Feed Efficiency - Penn State University

Practical Approaches to
Feed Efficiency and
Applications on the Farm
Why The Interest in
Feed Efficiency?
• Tool to look at economics
• Key on management factors
• Monitor rumen function
• BUT,
BUT, no DHI records, no feed scales, no
measure of weigh backs, your time is limited,
farmer does not care, too complicated, etc
Economics
of
Feeding
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FROM ILLINOIS
In behalf of the University
of Illinois football team, I
want to thank Penn State
Nittany Lions for allowing
us to win
Today’s Today s Program
• Convince you feed efficiency is important
• Brief review of concepts and factors
• Applying on the farm using KISS
• Getting ready for the afternoon workshop
Feeding Competitively in Illinois
lbDM $/ lb DM $ / day
Forages 25 .06 1.50
Grain energy 15 .07 1.05
By-product
By product 4 .08 0.32
Protein supp 5 .10 0.50
Min/vit Min/ vit/additive /additive 1 .35 0.35
Consulting 0.10
Total 50 3.77 77
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Feeding Economics
Value Goal
• Feed costs per cow per day $3.77 $4.00
• Feed cost per lb DM $0.075 $0.08
• Feed cost per cwt (65 lb) $5.39 $5.50
• Income over feed costs ($18) $12.61 $12.50
• Feed efficiency (lb milk/lb DM) 1.41 >1.50
Component Corrected
Milk Formulas
3.5% FCM (lb) = (0.432 x lb of milk) +
(16.22 x pounds of milk fat)
ECM (lb) = (0.323 x lb of milk) +
(12.82 x lb of milk fat) +
(7.13 x lb of true protein)
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DMI
Basics on
Feed
Efficiency
Dairy Efficiency
Dairy Efficiency: Pounds of fat corrected
milk divided by pounds of DM consumed
High group, mature cows > 1.7
High group, 1 st lactation > 1.6
One group TMR herds > 1.5
Fresh cows (< 21 days) < 1.3
Concern (one group TMR) < 1.3
Example: 75 lb milk / 50 lb DMI = 1.5
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3.5% FCM = (0.4324 x lb of milk) +
(16.216 x pounds of milk fat) DBM 0061
75.0
70.0
65.0
60.0
55.0
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
$.82
Feed Efficiency
70 Lbs. Of Milk and $.07/ lb Feed Cost
30.0
1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00
Source: AgriKing
$.58
$.44
FE Ratio
$.34
$.27
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Published
Research
on Feed
Efficiency
Impact of Protein Form and Level
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LCP(14.8) MCP (16.8) HCP (18.7)
SBM APB SBM APB SBM APB
Feed Eff 1.59 1.64 1.58 1.65 1.61 1.69
High Cows 1.68 1.81 1.69 1.67 1.69 1.76
Low Cows 1.55 1.61 1.57 1.61 1.53 1.65
MUN 9.0 8.2 11.1 11.0 14.7 13.6
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Yeast Culture and Dairy Efficiency
(South Dakota data, 2004)
• 38 Holstein cows
• Heat stress months, 120 days in milk
Control Y.C. Group
EC Milk (lb/day) 73.5 75.2
Dry Matter Intake (lb) 50.8 48.6
Dairy efficiency 1.49 1.59 (6.7%)
IOFC ($/cow/day) 3.79 4.08 (7.7%)
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Feed Efficiency and dry matter
digestibility (DMD)
Feed Efficiency
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
Source: Agri-King Agri King
1.20
60 65 70 75 80 85
DMD, %
Monensin and Feed Efficiency
Monensin level 0 11g/t 15 g/t 22g/t
Dry matter intake (lb) 43.9 43.4 42.8 42.3
Milk yield (lb) 65.0 66.7 66.8 67.5
Milk fat (%) 3.65 3.53 3.49 3.38
Protein (%) 3.15 3.13 3.13 3.10
3.5% FCM (lb) 66.1 66.8 66.7 66.0
Feed eff (lb / lb) 1.50 1.54 1.56 1.56
Improvement (%) ---- 2.0 2.5 4.0
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Effect Of Heat Stress On DM Intake And
Energy Balance (60 lb milk)
Temp Maint DMI DMI Milk DE
(ºF) F) energy Need Expect (lb)
68 100 40 40 60 1.5
86 111 42 37 51 1.4
95 120 43 36 40 1.1
Mike Hutjens, 2003. World Dairy Expo
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Feed Efficiency And Days In Milk
Jim Linn and Bennet Crochet, Hubbard Dairy Services
Applying Feed
Efficiency on
the Farm
Options for the Dairy Manager
• Option 1 Computer software program
• Option 2 On-farm On farm actual measurements
• Option 3 KISS; estimating/adjusting FE
–Milk Milk yield: DHI or bulk tank averages
–Feed Feed intake: Ration sheet
–Weigh Weigh backs: Not be measured
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Atwell Hoard’s Hoard s Field Data
(30 herds, 11500 cow, MN and WI)
• Sand vs. sawdust/mattress +0.03
• Long day vs. short day (winter) +0.03
• Bottom Penn State box (< 56%) +0.03
• Monensin +0.03
But, How Do
You / We
Measure It?
#1 ZINPRO FED
• Spread sheet program
• Zinpro Corp (with OH State support)
• Ability to compare across herds
• “Corrected Corrected” feed efficiency values for:
– Age of cows / parity
– Milk components
– Change in body condition score
– Walking distances
– Heat and cold stress
– Stage of lactation
– Other variables
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#2: Herd Daily Data
Pen Age Cow DMI Milk DIM FE
(#) (group) (no) (lb) (lb) (days) (lb/lb)
1 Cow 390 57.7 121 56 2.10
2 Cow 399 61.3 115 148 1.87
3 Cow 393 51.4 67 357 1.30
4 Cow 402 59.2 100 228 1.69
5 Heifer 390 51.6 88 218 1.70
6 Heifer 428 52.7 76 359 1.44
7 Heifer 386 46.7 83 100 1.78
8 Hosp 56 38.5 45 62 1.17
9 Mast 32 45.0 45 162 1.00 DBM 0061
Factor 2: Days in Milk Factor
(MN Data)
Add 0.15 unit unit for for each each 50
days in milk over 150 days
Factor 4: Change in Body
Condition Score
(Cornell Data)
Add or subtract 1.4 of milk for change
of one half BCS score change over
the lactation
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# 3: KISS (Hutjens ( Hutjens)
Factor 1: Weigh back
• Feed bunk score 1
No feed remaining
• Feed bunk score 2
2 to 4% remaining
• Feed bunk score 3
Over 4% remaining
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Factor 3: Somatic cell count
(WI Data)
For each linear score change,
add or subtract 2.5 lb of milk
Factor 5: Walking/Pasture
(NRC 2001)
Add or subtract 0.2 pounds of
milk for every 100 feet
traveled on a flat surface
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Factor 6: Rumen Acidosis
(Hutjens Hutjens)
• Reduce FE by 0.1 unit for evidence of
SARA
• SARA indicators could include:
–Milk Milk protein: milk fat ratio > 0.9
–Loose Loose manure (scores < 2.75)
–Lameness Lameness scores > 1.6
–DMI DMI varies > 2 lb per cow per day
from base line TMR values
Factor 8: Feed Additives
(SD and JDS Data)
• Review additives for shifts in FE
based on published research
results
• Monensin: Add 0.06
• Yeast culture: Add 0.10
Factor 10: Heat Stress
(NRC Data)
• 68 degrees F to 86 degrees F
–Reduce Reduce FE by 0.1 unit
• 86 degrees F to 95 degrees F
–Reduce Reduce FE by 0.3 unit
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Factor 7: Protein Level and Form
(Illinois Data)
• Higher protein crude protein
–16.8 16.8 to 18.7%
–Decrease Decrease FE by 0.03 unit
• Favorable RUP amino acid profile
–Increase Increase FE by 0.07 unit
• MUN
–Values Values > 16
–Reduce Reduce FE by 0.03 unit DBM 0061
Factor 9: Forage Quality
and NDFD
(Michigan Data)
• Each increase in forage NDFD
• 0.59 lb of 3.5%FCM
• 0.37 lb of DMI
Other Factors
(Hoards-- (Hoards--Atwell
Atwell Data)
• Sand vs. sawdust/mattress +0.03
• Long day vs. short day (winter) +0.03
• Bottom Penn State box (< 56%) +0.03
• Monensin +0.03
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Case Study: Mike Milker
• Averaging 70 lb of milk
• 3.5% milk fat with 3.0% true protein
• 50 lb of dry matter on the ration sheet
• That’s That s all Mike has for you
Impact on FE —Mike Mike Milker
• Feed bunk rating is 2
– 2 lb less dry matter consumed from base
• Days in milk is averaging 200 days
– Add 0.15 FE unit to base
• SCC increased from 2 to 3
– Add of 2.5 lb of milk from base
• BCS dropped from 3.00 to 2.75
– Drop 0.7 lb of milk
• Feeding 18% CP ration vs. 16%
– Add 0.03 FE unit
Zinpro FED Results
Observed Calculated
FE (lb ECM / lb DMI) 1.46 1.50
IOFC ($/cwt) 13.72 14.11
Income per day ($) 358 378
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Case Study—Mike
Study Mike Milker
• Feed bunk rating is 2
– Less feed was consumed
• Days in milk is averaging 200 days
– Less milk due to later lactation cows
• SCC increased from 2 to 3 (linear score)
– Less milk due to higher SCS
• BCS dropped from 3.00 to 2.75
– Less milk as cows gain weight
• Feeding 18% CP ration/MUN over 16
– Lower FE due to excess N
Correcting Mike Milker’s Milker FE
• Current FE : 70 lb of 3.5%FCM, 50 lb of dry
matter, and 1.4 FE
– Feed adjustment: - 2 lb DM
– FE adjustment: + 0.15 (DIM) +0.03 (CP)
– Milk adjustment: + 2.5 lb (SCC) and - 0.7 lb
(BCS)
• Potential FE: 71.8 lb / 48 lb DM = 1.50 add
0.18 unit = 1.68 FE
Take Home Message
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• Feed efficiency is a bench mark for economics
• Feed efficiency is another way to reflect
management and feeding weak links
• Three approaches to FE; use all three
–Software Software (Zinpro ( Zinpro FED)
–Actual Actual farm measurements
–KISS KISS system to illustrate potential
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http://www.livestocktrail.uiuc.edu
http:// www.livestocktrail.uiuc.edu
http://www.livestocktrail.uiuc.edu/dairynet
http:// www.livestocktrail.uiuc.edu/dairynet/
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Questions
?
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