurity, physical, financial and
emotional. Delhi has set up one of the largest school systems in the world but an
estimated 6-7% of the children aged 6-14 years are out of school, and a majority of
them cannot even read and write. Delhi offers the best of health facilities and yet
many thousands, particularly women and children, are denied access to even basic
health care. Thousands of people in Delhi are homeless. Human development is about
expanding capabilities, widening choices assuring human rights, and promoting
security in the lives of people. Progress in the Human Development framework is
judged not by the expanding affluence of the rich, but by how well the poor and
socially disadvantaged are faring in society. The nation’s capital has much ground to
cover in terms of addressing some fundamental problems of power and water supply
and caring for neglected street and working children, homeless, disabled and
addressing the concerns of girls and women. This will however require committed
partnership and close cooperation between citizens and Government. It will call for
stronger public vigilance and participation, developing further trust and taking
people into confidence. In partnership between citizens and Government, lies the
potential for making Delhi a truly modern and vibrant mega polis.
Verghese, Bindu P. (2004).
Human development in Kerala : disparities and distortions. Thrissur, Kerala :
Calicut University, Deptt. of Economics, Dr. John Matthai Centre. ~200 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.HUMAN DEVELOPMENT KERALA 2004 3.HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT REPORT 4.GENDER DISPARITY 5.GENDER DISPARITY KERALA
6.TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT 7.TRIBAL KERALA 8.KERALA.
Abstract : Human development is concerned with a whole spectrum of human
activities from production processes to institutional changes and policy dialogues. A
purposive sample of 440 households from 6 different districts of Kerala was taken,
inclusive of marginalized groups like fishing community, SC/STs and slums dwellers.
Secondary data was also collected from Department of Economics and Statistics
and other departments. Kerala remained in 1 st position in Human Development Index
(HDI) in 1981, 1991 and 2001. Human deprivation expressed in terms of Human
Poverty Index (HPI) was least in Kerala. Public policies of State Government had
played an important role to achieve high human development. North Kerala
performed poorly on HDI in comparison to South Kerala. However, these northern
districts had better Gender Development Index (GDI) than the southern districts.
This was due to women’s contribution to total income and their high work
participation rate 24.3%. Women’s development was limited to positive health and
education attainments, but their participation in decision making bodies such as local
level bodies, legislative assembly and parliament was dismal. Increased rate of crime

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Human Development
against women and high suicide rates among them were observed. 30% of women
respondents who travelled regularly reported suffering sexual harassment while
traveling. Deprivations in terms of educational and employment status, health and
nutritional attainments, and in terms of political and social attainments existed
among Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes, marine fishing community and slum
dwellers in Kerala. Caste wise disparity of HDI was high. Regional differences in
human development existed among these groups as well. Housing facilities index was
also low, 96% of the houses in one of the districts got housing facility index below 3
(maximum value 12). The level of living of tribals was associated with the amount of
land they possessed, but not a single SC household possessed land above 25 cents.
Also, price crash of tropical crops and closures of tea estates due to globalization
worsened conditions of tribals. Educated unemployment and unemployment among
females was high in Kerala. Regional disparity in human development, in terms of
north-south divide needs to be addressed through appropriate policies. Protective
measures for agricultural labourers and plantation workers need to be taken up to
protect them from the impact of globalization.

Information, Education, Communication
Chanakya News and Features, New Delhi. (2000).
Quick evaluation study of information, education, communication (IEC)
programmes. New Delhi : CNF. 344 p.
Key Words : 1.RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2.IEC PROGRAMME 3.INFORMATION EDUCATION
AND COMMUNICATION 4.IEC IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT 5.RURAL DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMMES 6.DWCRA 7.NATIONAL SOCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME 8.TRYSEM.
Abstract : The quick evaluation of Information, Education and Communication
Programmes (IEC) was conceived by the Union Ministry of Rural Development in
October 1999. The study assessed the extent to which individual beneficiaries of
six schemes - Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY), Development of Women and
Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP),
Watershed, Supply of Improved Toolkits to Rural Artisans (SITRA) and Training of
Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM) were empowered through IEC
programmes. A survey was conducted in 128 districts, which covered 10,359
beneficiaries and 2,220 non-beneficiaries. The main purpose of the survey was to
access the efficacy of existing means and channels of communication in educating
BPL families about the various schemes being sponsored by the Ministry of Rural
Development. The village panchayats of 95 districts out of a total of 128 were
involved by District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) in the awareness
campaigns. Out of 10,359 beneficiaries, 54% were male and 46% were female. The
JRY (2577) and DWCRA beneficiaries (1598) were aware of the scheme’s target
groups, special weightages, the role of panchayats in the scheme, the minimum wage
norms, the selection procedure and the principal salient features of the programme.
The 2,550 beneficiaries who availed of the NSAP, availed benefits under Old Age
Pension Scheme (1,056), Family Benefit Scheme (503), and Maternity Benefit
Scheme (991). The 247 watershed beneficiaries, 1,641 SITRA beneficiaries and
1490 TRYSEM beneficiaries were very aware of the programme objectives, and
benefits to be derived from these schemes. Only 22% beneficiaries were aware of
the weekly radio programmes on rural development, viz “Gaon Vikas Ki Ore” and
“Chalo Gaon Ki Ore” and 19% had heard the programmes. 16% beneficiaries had seen
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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Information, Education, Communication
the television programmes on rural development schemes. The 2,220 nonbeneficiaries
were 68% male and 32% female. The non-beneficiaries were well
informed about NSAP programmes but ill-informed about DWCRA facilities. They
were also not aware about TRYSEM and SITRA programmes. The non-beneficiaries
had poor awareness about IEC activities. Only 20% non-beneficiaries were aware of
the weekly radio programmes on rural development and 16% had heard them,
whereas 17% had seen television programmes. Overall, the majority insisted that
more information was needed to benefit from rural development programmes.
There is an urgent need to review the conventional approach towards IEC as there is
considerable divergence between the findings of the survey and the views of
officials.

Marriage/ Marital Problems
Gulati, Jatinder K. and Dutta, Jayanti. (2004).
Families at risk of marital disorder : corelates of conflict for poor rural
households of Ludhiana. Social Change, 34(2) : 16-25.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.MARITAL PROBLEMS 3.MARITAL DISCORD 4.RURAL
HOUSEHOLDS 5.ALCOHOL ABUSE 6.FAMILY STRUCTURE.
Abstract : The study of 245 poverty stricken rural families in Ludhiana district of
Punjab, conducted in 2001, was undertaken to assess the extent of marital discord.
All 245 poor families from six randomly selected villages were taken for the study.
The study revealed that a majority of the sampled families were prone to a high
degree of verbal and physical marital conflict. Financial hardship resulted in chronic
strain and distress among the poor. A majority of the men in the sampled
households (70.3%) were between 36 – 45 years of age, while a majority of the
women were between 26 – 35 years. Most of the women were illiterate (63.2%),
while a majority of the men (43.3%), though literate, had not even completed high
school education. About 77.6% women were not engaged in any occupation, whereas
others were working as daily wagers, part – time domestic workers or labour. A
majority of the men were engaged as unskilled or daily wage labour. There were
mainly four or less children in the family. Most of the families belonged to lower
castes who did not have any land holdings. 79.2% of the husbands were alcoholics.
50.2% of the alcoholics were in the ‘high abuse’ category, who fought with others
and were careless towards their families. 87.7% of the husbands and 79.6% of the
wives would insult, irritate, abuse, yell or cry at the other. A majority of the men
(64.1%) were highly violent towards their wives. Results indicated that husband’s as
well as wife’s age was associated with physical violence of both the spouses. With
increasing age, women resorted to expression of anger and frustration more in
verbal manner, and less as physical violence. Findings indicated that the more
educated the husband, the lower were chances of his being violent to his wife.
Wife’s educational status was, however, not related to physically aggressive
behaviour, as educational status of women in poor families was relatively lower.
Working women were more prone to verbal aggression due to the strains of both,
home and workplace, and due to the demands of husbands who asked for money to
spend on alcohol. In nuclear families, women were verbally and physically more
aggressive to their spouses, whereas in joint families, wives expressed less
aggression. Men living in joint families were more aggressive and violent towards
their wives as compared to their counterparts in nuclear families. Higher the
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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Marriage/ Marital Problems
number of children in the family, the less violent the husband was, though both the
spouses were verbally more aggressive. As the duration of married life increased,
husbands became less aggressive and violent, whereas wives became verbally more
aggressive. As the age of the children increased, husband’s verbal aggression and
physical violence towards the wife decreased. However, wife’s verbal aggression was
found to significantly increase as her children grew in age. The study clearly
showed that a majority of the poor families were prone to verbal and physical
aggression between spouses, except wife’s physically violent behaviour, which was
displayed in a few of the families only.
Jain, Nilima. (2002).
Inter-religious marriages : religious socialization of the adolescent.
New Delhi : Lady Irwin College, Deptt. of Child Development. 75 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.MARRIAGE 3.INTER-RELIGIOUS MARRIAGE
4.ADOLESCENT 5.SOCIALIZATION 6.ATTITUDE OF ADOLESCENT 7.RELIGION AND
MARRIAGE.
Abstract : The study was conducted to explore the relationship between
sociological and psychological factors that contribute to religious socialization of
children brought up by parents of different religions. Sample for the study
comprised 25 adolescents in the age group 12-19 years and their parents, where one
of the parents was a Hindu and the other was either a Muslim, a Christian or a Sikh.
Semi-structured interview schedules were used to collect the data. The areas
investigated were socio-cultural, psychological, interpersonal and ecological factors
affecting mate selection. Study revealed that the age of marriage is going up and
marriages are becoming late now-a-days, and both the partners are educated. The
difference between the ages of partners has also come down. For the purpose of
social identification, many children identified themselves with their father’s
religion, an equal number became irreligious, very few took mother’s religion and very
few adopted a third religion or were secular. They related their identity with
nationality, family, friends, education, gender, but not religion. Religion was not
considered as important by the adolescents, and they disliked the ritualistic aspect
of religion. Study showed that women were converted to their spouse’s religion,
mainly for easy reconciliation with their in-laws, but men did not convert their
religion.

Minorities/ Sachar Committee Report
Sachar, Justice Rajindar. (2006).
Summarized Sachar report on status of Indian muslims. New Delhi : India,
Prime Minister's Office. 7 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.MUSLIMS SACHAR COMMITTEE REPORT
3.MINORITIES 4.MUSLIM MINORITY 5.MINORITY REPORT 6.SOCIO ECONOMIC
STATUS MUSLIMS.
Abstract : The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) had observed that lack of information
impeded the planning and implementation of specific interventions to address issues
relating to the socio-economic backwardness of the Muslim community. Hence a High
Level Committee under the Chairpersonship of Justice Sachar was mandated to
obtain relevant information from departments/ agencies of the Central and State
Governments, and conduct an intensive literature survey to identify articles and
research on status of Muslims in India. The asset base and income levels of Muslims
relative to other groups across states and regions had to be assessed, as also their
access to education, health services, municipal infrastructure, bank credit and other
services provided by the Government and public sector entities. The Committee
noted that public opinion in India was divided on reservation. Reservations or a
separate quota for Muslims in employment and educational institutions was viewed as
a means to achieve parity. Others felt that reservations could become a thorny
issue and have negative repercussions. A large cross-section of people were of the
conviction that political participation and representation in governance structures
are essential to achieve equity. Many alleged that participation is denied to Muslims
through a variety of mechanisms. The literacy rate among muslims was far below the
national average. About 25% muslim children in the age group 6-14 years have either
never attended school or have dropped out. Muslim parents were not averse to
mainstream education or to sending their children to affordable Government
schools. But the access to Government schools for muslim children was limited. Bidi
workers, tailors and mechanics need to be provided with social safety nets and social
security. The participation of Muslims in professional and managerial cadres is low
due to their low educational status. Muslims have been found to be only 3% in IAS,
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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Minorities/ Sachar Committee Report
1.8% in IFS and 4% in IPS. The share of Muslims in employment in various
departments is abysmally low at all levels. There is a clear and significant inverse
association between the proportion of Muslims and the availability of educational
infrastructure in small villages. There are about 5 lakh registered wakfs with 6 lakh
acres of land of Rs.6,000 crore book value. But the gross income from all these
properties is only Rs.163 crores, i.e. 2.7%. The Committee recommends that there is
a real need for policy initiatives that improve the participation and share of the
minorities, particularly Muslims, in the business of regular commercial banks. The
community should be represented on interview panels and Boards. The under
privileged should be helped to utilize new opportunities in the economy’s high growth
phase through skill development and education. Financial and other support to
various initiatives should be built around occupations where Muslims are
concentrated and have growth potential.

Parenting/ Working Parent
Chockalingam, K. (1998).
A study on challenges of families with working parents. Chennai : Madras
University, Deptt. of Criminology. 103 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE. 2.FAMILY WORKING PARENT. 3.WORKING PARENT.
4.DUAL INCOME FAMILY. 5.FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. 6.STATUS OF WOMEN.
7.DISCIPLINING CHILDREN. 8.PARENTING.
Abstract : The study was conducted to understand the various problems and
challenges faced by families where both the parents were working outside the
home. The subjects were 180 married working women and 180 housewives from
Chennai city. Analysis of the data collected through interviews revealed that a
majority of the women were in the age group 41-45 years. Majority of them were
graduates, while most of the housewives had done only S.S.L.C. Commuting was the
major problem faced by working women. They could not spend much time together
or with their children. Working women were entrusted with dual responsibilities.
Families with both parents working had an increased amount of debt. They also felt
that the amount of money they spent on food, travel, health and education was
insufficient. A significant difference was found between working women and
housewives regarding leisure time activities. 45.6% of the working women and 31.7%
of the housewives read newspapers and magazines regularly, 65% of the working
women and 86.1% of the housewives watched TV regularly. 70.6% of the working
women and 65% of the housewives spent their leisure time doing household chores.
Most of the working women could not participate in their husband's social
obligations. Both dual earner and single earner couples jointly guided their children
(16 years and above) in the areas of disciplining, career guidance and counselling for
marriage. Working women co-operated well with their husbands and were able to
resolve and understand their husband's official problems. Both, the dual earner and
the single earner families, had a good rapport with their family members. Child care
activities (for children aged 0-15 years) were entrusted to women. In spite of a
rapid change in the role and responsibility of the family, women have traditionally
been expected to do domestic work, and to discharge their feminine role as a wife,
mother, daughter-in-law, etc.
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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008

Panchayati Raj/ Gram Panchayat
India, Ministry of Panchayati Raj, New Delhi. (2007).
The State of the Panchayats : a mid-term review and appraisal : 22
November 2006. New Delhi : I-MPR. 123 p.
Key Words : 1.RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2.PANCHAYATI RAJ 3.WOMEN IN PANCHAYATI
RAJ.
Abstract : Panchayati Raj is the medium to transform rural India, and gives 700
million rural people the opportunity to do so. Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) were
expected to plan and implement programmes of economic development and social
justice. Panchayat supervision through Gram Sabhas also offers opportunities to
make governance transparent and accountable to citizens. Between April 2005 and
October 2006, a series of tours were undertaken to 17 states and two union
territories, covering 150 Panchayati Raj institutions, including 73 Gram Panchayats/
Gram Sabhas, 35 Intermediate Panchayats at block/ mandal/ union/ anchal level
(sub-division), and 42 District Panchayats. Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension
to the Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 is the best legislation on Panchayati Raj anywhere
in the country, and the implementation of PESA in tribal areas could well set the
tone for improved Panchayati Raj in non-tribal areas. The Panchayat Yuva Khel
Abhiyan (sports/ games) seeks to converge existing rural development schemes with
additional central/ state and voluntary funding to make sports affordable to some
45 crore rural children, adolescents and youth, who today have no access to
organized sports facilities. The Ministry of Panchayati Raj is opposed, in principle, to
the ‘two child norm’ adopted in some states wherein candidates who are elected
members are disqualified from serving in PRIs if they have more than two children.
Panchayat Mahila Shakti Abhiyan, in collaboration with National Commission for
Women (NCW), started Chalo Gaon Ki Ore Programme wherein the elected women
members of panchayats at all three levels are provided a forum for exchange of
ideas, experience sharing and information. 33% representation of women in
panchayats and the women’s self help group (SHG) movement have dramatically
altered gender equations and given women a new sense of self confidence and self
worth. The remarkable success of women’s reservation for scheduled castes and
scheduled tribes in the panchayats is in proportion to their population i.e., 16% for
SC and 11% for ST women representatives (STs constitute 8.2% of the population).
Simaroul Gram Panchayat in Indore first constructed a public convenience facility
for women near the village bus stand, and as maternal and infant mortality rates are
high, District Collector, utilizing JRY funds, got a maternity home constructed.
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Panchayati Raj/ Gram Panchayat
Better access to proper medical care has significantly brought down Maternal
Mortality Rate and Infant Mortality Rate. Panchyati Raj promotes programmes such
as Sarva Shikha Abhiyan, Mid-Day Meal Scheme, National Literacy Mission, Rajiv
Gandhi Drinking Water Mission and the Total Sanitation Campaign. A scheme for
Panchayat Awards was instituted in 2005-06, providing incentives to recognize and
encourage panchayats for outstanding performance. Three awards of Rs.5 crores,
Rs.3 crore and Rs.1.2 crore were to be given to the three best performing states.
Kerala was ranked first, Karnataka second and Sikkim third. Exemplary revenue was
generated by Panchayats in Kerala. A Gram Panchayat in Kerala got receipts worth
Rs.90 lakh a year compared with Rs.3 lakh in neighouring Karnataka. Schools, health
care and agriculture were increasingly coming under PRIs. In Karnataka, thought
provoking programmes beamed over satellite are reinforced through local
interaction in 224 classrooms across the State and are managed by carefully
selected resource persons. The result has been greater networking among
panchayats which has facilitated the ground swell of support required to push
through major policy reform. Panchayats in Sikkim have not only been acting as
efficient service providers for the village, but have also been actively participating
in their economic development. The Ministry of Panchayati Raj has also suggested a
draft activity mapping matrix covering the assignment of roles to different entities
in the Mid-Day Meal Scheme. Incomplete devolution of funds is perhaps the
greatest challenge to the effective functioning of panchayats. Panchayats have to
evolve a durable and efficient system of financial management. The focus now is to
plan and implement activities at grass roots level through the effective devolution
of functions, finances and functionaries. Under the benevolent guidance of State
Governments, Panchayats are the optimal instruments for good governance at the
grass roots.
Palanithurai, G. (2004).
Panchayats and communities in family welfare. Social Welfare, 51(7) :
22-30.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.FAMILY WELFARE 3.PANCHAYATI RAJ 4.LOCAL
GOVERNMENT 5.ROLE OF PANCHAYATS 6.ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
Abstract : The present study analysed the role of the community in achieving
social development through the Panchayats. This study was carried out in 10 Gram
Panchayats of Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu with support of the Population
Foundation of India. The objectives of the study were to improve the quality of life
of people by ensuring adoption of appropriate community process; to enable the

53
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Panchayati Raj/ Gram Panchayat
community to set achievable development goals in the areas of school enrolment,
literacy, immunization, pre- and post natal care, family welfare, nutrition, sanitation,
child care; to assist communities to develop their agenda of development; and to give
the required professional assistance to the community in its efforts to achieve
these objectives. Study found that eligible children who did not go to school in the
10 Panchayats were in two digits in the year 1999-2000, but it reduced to single
digit in the third year. President of Gram Panchayats and animators worked to
achieve 100% school enrolment, and they had succeeded in increasing enrolment;
Gram Panchayats had provided toilets in all schools with adequate water supply; all
the 10 GPs had achieved the goal of supplying safe drinking water to all the families;
periodically tanks were cleared and water was chlorinated; pregnant women were
registered and they were attended by health personnel regularly and properly; T.T.
injections were given and IFA tables were provided to pregnant women; and detailed
pamphlets regarding anti-natal care, post-natal care, and immunization were
circulated among the people. It was found that family planning methods were mostly
used by women, and people were sensitized about the age of marriage for men and
women; school going children were sensitized about good health practices such as
trimming nails, washing hands before meals, and using toilets in schools; SHG women
were sensitized about environmental sanitation that helped to keep the villages
clean. The study also found that all Gram Panchayats had conducted health camps
with the assistance of the Health Department. It was suggested that this kind of
experience and exposure can be replicated in other Gram Panchayats in order to
bring about social change and impact on social development issues. A review
committee should be formed to review their work, and workshops should be
organized to share their experiences with other Gram Panchayats.

Poverty/ Urban Poor/ Quality of Life
Bhargava, Pradeep and Sharma, Radheyshyam. (2002).
Countering uncertainties : strategies for sustainable livelihoods : an
assessment of impact of poverty reduction programmes on the poor in
Rajasthan. Jaipur : Institute of Development Studies. 115 p.
Key Words : 1.RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2.POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMME
3.LIVELIHOODS 4.RURAL POOR 5.GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES 6.INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT 7.WAGES 8.INDIRA AWAAS YOJANA 9.RAJASTHAN.
Abstract : Survival in a fragile ecosystem characterized by dryland areas and
uncertain rainfall is the major struggle for the poor in Rajasthan. Livelihoods of the
poor in Rajasthan depend largely on agricultural output and animal husbandry
activities, which mainly due to failure of monsoons result in fluctuations in poor
people’s household income. The main objective of this study was to see the impact of
various Government interventions including poverty reduction programmes and other
sectoral programmes. In 1987 survey, 40 households were selected from each village
and in all 320 rural households were selected for the study. The present study also
covered the same villages, followed the sampling method and covered 320
households. The sex ratio was very low in Jaisalmer district, Badoda Gaon had a sex
ratio of 677 and the highest was in Karnuwa (1209) in Udaipur district. Anganwadi
centres were found in 9 of the 16 sample villages. In smaller villages, villagers had
the services of an ANM. All villages had power connection and only 3 villages did not
have a pucca (permanent) road. The percentage of economically active population, as
measured by the share of main workers in total population, was higher than 40% for
the male population in all sample villages except Badoda Gaon of Jaisalmer district. 6
out of 8 sample villages registered increase in population exceeding the percentage
growth in the districts as a whole. Significant changes were observed in female
literacy rates after the Total Literacy Campaign was launched. Literacy rate of
males was 57.0% in 1987 and 56.2% in 1999, and that of females was 16.2% in 1987
and 27.8% in 1999. Incidence of child marriage has also declined in the sample
villages. The major impact of increase in population is the sub-division of land
holdings during the decade 1987 – 1999. Depletion of small water bodies, including
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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Poverty/ Urban Poor/ Quality of Life
those in the private lands in Udaipur villages, has resulted in decline in area under
paddy cultivation from 179 hectares in 1983 to 79 hectares in 1997. In Ajmer
villages, the crop residuals amounted to 26% of the value of crop production in the
drought year compared to 18% in a normal year. The yield rates are low even in a
normal year. The highest milk yield rate of buffaloes among semi-medium
operational holdings averages about 9 litres per day during the lactation period.
Livestock rearing continues to be an important asset for the poor, though the
numbers owned per household have declined in the last two decades. In 1999 survey,
it was found that the unemployment rates of adult members of the household in the
last 15 days of the date of enquiry were very high. Rajasthan Government was the
first State to launch the Food for Work Programme in the country in 1997 and it is
due to its initiative in recent months that the programme has been revived. The
largest number of Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) beneficiaries
are in Jaisalmer (77%), Ajmer (62%), Pali (43%) and Udaipur (33%). Only 47%
beneficiaries were found to be making productive use of the asset at the time of
survey. The probability of moving above the poverty line is higher for those with
education level of primary and above. In the current year, only BPL households were
availing their quota of 20 kg of wheat from Fair Price Shops (FPS). The Public
Distribution System (PDS) in the state is functioning but needs further push to
ensure doorsteps delivery, and probably short term credit facilities to the FPS. The
ward/ gram sabhas and eligible beneficiaries need to take a pro-active role in
implementing the Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY). The amount sanctioned for building
dwelling units needs to be increased beyond Rs.17,200 per unit (1996-97), as the
actual expenditure incurred exceeded the grant in 98% cases. Area Development
Programmes, namely the Desert Development Programme and the Border Area
Development Programme in Pali and Jaisalmer districts have helped in meeting some
of the basic needs like water. A drought proofing strategy needs to be at the
centre of planning in an eco-system characterized by recurrent droughts. In a
drought prone state, programmes for availability of fodder throughout the year are
needed. The dairy network has helped in improving the production of milk. These
networks need to be strengthened and expanded. While employment programmes
need to be dovetailed to the larger planning for rural infrastructure, the panchayats
need to work on a five-year plan basis to improve the infrastructure in their villages.
The Public Distribution System should continue and include not only the poor, but
also the transient poor, in a drought year. The quota from FPS to poor households
needs to be increased to 10 kg per person.

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<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Poverty/ Urban Poor/ Quality of Life
Bhargava, Pradeep et al. (2004).
Mid-term impact of the District Poverty Initiative Project Rajasthan. Jaipur
: Institute of Development Studies. 54 p.
Key Words : 1.RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2.POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMME
3.DISTRICT POVERTY INITIATIVE PROJECT (DPIP) 4.COMMUNITY PROJECTS 5.MID-
TERM EVALUATION 6.SELF HELP GROUPS 7.RAJASTHAN.
Abstract : The District Poverty Initiative Project (DPIP) recognizes that poverty
has multidimensional characteristics not confined to income poverty alone, but
extending into the social environment in which the poor strive for an existence. The
objective of the DPIP is to improve economic opportunities, living standards and
social status of the poor. Seven project districts were selected namely, Barun,
Churu, Dausa, Dholpur, Jhalawar, Rajsamand and Tonk in Rajasthan. They were
prioritized on the basis of poverty indicators. The baseline survey found that there
was potential and the need to augment natural resource endowment in both project
and control villages. Sustainable livelihood requires a sustainable natural resource
base, which is characteristically fragile in most districts of Rajasthan. The DPIP
provides roads, bridges, drinking water, school buildings, sanitation including bath
spaces for women, and community halls for multi-purpose uses. The number of
households having access to irrigation increased from 84 to 138, while others below
the poverty line (BPL) also benefited, and their number increased from 29 to 39.
The yield rates reported by benefited households were either lower than the lower
level of above poverty line (APL) households, or were at best equal to them. The
DPIP does not directly focus on augmenting access to farm inputs and knowledge,
and BPL households were left to manage on their own initiatives. The benefited BPL
households were sending their children to school. The DPIP has had an indirect and
persuasive impact on parents to send their children to school, but more boys than
girls were going to school. One of the major programmes that reduced the
vulnerability of poor households was the earning from famine relief work. The
contribution of wages from famine relief work to total income varied between 7% to
14% among BPL households participating in relief works. Higher participation of
women in economic activities and women’s earnings can change not only gender
relations, but also help build stronger social capital in the village. There is inward
transfer of resources and services to the village, such as more frequent visits of
health workers, vendors and so on. All villages under DPIP may have infrastructure
projects that are implemented by the Panchayats. The Agricultural Development
Programme of DPIP may be extended to all districts, with suitable modifications
according to local conditions for providing economic and social security, dignity and
self esteem, as well as reducing the vulnerability of the rural population
considerably.

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Poverty/ Urban Poor/ Quality of Life
Dhar, Hiranmay. (2003).
Evaluation of programmes for improvement in the quality of life in rural
areas of Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow: Giri Institute of Development Studies.
131 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.QUALITY OF LIFE 3.RURAL AREAS 4.RURAL
DEVELOPMENT 5.RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE 6.POVERTY ALLEVIATION 7.UTTAR
PRADESH.
Abstract : Many social group specific programmes were started by the Government
in the 1960s as a part of the anti-poverty drive. The present study is an evaluation
of such programmes in 2 villages in Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh. A field survey
was conducted in 2 villages namely, Lacchipur and Kalyanpur. Information was
elicited from 62 households in Lacchipur and 63 households in Kalyanpur using a
questionnaire. Dominant land holders were mostly upper castes. The OBC and SC/ST
worked as agricultural labourers and construction workers. Ration shops under Public
Distribution System (PDS) were not opened regularly or were opened at a time when
most villagers had no money. There were malpractices in the distribution process.
Kerosene was the only commodity which was purchased by everyone. Other
commodities were sold occasionally and were of poor quality. The upper castes were
educated and were keen to provide education to their children, including girl
children. Even the SCs/STs and OBCs wanted to send their children to school
despite financial constraints. Both the villages had primary, junior and high schools.
There were private schools as well, where the relatively resourceful sent their
children. At the junior and high school level the dropout rate was high, especially
from SC/ST families. The dropout rate was higher for girls than for boys. Villagers
wanted to provide education to the girl child for better marriage prospects,
however the reason reported was that girls should also work and thus should study.
There was not much enthusiasm for adult education programmes. The general source
of medical treatment in both villages were quacks. Despite availability of primary
health centres, villagers went to private doctors during emergencies. People were
hesitant to give information about the functioning of Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY),
as contracts were mostly controlled by the village elite. People lacked information
about the various types of work under this scheme. Even in the case of Integrated
Rural Development Programme (IRDP), the rural poor were dependent on the village
gentry for project details. The latter often withheld information for their own
benefits. There were many malpractices and often the applicants did not receive the
entire money. The OBCs benefited most from these schemes as they were well
informed. Cooperation between banks, dealers and beneficiaries is important for
schemes to be successful. The Block Development Officer should ensure efficient

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dissemination of information. Also, the Panchayat (village council) system needs to
be strengthened for alleviation of poverty.
Nabakrushna Choudhary Centre for Development Studies, Bhubaneswar. (2003).
Towards a poverty reduction strategy for Orissa : some analytical and policy
issues. Bhubaneswar : NCCDS. ~70 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.POVERTY ERADICATION 3.POVERTY 4.POVERTY
REDUCTION 5.PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 6.POLICY IMPLICATION 7.ORISSA
Abstract : This report focused on the poverty reduction strategy for Orissa which
was reported in the World Bank’s “World Development Report 1990” (WDR). The
per capita income of Orissa was about 76% of that of all India in 1981-82 which
reduced to 56% by 1999-2000 mainly because of the better performance of middle
income states like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Tamil
Nadu. The rate of growth of Orissa’s population between 1991-2001 had been
15.94% as against 21.84% for all India, which showed third lowest rate of growth of
population among major states of India, higher than only Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
According to NSS (National Sample Survey), the poverty ratio in rural areas was
68.4% in 1983-84, which reduced to 48.1% by 1999-2000. Data on cereal
consumption by decile group (0-100 years) from 1961-2000 by NSS showed that
cereal consumption had declined or remained more or less stagnant in rural (1962-
18.2% and 2000-15.12%) and urban Orissa (1962-15% and 2000-14.5%), whereas a
difference of 10% points in calorie intake was found in rural Orissa compared to
urban Orissa, which showed that nutritional stress and food insecurity was more in
rural than urban Orissa. The degree of casualisation had sharply increased in
respect of rural female workers from 41.2% in 1987-88 to 51.5% in 1993-94. On the
other hand in the urban sector, percentage of female workers who were in regular
employment had increased from 27.5% in 1987-88 to 38.3% in 1993-94, while open
employment was not high and showed a decline between 1993-94 and 1999-2000. A
shift from coarse cereals to costlier but superior cereals had taken place due to
changed output conditions during the years 1967-68 to 1993-94. This affected the
total consumption of cereals and increased landlessness and casualisation of rural
labour in rural Orissa. It was found that Revenue Deficit (RD) had grown faster than
Fiscal Deficit (FD) by around 30% in the years between 1993-94 and 1999-2000.
There had been a steady decline in the percent share of capital expenditure in total
governmental expenditure from 26% in 1980-81 to 8.6% in 1999-2000 which
affected the growth prospects of the economy in the long run. The share of capital
expenditure in total developmental expenditure also declined from 27% in 1980-81
to 12.37% in 1999-2000. In the year 1987-88 the PDS (Public Distribution System)
had started to meet the food security of the poor by distributing food grains. But it

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was found that the extent of such transfers was relatively greater to the non-poor
than to the poor in both rural and urban Orissa, thus schemes for food security had
again been re-targeted. A rough estimate showed that total number of physically
handicapped in Orissa was about 8 lakhs in 1999-2000 and budgetary expenditure
for them was only Rs. 15,025. Sustained growth has to be thought of as a necessary
condition to make a major dent on poverty from a long term perspective, particularly
in a context in which institutional mechanisms and political processes are not
effective enough to carry out redistributive measures of income transfers through
non-market means.
Nair, Tara S. (2000).
Towards mainstreaming poor women in development : the DWCRA
experience in Gujarat. Ahmedabad : Gujarat Institute of Development
<strong>Research</strong>. 72 p.
Key Words : 1.RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2.DWCRA 3.POOR WOMEN 4.RURAL WOMEN
5.MAINSTREAMING WOMEN 6.ROLE OF NGOS 7.ROLE OF VOLUNTARY
ORGANIZATIONS 8.PROBLEMS OF RURAL WOMEN 9.INCOME GENERATION 10.SELF
HELP GROUPS.
Abstract : During the Sixth Five Year Plan period (1982-83), development of
women and children in rural areas (DWCRA) was launched with the primary objective
of focusing attention on women of rural families, living below the poverty line. By the
end of VIII Five Year Plan, the scheme had covered about 1.686 million poor women
in rural areas. In Gujarat, DWCRA was launched in 1984 in two districts, Ahmedabad
and Junagadh, and by VIII Plan period about Rs.74.1 million were spent in the State
covering 61,000 poor women organized into 4300 groups. To assess the impact of
DWCRA Programme in Gujarat, partially structured questionnaire and open
discussions were held. 91.28% DWCRA members ventured out alone while grazing
only, 14.33% women visited district head quarters alone; this showed that women
derived as much confidence in the company of fellow women, as in the presence of
their husbands or other male relatives. Women were most ignorant about legal
matters that concerned the economic sphere – the market site. There was a clear
distinction between social and economic domains. About 15% women thought that
they participated in important decision making like purchase of assets and sale or
borrowing money. About 66% women felt that they did not face any problems. About
33% NGO supported groups chose embroidery as an income generating activity. Only
1.89% women members of NGO supported groups could make it to local political
institutions like Gram Sabha or Gram Panchayat. About 27% women knew about the
existence of laws relating to divorce and maintenance and only 6% to 8% were aware
of legal protection. Findings indicated that organizing women’s collectives was a

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relevant strategy for empowering them, as poor women demonstrated a strong
tendency to derive strength from being a member of the group. The intervention of
NGOs had a positive impact on functional status of DWCRA groups. DWCRA’s failure
to make a mark on the development scene was due to problems in conceptualization,
design and implementation. DWCRA needed to find a perfect fit between skills,
resources, available technological options, markets and the chosen activity.
Gramsevaks needed training about group mobilization and development. A system
should be designed to record the feedback of women regarding functioning of
groups and their role, Gramsevaks, animations and NGOs. The relevance and specific
role of NGOs need to be debated more widely so that terms and areas of
association between the state and private sectors would be clearer.
Sah, D C., Shah, Amita and Bird, Kate. (2003).
Chronic poverty in remote rural areas of south western Madhya Pradesh.
Ahmedabad : Gujarat Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong>. 157 p.
Key Words : 1.RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2.POVERTY 3.CHRONIC POVERTY 4.RURAL
AREAS 5.REMOTE AREAS 6.TRIBALS 7.TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT 8.AGRICULTURE
9.LIVELIHOOD.
Abstract : The study was conducted by Madhya Pradesh Institute of Social
Science <strong>Research</strong>, Ujjain and Gujarat Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong>,
Ahmedabad to study the chronically poor people in a remote area within a high
income-poverty region of South-Western Madhya Pradesh; the linkages of income
poverty with other dimensions of poverty; how remoteness influences economic,
political and social freedom; how different factors and processes lead to chronic
multidimensional poverty in remote rural areas; and how the interaction between the
state, civil society and community manifests in development. One backward district,
Badwani, was selected from five districts of the region. This was selected on the
basis of high incidence of poverty, lack of irrigation, slow urbanization and
remoteness. Participatory methods like free interviews, case studies and group
discussions were used to collect the data. Macro level findings have identified
South-Western tribal belt of Madhya Pradesh to be one of the poorest regions in
the country. About 90% people are chronically poor in this region and 25% are
intensely poor. All chronically poor are also severely poor households, and poverty in
remote rural areas is closely related to landholdings. Agricultural income is only a
part of their livelihood during a calamity, and poverty dynamics consists of a
complex mix of processes, including migration. The intensity of migration seemed to
have strong links for meeting current consumption. The experiences of democratic
decentralization in tribal areas were mixed it created a set of new leaders within,
but the governance became intensely centralized. As expectations of the community

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remained unfulfilled, its participation in decision making slowly dwindled. The
community also had no freedom in the process of planning the programmes it needed.
The quantum of financial allocation was too thin to meet the demands of the
community. In economically homogeneous and relatively remote rural areas, the
social capital is much more vibrant.
Shah, Amita. (2007).
Patterns, processes of reproduction, and policy imperatives for poverty in
remote rural areas : a case study of southern Orissa in India. Ahmedabad :
Gujarat Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong>, Ahmedabad. 30 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.POVERTY 3.POVERTY ALLEVIATION 4.DEVELOPMENT
5.TRIBALS 6.LIVELIHOOD 7.KORAPUT 8.ORISSA.
Abstract : Incidence of poverty is generally higher in areas with low agronomic
potential. The present study was carried out to identify areas with high incidence of
poverty over a long period of time, and examine the important features associated
with poverty scenarios. The study is based on 4 villages, Hanumal, Kamel, Balel and
Sindhigudha in Lamptaput block in undivided Koraput district. A total of 159
households were selected for the study. It was found that about 17% of the
sampled households did not own any land. It was observed that agriculture was the
major contributor, accounting for 42.5% of the estimated income of households.
This was followed by wage income, contributing 25.2%; forest resources 15.1%; and
other activities 17.2%. Highest per capita income from all sources was found in
Kamel. Overall income of households ranged between Rs. 9,147 to Rs. 13,854 per
annum. About 38% households reported partially shifting from eating rice to ragi,
30% of households reported net reduction in cereal consumption in order to cope
with internal shock. It is likely that most of these households belonged to the
category of severely poor. About 21% households reported borrowing money from
moneylenders in order to cope with the difficult situation. 16% households reported
borrowing from shop keepers/ traders. According to community based ranking, as
many as 98% of the households were considered as poor. Of the total households,
about 50% were categorized as extremely and highly poor, and another 28% as
average poor. An important observation was that the proportion of severely poor
was significantly higher among more remote villages (36.3%) as compared to less
remote villages (25.3%). Conversely, the proportion of non-poor was higher in the
less remote villages compared to the more remote villages. Poverty was highest
among the SCs (93.4%), followed by STs (90.3%), and then by other communities
(75%). Similar pattern was observed in the case of the severely poor. 45.7% of the
SC households belonged to severely poor category, as compared to 26.9% in the case
of STs, and 15% in the case of others. Physical remoteness at regional/ district

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level emerges as the most important factor explaining the level of poverty in
Koraput, which is significantly higher in comparison to other forest-based districts
in northern Orissa. The various schemes for employment generation and other
developmental programmes initiated in the 150 most backward districts is a
testimony of the recognition of sustained concentration of poverty in certain
pockets of the country. While wage employment or other subsidies are crucial for
making a dent on chronic poverty, the long term solution lies in addressing structural
problems, and integration of forest management into the larger framework of
development. The thrust should be on participatory forest management.
Shah, Amita and Yagnik, Jignasu. (2007).
Estimates of BPL-households in rural Gujarat : measurement, spatial pattern
and policy imperatives. Ahmedabad : Gujarat Institute of Development
<strong>Research</strong>. 30 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.POVERTY 3.BPL FAMILIES 4.RURAL POOR 5.BELOW
POVERY LINE 6.SAURASHTRA 7.GUJARAT.
Abstract : The poverty scenario in Gujarat is marked by two important features –
low incidence and spatial concentration. The present study was carried out to
examine the extent and spatial concentration of BPL ratio across talukas in Gujarat
and compare that with official poverty estimates across NSSO regions in the state.
Data was gathered from secondary sources of information. Government of Gujarat
had undertaken a socio-economic survey of 6.86 million households in rural areas
(2003). Deprivation was assessed with respect to critical indicators such as food
security, clothing, reasons for migration, and type of indebtedness among the BPL
and APL (Above Poverty Line) households. It was found that 34.2% of households in
Gujarat were below poverty line (BPL). Of the total of 2.35 million BPL households,
1.09 million were in the category of very poor and the rest were in the category of
poor. These constitute 15.9% and 18.3% of the rural thresholds. The BPL ratio
varied significantly across districts ranging from 11.26% in Junagarh to 71.47% in
Narmada. The BPL ratio has declined from 39.5% to 34.2% during 1997 to 2003.
The top 60 talukas with high BPL ratios were spread over 19 out of 25 districts in
Gujarat. However, more than 70% of these 60 talukas are in 8 districts, viz
Panchamahals, Dahod, Surat, Banaskantha, Jamnagar, Sabarkantha and Bharuch –
Narmada combined. The 43 tribal talukas in Gujarat are among the 60 talukas where
poverty ratios were highest. According to Planning Commission (Government of
India, 2007), urban poverty was significantly higher than rural poverty till 1993-94,
but the pattern has reversed in the subsequent two rounds. Rural poverty has
declined from 27.9% in 1983 to 19.1% during 2004-05. Regional estimates of rural
poverty in Gujarat bring out some important findings. There is only a marginal

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Poverty/ Urban Poor/ Quality of Life
decline in rural poverty since the early nineties (i.e. 22.8% in 1993-94 to 19.1%
during 2004-05). Secondly, two out of the five regions have experienced increase
though, marginal, in poverty ratio over the past decade; these regions are Dry Areas
and Eastern Regions. Saurashtra and Eastern Regions have retained the lowest and
the highest ranks with respect to poverty/ BPL ratios respectively, as also observed
in the case of poverty estimates for 1993-94 and 1999-2000. There is higher
incidence of poverty in drought prone areas. BPL estimates were found to be
consistent with the expected scenario in terms of a positive association with
degradation of natural resources, and also other determinants like land productivity
and irrigation, urbanization, industrialization, educational infrastructure, etc. 44%
of rural households had reported food scarcity, this was higher than BPL ratio (i.e.
34.2%) for the state. It was suggested that there should be a supplementary survey
to estimate food security situation for verification of the actual magnitude of
deprivation. It is also essential to develop spatial profiles and understand relative
scenarios before putting up the information about individual households and
resorting to modifications on a case-by-case basis. Lastly, it is imperative that the
database helps trigger an informed debate on causes of poverty and the solutions
there of.

Primary Health Care
VANI, Voluntary Action Network India (UP), Lucknow. (2006).
Realizing rights demanding Government accountability for change : Citizen
report on primary health care and girl child education in Uttar Pradesh.
Lucknow : VANI. 96 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 3.ACCOUNTABILITY
4.GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY 5.RIGHT TO HEALTH 6.RIGHT TO EDUCATION
7.GIRLS EDUCATION 8.SOCIAL AUDIT 10.UTTAR PRADESH.
Abstract : The present report evaluated the role played by institutions of
governance in promoting girl child education and primary health care in Uttar
Pradesh. The study covered the time span from 2000 to March 2006 and primarily
looked all relevant policies, programs and state initiatives. The study area was entire
Uttar Pradesh which was divided into four regions namely the Western, Central,
Eastern region and Bundelkhand. Data was collected through primary and secondary
sources. Findings showed that 40,000 maternal deaths took place every year in
Uttar Pradesh and according to SRS (Sample Registration System) 2004 infant
mortality was 72 per 1000 live births. Several national level health programmes were
implemented by the Government of Uttar Pradesh (GoUP) but there was very little
reduction in mortality rates, and very little improvement in mother and child health.
Nutritional profile prepared by the Department of Planning (GoUP) 2006, showed
that every sixth malnourished child in India lived in Uttar Pradesh, and it ranked
second with respect to prevalence of malnutrition among children under 3 years of
age in India. Almost 30% pregnant women suffered from chronic energy deficiency
and 5% women were severely malnourished. Most PHCs were in a bad condition and
not utilized by people due to several reasons that were apathetic staff in PHCs,
absence of navigable roads and suitable modes of transport, some PHCs were
inaccessible in case of complicated pregnancies, absentee doctors, no laboratories
for blood tests and other tests, non-availability of medicines, etc. The education
scenario in Uttar Pradesh was very dismal, and female literacy (43%) lagged far
behind the national average, according to a study done by UNICEF in 2004.
According to a State report (2005), majority of parents were interested in
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educating their children, but lack of quality education acts as a blockade. Another
study conducted by PRATHAM showed that in government schools, 61.3% of
children in Standards II-V could not read even Standard I level textbooks, whereas
in private schools only 35.8% fell in this bracket, but the education there was
expensive. Parents did not give much importance to girls education. The condition of
primary schools in rural areas was not good. Irregular staff and timings, improper
sanitation facilities, over crowded classes, shortage of staff, and some schools were
very far from the village so due to transport problems children could not attended
the school. In spite of all the International commitments made by the Indian
Government for improving educational level, Uttar Pradesh still stands on the
margin. It was suggested that Government should plan policies and programmes on
health and education according to the convenience of community people, and a
proper feedback from the community is also essential, as several national
programmes are framed but the people do not even have knowledge about these
programmes, so they should be informed about them.

<strong>Research</strong>/ Documentation
Indo-Dutch Programme on Alternative in Development, New Delhi. (2004).
IDPAD Newsletter, Jul-Dec 2(2). New Delhi : IDPAD. 62 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.RESEARCH SOCIAL WELFARE 3.EMPLOYMENT
4.EMPLOYMENT SITUATION 5.WORKERS 6.WORK PARTICIPATION RATE
7.UNORGANIZED SECTOR 8.ORGANIZED SECTOR 9.MID DAY MEAL 10.ICDS
11.RIGHT TO FOOD.
Abstract : The Government currently spends more than Rs. 2500 billion per year on
food subsidy; still poor households get virtually nothing from this food security
system. The main research issues to be investigated were reform of the Public
Distribution System (PDS) and feasibility of an All-India Employment Guarantee act,
gender aspects and political economy of the right to food. The National Programme
of Nutritional Support for Primary Education that is the National Mid-Day Meal
Scheme, was initiated in 1995. In 2001, the Court directed all State Governments
to introduce cooked Mid-Day meals in all Government and aided primary schools.
Implementation had been slow in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Assam and West Bengal.
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Kerala had strong commitment to mid-day
meal, and spent Rs 2 per child per day on meeting the recurring cost of providing
cooked meals. ICDS scheme has been in operation for over 25 years. <strong>Research</strong> on
ICDS was initiated with field survey in six states of Chhattisgarh, Himachal
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. The motivation of
mothers to send their children to the anganwadi center (AWC) was very high in
states like Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra and high in North Indian States and Uttar
Pradesh. These mothers viewed the anganwadi worker as a person who helped them
in their hour of need. Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra achieved high standards of child
care through ICDS and at the other end, anganwadis in Uttar Pradesh were closed
most of the time. In states like Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, every school was
provided with a cook, a helper and even a ‘nutritional meal organiser’. In contrast, in
Uttar Pradesh, there was rampant corruption, and no significant impact of ICDS on
the well being of children was observed. There should be an improvement in the
nutritious content of food provided at anganwadis, and children under three should
be given rations to take home. The building of anganwadi should be a well designed
structure with all essential facilities like clean drinking water, storage facilities,
basic furniture, cooking utensils, medical kits, charts, toys, etc. Special workers
should be appointed for children under three years.
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<strong>Research</strong>/ Documentation
Siwach, Sunita. (2006).
Is Internet harmful ? Perceived influences on personal and social life of
Internet users. New Delhi : NIPCCD. 3 p.
Key Words : 1.DOCUMENTATION CENTRES 2.INTERNET 3.CYBER CAFE 4.IMPACT OF
INTERNET 5.SOCIAL LIFE 6.IMPACT OF INTERNET ON SOCIAL LIFE 7.MEDIA.
Abstract : Use of computers and internet has been widespread in developed
countries and is rapidly increasing in developing countries like India. A sample of 94
internet users was taken from 46 Cyber Cafes in different areas of Delhi, and 48
suburban areas of south Rohtak in Haryana. Their age ranged from 15 to 30 years.
Data was collected through interviews. Out of the total sample, 45.74% internet
users were daily visitors of Cyber Cafes, 28.72% were weekly visitors, and 19.15%
used internet once a month. Males were using internet (74.74%) more than females
in both groups. About 56.38% internet users were devoting 1-5 hours per week, and
only 10.14% participants were using internet for more than 15 hours per week. About
38.3% users used internet for e-mail, whereas 40.42% used it for educational
purposes. Chatting (19.15%) and business (2.13%) were also mentioned as other uses.
About 40.4% participants mentioned that they felt relaxed while using internet,
whereas 9.57% respondents reported that the internet had a negative impact on
personal life. Other behaviours associated with internet usage were avoidance of
work (32.9%), avoidance of play ground (37.2%), avoiding hobbies (20%), avoiding
family (14.8%), avoiding visits to relative’s place (27.6%), negative impact on
adjustment (20%), friendship with net friends (27.16%), possessiveness about
internet (22.3%), did not want to go outside with friends (24.4%), etc. Out of the
total sample, 30.8% users reported a preference for pornographic sites. On the
internet 22.3% persons wanted to chat with persons of the opposite sex, while
29.77% persons reported that they were wasting their time on the internet. About
25.5% were habitual users and only 14.89% wanted to leave this habit. Majority of
people were using the internet for communication and entertainment. So it was
suggested that internet should be used properly by users to collect information
related to education, knowledge, and latest information in each and every field.

Scheduled Castes/ Other Backward Classes
Dabhi, Jimmy and Nayak, Ramesh C. (2006).
Social mobility and changing identity of the dalits in Haryana. New Delhi :
Indian Social Institute. 105 p.
Key Words : 1.SCHEDULED CASTES 2.SCHEDULED CASTES HARYANA 3.SOCIAL
MOBILITY 4.EMPOWERMENT SCHEDULED CASTES 5.PANCHAYATI RAJ
6.SCHOLARSHIPS FOR SCHEDULED CASTES 7.SOCIAL CHANGE SCHEDULED CASTES
8.EMPLOYMENT SCHEDULED CASTES 9.PROGRAMMES FOR SCHEDULED CASTES
10.GOVERNMENT PROGRAMMES SCHEDULED CASTE 11.HARYANA.
Abstract : The Dalits are still designated with a variety of nomenclatures such as
untouchables, depressed classes, services classes, weaker sections, etc. The study
was done to examine the socio-economic status, social mobility and identity
formation that has been going on among Dalits of Haryana. Data was collected from
12 villages of 6 districts that were Ambala, Karnal, Hisar, Rohtak, Mahendragarh and
Mewat through survey and interviews. Data showed that 47% Dalits of urban areas
and 40% Dalits of rural areas were employed in non-agriculture sectors and only
2.5% were engaged in agriculture. Data of both rural and urban areas showed that
the annual income of 19% households was reportedly less than Rs.20,000. A majority
of Dalits both in rural and urban Haryana had no access to drinking water, toilets,
and bathrooms. Among the Dalits, 36% in urban areas and 34% in rural areas had one
room to share. It was found that sub-caste of chamars have got the highest
benefits of modern education and had been able to access Class IV jobs in the
Government. Illiteracy was 45.7% in rural areas and 40% in urban areas. Data
indicated that 63% urban Dalits never experienced discrimination on the basis of
their caste identity, but 69% Dalits in rural areas reported that they experienced
discrimination in day to day life like they were not allowed to draw water from
common wells, they were prohibited from entering temples, and could not fully avail
their right to education and knowledge. The new Panchayat Raj Act had given entry
to Dalits in local politics. The political assertion of Dalits was found to be more
visible in local politics and development works. Urban Dalits were more assertive of
their rights. The study suggested that the State, civil society organizations and civil
society at large need to work together for greater emancipation of Dalits, not only
in the field of elimination of discrimination, but also in the fields of economic
development, education and social equality.
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Schedule Castes/ Other Backward Classes
Joshi, Y. G and Verma, D.K. (2002).
Aspirations and achievements of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in
last five decades of independence : a study in Madhya Pradesh : institutional
project report. Mhow, Madhya Pradesh: Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar National
Institute of Social Sciences. 85 p.
Key Words : 1. SCHEDULED CASTES/SCHEDULED TRIBES 2.DEVELOPMENT OF SC/ST
3.ASPIRATIONS OF SC/ST 4.ATROCITIES ON SC/ST 5.PROTECTION TO SC/ST
6.LEGAL MEASURES FOR SC/ST.
Abstract : The objective of the study was to evaluate the achievements of
scheduled castes in post-independent India, as compared to the constitutional goal
of bringing them at par with other sections of the society. Study was conducted in
undivided Madhya Pradesh i.e. present day Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Data
was collected from 16 villages selected from 8 regional divisions, as per Census of
India, and 5 urban blocks from Bhopal, Indore, Ujjain, Jabalpur and Bilaspur town.
Results of the study are based on 525 scheduled caste (SC) sample households (400
rural, and 125 urban) covering a population of 3170 (2418 rural and 752 urban). For
comparison, a sample of 315 households (240 rural, 75 urban) from other than SC
population, residing in the same area, covering a population of 1959 (1537 rural, 422
urban) was included. Findings revealed that nearly 50 % of the houses in rural areas
were semi-pucca (semi-permanent) in both the groups. About 94% of the SC
households had acquired electric connections. A large number of SC girls were
married below 15 years of age. Only 5% SC households reported purchase of
agricultural land from OBCs during the last 5 years. In both rural and urban areas,
the annual income of SC households was significantly lower than the non-SC
population. Literacy level of both, male and female SC population in rural areas was
10 to 13 percent lower than other population. It was concluded that there had been
a significant achievement in improvement of the overall conditions of the scheduled
castes in all spheres in the post independence period, but there still exists a wide
gap between SCs and the other population. However, there is still a need to raise
consciousness among dalits towards their rights, bringing improvement in their
educational and economic status, and involving them in the political process.

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Schedule Castes/ Other Backward Classes
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), New Delhi. (2004).
Report on prevention of atrocities against scheduled castes. New Delhi :
NHRC. 299 p.
Key Words : 1.SCHEDULED CASTES 2.ATROCITIES ON SCHEDULED CASTES
3.ATROCITIES PREVENTION 4.PREVENTION OF ATROCITIES 5.ROLE OF NHRC 6.ROLE
OF GOVERNMENT 7.WOMEN'S RIGHTS.
Abstract : Despite elaborate provisions in the Constitution of India and other laws,
it is an unfortunate reality that social injustice and exploitation of scheduled castes
(SCs) and scheduled tribes (STs) and other weaker sections still persists. The
present report, prepared by National Human Rights Commission, reveals the
atrocities and crimes committed on SCs and the steps which NHRC could take to
check them. The report reveals the humiliation which SCs and dalits suffer even
today. It was found that the total number of reported criminal cases of atrocities
against SCs under the IPC, Protection of Child Rights Act, and Scheduled Tribes and
Scheduled Castes Act in 1999 was 25,093. In a study, an NGO in Gujarat covered 11
atrocities prone districts for four years and found that 36% of atrocities cases
were not registered under the Atrocities Act, and in 84.4% cases, the Act was
applied. According to the Report of National Commission on Scheduled Castes/
Scheduled Tribes 2000-2001 there were 486 (2.05%) murders, 3,298 (13.89%)
cases of grievous hurt, 1034 (1.36%) rapes, 260 (1.09%) arson cases and 18,664
(78.61%) other offences that took place against SCs. The maximum number of
atrocities against SCs registered in 2002 were in UP (8,462), Rajasthan (6,679), MP
(4,122), AP (2,711), Gujarat (1,699) and Karnataka (1,254). Fewer cases were
registered in Tamil Nadu (996), Maharashtra (793), Bihar (568), Kerala (529),
Uttaranchal (112), Haryana (54), Punjab (34), Jharkhand (26), Delhi (15), and West
Bengal (14). Only one case each was registered in Goa and all the Union Territories,
except in Puducherry where there was no case. There has been substantial increase
in the provision of financial assistance during the last 2 years for the
implementation of Central Acts. During the year 2001-02 Rs. 29.06 crore were
released. The funds released to states bear no correspondence to the volume of
atrocity cases there. The drawl of assistance by some states is extremely low
despite the sizeable percentage of SC population and also high incidence of cases of
violence against SCs. Perhaps non-registration of cases under the Act may be the
reason why the state is not claiming adequate assistance. The study reveals that
under Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) 13.26% of the total loans were
sanctioned by banks to SC/ ST beneficiaries which accounted for 15.63% of the
total amount sanctioned during 2000-01.The Sixth Report of the National
Commission on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (2000-01) observed that in

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Schedule Castes/ Other Backward Classes
most states, monitoring and vigilance committees at state and district levels have
either not been constituted or its meetings are not held on a regular basis. Annual
reports are not submitted by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment as
per law. Appointment of special prosecutors is often influenced by political
consideration, and states are not implementing relief and rehabilitation packages.
The report also reveals that the SCs occupy 11.29% of the posts in Group A, 12.68%
in Group B, 15.78% in Group C and 19.99% in Group D under the Central Government.
In Group D posts, SCs occupy 65.57% of the total posts of safai karmacharis
(sweepers). In public sector insurance companies, in Class I category their
representation in the total strength was 15.38%, in Class II category it was 12.40%,
in Class III it was 17.24%, and in Class IV it was 31.35%, including those of safai
karmacharis. In the country’s 256 universities and about 1100 colleges funded by
UGC, there are about 3.42 lakh teaching positions, but SCs and STs comprise only
2% of the teaching staff, and about 7500 teaching positions meant for these
communities are vacant. It is recommended that a manual on the implementation of
Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, SCs, and STs Act may be prepared with the
help of Human Rights Organizations/ Social activists and NGOs working with and for
scheduled castes, specifying necessary steps for their effective implementation,
along with the specifying to implement responsibility of concerned functionaries at
various levels in dealing with their different provisions. This manual may be
translated by states into regional languages and made available to all the
functionaries, police, civil organizations and judiciary, and all those responsible for
implementing the Act. Ministry of Home Affairs should set up a Cell - Civil Rights
Act, 1955, and SCs/ STs Act, 1989. State Governments should expeditiously
identify atrocity prone areas and untouchability prone areas and thereafter prepare
a Plan of Action for eliminating untouchability and reducing the incidence of
violence.

Slum Dweller
Goldar, Bishwananth et al. (2007).
Well being of the urban poor : assessment and policy issues : a study of slum
clusters in Jaipur, Ludhiana, Mathura and Ujjain : final report. Delhi :
Institute of Economic Growth. 170 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.SLUM DWELLERS 3.URBAN POOR 4.SLUM CHILDREN
5.HEALTH STATUS SLUM CHILDREN 6.TOILETS 7.DRINKING WATER 8.SANITATION.
Abstract : Rural to urban migration has been an important contributing factor
towards increasing urbanization. Many of these migrants are engaged in low paid
informal jobs and stay in slums and slums squatter colonies. The present study
investigated the link between migration and urban poverty, inter-linkages between
employment and poverty, and the role of networks in accessing jobs and subsequent
upward mobility. Also, urban poverty is characterized by inadequacy of basic
services such as water, sanitation and health. 500 households were selected from
each of the four cities Jaipur, Ludhiana, Mathura and Ujjain. Survey work was
carried out for six months during the year 2006-07. The slums considered in this
study were only of a particular type i.e., jhuggi-jhopdi clusters, kachha (nonpermanent
structures) basti or gandi / malin (low caste) basti. It was observed that
slums had a higher proportion of child population (14.26%) than cities (13.05%) at
the all India level. Majority of the slums in Jaipur (88%) had pucca (permanent) or
semi-pucca structures. 90% of the slums were very close to pucca (metalled) roads.
The width of the road ranged from 1.5 feet to 20 feet. More than 80% of the slums
had both street lighting and household electricity connection. 92% of the slums of
Jaipur reportedly had water supply. 80% of the slum dwellers had their own toilets,
28% had covered drains, and 44% had pucca drains. Majority of the children of
Jaipur slums were going to school. ICDS centres, NGOs and post offices were
present in some of the slums of Jaipur. In Ludhiana, central part of the city has only
4% of the slums. Eastern part of the city has 73% of the slum population. More than
80% of the slums had more than 6 feet wide roads. Only three out of 25 slums had
narrow streets (less than 3 feet). Most of the residents had their own toilets. 72%
slums had covered drains. No garbage disposal system was found. Domestic violence
and child labour was prevalent. Some of the slum dwellers also reported atrocities
by the mafia. Only 1/3 of the slums had ICDS centres. In Mathura, the slums were
not uniformly distributed in the city. Vrindawan town had the maximum
concentration of slums. 32% had kachha streets inside the slums. More than 6 feet
wide streets had been reported in 12 out of 25 slums of Mathura. 80% slums
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Slum Dweller
reported water logging in the rainy season. 84% slum dwellers had their own toilets.
33% had kachha drains. 44% had garbage disposal system. Children were going to
school regularly. Drug abuse and alcoholism was found in 24% slums. In 24% slums
child marriage was prevalent. In 60% slums women were found to be participating in
economic activities. Mathura was deprived of day care centres, welfare institutions
and ICDS centres. Ujjain has a high concentration of slums. 84% were located in the
main city. Serviceable kachha streets were observed in 40% slums. Only 13% slums
had both street lighting and household electricity connection. Children were seen
working in household activities like incense stick rolling, toy making, papad making,
etc. Child marriage, domestic violence, small crimes and alcoholism was also
observed. ICDS centres were there in the majority of slums. The incidence of
diarrhoea was prevalent in all the four cities (6.6%). 30% of the diarrhoea cases in
the last 15 days prior to the survey occurred among children below 5 years of age.
Another 20% occurred among children between five to fifteen years of age. On an
average, respondents had 2 episodes of diarrhoea every year. The average cost of
illness was Rs.123 per household per month. Overall 70% of slum dwellers had access
to piped water or deep bore well or tube well, the remaining 30% used other
sources. Large proportion of women had home deliveries, pointing again to the
failure of RCH programme in slums. Majority of women visited private clinics for
antenatal check-ups. Poor infrastructure and lack of basic amenities like sanitation,
garbage disposal, potable water are important determinants of ill health. It was
suggested that Government should take serious note of its continued lapses in
health services, and evaluate why the various schemes for slum development, as well
as specific health infrastructure improvements have not worked well so far.
Habitat International Coalition, Housing and Land Rights
Network, New Delhi. (2002).
Restructuring New Delhi's urban habitat : building an apartheid city.
New Delhi : HIC-HLRN. 55 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.EVICTED PERSONS 3.SLUM DWELLER
4.DEMOLITION DRIVE 5.REHABILITATION SLUM DWELLER 6.HOUSING RIGHTS
7.PROBLEMS OF EVICTED PERSONS 8.DELHI.
Abstract : In March 2001, an international team, under the auspices of Habitat
International Coalition’s Housing and Land Rights Network (HIC-HLRN), undertook a
fact finding mission (FFM) in 12 resettlement sites of Delhi namely Bakharwala,
Bhalaswa, Hastsal, Jahangirpuri, Maddanpur Khader, Molarbund, Nehru Place,
Papankala Sector 1, Papankala Sector 16A (Kakrola), Poothkala, Sundernagri and
Trilokpuri. The objective of the study was to evaluate the Government’s

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Slum Dweller
performance in carrying out its human rights obligations to implement the right for
adequate housing for its citizens and residents under the Indian Constitution, the
(draft) National Slum Policy and Municipal Standards. The Fact Finding Team (FFT)
found that individuals and entire communities were harassed by police, Government
officials, placed under duress and then forcibly evicted from homes that some had
lived in for over 25 years. In all the new sites, the HLRN team found that residents
did not have equal access to public goods and services including water, health care,
transport, fuel, sanitation, electricity and waste disposal. With regard to medical
facilities, Hastsal had at least one medical clinic while Maddanpur Khader and
Molarbund had none. A mobile dispensary visited Molarbund once a week and the
doctors distributed medicines without physically examining the patients. The
resettlement site was mostly established on agricultural lands or otherwise
uninhabitable low ground subject to inundation and drainage problems which led to
hazardous surroundings. The characteristics of the plots themselves necessitated
additional costs to the families to prepare the ground for any construction by filling
earth which cost around Rs.1000 to Rs.2000 per month. The HLRN team found that
the 25 sq.m. plots provided by DDA (Delhi Development Authority) were for Rs 7000
and Rs 5000 was paid for 12.5 sq.m. plots. At Bhakharwala, Maddanpur Khader and
Bhalaswa it was found that allottees of the smaller plots paid the same amount as
the allottes of larger plots. The FFT found that several villages were not connected
to the main road, due to which they had to suffer problems associated with the
inaccessibility of schools, employment and health facilities. Toilet facilities and
appropriate bathing facilities for women were also not designed properly. All
resettlement sites were located far away from the original work places, due to
which people had to pay for transport, and several women also left their jobs due to
security reasons. Lack of adequate information about the laws and policies regarding
eviction was one of the biggest handicaps of evicted persons. Security level was very
poor at all the sites due to which people did not leave their homes especially at
night. Government should make the public aware about their legal rights and policies
related to land, livelihood, education, all aspects of rehabilitation, and basic civic
amenities. More land should provided to slum dwellers.

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Slum Dweller
Sarkar, Mainak, Roy, Anindo and Purshottam Kumar. (2003).
A Study on the problems of the people of the urban slums of Udaipur city.
Udaipur : Seva Mandir, Udaipur. ~80 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.SLUM DWELLER 3.NEEDS OF SLUM DWELLERS
4.SAFE DELIVERY 5.OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN.
Abstract : The study was done to find out the problems of people, especially women
and children in urban slums of Udaipur city, Rajasthan. The survey was conducted in
Ram Nagar basti, (n = 70 households), Shivaji Nagar (n = 65 households), and
Manoharpura (43 households). Data was collected through interviews of household
members. In Manoharpura all the females were illiterate, whereas in Shivaji Nagar
only 4% could read, and in Ram Nagar basti (slum) 17% women could read/ write. The
educational level of males was higher only in Ram Nagar basti (39%) as compared to
Shivaji Nagar (11%) and Manoharpura (12%). The percentage of school going children
was higher in Manoharpura (66%) compared to Ram Nagar basti and Shivaji Nagar.
The reasons for not sending children to school in Shivaji Nagar and Ram Nagar were
parents were unable to pay for fees/uniform, etc., whereas in Manoharpura the
reasons were that children were working, children were physically unfit, etc. Mostly
households had kaccha (temporary) houses in Manohapura (30 out of 42) and Shivaji
Nagar (43 out of 65), whereas in Ram Nagar 23 out of 70 households had pakka
(permanent) houses. Medical facilities were inadequate in all the 3 places, and if
some facilities were available, they were expensive. Most households reported that
delivery was conducted at home without the help of any medical practitioner. There
were no proper sources of water available in all the 3 places, and water outlets were
also very few in number. Sanitation was another problem for the people in Shivaji
Nagar and Manoharpura, and people wanted a solution for this as soon as possible.
Most of the people in Ram Nagar and Manoharpura worked as daily wage labourers,
whereas in Shivaji Nagar most of the people had small businesses of their own. Most
respondents did not have any bank accounts, as most of them mentioned that there
was no money left to save at the end of the month. Some respondents were unable
to open a bank account due to lack of knowledge about bank proceedings. It was
suggested that awareness campaigns should be started to make people aware of
their responsibilities and elicit their participation in community activities to deal
with their basic problems. Adult literacy classes should be started. Also, training
centres for women and unemployed youth, which can give them proper skills, would
help in bringing up the economic status of households.

Swarn Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana
Jafri, S.S.A. (2001).
Evaluation of Swarn Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) and National
Slums Development Programme (NSDP), 1999-2000 in Lucknow Division of
Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow : Giri Institute of Development Studies. 195 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.SWARN JAYANTI SHAHRI ROZGAR YOJANA
3.EMPLOYMENT SCHEMES 4.SELF EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMME 5.EMPLOYMENT URBAN
AREA 6.URBAN EMPLOYMENT 7.SLUM DEVELOPMENT 8.BALIKA SAMRIDHI YOJANA
9.UTTAR PRADESH
Abstract : Under the Swarn Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), besides self
employment programme, wage employment is to be provided to the unemployed, and
casually employed poor are to be benefited. Employment generation scheme is being
implemented in all towns/cities of India where people living below the poverty line
are identified. Women, SCs and STs are given special attention. This study was
conducted to evaluate the programmes run by State Government through SUDA and
DUDA in Lucknow division, Uttar Pradesh during 1999-2000, namely, Swarn Jayanti
Shahri Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), National Slums Development Programme (NSDP),
Urban Self Employment Programme (USEP), Urban Self Employment Training
Programme (USETP), Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP), Development of
Women and Children in Urban Areas (DWACUA), Thrift and Credit Programme
among Women, Balika Samridhi Yojana (BSY), and Balbari Shiksha. These
programmes aimed at providing education and employment to the poorest of the
poor, with special emphasis on women, and development of slums. Survey was
conducted in 61 towns and 6 cities covering 1581 households, which comprised 20%
of the total beneficiaries. 3.02% males and 6.88% females aged 0-2 years, and
3.95% males and 3.05% females above 60 years were found to be vulnerable to
various diseases needing special medical care. 10.61% males and 46.99% females
aged 15-59 years required employment. Literacy needed special attention, as
23.63% males and 40.46% female beneficiaries were illiterate. In urban areas,
10.63% houses were found to be kutcha (temporary structures), and 22.39% were
semi-permanent structures; 15.07% did not have electricity connection; 31-50% did
not have toilets at home; 6.33% houses had no proper roads, and in 0.05% cases the
distance from water sources was quite far, for example, in Alambagh zone, it was on
an average 79.07 meters from the residence. Under USETP, poor women were
given training in groups in chiken embroidery, other embroidery, tailoring,
manufacture of readymade clothes and other related trades. Among 546
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Swarn Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana
beneficiaries of USETP, 79.67% were satisfied with the loans given. Out of 168
USETP beneficiaries surveyed, 45.24% were trained in chiken embroidery, 25.59%
were trained in manufacture of readymade garments and 2.98% in embroidery. 81-
100% respondents were satisfied with the training provided under USETP. It was
found that 64-98% respondents could not start any economic activity even after
training. Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP) provided Rozgar Card to local
labourers and mistries (masons), but all the beneficiaries complained that they got
low wages. Among the beneficiaries of UWEP interviewed, 68.42% were labourers
and 31.58% were mistris (masons), and they earned Rs.47 and Rs.82.50 daily,
respectively. Under DWACUA, poor women are encouraged to form and register a
society so that they could start an economic activity. In one case Government gave a
maximum loan of Rs.2,50,000 to a group of poor women, who formed a registered
society, for engaging in gainful economic activity. It was suggested that care should
be taken to check whether the group of women was genuine, and the money was used
for right purposes. Thrift and credit programmes among women were found to be
successful in 88.24% cases in cities, and 100% persons interviewed in towns
reported that they were useful. Efforts should be made so that funds are available
on time, without giving bribes to anyone. Roads, drainage, drinking water supply,
health and sanitation, community centers, welfare of handicapped persons,
plantations, and construction of sewerage system were taken up under NSDP. Only
23.31% beneficiaries reported that health camps were organised in their localities.
Only 1.85% handicapped males (N-252), and 0.74% handicapped females (N-127)
were provided aids. Plantations were done only in 4 places of Lucknow division, and
the survival rate of plants was not satisfactory. Except in 2 localities of Lucknow
metropolis, Indira Well Scheme was implemented nowhere. Mini Tube Wells were
dug only in Lucknow metropolis and Raebareli. No sewerage work was undertaken in
Raebareli, Hardoi, Sitapur and Lakhimpur. Under Balika Samridhi Yojana (BSY), poor
mothers of second daughters were either given cash of Rs.500 per month or Kisan
Vikas Patra for the welfare of female children, but respondents found it difficult to
get benefits under the scheme. Attendance of Balbari Shiksha (preschool
education) students was found to be quite impressive, but availability of reading and
writing material, and pushtahar (nutrition) was not satisfactory. The above
mentioned lacunae in the implementation of schemes require attention.

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Swarn Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana
Majumdar, Bhaskar et al. (2004).
Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (food for work component) : a study of
the state of Uttar Pradesh : final report. Allahabad : G.B. Pant Social
Science Institute. 144 p.
Key Words : 1.RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2.FOOD FOR WORK 3.FOOD FOR WORK
PROGRAMME 4.SAMPOORNA GRAMEEN ROZGAR YOJANA 5.EMPLOYMENT
PROGRAMMES. 6.UTTAR PRADESH
Abstract : Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), with an outlay of Rs 10,000
crores, was launched on 25 September 2001. The primary objectives of the
programme were to ensure food security cum wage employment in rural areas, to
create durable community, social and economic assets, and to develop infrastructure
in rural areas. Both secondary and primary data were collected from both,
unpublished documents and published data. The sample was drawn from four
districts namely Chitrakoot, Pratapgarh, Deoria and Pilibhit. The literacy rate
ranged between 31% and 43%, the male literacy rate ranged between 43-60%
compared to a very low female literacy rate which ranged between 13% to 24%.
During 2002-03, Chitrakoot and Deoria showed high utilization of allocation, lifting
and availability of food grains. Pilibhit had the highest utilization of food grains
(102% to 104%). Some basic facilities were available in villages of sample districts,
in which 52.3% villages had Fair Price Shops (FPS), 56.7% sample villages had pucca
(metalled) roads and 5.12% coverage of telecom facility. There was extremely low
utilization of funds in Pratapgarh being 32.45% for 1 st stream, and 40.01% for 2 nd
stream in 2002-03, while 100% utilization of funds was found in the other three
districts (Chitrakoot, Pilibhit and Deoria). Utilization pattern of funds, food grains
and man-days generated in block panchayat level works showed that Chitrakoot
utilized the highest allocation of funds (42%), while Pratapgarh utilized only 17.14%
of the allocated funds. Percentage of children below 14 years was 41.6%; the
working population aged 15-60 years was 56.8%; and 1.6% were above 60 years. The
percentage of married beneficiaries (83.4%) was much higher than unmarried
beneficiaries (13.0%), especially in Chitrakoot (96.0%). 56.8 per cent workers
believed that people were aware about the SGRY programme, whereas 39.4%
workers believed that there was no awareness about the programme. 81.9% workers
of Deoria believed that there was participation of local people in selection of
beneficiaries. About 25% beneficiaries identified the main problems for ineffective
implementation of the programme such as misappropriation in payment of wages.
About 50% workers suggested that employment should be made available during the
non-agricultural season. Other suggestions offered were ensuring the supply of
clean drinking water, timely distribution of food grains, and ensuring more work
opportunities. The State Government should ensure timely release of funds to the
implementing agencies. The SGRY is a step in the right direction for productive
upliftment of the rural people, if it is implemented on ‘inclusive’ development path.

Tribals
Datar, Chhaya and Santosh Kumar. (2002).
Status of tribal women in Maharashtra: executive summary. Mumbai : Tata
Institute of Social Sciences. 74 p.
Key Words : 1.SCHEDULED TRIBES 2.TRIBAL WOMEN 3.WOMEN LABOUR
4.DOMESTIC WORKERS 5.POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 6.EDUCATION POLICY
7.WOMEN HEALTH 8.WOMEN AND HEALTH 9.STATUS OF WOMEN 10.STATUS OF
TRIBAL WOMEN.
Abstract : The study was conducted in 360 revenue villages from 37 revenue blocks
of 19 districts of Maharashtra having tribal population. The objective was to make a
situational analysis of the tribal population especially tribal women in Maharashtra;
to assess the accessibility of various services and facilities and their effect; to
assess the level of participation of tribal women in decision making, and their
awareness regarding various developmental schemes; to assess the effect of media
and urbanisation on traditional tribal practices; and suggest measures to enhance
the status of tribal women. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used for
data collection. In-depth interviews and group discussions were conducted with
3540 women respondents aged 18 to 40 years residing in 360 villages. It was found
that tribal children could not avail school education, as inaccessible interior
locations were not connected by proper roads. Ashramshala and Bastee school
concept was found to be working very well, but teachers were not showing interest
in teaching in these schools due to long distances they had to travel. Due to
increase in bride price among the tribal community, the practice of early marriage
and early pregnancy increased. 28% deaths of children, reported due to
malnutrition, were in the income group below Rs.5000, whereas it was between 15-
20% for the other income groups. The number of health care personnel providing
health education or health care services was insufficient in tribal areas. Most of
the staff frequently remained absent for many days. The study suggested that
some incentive scheme should be worked out so that health staff carried out their
work diligently. The period of posting also should not be more than three years, so
that they would not feel cut off from the rest of the world. It was found that
94.2% women respondents exercised their right to vote. 4.4% women reported to
have contested for gram panchayat elections and 0.1% contested state level
elections. Participation of women was found in Panchayat Samiti or Zilla Parishad
elections, and also in some social and cultural groups such as Bhajani Mandals
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Tribals
(17.2%). 27.1% women were aware of the Panchayati Raj Act, and 35.6% were aware
about the provisions of reservation for women. Sarpanch acted as the main source
of information for 13.3% women respondents. 55.5% women were aware of Gram
Sabhas, 17.5% attended Gram Sabhas 25.7% were aware of Government schemes
for tribals, and 10.8% derived benefit from the schemes. There are various
schemes available under the Tribal Sub-plan, Central Government, Nucleus budget,
and Tribal Development Corporation Schemes especially prepared for the tribals like
IRDP, EGS, JRY, EAS, IC and WDS; schemes for seed distribution, establishment of
nurseries and plantation of fruit trees; supply of milk cattle and dairy development
training, poultry and fisheries; supply of equipment to farmers like electric/oil
pumps, bullock carts, irrigation equipment; provision of grain banks; consumption
loans; vocational training for carpentry, honey collection, bamboo or mat making,
tailoring, etc.; other schemes benefiting students like supply of school dress and
text books for students, supply of bicycle, coaching for examination, student
scholarships and hostel facilities; Nav Sanjivani Scheme; Drishtidaan Scheme, etc.
The study revealed that other than tailoring and training for formation of self-help
groups, nothing much was available for women. Under EGS or JRY scheme women
could be provided with common wasteland on lease basis for horticulture. Water
harvesting, construction of small bunds and structures for conserving water should
be encouraged, and they should be motivated to start cultivation of herbal plants.
Tribals were found to be in a transitional phase, moving from traditional practices to
the mainstream. This may lead to consequences such as adoption of dowry system in
place of bride price, and the practice of female infanticide. It was recommended
that an overall developmental strategy for tribals should be identified, based on soil
and water conservation, wasteland development, multiple cropping, agro-forestry,
horticulture, etc.
Kumar, B. L. (2004).
Tribal education in Gujarat : an evaluation of educational incentives schemes.
Ahmedabad : Gujarat Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong>. 46 p.
Key Words : 1.SCHEDULED TRIBES 2.EDUCATION TRIBALS 3.TRIBAL EDUCATION
4.INCENTIVE SCHEME 5.TRIBAL CHILDREN 6.EDUCATION TRIBAL CHILDREN
7.ASHRAM SCHOOLS 8.INCENTIVE SCHEME FOR TRIBALS 9.HOSTELS FOR TRIBALS.
Abstract : This study attempts to provide a comprehensive review of the
implementation of different educational incentive schemes in Gujarat and assess
their usefulness, coverage and quality of benefits extended to the tribal children. A
survey of 885 tribal households was done in 40 villages of four tribal districts of
the state. It was found that literacy among tribals was low in all districts, and
female literacy was depressingly low. The non-enrolment and dropout rates among

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tribal children were high. The major reasons reported for school dropouts among
tribal children included failure in the school, and lack of school facilities such as
provision of drinking water, toilets, etc. Children’s help in domestic work and looking
after siblings were the other reasons for withdrawal of children from schools. The
availability of teachers and classrooms was found to be poor. A majority of the
schools in remote areas had only one teacher. 7 out of every 10 teachers were not
staying in the village, but were commuting from nearby towns or villages. An
evaluation of incentive schemes revealed that education was free for almost all
tribal children. Though about 95% children received free books, only 56% school
going children received cash scholarship, and three-fourths of them received less
than Rs100 per annum. While 50% children reported receipt of school uniform, only
half of them received two pairs of uniforms, and 5% received it in time. The study
also found that the benefits of most of these schemes hardly reached the poorest
of the poor among tribals, such as the landless and agricultural labourers. Since
Ashram schools and hostel schemes have benefited only a small proportion of tribal
children, their relevance needs rethinking, both, from the administrative and
economic points of view. The study suggested revamping of several schemes.
Proper planning is required and identification of the most deserving candidates
should be done. The facilities and infrastructure of existing schools should be
strengthened. In short, tribal areas need more and better schools.
Kumar, B.L. (2004).
Schools and schooling in tribal Gujarat : the quality dimension. Ahmedabad :
Gujarat Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong>. 33 p.
Key Words : 1.SCHEDULE TRIBES 2.EDUCATION TRIBALS 3.SCHOOLS TRIBAL AREAS
4.TRIBAL AREAS 5.QUALITY OF EDUCATION 6.SCHOOLING 7.ASHRAM SCHOOLS
8.GUJARAT.
Abstract : Gujarat state has a sizeable population of tribals and a majority of them
live in the eastern border areas which are socio-economically backward. Realizing
that education is important for social transformation and economic development of
tribals, the Government of Gujarat has been providing sustained support to improve
literacy and education among tribals through Tribal Area Sub Plan by providing
them a large number of educational facilities. This study looks into issues related to
access, enrolment, retention and quality of education in tribal areas of Gujarat. It is
based on the survey carried out in 40 villages of 4 tribal talukas, one each from four
Integrated Tribal Development Project Areas, between August to December 2000.
Ten villages in each taluka were selected randomly on the basis of size of the village
population. A detailed inquiry in each village was done, both at household level and
school level, to collect information about the schooling facilities available and the

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quality of education imparted in these schools. An indepth inquiry was also done in
randomly selected 16 Ashram schools operating in the four talukas. Ashram schools
play an important role in tribal education. Discussions were also held with district
officials and taluka and village panchayat heads to gain more understanding about
the functioning of schools and problems related to schooling in tribal areas. The
study revealed that nearly 84% of predominantly tribal habitations had the facility
of primary schools and 11% of such habitations had a school within a distance of
1km, but still a large number of children continued to remain out of school, and
dropout rates were quite high among tribal children due to poverty, migration,
indifferent attitude and lack of interest of parents in educating their children.
Besides these, lack of access to upper primary and secondary level schools,
uninspiring school environment, low level of learning achievement and failure were
reported as major school related reasons for low school retention rates. Also the
implementation of the incentives provided under the tribal area sub plan was poor,
both in terms of coverage and quality. The school survey results showed that single
or two teacher schools were most prevalent. The functioning of schools was poor due
to absence and irregular attendance of teachers. Moreover, many schools lacked
minimum facilities such as drinking water, toilets, library, etc. Multi-grade teaching
was a common feature and teacher’s academic skills were rarely raised through
special training in handling multi-class schools, leading to poor quality of teaching.
Also ashram schools, which were envisaged to be an ideal alternative for sparsely
populated tribal populations, failed to deliver the goods. Thus universalization of
elementary education is the real challenge for tribals who are socially, economically
and educationally the most disadvantaged group. Hence, effective implementation of
incentive schemes and community participation in the governance of primary
schooling system can yield better results.
Kusuma, A. and Reddy, G.L. (2001).
Cognitive styles in tribal children. Perspectives in Social Work, 16(1) : 38-42.
Key Words : 1.SCHEDULED TRIBES. 2.TRIBAL CHILDREN. 3.COGNITIVE STYLE.
Abstract :The study was conducted to identify and measure the cognitive styles in
tribal children from tribal welfare hostels of Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh. The sample
consisted of 30 boys and 30 girls in the age group 10-12 years. Two standardized
tests - Embedded Figures Test (EFT) and Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT)
were administered for measurement of cognitive styles. Results indicate a higher
percentage (43.32%) of field independence in tribal children. Field
dependence/independence and reflection/impulsivity cognitive styles were not
associated. There was no significant effect of age and sex on cognitive styles.
Motivation and awareness generation among parents was recommended to provide

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proper guidance, encouragement and inspiration to children for the development of
desired cognitive styles.
Lim, Ai Li and Anand, Rita. (2006).
Confronting discrimination nomadic communities in Rajasthan and their
human rights to land and adequate housing. Habitat International Coalition,
Housing and Land Rights Network. New Delhi : HIC-HLRN. 45 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.HOUSING RIGHTS 3.HUMAN RIGHTS 4.RIGHT
TO HOUSING 5.ADEQUATE HOUSING 6.NOMADS 7.NOMADIC TRIBES 8.RIGHT
TO LAND 9.DENOTIFIED TRIBES 10.BAWARIA TRIBE 11.PROBLEMS OF NOMADIC
TRIBES 12. RAJASTHAN.
Abstract : Since 2001, Habitat International Coalition, Housing and Land Rights
Network (HIC-HLRN) conducted a study concerning the ongoing struggle for land
and housing rights of 6 nomadic communities namely Bhopas (traditional Hindu
religious story performers), Gadhiar Lohars (blacksmiths), Kalbelias (practitioners
of black magic and snake charmers), Nats (acrobats and jugglers who perform in
fairs and carnivals), Banjaras (traders of salt and cattle) and Bawarias (hunters,
trappers and trekkers) of Alwar district, Rajasthan. The primary objective of the
study was to identify the substantive concerns of the communities and to articulate
these concerns within the paradigm of fundamental human rights, and in particular,
the right to land and adequate housing. Data was collected through HIC-HLRN and
Muktidhara Sansthan, a community based organization in Rajasthan. It was found
that settlement efforts were hindered by public antipathy towards nomadic
communities. Government housing policies also do not address the obstacles that
nomadic communities face regarding settlement. It was found that applications for
title deeds filed by nomadic families were not processed, reportedly due to pressure
exerted by members of settled communities on local land allotment authorities. Civic
amenities such as piped water, sanitation facilities and electricity were nonexistent.
One hand pump was commonly installed for each settlement and overuse
had affected the quality of water pressure. Types of shelter varied according to
the lifestyles of the tribes, ranging from make-shift tent to thatched huts. Access
to health care, schools and public distribution shops was severely limited by poor
road connections. District land allotment authorities allegedly refuse to provide
information related to the status of their title deed application. A vast majority of
nomadic communities subsist below the poverty line but ration cards were not
distributed in each settlement. Incidents of harassment, intimidation or violence
due to caste hostility were under-reported because law enforcement authorities
exhibited caste based bias. Inadequate access to schools contributed to high
illiteracy rates amongst nomadic communities. Many families were unable to register

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their children in schools without permanent addresses or identity cards. The
Government should establish constitutional safeguards for de-notified tribes that
have been excluded from constitutional schedules, and promote public awareness and
re-education by advocating against caste segregation.
Nagi, B.S. (2000).
Educating tribals in India: a study of ashram schools. New Delhi : Kanishka.
236p.
Key Words : 1.SCHEDULED TRIBE 2.TRIBAL EDUCATION 3.CASE STUDIES
4.EDUCATION 5.TRIBAL CHILDREN 6.EDUCATION-TRIBALS 7.ASHRAM SCHOOL.
Abstract : Ashram schools are residential schools in which free board and lodging
along with other facilities and incentives are offered to meet the educational needs
of tribals living in the interiors. The present study is an evaluative study, and was
conducted in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa,
Rajasthan and West Bengal, states having the largest concentration of tribal
population. The study was conducted with the objectives of assessing operation,
performance, infrastructural facilities, social environmental factors, and attitudes
and reactions of students and parents regarding ashram schools. Data was
collected through interviews with students, teachers and parents, and a
questionnaire was prepared for getting information regarding schools and hostels.
Some case studies pertaining to typical Ashram schools were also prepared to know
the reasons for their better or low performance. Although most of the Ashram
schools were in pucca buildings, a few lacked boundary walls, toilet and bathroom
facilities in hostels. In about 33% schools, the water supply was not adequate. The
highest number of such Ashram schools were found in Bihar (80%), followed by
West Bengal (60%) and Orissa (50%). In about 26% schools, electricity supply was
not available. About 29% Ashram Schools did not have furniture in the living rooms
of hostels, specially in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. Library facilities were available
in 70% schools. About 79% Ashram Schools did not have a sports teacher, and 82%
did not have medical facilities. In about 51% schools, the first-aid box was not
available. In only 22% schools Parent Teacher Associations (PTAs) were
functioning. The average number of drop-outs per school during the period 1995-96
was 10.84% in primary schools, and the highest average number of drop-outs in
primary schools was found in Andhra Pradesh (21.71%) followed by Maharashtra
(17.11%). The grants were either insufficient or not received in time by the school
authorities. Students faced difficulty in doing their homework due to lack of
supervision or text books, etc. Teachers faced some problems due to local dialect
and inadequate teaching aids. The study suggested that all Ashram Schools should
be in pucca buildings with boundary walls and sufficient rooms, and basic facilities of

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toilets, drinking water and electricity. They should be provided facilities of sports,
library and PTA. Grants should be released in time to avoid inconvenience.
Occupational and vocational training should be given to tribal students besides
regular education. Text books should be made available in schools in time. Inservice
training to teachers was also recommended. The performance of students
should be monitored regularly to incorporate any required intervention.

USAID Assisted Programmes
Mukhopadhyay, Sudesh et al. (2006).
United States Agency for International Development (USAID) assisted
Development Assistance Programme II : Final evaluation July 2006. New
Delhi : Catholic Relief Services. 73 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.USAID ASSISTED PROGRAMMES 3.SOCIAL WELFARE
PROGRAMMES 4.CATHOLIC RELIEF SERVICES 5.CHILD SURVIVAL 6.SAFE
MOTHERHOOD 7.EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT 8.CRECHES 9.EDUCATION
10.NUTRITION 11.CHILD NUTRITION 12.MID DAY MEALS 13.NEWBORN CARE 14.CARE
OF NEWBORN 15.ICDS 16.MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH 17.INNOVATIVE PROJECTS
18.OUTREACH 19.VISTAAR PROJECT
Abstract : Operating in India since 1946, Catholic Relief Services (CRS) has been
in the forefront of combating hunger and providing food support to its local
partners in the implementation of education, health and agriculture programmes.
CRS India’s Title II supported Development Assistance Programme (DAP) for 2002-
2006 targets annually 970,000 persons belonging to India’s most marginalized
communities located in the most food insecure tribal belts of Central India and
North Eastern states. The present study was done to assess improvement in the
health of lactating/ pregnant women and children aged 0-3 years, increase
agricultural productivity of 200 farming communities/ families’ conditions during the
five year DAP period, increase opportunities for and participation of disadvantaged
children and provide a safety net to victims of calamities – the destitute, orphaned,
sick and dying, especially children. DAP II agricultural activities targeted 45,000
families most in need in areas with a high percentage of rural, SC and ST population.
These areas were Jharkhand, centered around Ranchi; Chhattisgarh, centered
around Raipur; Bundelkhand, centered around Jhansi in Madhya Pradesh; Rajasthan,
centered around Udaipur; and Gujarat. These areas were characterized by low levels
of per capita income and human development. Literacy levels were poor especially
among women and infant mortality was relatively high. Throughout most of the year
residents experienced acute shortage of water. Through this programme, farmers
learned about improved farming techniques. It was found that overall, production
was very successful after this programme, and farmers practiced rain-fed
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agriculture in dry areas, without irrigation, by using water harvested through
watershed management techniques. The study revealed that project activities had
contributed greatly in increasing on farm production and income at the household
level, as well as providing opportunities for income earning at the village level.
Farmers stated that as a result of the project, they have more food secure months,
with grain available for 5-10 months now compared with 2-3 months at the baseline.
Under the Education Programme, CRS supports 4,894 educational institutions and
partners and served 306,281 children in Fiscal Year 2005. As part of the
programme, Title II, Food Support was distributed to Early Childhood Development
Centres (ECDC), School Feeding Programmes in primary schools (SF) and Boarding
Institutions. Over the life of the project, CRS had greatly increased access to
primary education for children from low income groups, excellent strides have been
made to increase school attendance, dropout rates have reduced, etc. Overall
improvement could be contributed to many factors: reasonable size of schools
leading to availability of adequate number of teachers, private management ensuring
regularity in teaching, and food support for poor children on a regular basis. It was
found that parents sent their children not only for a nutritious hot meal, but they
also came to know about the value of other aspects of the education programme
such as quality of schooling and additional support for enhancing achievements.
Mothers seemed to be very motivated to send their children to schools especially
girls. Health was an another area of DAP II which aimed to strengthen the delivery
of health services. DAP II placed emphasis on improving access to SMCS (Safe
Motherhood and Child Survival) services such as antenatal care, postnatal care, safe
delivery and immunization services. In 2005, CRS served 222,096 participants under
the Health Programme and distributed 6,331 metric tonnes (MTs) of food. One of
the most consistent improvements seen across all areas of care was the preference
of women to seek care/ consultation for themselves or for their child at a health
facility as opposed to seeking services from non-medical professionals outside the
hospital or health centre. There was a remarkable increase in the number of women
delivering in a health facility. In addition, CRS increased immunization coverage in
the target area by 13% among all children 12 months of age, and reduced
malnutrition by 10%, a noteworthy achievement. There was notable improvement in
mother’s knowledge for almost all danger signs during pregnancy, child nutrition, and
advantages and benefits of immunization and Vitamin A. CRS should focus on
expanding best practices, help community structure to continue programme
activities, and have/ make formal linkages with local governments for technical
support.

Village Industries/ Rural Development
Fahimuddin and Tyagi, R.C. (2006).
Provision of urban amenities in the cluster of villages around Khairana town
Muzaffarnagar detailed project report. Lucknow : Giri Institute of
Development Studies. 36 p.
Key Words : 1.RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2.PURA 3.PROVISION OF URBAN AMENITIES
IN RURAL AREAS 4.INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT 5.LABOUR
6.MUZAFFARNAGAR 7.UTTAR PRADESH.
Abstract : Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA) is an example of
application of technological innovation for development. The benefits of technology
are several: reduce costs of production; offer high level of quality and utility;
improve ecology; empower less skilled persons to produce more complex artifacts
and services, and thereby raise their incomes. The objectives of the present study
were to generate employment for the educated, thereby halve and even reverse
rural-urban migration. The amenities to be provided in the cluster of villages within
a period of 2-3 years were assured electricity supply, potable water supply, road
transport services, facilities, internet services, schools, health services and
marketing. The total population in Muzaffar Nagar district according to Census 2001
was around 20 lakhs. Males constituted 53% of the population while females were
47%. The sex ratio was 871. The population density was 884 persons per sq. km.
There were 2078 villages and 1088 Gram Sabhas in the district. The number of
inhabited villages were 1851. The district had 25.40% main workers; male workers
constituted 42.70% of the population and female workers were 5.50%. The district
had 7.70% marginal workers, and workers in household industries were between 3-
60%. There were 68 primary health centres (PHCs), 7 community health centres
(CHCs), 14 family welfare and maternity centres and 354 family welfare and
maternity sub-centres. The district had a total of 2841 primary schools with
enrolment of over 5 lakh students and 9232 teachers. There were 234 higher
secondary schools in which 1.62 lakh students were enrolled. In Muzaffar Nagar
district, a cluster of villages was selected by the Chief Development Officer for
development under the PURA programme. These 19 villages have geographical area
ranging from 42 hectares in Mawi village to 525 hectares in Mohammad Pur Rai
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village. Availability of health facilities was poor in all but two villages namely Kairana
Rural and Kandela, where PHC was located in the village. This study proposed several
amenities in the villages. As per estimates, construction of metalled roads would
entail an expenditure of Rs.224 lakhs. There was need to have more electric poles
costing Rs.32 lakhs to provide electricity to every section of the village. Veterinary
facilities were also lacking. Two Veterinary Sub-Centres should be established in
each village, requiring an expenditure of Rs.38 lakhs per village. Five villages needed
primary schools for which an expenditure of Rs.17.20 lakhs would be needed.
Housing condition in the villages was poor particularly among lower strata of society,
and it was proposed that housing should be provided under the Indira Awas Yojana
(IAY). Low cost toilets should be provided in every house costing Rs.393.55 lakhs.
Hand pumps need to be installed in 17 villages costing Rs.29.86 lakhs. A community
centre in every village would cost Rs.19 lakhs. Up gradation of one PHC and
construction of 2 local markets would require Rs.100.5 lakhs. Total expenditure
would amount to Rs.1618.66 lakhs.
Khadi and Village Industries, Mumbai. (2004).
Status of village industries in India : Report of an all India Survey 2004.
Mumbai : KVI. 383 p.
Key Words : 1.RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2.VILLAGE INDUSTRIES 3.INDUSTRY
4.INDUSTRY RURAL AREAS 5.KHADI AND VILLAGE INDUSTRIES 6.RURAL
EMPLOYMENT 7.EMPLOYMENT RURAL AREAS 8.MARKETING 9.LIST OF INDUSTRIES.
Abstract : In the Indian context, rural industrialization assumes great significance
as 72.22% (Census 2001) of its population lives in rural areas. The present study
aimed to understand the trends and size of village industries in India. A stratified
3-stage sample design (districts, blocks, villages) had been adopted. An all India
survey was conducted in 29 States (including Delhi), zone-wise. A total of 100
districts were chosen through sampling and 2 blocks were selected from each
district; from each block 5 villages were selected and from each village 10 units
were chosen for data collection. The largest group of industries was tailoring and
preparation of readymade garments (9.81%), followed by carpentry (7.62%), auto
garage/ cycle repair (6.78%), beauty parlour (6.10%) power atta chakki (5.79%) and
village pottery industry (5.79%). Nearly all units were proprietary in nature (97.4%).
Over two-thirds of the owners belonged to backward classes (scheduled castes,
scheduled tribes, etc.). Nearly 15% owners had no technical training, and 86.3% of
the units were not registered with any agency. Nearly 86% of the units were not
maintaining books of accounts. Majority of the units were receiving no power supply.
95% of the units were not covered under any insurance scheme. Nearly 25% units in
the sample were found to be loss making, and 84% of these loss making units were

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own account enterprises (OAEs). 86% of the units marketed their own products. The
percentage share of rural village industries in GDP was found to be 5.2%. However,
the formal financial system was not well suited to meet the credit needs of the
informal sector. Inadequate access to credit, high interest rates and lack of tax
benefits made expansion difficult. This further led to curtailing employment and
income opportunities. Most entrepreneurs in the North – East (N-E) were first
generation entrepreneurs. To support their venture they needed continued support
from banks and financial institutions. Female participation in N-E village industries
was higher than the all India level. Also only 10% of the owners of N-E units were
illiterate, indicating that village industries provided employment avenues to
educated persons. The major problems encountered by village industries all over
India were procurement of raw material, competition from larger units, etc. Twothirds
of the respondents expressed lack of awareness about schemes that could
rehabilitate or revive their business. An important aspect of rural industrialization
is empowerment of the vulnerable, but barring north-eastern and south – eastern
states, the percentage of female proprietary units were low. Credit policies for this
sector need to be suitably framed to have greater outreach. Quality standardization
should be enforced in village industries. Adequate training facilities need to be
provided and multi- tasking should be a part of the training process.

Voluntary Organisations
Ashok Kumar, et al. (2007).
Database on voluntary organizations : a compilation. New Delhi : NIPCCD.
476 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS 3.ACTIVITIES OF
VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS 4.PROGRAMMES OF VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS
5.NGOS 6.DIRECTORY OF VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS.
Abstract : The present study on voluntary organizations (VOs) was undertaken to
evolve a mechanism for interacting regularly with voluntary organizations; identify
their capacity building needs; and assess the requirements of voluntary
organizations. Data was collected from 330 voluntary organizations from all states
of India. The areas of information sought from these organizations were basic
information, areas of interest, broad thematic areas in which they are functioning,
capacity building initiatives, training needs, annual budget, nature of community
support, availability of infrastructure facilities, types of publications bought out and
areas of professional expertise. Out of 330 voluntary organizations, maximum
number of organizations were from Tamil Nadu (19.39%), Andhra Pradesh (14.85%),
Uttar Pradesh (9.39%), West Bengal (8.79%), Orissa (6.39%), Delhi (5.15%) and
Rajasthan (4.85%). The responses from the remaining States/ Union Territories
were quite meagre. Maximum number of organizations (50%) were established during
1986-95. Around 312 voluntary organizations (94.5%) were registered under one Act
or another, and as many as 18 voluntary organizations (5.45%) did not indicate their
registration status. Over half of the organizations (50.32%) reported that they
were carrying out health related activities such as community health services,
health education, health check-up, health camps, RCH, HIV/ AIDS, etc. As many as
146 voluntary organisations (46.5%) mentioned that they were engaged in carrying
out vocational training, skill development and employment generation programme.
Around 42% organizations were involved in implementing educational programmes
like non-formal education, formal education, adult education and computer education.
It was gathered from 114 voluntary organizations that they were carrying out
activities related to women’s rights, women’s empowerment, mother and child care
and various women related issues. It was found that 93.64% voluntary organizations
were engaged in providing training. Around 76.97% voluntary organizations were
engaged in advocacy work, 65.15% in developing networks, 44.85% in fund raising,
and 41.82% provided assistance to others. About 77% voluntary organizations were
working with women as their target group, 60% were working with children, the
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target group of 14% voluntary organizations was girls/ adolescents, and 7% were
working with child labour/ street children/ orphan children. Around 90% voluntary
organizations mentioned that their area of interest was women’s empowerment, 72%
mentioned child health and nutrition their area of interest, and 78.48% expressed
that vocational training/ skill development was the most important area for them.
About 91.2% voluntary organizations considered training to be the most used
initiative for capacity building of their staff. Maximum number of VOs (17.88%) had
a budget of Rs. 1 lakh and 5 lakhs (1 lakhs = 0.1 million) 12% had a budget between 5
to 10 lakhs, 10.91% had a budget between 10 – 15 lakhs, and only 2.12% had a budget
between Rs. 5 crore and more (1 crore = 10 million). Around 215 VOs mentioned that
they received community support mainly in the form of labour, cash and kind.
Several techniques were used for fund raising such as mailers, appeals, sponsorship,
donation boxes, etc. Funds were also gathered through loans/ rent/ bank interest/
hundi (temple donation boxes) collection/ corpus fund, etc. Majority of the VOs
(56.36%) had their own building and around 46.3% reported that they hired a
building for the purpose. Most of the organizations (71.52%) had classroom facility,
68.7% had a lecture hall, 70.9% had a conference hall, 23.3% had hostel facility and
35.15% had guest room facilities. In most of the states handicraft and handloom
products were manufactured. Only 12% VOs reported that they were involved in
growing medicinal plants. More than 50% of the VOs mentioned that they brought
out publications in the form of leaflets. Only 5% VOs reported that they brought
out Annual Reports. The information collected by all these VOs has been
authenticated and certified. Further, these VOs would be required to update the
information sent by them after every 3 years.
Tandon, Rajesh and Srivastava, S.S. (2002).
Invisible, yet widespread : the non-profit sector in India. New Delhi :
PRIA. 20 p.
Key Words : 1.SOCIAL WELFARE 2.VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATION 3.NGO 4.NON-
PROFIT ORGANIZATION 5.ROLE OF VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATION.
Abstract : The study, begun in 1998, examined available secondary resources to
estimate the size and scale of the Non-Profit Organizations sector (NPO) in India.
Four states were taken from the four regions namely, West Bengal, Maharashtra,
Delhi, Tamil Nadu and as a special case Meghalaya for in-depth survey. More than 1
lakh households were covered in the survey. It was found that more than half the
NPOs were based in rural areas, and nearly half of them were unregistered.
Percentage of registered NPOs was highest in Maharashtra (74%) and lowest in
Tamil Nadu (47%). 26.5% NPOs were engaged in religious activities, 21.3% in
community or social services, 20.4% in education, 18.0% in sports or culture, and

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6.6% in health related activities. Nearly 20 million persons in India worked on paid
or volunteer basis in NPOs, which constituted 3.4% of the total adult population.
Volunteers constituted 85% of the workers in NPOs, while paid workers were only
15%. Nationwide, every 8 th person from the non-agriculture workforce was working
in NPOs. NPOs generated a total revenue of Rs.17922 crores in 1999-2000, and the
revenue sources were self-generated (51%), grants (29%), donations (12.9%), and
loans (7.1%). 40.7% of all households in India gave donations for charitable causes,
80.7% households in Delhi, 72.5% in Meghalaya, 66.6% in West Bengal and 25% in
Maharashtra. Overall Indians gave Rs.4214 Crore per year to NPOs, and 42% of the
income came from poor households. The study revealed that they do so as 78% want
to give something back to society, 81% feel a moral obligation, and 66% feel that
charity upholds their religious beliefs. The study recommended that associations
and supporters of NPOs must work to create a coherent identity of NPOs in India;
receive serious attention and strong support from policy makers, government
officials and political leaders; strengthen the system of data collection about NPOs,
which should be integrated into the work of Central Statistical Organization of the
Government of India, and this information should emerge along with other statistics
of India. The entire system of registration, reporting and record keeping in various
departments and agencies of central and state governments should be made more
transparent to NPOs and the public.

Index
Subject Page No.
Aged 1, 2
Aged Abuse 2
Aged Women 1
AIDS 4
Alcohol 20, 25, 26
Ashram Schools 84
Bhopal Gas Disaster 13
Budget 6, 7
Cognitive Development Tribal Children 82
Community Development 9, 86
Community Participation 9
Cyclone 15, 16
Development 11, 66, 86
Disaster Relief 13, 14, 15, 16, 17
Displaced Persons 34
Drug Abuse 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26
DWCRA 59
Earthquakes 14
Employment 27, 28, 29, 31
Employment Guarantee 27
Family 32
94
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008

Subject Page No.
Family Planning 32, 52
Girl Child Education 64
Health Care 64
Health Rights 64
Housing 34, 35, 83
Human Development 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42
Human Rights 64, 83
Information, Education, Communication 44
Internet 67
Land Rights 34, 35
Livelihoods 54
Marital Problems 46
Marriage 46, 47
Minorities 50
Nomads 83
Panchayti Raj 51, 52
Parenting 50
Poor 54
Poor Women 59
Population 32
Poverty 60, 62
Poverty Alleviation 9, 54, 56, 58, 60, 61
Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana 31
Quality of Life 57
Rehabilitation 34, 35
95
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Index

Subject Page No.
Rural Development 88, 89
Rural Employment 29, 76, 78
Rural Poor 56, 57, 60, 61, 62
Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana 78
Scheduled Castes 68, 69, 70
Scheduled Tribes 69, 79, 80, 84
Self Employment 31
Sexual Behaviour 4
Slum Dwellers 72, 73, 75
Smoking 19
Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana 76
Tobacco 19, 23
Tribal Children 82, 84
Tribal Education 80, 81, 84
Tribals 69, 79, 80
Tsunami 17
Urban Poor 54, 72, 75
USAID Assisted Programmes 86
Village Industries 89
Voluntary Organizations 91, 92
Working Parents 50
Youth 19
96
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> on Social Welfare, 1998 - 2008
Index