FUEL VARIABILITY EFFECTS ON DIFFUSION FLAMES A

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and ethylene at elevated pressures. In particular, for the ethylene flame a complex power spectrum was observed consisting of at least three peak frequency modes with their corresponding harmonics. High-speed images illustrate the uniformity of the methane flame at elevated pressures with a pair of vortex rings breaking away at the tip of the flame. In contrast, the ethylene flame consists of a vortex ring which breaks away in a more turbulent manner and can be broken into at least three dominant coherent structures which all have their own harmonics which are most likely formed as the vortices break up towards the tip of the flame as confirmed in the power spectra. To date, there is a lack of in depth investigation on the formation of these harmonic and further investigations are required, especially on the fuel variability effect on the diffusion flame dynamics at elevated pressures, where vortex dynamics seem to play a vital role in the formation of different flickering modes in fuels such as ethylene. 5. Acknowledgements The high pressure burner was developed under the EPSRC Basic Technology Program: The development of terahertz technology for physical, biological, and medical imaging and spectroscopy. 12
References [1] McCrain LL, Roberts WL. Measurements of the soot volume field in laminar diffusion flames at elevated pressures, J Combust. Flame 2005; 140: 60-69. [2] Thomson KA, Gulder OL, Weckman EJ, Fraser RA, Smallwood GJ, Snelling DR. Soot concentration and temperature measurements in co-annular, nonpremixed CH4/air laminar flames at pressures up to 4 MPa, J Combust. Flame 2005; 140: 222-232. [3] Bento DS, Thomson KA, Gulder OL. Soot formation and temperature field structure in laminar propane-air diffusion flames at elevated pressures, J Combust. Flame 2006; 145: 765-778. [4] McArragher JS, Tan KJ. Soot Formation at High Pressures: A Literature Review, J Combust. Sci. Technol. 1972; 5: 257 - 261. [5] Schalla RL, McDonald GE. Mechanism of smoke formation in diffusion flames, Proc. Combust. Inst., 1955; 316-324. [6] Kadota T, Hiroyasu H, Farazandehmehr A. Soot formation by combustion of a fuel droplet in high pressure gaseous environments, J Combust. Flame 1977; 29: 67-75. [7] Maahs HG, Miller IM. Pollutant emmissions from flat-flame burners at high pressures; NASA Technical Paper: 1980. [8] Fischer BA, Moss JB. The Influence of Pressure on Soot Production and Radiation in Turbulent Kerosine Spray Flames, J Combust. Sci. Technol. 1998; 138: 43-61. [9] Heidermann T, Jander H, Wagner HG. Soot particles in premixed C2H4-air-flames at high pressures (P = 30- 70 bar), J Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 1999; 1: 3497-3502. [10] Glassman I. Sooting laminar diffusion flames: Effect of dilution, additives, pressure, and microgravity, Proc. Combust. Inst., 1998; 1589-1596. [11] Miller IM, Maahs HG. High-Pressure Flame System for Pollution Studies with Results for Methane-Air Diffusion Flames; TN D-8407; NASA 1977. [12] Flower WL, Bowman CT. Soot production in axisymmetric laminar diffusion flames at pressures from one to ten atmospheres, Proc. Combust. Inst., 1986; 1115-1124. 13
Page 1: Manuscript Number: Elsevier Editori
Page 4 and 5: 1. Introduction The understanding o
Page 6 and 7: 2 2 U 16m C Fr = = = 2 5 2 gd π gd
Page 8 and 9: produced which is stabilised on a n
Page 10 and 11: width at all heights within the fla
Page 12 and 13: The effect of increased buoyancy at
Page 16 and 17: [13] Renard PH, Thevenin D, Rolon J
Page 18 and 19: [38] Straub D, Ferguson D, Casleton
Page 21 and 22: Figures Fig. 1. Cross-section of th
Page 23 and 24: 0.1 MPa 0.2 MPa 0.3 MPa 0.4 MPa 0.5
Page 25 and 26: Acs (mm^2) 30 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 6
Page 27 and 28: Fig. 7: (a) Ethylene diffusion flam
Page 29: Frequency [Hz] 40 35 30 25 20 15 10

FUEL VARIABILITY EFFECTS ON DIFFUSION FLAMES A

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