Dora - Dr. Harpal Singh Pannu

:j{dhnK d/ wjK-ftBk;a ftu'_ puh BkfJek
ekcek dh gsBh d'ok
(i' ;zGt j?, tkgoe/ oj/rk :ehBB,
i' tkgfonk, T[jh ;zGt ;h- ekcek)
vkH jogkb f;zx gzB{*
ekcek dh gsBh d'ok d/ ihtB pkps fbysK gqkgs jB go e?Eh dkfJwzs dh fbys ;G s'I tXhe
Go';/:'r j?. feskp dk Bkw j?, ekcek*} bk;N bt . fJj feskp T[;B/ w{b ;o's bZG e/ fbyh j? s/
T[BQK b'eK Bkb w[bkeksK ehshnK jB fijV/ d'ok d/ B}dhe oj/, fJBQK ftu T[; d/ gfotko d/ w?Ipo th
jB. :j{dhnK d/ g[oksB Xow rqzE fjpo{ GkFk ftu jB go fijVh p'bh j[D :j{dh p;shnK ftu p'bh
iKdh j? T[j f:ZfdF j? i' fjpo{ d/ B/V/ j?. fjpo{ ns/ noph th nkg; ftu fJe d{ih d/ pj[s B/V/ jB,
fjpo{ d/ gfjb/ nZyo nfbc, p/, t/, ihw, dkb, j/, nkfde jh jB. d'ok dhnK f:fdF fbysK ftu'I jtkb/
fdZs/ jB. T[;B/ iowB ftu th nkgDhnK fbysK SgtkJhnK, T[BQK dk nfXn?B j?. e?Eh B/ o{;, fJ}okJhb,
g'b?Iv, iowB ns/ nwohek d/ g[ok-y'i e/Ido SkD/ jB. e?Eh dZ;dh j? id'I T[j 1971 ftu ekcek dh
ejkDh w?Nkwkoc'f;; B{z nB[tkd eo ojh ;h sK T[;d/ nfXnkge B/ g[ZfSnk, s{z th dkfJwzs j?I e?Eh, s{z d'ok
dkfJwzs dh foFs/dko j?I < e?Eh B/ fejk- w?I sK fJj Bkw gfjbh tko ;[fDnK j?, e"D ;h d'ok< nfXnkge
B/ fejk- ekcek d/ ihtB ftu nkyoh n"os, T[;dhnK pkjtK ftu ekcek B/ nkyoh ;kj fbnk, d'ok B/
T[;dhnK fbysK B{z nZr bk fdZsh ;h. nfXnkge dh rZb ;[D e/ e?Eh B/ w?e;po'd fbys ekcek dh
ihtBh gVQh sK ikfDnK fe d'ok id'I ekcek B{z fwbh, T[ZBh ;kb dh ;h. fJjh j[D e?Eh dh T[wo.
e?Eh fbydh j?- fJj feskp fbyD ftu ;jkfJsk pj[s Gb/ b'eK B/ ehsh go ;u ikDBk, d'ok
w/oh ;j/bh pD rJh, T[j jo tes w/o/ Bkb Bkb s[odh, w?I T[; s'I f;Zfynk, fe;/ d/ ezw fet/I nkT[Dk j?,
nkgD/ nkg B{z pdbhdk fet/I j?. ;kb 1948 ftu ekcek pko/ T[;dh gfjbh fJzNoftT{ Sgh ;h fi; ftu
T[;B/ fejk ;h- w?I fBogZy BjhI jK, j' Jh BjhI ;edh, fJ; eoe/ fijV/ sZE dZ;Krh T[BQK dk e'Jh wjZst
BjhI, fJe gftZso wkj"b f;oiKrh w?I. fijVh
ejkDh s[jkB{z ;[DktKrh T[;d/ X[o nzdo tZyoh soQk dk ;Zu j? s/ w?I T[; ;Zu dk fBZek fjZ;k jK, ;' fBogZy
BjhI. fJj ;soK fbydh j'Jh e?Eh nkydh j?, **w?I d'ok d/ dkfJwzs gfotko B{z fwbh, T[BQK s'I pj[s j";bk
1

fwfbnk. w?B{z ;p{s sK BjhI fwb/ go nfj;k; j'fJnk fe w?I d'ok dkfJwzs dh foFs/dko jK, ;' w?I th
fBogZy BjhI jK.**
fszB i{B 1924 nZXh oks, ekcek, ;?B/N'ohnw ftu ;[Zsk fgnk ;h. d'ok bkr/ p?mh T[;B{z d/y ojh
;h, fsZyk BZe, v{zxhnK nZyK, bzwk eZd, fit/I r'o/ ozr dk e'Jh fjzd[;skBh j't/. gfjbh tko d/yD tes d'ok
B{z T[j fjzd[;skBh jh bZfrnk ;h. ;kjwD/ fyVeh y[ZbQh ;h fi; ftu'I sk}h jtk nzdo nk ojh ;h, Sksh
j"bh j"bh j/m T[go T[m p?m ojh ;h. j[D T[j fBozso w"s tZb tX fojk ;h go d'ok pf}d ;h fe T[j
T[;B{z w"s d/ gzi/ ftu'I S[vk bJ/rh. fJ; :j{dh e[Vh B/ pugB ftu fJzihb dhnK ;kyhnK ;[DhnK s/ gVQhnK
;B fiBQK ftZu eokwksK jh eokwksK ;B. fJE/ th eokwks j'J/rh s/ ekcek szdo[;s j' e/ xo ikJ/rk.
fBeh fijh x[ZN nzdo bzxkfdnK pj[s dod j[zdk ;h, sK th ekcek dh fJZSk ;h fiT{Idk ojK. T[; B{z ;kj
n"yk n"D bZrk sK d'ok B/ T[;d/ wZE/ s/ jZE oZy e/ fejk, **i/ s{z Bk pfunk w?I y[de[Fh eo btKrh
coK}.** wk;{w pb?ew/b. ekcek wo frnk. d'ok d/o sZe fiT{Idh ojh. frnkoK wjhB/ gfjbK id'I T[j
ekcek B{z fwbh, T[;/ fdB T[; nzdo fJe ;[cB/ B/ iBw fbnk ;h fe fJeZm/ cb;shB iktKr/.
13 i[bkJh 1923 B{z rowhnK dhnK S[ZNhnK fpskT[D tk;s/ pkbfNZe ;kro feBko/ e?Ig dh o;'Jh
ftu wZShnK ;kc eo ojh ;h. fdB ftu gsb/ bzw/ eZd dk fJe pzdk T[;B/ d' pZfunK Bkb y/vdk d/fynk
;h. y[d fJj e[Vh dofwnkB/ eZd s/ dofwnkBh fdZy tkbh ;h. v{zxhnK ekbhnK nZyK, id'I w[;eqkT[Idh,
w'Bkfb}k torh T[dk;h T[d'I th T[;d/ fujo/ T[go fNeh j[zdh. nkgDh fJj Feb T[;B{z y[d th uzrh bZrdh
;h feT[Ife pj[shnK c'N'nK ftu fJj' T[dk; w[;eDh j?. fJj :shw ofcT{ih pZfunK dk e?Ig ;h fijV/ d{ih
;z;ko izr ftu T[iV rJ/ ;B. n?stko dk fdB j'D eoe/ tZvk ykDk fsnko eoBk ;h. T[j ygo/ Bkb
wZShnK d/ f;o XV s'I tZy eoB bZrh. fgS'eV g'b?Iv dk ;h go d;thI gk; fJ; e[Vh B/ fJFfsjko gVQ/
fiBQK okjhI nBkE :j{dh pZfunK dh d/y Gkb tk;s/ tkbzNhnoK dh wzr ehsh ;h. fJj e[Vh y[d ftseo/
ns/ Bcos dk }kfJek uZy u[Zeh ;h fJ; eoe/ fpBK gfotko B{z dZf;nK gZ[fSnK, e?Ig ftu nk rJh. pZu/
fJjB{z J/; eoe/ fgnko eod/ ;B feT[Ife fJ; fizBhnK ejkDhnK fe;/ B{z BjhI nkT[IdhnK ;B.
* g'qc?;o ns/ w[yh, r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx Xow nfXn?B ftGkr
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g[okDh pkJhpb dhnK ;kyhnK ;[DkT[Idh ;[DkT[Idh T[j :?o'Fbw gj[zu iKdh, fejk eodh- r?bhbh d/
y/s, e?BkB d/;, tv/fonK dh gftso Xosh. ;[fDn? o/fr;skB j?, sK eh, n;hI pkr bktKr/, ;kv/ pZu/, fco
pZfunK d/ pZu/ T[E/ p/y"c y/fvnk eoBr/.
G?D GoktK ftu'I tZvh d'ok ;h, wK dh w"s j'Jh sK pZfunK dh gfotoF dk Gko d'ok B/ Y'fJnk.
efmB ezw sK ;h go fJ; Bkb T[; nzdo wwsk d/ nzF pbtkB j' rJ/, T[;B{z f}zw/tkoh ;zGkbDh pugB
ftu nk rJh. :j{dh fgsk jm-Xowh ;h. e[VhnK dh gVQkJh d/ fybkc, Xow rqzEK dk gkm sK fpbe[b
BjhI. fejk eodk- g?rzpoK dhnK rZbK dk fBnkfDnK Bkb eh tk;sk< gfjbh gsBh dh w"s s'II d; ;kb
pkd T[;B/ d{ik ftnkj eotk fbnk sd d'ok i[nkB j' u[eh ;h. fgsk B/ nkfrnk BjhI d/Dh ;h, fpBK dZ;/
fJ; e?Ig ftu nk rJh. E'Vk e[ fuo fEJ/No ftu th ezw ehsk. T[;B/ gozgok s'I jN e/ BtK :'oghnB
ihtB pshs eoB dk c?;bk ehsk, y[d ewkJ/rh, ykJ/rh, nkgD/ c?;b/ nkg eo/rh. g'b?Iv SZv e/ iowBh
nk rJh, fejk eodh ;h - d';s't;eh d/ Bktb dk e'Jh nkw fijk gkso nZyK ftu ;[cB/ ;zi'n e/ fit/I
jBQ/o/ o;s/ tZb s[o g?Idk j?, w?I fJ; soQK s[oh nBikD okjK T[go. fgsk B/ w'VB dk :sB ehsk, ftnoE.
fgsk nB[;ko ebze bk rJh.
wZShnK d/ N[eV/ eofdnK fco T[;dk fynkb ;kro ezY/ pZfunK Bkb y/vd/ bzw ;bzw/ i[nkB tZb
ubk frnk. e?Ig ftu n?bkB j'fJnk ;h fe nZi gokr dk vkH ekcek Bkw dk b/ye nkJ/rk. ewo/ ftu
p{j/ EkDh nkT[Idh o"FBh wZXw gJh sK T[;B/ d/fynk dotk}/ T[go T[jh bzwk pzdk yb'sk ;h, f;o osk e[
N/Yk. eZbQ Bkb'I osk e[ tXhe bzwk, S/ c[ZN s'I tXhe. T[;B/ o;'Jh nzdo edw oZfynk sK d'ok d/ fdb
nzdo e[M xpokjN j'Jh. T[;dh B}o fe;/ ikd{ro torh ;h. pzd/ B/ fejk - Bk}[e jZEK B[z fejk y{Bh
ezw eoBk g? frnk. f;o Bhtk eoe/ nkgD/ N'g B{z jZE Bkb S[j e/ ;bkw ehsk. fco ubk frnk.
Fkw d/ ykD/ t/b/ ;ko/ pZu/ p?IuK s/ ykw'F p?m/ ;B sK d'ok B/ d/fynk T[jh niBph e[M rZbK eoB
nkfJnk j?. fJj j? gokr s'I vkH ekcek. B}dhe j'Nb ftu ofjzdk j?. e?Ig d/ o;s/ dk gsk BjhI ;h
fJ; bJh Nfjbdk Nfjbdk o;'Jh tZb bzx frnk ;h. eZbQ id'I d'ok B/ fJ; B{z d/fynk ;h sK fJe w[zvk
fJe e[Vh fJ; Bkb y/v oj/ ;B s/ fJe n"os bkr/ yb'sh ;h. d'ok B/ ;wfMnk fJj fJ; dk gfotko j?.
go nZi fJj fJeZbk feT[I nkfJnk j? jkb ftu< pkd ftu gsk bZrk fe j'Nb ftu T[j nkgDh G?D ns/
GkDih Bkb ofj fojk j?, ni/ ftnkfjnk j'fJnk BjhI. fJj ypo ;[D e/ d'ok B{z y[Fh j'Jh. gqkoEBk, eh
gsk ;[Dh ikt/. fJj sK gfjb/ fdB wZShnK tkbh fNZgDh s'I ikD rJh fe T[j wk;kjkoh BjhI, T[; B{z gsk
bZrdk frnk ekcek B/ tekbs ftu vkeNo/N dh fvroh b? e/ phwk ezgBh ftu nc;o dh B"eoh F[o{ eo
fdZsh j? s/ b/ye ti'I nkgDh ;ky pDk u[Zek j?.
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jkb ftu dkyb j'fJnk sK ;ko/ pZu/ T[s;[esk Bkb T[; tZb d/yD bZr/. gzi ;kb dk fJe pZuk
yb' e/ e[M efjD jh bZrk ;h fe bZsK ezphnK, fvZr fgnk, ;kok jkb jZ;D bZrk. wz[v/ dh fyZbh T[Zv
rJh. ekcek T[; d/ B/V/ frnk. fgnko Bkb rZbQK Eg-EgKfdnK fejk - :ko s{z fezB/ nokw Bkb fvfrnk
s/ fezBh FkB Bkb nkg/ fco yVk j' frnk, ewkb n?I s{z. ;kfonK B/ skVhnK ns/ febekohnK Bkb pZu/ B{z
dkd fdZsh sK T[j th jZ';D bZr frnk. d'ok fJ; xNBk B{z edh BjhI G[Zbh. ekcek dh w"s d/ gZuh ;kb
pkd T[;B/ fJj xNBk d[jokT[IfdnK fejk ;h - ekcek fJzBk FeshFkbh ;h fe T[; ;dek ;z;ko pu ;e/,
nkg T[;B/ BjhI puDk ;h.
pZfunK d/ ;?FB s'I pkd d'ok T[; Bkb rZbhI bZr rJh. T[j y[F j'Jh fe ekcek B{z fjpo{ BjhI
nkT[Idh, f;ZyD dk fJS[Ze j?. d'ok B{z fjpo{ nkT[Idh ;h, ekcek B/ fejk - gVQ e/ ;[Dk. d'ok ;[DkJh rJh.
Bkb/ dZf;nk fe fgsk ih GoKtK B{z fjpo{ gVQkfJnk eod/ ;B, w?I XZe/ Bkb p?m iKdh, fgsk dh vKN cNeko
dh gotkj BjhI. fgsk fejk eodk ;h - rztkoK, p}koK s/ pZfunK tk;s/ fJj p'bh BjhI pDh, e[VhnK dk
fJ; Bkb eh wsbp< :j{dhnK dh g[Bo ikroD bfjo fiT{fB}w, f;zx ;Gk torh ;h i' e[VhnK B{z fjpo{
f;ZyD bJh T[sFkfjs eod/ ;B. fgsk fJ;/ ekoB ;dek f}UfB;NK B{z g;zd BjhI eodk ;h. d'ok B/
prkts eoe/ fjpo{ ;e{b ftu dkybk fbnk s/ fJj ;BksBh }pkB f;Zyh. e?Ig jkb d/ fJe e'B/ ftu p?m
e/ d'ok B/ g?rzpo Jh;kJhnkj dh g'Eh y'bQh s/ gVQBh F[o{ eo fdZsh. ekcek dhnK nZyK ftu fbFe, j'mK
T[go w[;ekB BZuh. c/o d'ok B/ feskp pzd eoe/ fejk - feskp sK w?I n?t/I y'bQ bJh ;h, fJj ;ko/ p'b
sK w?B{z :kd B/, fJj efje/ T[;B/ feskp pzd eo fdZsh s/ gVQ/ j'J/ gqtuB }pkBh ;[Dk fdZs/. ekcek B/
Gog{o dkd fdZsh, fejk - bZfrnk fJj p'b fe;/ j'o d[BhnK ftu'I nkJ/ s/ ;[D/.
ekcek B/ fJE'I nkgD/ fJe ys ftu fbfynk, **doZysK ftu'I gob/ gko fBZe/ pZu/ y/vd/ fd; oj/
jB. y[F, f;jswzd, T[sFkfjs g{oph :{og d/ fJBQK :j{dh :shw pZfunK B{z gZSwh :{og d/ :j{dh, pofbB
dh wko s'I pukT[Dk ukj[zd/ B/. ;kok fdB s/ nZXh oks sZe, fJBQK d/ jkf;nK ns/ rhsK Bkb r{zidk ofjzdk
j? izrb ns/ ;w[zdo dk feBkok. fJj dkntk sK w?I BjhI eodk fe w?I y[F jK. brdk j? w?I y[Fh dh
dfjbh} T[s/ g[Zi frnk jK. nZi ihtB ftu gfjbh tko nkgDh wBwo}h Bkb, y[Fh Bkb, w?I tZvk gftZso
fdB ;?pE wBktKrk.** fJ; e?Ig ftu ;jkfJsk eoB tk;s/ T[; B/ eJhnK B{z ys fby/ fejk- fJBQK pZfunK
dk Gbk pkd ftu j't/rk, s[jkvk Gbk s[ozs j' ikJ/rk.** g{oh sBd/jh Bkb e?Ig dh ;/tk ftu wrB d'ok
uzrh bZrh.
ekcek B/ fjpo{ f;ZyD dk eJh tko :sB ehsk go ;cb Bk j'fJnk. d'ok fJj p'bh fJT[I p'bdh
fit/I T[;dh wks GkFk j't/. T[j gqtuB ;[DkT[Idh, ;kyhnK ;[DkT[Idh fJT[I bZrdh fit/I e'Jh J/FhnB ;kX{
4

sg'pD ftu j}ko ;kb g[okD/ :[Zr ftu b? frnk j't/. d'ok ftu'I :j{dh dkdhnK BkBhnK fdykJh fdzdhnK.
ndG[s o;wJh wkj"b dh f;oiDk j[zdh. T[j ;'udk ofjzdk - w/o/ Bkb'I nZXh T[wo S'Nh fJj e[Vh fezBh
n;kBh Bkb wkBf;e s/ Gkt[e ;zrb s'V fdzdh j?, fJj T[j ezw eo ojh j? i' w/o/ s'I Bk j'J/, Bk j'Dr/.
nokw Bkb fJ; e[Vh B/ fgsk fto[ZX prkts eo fdZsh, w/o/ nzdo nfijk j";bk edh BjhI pD ;fenk.
T[;B/ fejk, **d'ok, pugB ftu fgsk B/ w/o/ fybkc :[ZX eoe/ w?B[z jok fdZsk. w?I oDG{wh ftu'I j[D sZe
pkjo BjhI fBefbnk. fBozso jkodk nk fojk jK.** jo o'} E'Vk pj[s ;wK fJeZfmnK fpskT[Id/. T[wo d/
nyho ftu d'ok B/ vkfJoh ftu fbfynk, **w/o/ Bkb nkb{ fSZb fojk j?, u[ZbQ/ d/ bkr/ p?mk j?, izrb d/
p?Iu T[go w/o/ bkr/ rZbK eo fojk T[j fdZ;dk ofjzdk j?**. ekcek B/ nkgD/ fJe ys ftu fbfynk, **d'ok
w/o/ Bkb ;h. n;hI E'Vh d/o fjpo{ gVQh. d/o pkd fJZe fBZxh Fkw fpskJh. d/o sZe fJ; dk fBZx w?B{z ;[y
fdzdk oj/rk. god/; ftu fJT[I ofj ojh j? fit/I T[;dk g[Fs?Bh xo j't/. ;kv/ d'jK ftu tZvk coe j?.
T[j fEo j? w?I n;fEo.
d'ok dZ;dh j?- xzfNnK pZXh n;hI fJeZm/ p?m/ rZbK eod/. T[j pj[s ;tkb g[ZSdk. T[;B{z g[ZSD dk
sohek nkT[Idk ;h. T[j pZfunK tKr ;tkb eoh iKdk. w?I T[so d/Jh iKdh. T[bN j'Dk ukjhdk ;h. T[;d/
w[ekpb/ w?I nBgVQ e[Vh. ukjhdk sK fJj ;h, w?I ;tkb g[ZSdh. T[j d'tk ezBK Bkb T[zso ;[fDnk eodk ;h
s/ w/o/ tZb'I fds/ itkp T[;B{z FkfJd mhe bZrd/ j'Dr/. g[oksB fJzihb dhnK ejkDhnK sK T[j pko pko
;[Dh iKdk. :j{dh b'e-ejkDhnK ;[DkT[Idh sK T[;B{z ;fizd gkso ;kjwD/ fdykJh d/D bZrd/.
ekcek B{z T[;dh szdo[;s ;yFhns, fJe dw d/;h, f;ZXh ;gkN, pr?o tb ftzr d/, e'Jh fdyktk
BjhI pDktN BjhI, gqkuhB e[dos fit/I e[Vh d/ fbpk; ftu y/vD nk ikJ/. d'ok dk gqGkt fJj ;h, **ekcek
xfVnk sokfFnk j'fJnk, gkfbF ehsk j'fJnk pohe ;[Gkn tkbk pzdk ;h, j;w[y, E'Vk e[ Fowkeb, s[jkE'I
;G e[M g[ZSh ikJ/rk, nkgD/ pko/ w{zj BjhI y'bQdk. ikDB dh T[; torh fgnk; fe;/ ftu BjhI d/yh. T[;
s'I T[; pko/ e[M g[ZS' sK fJZXo T[Xo d/yD bZr iKd?, fit/I vo frnk j't/, rZb j'o g[ZSh ;h itkp e'Jh
j'o fwb frnk. T[; Bkb rZbK eoB tkbk pzdk ;fji/ ;fji/ rZb eoB tk;s/ y[d wip{o j' iKdk, ekcek
fejVk fe;/ B{z e'Jh jdkfJs fdzdk ;h. yVke Bk j't/, fit/I e'Jh gZpK Gko s[odk s[odk bzx/, fit/I whbK
sZe wywb dk ekbhB ftfSnk j't/, j"bh j"bh Bzr/ g?ohI s[ohJ/.
d'ok fJ; eoe/ iowBh ftu rJh ;h feT[Ife T[;B{z gqGkt fwfbnk ;h fe iowB b'e w}p{s
fJokd/, fEo Fy;hns tkb/ pzd/ jB go ibd T[;B{z gsk bZr frnk fJj T[;dk Gow ;h. T[j }o{oh uh}
fi; ;dek nkdwh B{z nkdwh fejk iKdk j?, r?ojk}o ;h. T[;B/ d/fynk, **ekcek ftu pj[s e[M ehwsh ;h
go T[j fJ; B{z B}onzdk} eoe/ nfpBkFh dh sbkF ftu x[zw fojk ;h. id'I T[j s[jkB{z ;[D fojk j[zd?,
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wZs ;'u' T[;B{z fJ;dk gfjbK gsk BjhI ;h, T[; dk noE fJj ;h fe id'I T[j fe;/ dh rZb ;[Ddk j?,
T[d'I T[j pkjob/ irs Bkb jZE fwbkT[Idk j?, T[d'I T[;B{z brdk j? fe T[j th fiT[Idk j?, w?I T[;B{z uzrh
bZrdh ;K feT[Ife T[; B{z wfj;{; j[zdk ;h fit/I T[;B{z rkok fwb frnk j't/ s/ T[j T[; ftu'I wBukjh w{os
xV/rk. T[j ;zg{oB ;h, w?I }ho'.
d'ok B/ fbfynk- gZSwh :'og d/ b'e ;kB{z g{ophnK B{z ikjb ;wMd/ B/. w?I th fJ;/ fynkb Bkb
rJh ;h fe w?B{z neb nk ikJ/rh. w?I d/fynk T[j sK EZe/ N[ZN/ nX/ nX{o/ bkuko pzd/ B/, id'I tZvh w[;hps
ftu fxo iKd/ B/, fit/I ;z;ko izr ftu, T[d'I T[BQK B{z brd? fe g{op T[BQK B{z puk bJ/rk. w?I gZSw ftu
o"FBh dh sbkF ftu rJh ;K, T[E/ d/ jB/Qo yks/ ftu'I w?B{z e[M BjhI fdf;nk, ;r'I w?B{z nfj;k; j'fJnk,
fJBQK bkuko b'eK B{z d/D tk;s/ w/o/ e'b pj[s e[M j?. gZSw ftu fbyD p'bD dh g{oB nk}kdh j? go
T[BQK e'b efjD tk;s/ e[M j't/ sK ;jh. n;hI g{oph b'e xZN p'bd/ jK go ;kB{z eosko ns/ T[;dh ouBk
ftu Go';k j?, fJ; Go';/ ;dek ;z;ko ;[jDk brdk j?. w/o/ ;kjwD/ gZSw dk fpjsohB fdwkr ekcek j?,
fJj th wzrs/ tKr w/o/ nZr/ fGZfynk gkso eo fdzdk j?, w?I fJ; ftu g?rzpoK dh pkDh, fJzihb dh ;kyh
gk fdzdh jK, w/o/ e'b j'o eh j? fJ; B{z d/D tk;s/< fJj ;zs[FN j' iKdk j?.
gzi ;kb s'I T[j sgfde s'I ghfVs ;h. pkbfNe ;kro ezY/ T[j okih j'D tk;s/ BjhI, fJj goy
eoB tk;s/ nkfJnk ;h fe T[j cb;shB sZe dh :ksok eoB d/ ekpb j? fe BjhI. fJe ;kb s'I sk T[j
wzi/ s/ fgnk ;h. fjT[r' porwkB, fjpo{ :{Bhtof;Nh :/o'Fbw ftu gq'c?;o ;h, T[;dh gsBh B/ ekcek B{z
ys okjhI ;ZdfdnK fejk ;h fe ;kv/ xo ftu ojhI, fJE'I d/ wko{Eb dh row jtk y[Fe j?, T[j s/o/
fJbki bJh ;jkJh j't/rh. T[j wzB frnk, T[; B{z bZrk T[j ok}h j' ikJ/rk, fco :j{dh Xow ftu
nkgDhnK iVK bZG/rk, T[BQK b'eK ftu Fkwb j't/rk fijV/ cb;shB ftu :j{dh e"w dk xo T[;koBr/.
T[;B/ fby fdZsk fe nes{po 1923 ftu nktKrk. d'ok Bkb cb;shB ikD dk gq'rokw s?n j't/rk.
S[ZNhnK w[Ze rJhnK, T[j tkg; gokr BjhI ;h ikDk ukj[zdk. T[j sK d; ;kb gfjbK, shj ;kb
dh T[wo ftu iowBh ftu t;D dk fJS[Ze ;h, fpwko j'D eoe/ fJeZfbnK ikD dh fjzws BjhI ;h, d';sK
B{z wBkfJnk, e'Jh Bk wzfBnK sK nkyo e[M fdBK tk;s/ nkgDh G?D B{z Bkb b? e/ nk frnk. j[D d'ok
fwb rJh. d'ok B/ nekdwh nkc fjpo{ ;NZvh} ftu dkybk b? fbnk ;h. ekcek dh fJZSk j'Jh fe T[j
th dkyb j't/rk. d'ok B/ dZ; fdZsk ;h fe w[cs cb?N dk pzd'p;s T[j eo dJ/rh. fco sK mhe j'
frnk ;G. T[j fJeZbk BjhI j'J/rk. id'I fJj nfj;k; j'fJnk fe N[Ndh iKdh ;kjK dh v'o fco rzYh ik
;edh j? sK fJBeko fe; tk;s/< fJe d{i/ B{z ikDB d/ fszB jcs/ phs rJ/. c?;bk j' frnk fe j[D
pofbB fojk eoKr/. gfjbK d'ok fe;/ wod Bkb edh BjhI ojh ;h. T[;B{z nuzGk brdk ;h, fpBk ftnkj
6

d/ wod n"os fJeZm/ ojh iKd/, e'Jh fJsok} Bk eodk. i/ fes/ d'ok d/ Bro ftu fJ; rZb dk gsk bZr
iKdk, T[;d/ wkfgnK dh fJZ}s y/j j' ikDh ;h.
ekcek dh fJZSk ;h ftnkj eo/, fgsk pD/ go S/ ;kb gfjbK sgfde dk gsk bZr frnk ;h,
bkfJbki, ;}kfJ w"s, e"D nkgDh Xh B{z itkB ftXtk j'D dh nkfrnk d/t/rk< fbydk j?, **id'I ypo ;[Dh
fe GkDih dk iBw j'fJnk j?, w?B{z r[Z;k nk frnk, Jhoyk j'Jh, rZb e'Jh BjhI j'o, p; fJe nksw
frbkBh fe w?I nkgD/ pZu/ dk w{zj BjhI d/y ;eKrk.** d'ok, f;jswzd, fdqVQftFtk;h s/ fgnkoh e[Vh B{z d/ye/
T[; nzdo fJe tko fco nksw-ftFtk; ikfrnk. fwb/Bk B{z ys ftu fbfynk, **nkgDh tZvh G?D Bkb
gokr s'I pkbfNe frnk. pzd ewo/ s'I yfjVk S[fNnk. T[E/ ;pZp fJT[I pfDnk fe nes{po ftu cb;shB
iktKrk. w?I wzik BjhI SZv ;edk go fijVk woh} wzi/ dk w[Eki j? T[; T[go fJj gkpzdh sK BjhI bZrDh
ukjhdh fe cb;shB ikD dk ;[cBk th Bk bt/. d'ok cb;shB ikD dh fJS[e j?, efjzdh j? ok}h j' ikj
ibdh. T[j szdo[;s j?. szdo[;sK B{z jh jZe j? ;[cB/ b?D.**
jkoB nko"B dkfJwzs fgsk ns/ cohdk dkfJwzs wK d/ xo d'oik dkfJwzs dk iBw 4 wkou 1898
BPz j'fJnk. d'oik Fpd B{z p'bD t/b/ d'ok fejk frnk s/ fJjh Bkw gqufbs j'fJnk. g'b?Iv dk fJj bc}
dkfJwzs, fijVk T[BQK dk ykBdkBh Bkw j? nzro/}h ftu vkfJwzv (jhok) j?. id'I T[j gfjbh tkoh ekcek B{z
fwbh T[d'I T[;dh T[wo 25 ;kb ;h. ;oho dh pDso nfijh ;h fe T[j S'Nh bZrdh ;h, rbsh yk e/
b/ye po'd B/ T[;B{z T[Bh ;kb dh fby fdZsk. d'ok fJj rbsh feT[I do[;s eodh< T[;B{z fJj' mhe
bZrk. d'ok d/ tZv/ Gok dk Bkw dkT{d ;h s/ S'fNnK dk Bkw :ke{p, fJpokjhw s/ noi. noi dk iBw
1905 ftu j'fJnk s/ T[;d/ iBw tes wK dh w"s j'Jh jkbKfe T[;dh w"s dk foekov fes/ BjhI fwbdk.
fi; epfo;skB ftu dcB j'Jh T[;B{z :j{dhnK fto[ZX dzfrnK d"okB BFN eo fdZsk frnk ;h.
fgsk B{z g'fbF, iowB, f:ZfdF ns/ fjpo{ }pkBK nkT[IdhnK ;B. nzfwqs t/b/ uko ti/ T[m e/ w{zj
ftu p[oeh gkT[D s'I gfjbK gkm eodk. b'e T[;dh ;bkj b?D nkT[Id/, T[;B{z :j{dh wzdo dk w[yh u[D
fbnk frnk, dkBh b'e g?;/ iwQK eokT[Id/. T[;d/ xo ukj-gkDh dk bzro uZbdk jh ofjzdk fiE/ skbw{d
rqzE dhnK ;kyhnK dh ftnkfynk j[zdh, ftuko tNKdo/ j[zd/. pzd/ dh goy T[;dhnK o[uhnK, ftdtsk iK
gfjokt/ s'I BjhI, T[;d/ fJybke s'I ehsh iKdh ;h. gftZso fdB (;?pE) ;kok fdB wK ykD uh}K pDk pDk
pZfunK d/ jZE N'eohnK cVk e/ rohp p;shnK ftu tzvD bJh G/idh - oZp fe;/ pZu/ B{z G[Zyk Bk oZy/,
nodk; eoh iKdh. fJj gZek Xowh ykBdkB fJZBk jmh ;h fe BthI gozgok dh nkfrnk BjhI fdzdk ;h. ‘
go nukBe g[Bo-ikroD dhnK bfjoK B/ :'oghB :j{dhnK B{z Mzi'V fdZsk, 1820 ftu :j{dhnK B{z
pokpoh d/ nfXeko fwb/ sK T[BQK B{z BtK ijkB fwfbnk. f;nk;s, cb;ck, T[d:'r, fts, nkoN, ftfrnkB
7

ns/ seBkb'ih ftu :j{dhnK B/ edw oZy/ sK fJBQK tofis y/soK ftu fJBQK B/ neb dk b'jk wBtkfJnk.
pofbB, thnkBk, gokr, p[vkg?;N ns/ tko;k ftu :j{dh tgko ns/ ;fGnkuko SkbK wkodk nZr/ tfXnk.
:j{dh p}[or Bt/I ;e{b, Bt/I fbpk;, Bt/I ;kfjs d/ gZe/ fto'Xh ;B go T[j p/p; j' rJ/. BtK ;fGnkuko
o[eD dk Bkw BjhI b?Idk ;h. fJ; pzd wkj"b ftu d'ok }tkB j'Jh. T[;B/ g[ikohnK s'I ;[fDnK j'fJnk ;h
fe oZp dh gqkgsh tk;s/ ftdtkB j'Dk }o{oh BjhI. tos oZyD/, ;fBnk;h j'Dk }o{oh BjhI, oZp jo tes
s[jkv/ Bkb j?. yKdh ghIdh, jZ;dh y/vdh, BZudh rkT[Idh, T[j oZp d/ Bkb Bkb fojk eodh.
prkts eoe/ d'ok id'I ;?e[bo ;e{b ftu dkyb j' rJh, fgsk d[yh j'fJnk, go BjhI o[eh sK
nZe e/ fejk - ub' mhe j? fco. Boe ftu ikD dk c?;bk eodh j? eo/. ;wK popkd eodh j? eo/,
xZN' xZN w[zv/ efjD/ ftu jB, F[eo j?, skbw{d rqzE dk gkm eod/ jB.
fJzB/ ftu jzr/ohnB ;bsBs d/ okie[wko coK} covhBzv dk esb j' frnk. iowBh ns/ o{;
ftueko :[ZX dk w?dkB g'b?Iv, e"D wzB/rk fe gfjb/ fJe' wjhB/ d"okB d'tK gkf;nK d/ gzi gzi bZy pzd/
esb j'J/<
1896 ftu :j{dh dkoFfBe fEUv'o jo}b B/ :j{dh ;N/N Bkw dk g?IcfbN fbfynk fi; ftu fJ;
rZb dh tekbs ehsh rJh fe cb;shB fty/ :j{dhnK dk d/; j't/. jo}b s'I gfjbK th nfijhnK rZbK
j[zdhnK ojhnK ;B go fJ; b/y dhnK dbhbK ns/ ftT[IsK B/ jbub wuk fdZsh. nkgDhnK nodk;K ftu
gfjbK th :/o'Fbw :j{dhnK B{z ftZ;fonk BjhI ;h. T[BQk dh fJzihb ftu T[; t/b/ dh gqkoEBk doi j? id'I
o'wBk B/ :/o'Fbw dk wzdo Ykj e/ :j{dhnK B{z d/; fBekbk d/ fdsk ;h, fbfynk j?, **U :/o'Fbw, i/ w?I
s?B{z G[bk fdnK sK w/o/ ;Zi/ jZE B/ i' ftZfdnk f;Zyh j?, T[j G[Zb ikJ/.** jo nodk; ftu tke- nrbk
;kb :/o'Fbw ftu.** ihUfB;N bfjo ftu Bt/I g[okD/ jo ozr d/ :j{dh sK Fkwb j'J/ jh, :j{dh ekwo/v
th fjpo{ f;yD bJh dkyb j' rJ/. bfjo J/Bh s/} j' rJh fe d' Btzpo B{z poskBhnK d/ ftd/F ;eZso
nkoEo i/w} B/ n?bkB eo fdZsk fe ;oeko gfjbh ;z;ko izr ysw j'D ;ko :j{dhnK B{z cb;shB d/
dJ/rh. fJ; n?bkB B/ b'eK dk ftFtk; fEUv'o jo}b d/ n?bkBBkw/ ftu gZek eo fdZsk.
fco th, cb;shB ni/ d{o ;h. jo}b B/ fejk ;h, **nukBe fJe' tes d[BhnK Go d/ :j{dh
BjhI ikDr/. ;G s'I gfjbK G[Zyh Bzrh nkpkdh ikJ/rh, ;VeK pDkJ/rh, dfonktk d/ tfjD dk o[y pdb/rh,
wko{ }whB ftu y/sh j'D bZr/rh. g[b pDBr/, o/bt/ bkJhBK ftSDrhnK wko{Eb ftu. T[; fgS'I wZX tor
s/ nyho ftu nwho nk e/ tZ;Dr/. d'ok, eoke't :j{dh ;e{b ftu dkyb j'Jh sK gsk bZrk fe fiBQK
:j{dhnK B/ g'b?Iv dh nk}kdh d/ jZe ftu :[ZX bfVnk ;h, nk}kd j'D fgS'I g'b?Iv d/ c"ihnK B/ T[j G/vK
tKr tZY ;[N/. fJj d'ok dh f}zdrh d/ w'V dk nfjw B[esk ;h.
8

:j{dhnK B/ iowBh B{z jo b'VhIdk ;woEB fdZsk ;h sK th Bcos dk fFeko ;B. ;kb 1297
ftu ;oeko B/ i[bkfjnK B{z j[ew d/ fdZsk fe T[j :j{dhnK dh o{z ik ;{s Bk yohdD. jo nkcs dk
ekoB :j{dh ;wM/ iKd/. u"XthI ;dh d/ nZX ftueko gb/r g? rJh sK fJ; d/ e;{otko :j{dh ;wM/ rJ/
s/ d/; fBekbk fdsk frnk, 1671 ftu yk; fwjopkB j' e/ ;oeko B/ 50 :j{dh gfotkoK B{z ofjD dh
nkfrnk fdZsh, ;kb 1800 sZe :j{dhnK dh frDsh s/sh ;" j' rJh. id'I d'ok pofbB rJh, T[d'I :j{dh
fJe bZy ;Zso j}ko j' rJ/ ;B s/ fJj frDsh 5 gqshFs j' rJh. jo ndko/ ftu T[BQK bkitkp fwjBs
ehsh, p?IeK, ;e{bK, ;N'oK ns/ tgko e/IdoK d/ wkbe j' rJ/. iowBh d/ d' ;G s'I tZv/ nypko T[b;NhB
ns/ w';/ d/ wkbe :j{dh ;B. fJj ;wM' fe 1920 dk iowB ebuo, :j{dh ebuo ;h.
d'ok B/ nkgDh gVQkJh ns/ e?Ig dhnK f}zw/tkohnK ikoh oZyhnK s/ ekcek pofbB j' e/ tkg; gokr
ubk frnk feT[Ife f;js fBozso itkp d/ ojh ;h. ekcek dh G?D nkgD/ Gok B{z fwbD gokr nkJh sK
wzi/ s/ fgnk S/ c[ZNk fgzio d/fynk, T[;B{z dfjb g? frnk. fpBk fe;/ Bkb rZb ehfsnK T[j T[;B{z nkgD/
fgzv b? rJh. fJj ekcek s'I B"I ;kb S'Nh, nksw ftFtk;h, n}kd, d{onzd/F, r}p d/ wkBf;e stk}B
tkbh e[Vh ;h fi;B/ fgU dk ekB{zB tkbk vzvk trkj e/ wo}h Bkb, Jh;kJh Bkb ftnkj ehsk. ekcek
fejk eodk ;h - phph s/o/ Bkb Jhoyk j? w?B{z. w/o/ ftu s/o/ fizBk j";bk edh BjhI g?dk j'fJnk. UNbk
y/sh ftfrnkB gVQe/ :/o'Fbw ftu t;Dk ukj[zdh ;h, ekcek B/ fejk- fgsk Bkb rZb Bk eohI, s/oh gVQkJh
dk youk w/o/ f}zw/. gfotko d/ ;ko/ pkeh ihn fejk eod/ ;B fe fJj G?D Gok id'I fwbd/ jB ;kv/
fybkc ;k}F oud/ jB. ekcek B/ UNbk B{z fejk- i/ E'VQ/ e[ fdB s/o/ xo w?I fJeZbk ofj btK< e[Vh B/
wekB feokJ/ s/ b? fbnk, gfotko ;w/s ubh rJh s/ ekcek T[;d/ xo ftu e[M fdB BjhI, 1916-17 dhnK
;odhnK d/ S/ wjhB/ fojk. fJ; ;w/I d"okB fJj xo sg'pD (jofwN/i) j' frnk ;h fiE/ T[;B/ rzGho
ouBk ehsh.
ekcek s'I pkd T[;d/ d' Gok izw/ i' wo rJ/ ;B. wK fgU dh ykw'Fh, T[dk;h d/ydk d/ydk, fJT[I
;'udk fit/I fJBQK d' S'fNnK dk eksb T[jh j?, T[;B{z nkgD/ nkg Bkb Bcos pugB ftu jh j' rJh ;h.
nr;s wjhB/ d'ok B/ pofbB ftu ;[jDk cb?N ekcek tk;s/ feokJ/ s/ bZG fbnk, jtkdko, nkb/
d[nkb/ prhuk, tZvk ewok, o;'Jh, r[;bykBk, fJe gk;/ fgnkB' fgnk ;h fijVk u[g d/ pkti{d ;zrhs tzvdk
brdk. T[;B/ ekcek B{z ;Zdk G/i fdsk s/ T[vheD bZrh. ekcek dh f;js mhe BjhI ;h. w?e;po'd B{z
g';N ekov T[go fbfynk, **brksko nktk}K nk ojhnK jB, e'Jh dotk}/ s/ d;se d/ foj?.** ;kb 1919
dh iBtoh th bzx rJh, T[j Bk ik ;fenk. Btzpo ftu po'd B{z Bkb b? e/ F/bNB nkgDh G?D d/ xo
Ffjo ubk frnk, fJj f;js bJh mhe EK ;h. T[;B{z d'ok d/ ys fwbd/ oj/ go pofbB Bk ik ;fenk.
9

;szpo 20, 1921 :j{dhnK dk d; fdB dk Xkofwe fsT[jko F[o{ j[zdk ;h. Xow rqzE ftu oZp B/ fbfynk
j'fJnk ;h, nrb/ ;kb e"D oj/rk, e"'D wo/rk. g[ikoh tos oZydk ;h, gqkoEBk eodk ;h. d'ok dk wzBDk
;h fe oZp w/o/ ns/ ekcek dk Bkw fiT{D tkb/ pzfdnK dh fb;N ftu fby/rk. d'ok B{z ekcek dh sko
fwbh fe w?I nk fojk jK. ;N/FB s/ b?D ikJ/rh. F/b;B s'I gokr s/ gokr s'I pofbB. ekcek B/ fbfynk
- eZbQ B{z w?I pofbB g[Zi iktKrk pFofs jB/Qoh MkVh fgS'I w"s B/ xks bk e/ jwbk Bk ehsk. fgsk B/
pofbB ftu F[o{ j'J/ esfbnkw dhnK ypoK ;[Dk e/ ikD s'I wBQK ehsk go ftnoE. s[oB s'I gfjbK
ekcek B/ nkgD/ fwZso nk;eo pkw B{z fbfynk, **:ksok UBh jh ysoBke j? fizBk B?g'bhnB tb'I o{; T[go
c"iK dh uVQkJh }'yw Goh w[fjzw ;h.**
fpwko j'D s/ pkti{d jkovh dk gkso i{v fJe oks wfjp{pk ;{ B{z fwbD tk;s/ o/b rZvh
ufVQnk, T[;B{z d{o'I d/ye/ tkg; nk frnk. s/} p[yko. r[;?bh gsBh n?okp/bk B/ fejk- feT[I frnk ;h T[;
jokw}kdh e'b< FKs i{v B/ fejk - d' ezw eoB/ }o{oh ;B, gfjbK ;{ B{z d/yDk, c/o wo ikDk. fJe c/oh
Bkb d't/I ezw j' rJ/. i{v dh w"s j'Jh.
G?D UNbk B{z fbfynk - **s[oB bZrk jK go brdk j? fJ; tko fij' fijh ysoBke c"i Bkb
w[ekpbk j't/rk, gfjbK BjhI j'fJnk ;h. fgsk w/o/ ikD fto[ZX MrVdk fojk, wK jw/F tKr T[dk; d/ydh
ojh, s[o fgnk j?. T[;B{z fwbD tk;s/ w?e;po'd th pofbB dh rZvh ;tko j' frnk. pofbB ftu po'd
dh fJe ;j/bh n?wh ofjzdh ;h, T[; B{z th fwb/rk. ekcek B/ po'd B[z ;ys bc}K ftu fJ; o'wK; d/
B[e;kB ;wMkJ/. ekcek B/ fJ; e[Vh T[go feskp fbyh, goh Bkb fpskJh f}zdrh . ekcek dhnK dbhbK
dk po'd T[go n;o j'fJnk, fbydk j? - **T[;dh dbhb B{z e'Jh BjhI eZN ;edk, w?I sk uh} jh eh jK.
nkokw Bkb T[j d[BhnK B[z f;ZX/ okj s/ gk fdzdk j? go y[d T[; dk o;sk ftzr sfVzrk fojk. po'd ns/
ekcek dh d';sh B{z ;kfjs d/ fJfsjk; ftu p/fw;kb gqFz;k fwbh j? fit/I ikB;B ns/ p';t?b dh d';sh
B{z. ekcek T[go fijVk w?I Fpd fuso fbfynk ;h T[; ftu T[BQK d'tK dh gfjbh w[bkeks dk t/otk
fdbeF j?, po'd 18 ;kb dk ;h s/ ekcek 19 ;kb dk. po'd B/ iowB ftfdnkoEhnK ;kjwD/ BhsF/
T[go fbfynk g/go gVQfdnK pkeh sby fNgDhnK s'I fJbktk fJj th fejk ;h, **ntkokrod, f;tkfJ
}BkBhpk} d/ j'o e[M BjhI T[j.** BhsF/ T[go fNZgDhnK eofdnK ekcek B/ po'd d/ g/go dh T[j s{Vh
T[vkJh fe po'd ;dk bJh ekcek dk w[ohd j' frnk. jw/F FKs ofjD tkbk ekcek T[; fdB g{ok s{ckB
j' frnk ;h. g?Ish ;kb pkd id'I po'd B/ T[;dh ihtBh fbyh T[; ftu fJ; xNBk B{z :kd eofdnK fejk,
**w/o/ ftuko X[zXb/ ns/ T[bM/ j'J/ ;B, w/o/ ftu purkBk jzeko, GfoFN Jhoyk ns/ pDkT[Nh f;nkDg ;h,
ekcek d/ s{ckB s'I pkd n;wkB fBowb j' frnk. fJ; fgS'I w?I gVQB dh neb jk;b ehsh. e[dos fit/I
10

j"bh d/Dh p{fNnK d/ ezB ftu e[M nkydh j? sK c[Zb fyV iKd/ jB, ekcek d/ p'b fJ; soQK d/ ;B, fJj'
fij/ p'b T[j ;[DB/ ukj[zdk j[zdk. T[;B/ fe; fe; EK eh eh rZb ehsh, w?B{z ;kc fd;h iKdh j?. T[; dh
jk}oh ftu fe;/ Bkb p/fJB;kch j't/, n;zGt.**
jB.**
feskpK pko/ ekcek fejk eodk, **w/o/ febQ/ d/ ewo/ w?IE'I BjhI y[ZbQ/, feskpK T[BQK dhnK ukphnK
NkJhb s/ ;pkJhB d' ;j/bhnK ekcek B{z e?Ig ftu nkT[IfdnK iKfdnK d/ydhnK, T[BQK B{z brdk
j[zdk, fJj fJ; eoe/ nBkEK d/ e?Ig ftu nk iKd? sK fe e?Ig ;BwkB:'r pD ikt/. o/;soK ftu
nkJh;eohw yk ojhnK ;B, bkb osBk Bkb wfVQnk nkJh;eohw dk FhF/ dk eZg r}p dk ;[jDk ;h. ;'bK
;kbK dh NkJhb B/ jT[ek b? e/ nkgDh ;j/bh B{z fejk - fJj eZg jk;b eoB bJh w?I ;G e[M d/D B{z
fsnko jK. ;pkJhb B/ jZ; e/ g[ZfSnk - s/o/ e'b j? eh d/D bJh< fco d'tK B/ d/fynk, go/ ekcek yb'sk
;h. fJj ;'u e/ fe fes/ ekcek T[BQK dhnK rZbK ;[D Bk fojk j't/, MZN pkjo fy;e rJhnK. wjhB/ e[
wro'I NkJhb ypo b?D T[;d/ cb?N ftu rJh. dotk}k y'bQ e/ ekcek B/ fejk - osk mfjo. T[j o[e
rJh. ekcek nzdo frnk, fJe g?eN NkJhb B{z cVkfJnk, y'bQ e/ d/fynk, r}p, T[jh bkb iVkT{ nkJh;-
eohw eZg. y[F j'Jh NkJhb B{z ekcek B/ fejk - nkgDh g[okDh ejkts j? Bk, ftnkj tkb/ fdB fJ; B{z
u{o u{o eo d/JhI.
fJe fdB T[;B/ d'ok B{z fejk - pofbB nk e/ tZ;D dk w/ok ;[cBk g{ok j' frnk. gokr d/
gzfinK ftu'I edh fBeb ;eKrk, T[whd BjhI ;h, pofbB w/oh gqkgsh j?, fJ; B{z gqkgs eoB s'I fpBK w?I
woBk BjhI. d'ok B/ dZf;nk, **T[;dhnK ;kohnK fbysk fJe gk;/, T[; Bkb fpskfJnk fJe fdB, d{i/ gk;/,
d{ik gk;k t}Bdko j?. fe;/ b/ye B{z fwbD BjhI, fJe FkBdko wod B{z fwbD rJh ;K w?I.
ekcek d'ok d/ fgSb/ ihtB pkps ;tkb s/ ;tkb g[ZSdk ofjzdk, d'ok dZ;dh j?, **g{o/ fXnkB Bkb
;[Ddk, w/ok ;XkoB fijk tke ;[D e/ edh edkJhI ;[zB j' iKdk. T[jB{z g{op dhnK d/;h rZbK dh G[Zy ;h,
fit/I T[; nzdob/ dZp/ j'J/ yikfBnK Bkb fwbdk i[bdk j't/ g{opHHH nBzs G/d, nBzs ow}K. T[j rZbK
eoB dk F[ehB ;h, rZbK eofdnK nZyK ftu fbFe ns/ j'mK s/ w[;ekB d't/A BZudhnK ofjzdhnK. edh
edkJhI fJT[I th w[;eokT[dk fit/I nkgD/ tkeK ftu T[IrbK okjhI ozr GoB bZrk j?. id'I T[;B{z :ehB j'
iKdk ;o'sk T[j ow} ;wM frnk j? i' T[j ;wMkT[Dk ukj[zdk, pj[s ;zs[FN j[zdk. p'bK ftu ;zrhs ;h,
wZXw fijhnK ;[oK. w"s n?B ;kjwD/, o'w o'w ftu dod, nkgDk d[y Bk dZ;e/ fwbD tkb/ B{z ;[ydkJh
rZbK ;[DkT[Idk ekcek w?I j[D th d/y ojh jK. T[; ftu e[M nfpBkFh ;h fi; eoe/ T[; pko/ eEB eoBk
11

n"yk ezw j?. ;wK phsD Bkb B?D BeF s/ rZbK X[zdbhnK j' ikfJnk eodhnK jB, T[;dh Fy;hns fdB
pfdB fBZyo fBZyo ;kjwD/ nk ojh j?.
id'I fbyD brdk, d'ok nkgD/ nkg T[;B{z fJeKs ftu SZv e/ pkjo ubh iKdh, ekcek B/ edh
T[;B[z fejk BjhI ;h. T[j ikD iKdh. d'ok B/ g[ZfSnk, **c/fb; B{z fgnko ehsk, T[; ftu eh B[eF ;h, s[;hI
ftnko s'I fJBeko ehsk< ekcek B/ fejk, **T[j uzrh ;h go g{oh d[BhnKdko, i'V xNk ftu gqphB, T[; B{z
ftnkj[D dk noE j'Dk ;h g{ok :'og nkgD/ xo ftu b? nkT[Dk, :'og, fi;dk wkfJBk j? MPm s/ co/p.
T[;B{z ;[jDk xo, uzrh nkwdB s/ ;w/I dk gkpzd gsh ukjhdk ;h. w?I nkgDh xVh v/Y xzNk nZr/ oZydk
jK. id'I T[jdk dkn bZrdk, xVh mhe eo fdzdh, w/ok ;kok g'qrokw rbs j' iKdk. iK w?I rbs ;h iK
T[j, fJj gZeh rZb j? fe ;kv/ d'tK ftu'I fJe ;jh BjhI ;h.**
d'ok B/ fbfynk, **id'I w?I d/ydh T[j fbyD'I jN frn?, T[;d/ ewo/ ftu ubh iKdh. i' fbfynk,
gVQ e/ ;[DkT[Idk. nyho ftu nkydk, gsk Bh fet/I fbyh frnk w?I, G{s nkb/ d[nkb/ x[zwd/ oj/, pu frnk,
fJj rZb eoB t/b/ T[;d/ j'mK s/ pZu/ torh w[;ekB j[zdh, pZuk fJT[I rZb efonk eod? fit/I T[jB{z G{sK
gq/sK, ;G dk g{ok gsk j?, tZv/ e[M BjhI ikDd/. wfjzr/ doih s'I eZgV/ f;bkT[Idk, tXhnk ;{N, p{N ns/
NkJh, BjhI sK pkjo BjhI fBeb/rk. fJe fdB efjD bZrk **d'ok, w/o/ s'I edh edkJhI uzrh uh} fbyh iKdh
n?, fit/I nzBQ/ u{u/ B[z dkDk bZG ikJ/.**
d'ok B/ dZf;nk, **pofbB dhnK ;VeK T[go nwhoK d/ tZv/, Go//-Ge[zB/ ;N'oK d/ pkjo nzrjhD
wzrs/, G[Zy/ pZu/, p/;jko/ p[ZY/ ftbed/, o'Nh wzrd/ d/ydk ofjzdk, wfjzrkJh ;dek o'Nh jo o'} j'o fBZeh j'
iKdh, f;sko dh fJe sko S[j', pkeh ;kohnK y[d p y[d ezpD bZr iKdhnK B/. fJBQk ;VeK dk d"ok eoe/
ekcek xo nkT[Idk, jkbs fJ; soQK j[zdh fit/I izr d/ w?dkB ftu'I j}ko tko wo e/ w[fVnk j't/, ozr Bhbk
j' iKdk ;h. :;{ w;hj w'Y/ T[go nkgDk eoKZ; nkg u[Ze gjkVh T[go ufVQnk ;h, fJ; rZb ftu e'Jh
nfseEBh sK BjhI Bk.**
ekcek j'o ;ko/ w;fbnK ftu T[bM iKdk ;h, ;kfjs ouBk t/b/ T[j g{oB gkodoFh j[zdk,
p/fbjk}, fdqVQ fJokd/ tkbk, ;kfjs T[; tk;s/ Xow ;h, fejk eodk ;h **fJj fijVk e[M fbfynk ik foj?
d'ok, fJj ;kfjs BjhI j?, fJj sK toswkB d/ fBe/ fBe/ goSkt/I wkso jB.** ;kfjs ouBk t/b/ T[j nBzs
ngj[zu j[zdk.
d'ok B/ vkfJoh ftu fbfynk, **nyhob/ fdBK ftu T[;B/ w?B{z efj fdZsk ;h fe j[D w?I fJeZbk BjhI
ofj ;edk, ;' id'I w?I fbydk j'tK T[d'I w/o/ e'b fojk eo. w?I fBe/ w'N/ ezw eodh ofjzdh, feskp gVQdh
ofjzdh. T[j fby fojk ;h, fJe oks w?I gVQdh gVQdh ;'c/ T[go ;"I rJh. id'I nZy y[ZbQh, T[j nkgDk ezw
12

w[ek e/ w/o/ bkr/ p?mk d/fynk. T[; dk n;kXkoB fujok fbFe fojk ;h, fpbe[b T[; soQK fit/I s;thoK
ftu ceho dk ft;wkd fdykfJnk j[zdk j?, ekcek BjhI, fJj e'Jh j'o ;h. ekcek B/ fJe fdB fejk,
**NZeoK wko wko id'I wZEk bj{ b{jkD j' ikt/ T[d'I w?B{z s;Zbh jz[dh j?. d'ok fJj ;p{s j[zdk j? fJ; rZb
dk fe fi; uNkB Bkb NeokfJnk, T[j ;ys ;h.**
w?e; po'd ekcek ns/ d'ok B{z fwbD pofbB frnk, fbydk j?, **d'ok Bkb fpskJ/ T[;d/ fdB
;G s'I tXhe ;[ydkJh gb ;B, w?B{z nkgDhnK sk}hnK ouBktk gVQ e/ ;[DkJhnK. w?I T[; dhnK fbysK j[D
gVQdk jK sK T[; d/ p'b, nzdk} ;kjwD/ nk iKdk j?. tke ;fizd j' iKd/, uc/o ;zrhs g;o iKdk. T[j
SgD bJh fsnko Bk j[zdk sK edh w?I wzrs/ tKr Ghy wzrdk, edh u'oh eodk, edh XZe/ Bkb y'j
fbnkT[Idk, T[j ejh iKdk- fJj mhe BjhI, rbshnK B/.
gqekFe e[oN t'c tob/r B/ ekcek B{z ys fbfynk, **s[jkvhnK feskpK fte BjhI ojhnK. d/o pkd
s[jkv/ gkme g?dk j'Dr/. ;kB{z fJBQK ftub/ tkeK dh ehws dk gsk j?. ;kB{z cyo j? n;hI s[jkv/ gqekFe
jK.**
po'd B/ ys fby e/ f;js pkps g[ZfSnk sK T[so fdZsk, **pkeh nzrK dk ezw sK swkw j?, f;o
pfunk j? ni/, f;o fJ; soQK dk fit/I F/o B/ b'j-N'g gfjB fbnk j't/. jB/Qo yks/ ftu ne;o v[Zp ikBk,
d/o pkd c/o ukBD fdykJh d/D bZr iKd?.
G?D UNbk d'jK B{z fwb e/ g/e/ rJh sK wkfgnK B{z d[Zy j'fJnk fe fe; c}{b e[Vh B[z xo oZy
fbn?. UNbk B/ f;csK ehshnK, go wkfgnK B[z fJspko BjhI nkfJnk, d[yh j'J/.
1924 d/ Bt/I ;kb G?DK ns/ wkfgnK tb'II J/B/ s[jc/, J/BhnK ykD uh}K nkJhnK fe g?eN y'bQdh
y'bQdh d'ok o' gJh. ekcek dh GkDih d;dh j? fe BkBk BkBh B{z fJj g{opDh g;zd BjhI ;h. fejk eod/
;B - fJj mhe BjhI y[nkT[Idh fgbkT[Idh, wko dJ/rh ;kv/ g[Zso B{z.
iBtoh d/ d{i/ jcs/ p[yko s/} j' frnk. d'ok B/ ;G s'I tZvk vkeNo i' gq'c?;o th ;h, ;Zfdnk.
nkg sK T[j nkfJnk BjhI, nkgDk shj ;kb dk ;jkfJe G/i fdZsk. ;kok e[M u?Ze eoB s'I pkd ;jkfJe
B/ fejk, p[yko s'I fpBK j'o e'Jh sebhc BjhI. eZY' 160 u?e eqkT{B. ekcek B/ fejk - d'ok, uzrk j'fJnk
tZvk vkeNo BjhI nkfJnk, wKi d/Dk ;h nkgK B{z i/ y[d nk iKdk. w?B{z wfjzrkjh dk fJe ckfJdk th j?.
;;sk, c}{b ykDk ;[nkd bZrD bZr iKd?.
jo FBhtko dh Fkw nodk; ftu phsdh. pZuk fJe ejkDh fit/I pko pko ;[Dh iKdk j?, T[j
d'ok s'I nodk; ;[Dh iKdk, - fjpo{ GkFk d/ gow/Fo, fJ}okJhb d/ :j{dhnK B[z s/oh wZdd dh b'V j?,
nkT[D tkb/ ;Zs/ fdB GkrK Go/ j'D, s/oh gftsosk ;kvh d[BhnKdkoh B{z f;zidh oj/, nkgd/ w[ohdK dh
13

w[okd g{oh eo fgsk. f;js fwb/, ihtb fwb/, ;G B{z nzB d/j, XB d/j, FkBK pyF. i/o{;bw d/ dotki/
y'bQd/, jw/FK y[ZbQ/ oZyhI.**
fco y[d nodk; eoB bZr iKdk, **i/o{;bw d/ do y[ZbQDr/, n;hI iktKr/. ;rb ;z;koK d/ fgsk,
e/tb s{z ;kvk okyk j?I. e"Vh i[dkJh fwZm/ fwbkgK ftu pdb/rh, nrbk jcsk, nrbk wjhBk, nrbk ;kb,
;[ydkJh j't/.** d'ok B/ fJe fdB fejk- d/fynk nodk; Bkb fezBk ;[y, fezBh FKsh fwbdh j?. s{z ;koh
T[wo nodk; BjhI ehsh, ;zrs ftu BjhI frnk, j[D bZrk Bk gsk fJ; dh fwmk; dk< i/ F[o{ s'I oZp B{z
:kd oZfynk j[zdk sK ekjB{z eFN nkT[Id/.
ekcek B/ po'd B{z fbfynk, **wfjzrkJh eoe/ fJjh ;[jDk cb?N 1 cotoh 1924 B{z SZvDk gt/rk.
szrh J/Bh j? fe ;kvh wkbe wekB B/ nkgDk fJe' fJe p?v-o{w th feokJ/ s/ d/ fdZsk. pko pko cb?N
pdbD Bkb w?I ;kok pofbB Ffjo d/y bT{Irk. gokr ftu Bh w?I ikDk j[D ed/.**
po'd B/ ;[nkdb/ ykD/ dk tZvk g?eN G/fink, XzBtkd eofdnK ekcek B/ fejk, **n;hI fJeZfbnK
BjhI ykXk. nkgD/ i'rk oZy e/ d'ok pkeh ;kok :shwykB/ b? rJh. dZ;dh ;h, T[dk; pZu/ fyV rJ/ ;B.
gfjbK th fJe fdB 20 eokT{B d/ e/ nkJh ;h. gzi fdB pkd wekB ykbh eoBk j? go ni/ BtK bZGk
BjhI. uzr/ wekB s/} edwhI ;kv/ e'b'I dh bzx iKd/ jB, wkV/ ftu ofjD B{z fdb Bh eodk. w/ok ih
B"eoh eoB B{z eodk j?, go T[fmnk BjhI iKdk. wzih s/ gJ/ pzd/ B{z E'Vk B"eoh dJ/rk e'Jh.**
T[;B{z eth jkos g;zd ;h i' r}p d/ nzdk} ftu g[okDhnK B}wK ;N/i s/ g/F eodk, fBok
ikd{ro. ihBhn;. jkos B/ ;Zdk gZso G/fink fe pofbB ftu F'n d/yD nkU. XzBtkd eofdnK ekcek
B/ fbfynk, **nk Bh ;edk. d'ok dkfJwzs nkJ/rh. T[; Bkb w/o/ xo nk ikj. s?B{z fwfbnK w[Zds j'
rJh.**
d'ok T[;dk F'n d/yD rJh, nk e/ j{pj{, T[j ;kok e[M ekcek nZr/ d[jok fdsk i' jkos B/
ehsk s/ fejk. d'ok B/ ;'funk, n?efNzr d[nkok o'Nh ewkJh ik ;edh j?.
e?Z;o ftdtkB th ;h, gqekFe th. T[;B/ fbfynk, **ekcek fiZvk eZdkto b/ye nZi e'Jh BjhI,
T[;d/ tkeK ftu nbzeko BjhI, ftT[Ispzdh BjhI, fpBK fe;/ e'fFF d/ T[j nDxV/ ;'B/ d/ Y/o bk foj?. w?I
T[; B{z 1924 dhnK ;odhnK ftu fwfbnk. fpwko ;h. ew}'o. fBok pZuk bZr fojk ;h. pZu/ tKr y[F
;h. w?B{z fJT[I bZrD bZrk fit/I fJj fpwkoh B{z th fgnko eoB bZr fgn?. T[;B/ w?B{z fejk - nkdwh
;[zdosk d/yD d/ ;woZE oj/, sK p[ZYk BjhI j[zdk.**
gqf;ZX b/ye tocb T[;B{z fwbD nkfJnk. d/o sZe d't/I nzdo p?m/ oj/, fco nukBe cNkZe
dotkik y[ZfbQnk s/ tocb o'Idk o'Idk pkjo fBeb frnk. d'ok B/ g[ZfSnk, fejk - **ekcek B{z w/oh o'Jh
14

ouBk g;zd BjhI. BjhI sK BK ;jh, w/oh yZb sK BjhI T[skoBh ukjhdh ;h. d'ok B/ fejk - T[j j? Jh fJ;
soQK dk. T[j sK nkgDh yZb nkg T[skodk ofjzd?. nkgDh fbys B{z nZr bk fdzd?. SgD bJh BjhI G/idk,
efjzdk ofjzd? - fJj petk; j?. s{z T[jdh rZb dk p[ok Bk wBk. T[j mhe BjhI Bk. T[jB/ sK w/o/ jZE'I
nkgDhnK vkfJohnK B{z nZr b[tk fdZsh ;h. ;[nkj d/y e/ FKs j' frnk s/ fejk - fbys nkdwh d/ nB[Gt
dh ;[nkj j[zdh j?.
1919 ftu d'ok vkH B?beB B{z fwbh ;h. d't/I fJe d{i/ B{z uzr/ bZr/. d'ok B{z T[;dk c'B Bzpo
bZG frnk. c'B ehsk, **d'ok jK, gSkfDnK< w/ok d';s coKi pj[s fpwko j?. d/yD nkJ/AIrk< ;kv/ e'b ch;
d/D tk;s/ g?;/ BjhI. nk ikJ/AIrk

w[ekfJnk. j;gskb d/ T[; tZv/ ewo/ ftu b? rJ/ fiZE/ woh} wo oj/ ;B. d'ok B{z e/tb d' xzN/ T[;
e'b p?mD dh nkfrnk ;h.
fJe foFN g[FN j;w[Zy woh} fJ; jkb ftu Nfjbdk fcodk ofjzdk ;h. sob ykDk fNT{p okjhI
nzdo gj[zukT[Id/ ;B pkeh ;G mhe ;h. fJe fdB T[j wo frnk. id'I d'ok nkJh, ekcek B/ T[;dh bkF
tZb fJFkok ehsk s/ r[;?bhnK B}oK x[zwkJhnK. w"s ekoB voB dh EK T[j woh} T[go r[Z;/ ;h fe fJj'
fijh f;js j[zfdnK feT[I wfonk. eJh fdB wkfgnK B{z ys Bk fby ;fenk, d'ok B/ fbfynk- ekcek d/
wksk fgsk ihU. fywk wzrdh jK, ekcek dh EK fbyDk g? fojk j?. T[;dh EK BjhI jK w?I. ;'funk ekcek
tb'I fpbe[b Bk fbyD dh EK s/ i/ w?I fbyfdnK< nZi sphns mhe ojh. brd? E'V/ fdB, fco S[ZNh d/
d/Dr/.
- d'ok.
jo o'} fe;/ Bk fe;/ dh w"s j[zdh. d'ok ;t/o ;ko nkJh sK Bkb tkbk p?v ykbh ;h. ekcek B/
dZf;nk- vkeNo sK ed'I d/ GZi rJ/ ;B. gkdoh pj[s XhoitkB ;h. uko xzN/ p?mk pkJhpb d/ tkeK
Bkb FKsh fdzdk fojk. gkdoh T[d'I frnk, id'I woh} ubk frnk.
gqf;ZX ;kfjseko tocb B/ uhc ;oiB B{z gZso fby e/ p/Bsh ehsh fe ekcek B{z tZyok ewok
fdZsk ikt/. vkeNo B/ fejk - fe;/ tocb B/ fe;/ ekcek dh f;ckoF ehsh j?. ekcek dk sK w?B{z gs? fe
T[j woh} Bzpo pkoK j?, fJj tocb e"D j'fJnk<
po'd B{z fbfynk, **d{finK Bkb'I w/o/ ihtB ftu fwmk; tXhe ;h ;' d{finK dh w"s Bkb'I w/oh w"s
tXhe e"Vh j'J/rh.** po'd dh f;ckoF ekoB c/cfVnK d/ wkfjo d' vkeNo nkJ/, pj[s wfjzr/, go feT[Ife
po'd B/ fejk ;h, ;' wzB rJ/. fdB oks ;/tk ftu bZrh fJj e[Vh ekcek d/ wkfgnK B{z uzrh bZrD
bZrh. fuZmhnK ftu n;h;K d/D bZr/. d'ok B/ fbfynk, **s[jkvhnK n;h;K w?B{z fezBh y[Fh fdzdhnK jB, w/o/
p/ozr/ nZyo dZ; BjhI ;ed/.**
BDd UNbk B{z fbfynk, **w?I ukj[zdh jK ekcek ok}h j't/ sK fe s[jkB{z d[Zy Bk g[Zi/, p; fJjh
;'udh ofjzdh jK. j'o w/o/ fdwkr ftu e'Jh rZb BjhI nkT[Idh. w?B{z gZek gs? fJj ibdh ok}h j't/rk.**
ekcek B/ d'ok B{z fejk - nkgK B{z ftnkj eotk b?Dk ukjhd?. d'ok B/ fejk - ;kb s'I fJeZm/ jK,
o;wK ohsK T[go'I w/ok fJspko T[m frnk. fgsk wzB/rk BjhI. fJt/I mhe jK. ekcek BjhI wzfBnK, d'ok d/
fgsk B{z fbfynk, **;BwkB:'r fgsk, w?I s[jkv/ gfotko d/ ihnK tKr gZek :j{dh sK BjhI - go w?I gqkoEBk
eodk j[zBk. fe;/ fdB s[jkv/ tork th j' iktKrk. w?B{z T[whd j? d'ok B{z w/o/ Bkb ftnkj dh nkfrnk d/
e/ s[;hI w?B{z nkgD/ gfotko ftu gqtkB eo bt'r/.** fJzB/ ;fseko Bkb fby/ tke gVQ e/ fJe tko sK d'ok
16

B{z bZfrnk fe nkfrnk fwb ikJ/rh. nkgD/ g[so d/ jZE gftZso gkdoh B/ ys dk itkp G/fink. Gok th
fgsk fizBk Xowh pzdk ;h, G?D Bkb e'Jh rZb BjhI ehsh, T[;dh M'bh ftu itkp ;[ZN frnk, d'ok B/ ekr}
y'bQ e/ gfVQnk. e/tb fJe bc} fbfynk j'fJnk ;h - **BjhI**.
vkeNo j'cw?B B/ fejk, **ekcek dh w"s pj[s B/V/ nk rJh j? d'ok. gkdoh nk frn?. s{z ftnkj
dh o;w bJh jK eo. w?I s/ w/oh gsBh rtkjK ti'I d;sys eoKr/.** d'ok B/ fejk, **s[jkvh fJj rZb
jwdodh Goh brdh j? vkeNo, go w/o/ JhwkB nB[;ko wod/ nkdwh B{z nkokw Bkb woB d/Dk tZvk g[zB
j?. w/oh ns/ T[;dh o{j B{z eFN Bk fdT[.**
ekcek B/ vkH okpoN B{z fejk, **j[D nkyoh Nhek bk vkeNo. w?B{z s;hj/ Bk d/j**. vkeNo B/
d'ok B{z vkeykB/ ik e/ wkfgnK B{z ypo d/D bJh fejk. T[j ikDk BjhI ukj[zdh ;h go vkeNo dk j[ew
;h. fszB i{B, wkochB dk tZvk Nhek bkfJnk frnk.
id'I d'ok r[bd;sk b? e/ tkg; nkJh, g{ok p/j'F j' u[Zek ;h. d'ok B/ c[Zb T[;d/ fujo/ B/V/ eo
fds/. ekcek B/ nZyK y'bQhnK, d'ok B/ fejk - d/y ekcek, fezBh ;[jDh y[Fp{ j?, ;[zx e/ d/y. p/j'F pzd/ B/
nkgDk f;o c[ZbK dh ;[rzXh tk;s/ T[go u[Zfenk. c[Zb ;[zx/. p'bD dh ;woZEk BjhI ojh ;h, jZEK nZyK ns/
f;o ftu ni/ ikB ;h. d'ok B/ fdb s/ jZE oZy fdsk. XVeD j"bh j' ojh ;h. fco ekcek dh Sksh
T[go nkgdk ezB fNek fdZsk. nkyoh ;kj s/ nkyoh XVeD ;[D e/ d'ok B/ fejk - s/o/ d[y ysw ekcek,
w/o/ F[o{.
d'ok id'I y[d w"s dk ;kjwDk eo ojh ;h, B/ fbfynk, **coK} dh w"s w/oh w"s ;h. ;G ysw.
w/oh bJh jBQ/ok ;h u[c/o/. j[D d{ih tko c/o woBk gt/rk. Bo; B/ id'I ekcek dhnK gbeK pzd ehshnK,
w?I d/fynk, T[;d/ f;o d/ tkb T[bM/ j'J/ ;B. ekcek B{z fJ; soQK ofjDk g;zd BjhI ;h, w?I doki ftu'I
s[os poF eZY e/ T[; d/ tkb tkj fdZs/. fgsk B/ gokr fbik e/ ekcek B{z dcB ehsk. nypkoK ftu
T[;dh w"s dh ;{uBk fbyh, go Bkb fJj th fbfynk, **w/o/ xo nc;'; eoB Bk nkT[Dk ih.**
skp{s Xosh nzdo T[sko fdsk sK d'ok B/ uhe wkoh, }whB s/ fvr gJh, :j{dh gqkoEBktK ftu
T[;dhnK f;;ehnK r[zw j' rJhnK. gq'H T[o}hfdb, i' fJE/ w"i{d ;h fbydk j?, **w?I w"s pko/ gfVQnk ;h, w"s
T[go eftsktK fbyhnK ;B, fJj j[zdh eh j?, ekcek dh w"s fgS'I gsk bZrk. jcs/ pkd FoXKibh fdzfdnK
w?e;po'd B/ fejk, **w{;k B{z MkVh dhnK bkNK ftu'I i' fdf;nk, ;kB{z ekcek ftu'I fdf;nk. ekcek ysw j'
frn?, ekcek dk d"o j[D F[o{ j't/rk.**
fEJ/No f;y/rh.
ekcek d/ wkfgnK e'b d' wjhB/ gokr ftu fpskT[D pkd d'ok pofbB rJh. T[; dh fJZSk ;h
17

fwfbe o/ftu B/ ekcek dh ikD gSkD ns/ fJe ejkDh dk nB[tkd w?r}hB ftu SgtkfJnk.
fbydk j?, **nB[tkd tXhnk BjhI ;h fJ; eoe/ w?I c?;bk ehsk nkgDk Bkw Bk SgtktK. Sgh fbys gVQ e/
j'o th fBok;sk j'Jh, ekjB{z SgtkT[Dk ;h, go ub' j[D ekcek fejVk fiT[Idk j?, w?I e[M okjs wfj;{;
ehsh. o{;h pkovo d/ bkr/ :j{dh g'fbF nkpkdh ftu w/ok o{po{ j'Dk ;h. gq'rokw F[o{ j'D ftu e[M ;wK
;h, fJe i[nkB e[Vh w/o/ B/V/ nkJh, T[;dk fujok jkt Gkt s'I fJedw ykbh, ghbk, T[;B/ fJT[I rZb F[o{
ehsh fit/I d{o'I ybkn ftu'I nktk} nkJ/, p/ozr nktk}. T[;B/ fejk - w?I ekcek pko/ s[jkvh fbys gVQh j?.
w?I Fofwzdk j' frnk, fJ; B{z feE'I gsk bZr frnk fJj w/oh fbys ;h< w?I fJ; pko/ rZb eoB dk fJS[Ze
BjhI ;K. nkyo w?I g[ZfSnk - s{z ekcek B{z fezBk e[ gfVQnk j?< T[j Fowk rJh, F[ZX iowB }pkB ftu p'bh
- w?I ekcek dh gsBh d'ok jK.
**;N/i T[go w/o/ s'I ekcek pko/ wkD eoB :'r e'Jh rZb Bk j'Jh, pkowpko fJe tke w/o/ ezB
ftu nk r{zidk - w?I ekcek dh gsBh jK. U oZpk fiZE/ ;o'fsnK ftu d'ok dkfJwzs p?mh j't/, T[E/ w?I eh
ejK. b?euo fgS'I fe;/ B/ ;tkb BjhI g[ZS/. w?I pkjo fBefbnk, fJZSk ;h fJe tko fco fwbK, T[j nkg/
nk rJh, T[jh e[Vh fijVh ekcek B{z f:ZfdF ns/ fjpo{ f;ykfJnk eodh ;h, g[okDh fJzihb dhnK ;kyhnK
;[DkfJnk eodh ;h. d'ok B/ dZf;nk - T[;d/ wkg/ w?B{z g;zd BjhI eod/ ;B go w"s fgS'I Xotk; d/D tk;s/
w?I T[BQK d/ xo bzwk ;wK fpskfJnk. p/FZe T[bfMnk j'fJnk nkdwh ;h go ;h sK T[BQK dk fgnkok
FkBkwZsk g[Zso. fco T[j ubh rJh. nfb}p/E p?Nh, d'ok s'I uko ;kb S'Nh T[;dh ;j/bh ;h, 1995 ftu
p?Nh B/ dZf;nk - T[j fdqVQ nkswftFtk; tkbh e[Vh ;h, ekcek dhnK rZbK w[ZeD Bk fdzdh - T[;d/ jZE
fezB/ ;[jD/ ;BHHH T[;dhnK nZyK fezBhnK ;[jDhnKHHH. e[M b'e nkw ;'ud/, fJj F/yh wko ojh j?. wkw{bh
gVQh, rohp :j{dh xo ftu f:fdF p'bdh e[Vh B{z ekcek tork ihBhn; fet/I g;zd eo ;edk j?< p?Nh
dZ;dh j? - T[wo phsD Bkb :kdK X[zdbhnK g? iKdhnK jB, d'ok dhnK dZ;hnK rZbK FhF/ tKr ;kc jB
ni/.
nmkJh ;kb dh T[wo ftu pofbB d/ fJe fEJ/No ftu ezw eoB bZr gJh. fEJ/No T[;dh
;j/bh dk ;h, ;' ofjD ;fjD ykD ghD w[cs dk ;h s/ i/p youk ubkT[D tk;s/ fszB ;kb d/ fJe pZu/
dh fyvkth ti'I th ezw eodh. f;js ne;o ftrV iKdh. ghn?uHvh tk;s/ ezw eo fojk ebkg;NkZe d'ok
B{z eJh tko fwfbnk. ekcek dh G?D UNbk B{z T[;B/ fJe ys ftu fbfynk, **d'ok j;w[y j?, o"Deh j?,
nkbk d[nkbk wfjek fdzdh j?, go fJ; ;ko/ T[go T[dk;h dh ukdo ftSh ofjzdh j?. ftu'I dh eJh wjhB/
fpwko ojh go j[D T[zBh ;[jDh j' rJh j? fizBh ekcek t/b/ j[zdh ;h. s/o/ tKr ;[nkd ykD/ pDkT[Idh j?.
18

e?;b dh gfjbh n?vhFB 1500 ekghnK SghnK s/ ehws oZyh rJh 350 vkbo, d'ok B{z 150 wkoe
wjhB/ dh okfJbNh fwbD bZr rJh. fJj pzd'p;s ekg;Nke ns/ ftZbhjk; B/ eotkfJnk ;h. T[j y[F j'
rJh, fijV/ 30 tXhnk ebkeko fEJ/No ezgBh B/ ezw bJh u[D/ T[BQK ftu d'ok th ;h. fJ; fEJ/No ezgBh
B/ thj ;kb :'og ftu ebkf;e BkNe y/v/. fJp;B d/ BkNeK B/ soEZbh wuk fdZsh ;h.
1927 ftu fJ;/ fEJ/No ezgBh ftu poNk bk;e Bkw dh 45 ;kbk n"os nkJh ;h i' BkNe
fbydh. gfjbh ;z;ko izr ftu T[;dk Gok J/fwb bk;e, fi;B/ fcbk;ch ftu ghn?uHvhH jhvbpor
:{Bhtof;Nh s'I ehsh ;h }ko dhnK c"iK fto[ZX izr bVdk wkfonk frnk ;h. d' ;kb pkd d{ik Gok jK;,
g{oph cozN s/ bVdk wfonk. poNk, :[ZX d/ fybkc eftsktK ns/ BkNe fbydh fbydh gZeh ;'Ffb;N j'
rJh. fJj' n"os pkd ftu d'ok dh ;Z; pDh. poNk dk fJfsjk;e BkNe fbT[Bk-21 fJe F' s'I pkd
g[bh; B/ pzd eotk fdZsk feT[Ife fJ; ftu w}d{oK dh sok;dh d/ fdqF prkts eotk ;ed/ ;B. fJj
BkNe d{ih tko tJhwko B?FBb fEJ/No ftu, id'I poNk 78 ;kb dh j' rJh ;h, fco y/fvnk frnk ;h .
d'ok B/ fFZbo, r/N/, jhB, fJp;B ns/ F/e;ghno d/ BkNe y/v/. Bkb Bkb nkgDh gVQkJh ikoh
oZyh. fJ;/ fEJ/No ftu ezw eodh T[; s'I 12 ;kb S'Nh b{;h, id'I 92 ;kb dh ;h, B/ 2002 ftu dZf;nk
**w?I T[; B{z d'oh fejk eodh. T[; torh skesto Fy;hns w?I BjhI d/yh e'Jh, ;zg{oB, ;zs[FN, nksw-
;BwkfBs, T[j ;G e[M ;h p;.**
BkNe ftu ro?}{J/FB w[ezwb eoe/ d'ok B/ e[b?efNt fEJ/No ezgBh ftu 1928 ftu B"eoh b?
bJh. fJe ;kb ftu 36 fEJ/NoK ftu BkNe ehs/. e[M BkNeK ftu vpb o'b th ehs/. T[;dk f;Zek uZb
fgnk, n"y/ s'I n"y/ o'b ;cb fBGkJ/. T[j T[;dh uVQs dk ;kb ;h.
30 ngq?b 1929 B{z ezgBh dk ezNo?eN ysw j'fJnk sK T[j pofbB fJe ;[jD/ cb?N ftu ofjD
bZrh. nkofEe wzdk uZb fojk ;h. jVskbK s/ gqdoFBK dh Gowko ;h. g[b; uhc ekob f}okpb, fi;B/
poNk bk;e dk BkNe fbT{Bk-21 pzd eotk fdZsk ;h n?bkB eo fojk ;h - w?I jVskbhnK B{z ;pe f;yk
fdnKrk. jo o'} rbhnK w[jZfbnK ftu ckfJfozr j[zdh.
d'ok eJh EkJhI rJh, fEJ/No ftu ezw Bk fwfbnk. fEJ/No pdb u[Zek ;h, pos'b po?ys Sk fojk
;h, d'ok dk ebk;heb fEJ/No g[okDk j' uZ[ek ;h. efwT{fB;N, fEJ/No okjhI fJBebkp fbnkT[D d/ :sB
eo oj/ ;B s/ b'e brksko T[BQK tb M[e oj/ ;B, wX tor tk;s/ fJj' nk; dh feoB ;h. r'pb} B/
BthI gkoNh yVQh eo fdZsh s/ B}opzd fjNbo fojk j' e/ ;orow j' frnk. T[;dh gfjbh fjN-fb;N s/
ekwo/v ;B. p/o[}rko d'ok B{z ekwo/vK dhnK rZbK s/ :'iBktK ;jh bZrD bZr gJhnK. T[j wzMXko ftu
19

c;h j'Jh ;h. nypkoK ftu ekcek pko/ fJzNoftT{} SgdhnK, GkFD, ftu T[j ekcek B{z }wkB/ dk
;[gowkJhIv wzBdh, go ekcek efwT{fB;NK d/ fybkc ;h.
iowB ftu iBtoh 1930 ftu fGnkBe wzdk nkfJnk, ftnkge p/o[}rkoh, wfjzrkJh, c?eNohnK,
ezgBhnK pzd, bZyK dh frDsh ftu w}d{o ;VeK T[go. bkb MzfvnK dh frDsh tXD bZrh. d'ok dh o'Nh
okfJbNh ekoB uZbdh ;h. d'ok B/ efwT{fB;N gkoNh dh w?IpofFg dk ekov b? fbnk, T[;dk r[gs Bkw
wkohnk oZfynk frnk. wk;e' gkoNh j?v nkfc; B/ d'ok pko/ ;{uBk wzrh, fJj ;{uBk G/ih rJhL
ekwo/v wkohnk B{z w?I 1930 s'I ikDdk jK. v/Y ;kb s'I T[j gkoNh d/ ezwK ftu ;orow j?.
T[;dhnK j'o rshftXhnK dk w?B{z gsk BjhI. fJj w?I fBih s"o s/ ikDdk jK fe T[j nkgD/ gfjb/
gsh ekcek dh ikfJdkd ns/ okfJbNh ftu'I fjZ;k b?Idh ojh j? s/ f}T[fB;N :j{dh w?e;po'd
T[;dk jwdod j?.
ekwo/vK B{z T[;dh wzu :'rsk dk fJbw ;h, T[BQK B/ B[ZeV BkNeK okjhI gkoNh dk gquko eoBk ;h, T[;B{z
wzu nfXnkgek oZy fbnk. o{; d/ fJBebkp tk;s/ wzu dk jfEnko ekw:kp j'fJnk ;h, Bk}hnK dh wZdd
d/;h ftd/;h XBtkB eo oj/ ;B, efwT{fB;N T[BQK d/ gqkg/rzv/ dk w[ekpbk gq?;, o/vhU okjhI BjhI eo ;ed/
;B, B[ZeV BkNe ekoro j' ;edk ;h, g[b; B/ ;N/N B[z ;{uBk G/ih,
**fJj B"NzehJ/ fdB' fdB GothnK GhVK fyZu oj/ B/. fJBQK d/ BkNe GkFDK Bkb'I tXhe X{j gkT[Id/
jB. fJBQK fto[ZX ;oeko B{z e[M eoBk gt/rk BjhI sK HHH.**
cb;o{g B[ZeV BkNeK fto[ZX n?eN gk; j' frnk frnk. gkoNh tk;s/ d'ok jo fdZsh f}zw/tkoh
fBGk ojh ;h go fJe ekwo/v B/ fNZgDh fdZsh, **fdb'I BjhI fJj ;kv/ Bkb.**
noE Fk;soh b[Z} bk;e, d'ok d/ ewo/ ftu Bt/I ekwo/v ozro{NK B{z gVQkT[D nkfJnk eodk ;h.
fJj Bk;se :j{dh d'ok s'I gzi ;kb S'Nk ;h. uzrk gVQ e/ th B"eoh Bk fwbh sK wK dh gq/oBk ;dek
efwT{fB;NK tk;s/ ezw eoB bZr fgnk. T[j ;[jDk f;jstzd i[nkB ;h. T[;dk ;[Gkn FKs, d{odoFh,
podkFs eoB tkbk ;h, d'ok s'I fGzB. d'ok s'I fes/ tXhe gfVQnk fbfynk. co?Iu ns/ nzro/}h ;w/s fJj
iowB w[zvk :{BkBh s/ bkshBh GkFktK gVQ b?Idk ;h. gfjbK gzi ;kb T[;B/ ekB{zB gfVQnk go 1925 ftu
dk; e?ghNk gVQe/ noE Fk;so ftu dkybk b? fbnk, ;kb 1930 ftu T[;B/ pokwdK dk N?e; feskp
SgtkJh, y[Fjkb gfotko dk w[zvk ;h fJj. fgsk vkeNo ;h s/ :j{dh wK poNk bk;e ftdtkB, ebkeko,
FkfJo, gZeh efwT{fB;N. d' p//N/ d' p/NhnK dh wK. d'ok fJ;/ xo ftu ;kwkB b? nkJh s/ bZ[} Bkb
20

wkoe;h ;kfjs tzvDk F[o{ eo fdZsk. b[Z} dk iBw 1903 ftu j'fJnk. d'ok fJeZbsk wfj;{; eoB bZrh
;h. fJj tZvk xo pZu/ pZuhnK Bkb Gfonk o"DeK tkbk ;h.
iowBh p/o[}rkoh s/ rohph Bkb x[b fojk ;h, nzdk}/ ;B fe fveN/NofFg bkr{ j' ;edh j?,
ft;c'N j' ;ed/ jB, f;tb-tko bZr ;edh j?, go nfijk e[M BjhI j'fJnk. u'DK j'JhnK, ;'Fb v?w'eo?N
jko rJ/, Bk}hnK jZE gkobhw?IN nk rJh. ;kwh b'e fjNbo s'I G?Ghs ;B. :j{dhnK ftu p/u?Bh ;h.
nwohek dh :{Bhtof;Nh s'I nfXnkge ti'I B"eoh dk gZso gqkgs eoe/ nkJhB;NhB B/ nkgDh gsBh B{z
w[;eoKfdnK fejk, **fJe tkoh fXnkB Bkb d/y b? nkgDk fJj iowBh tkbk xo.** gsBh B/ g[ZfSnk -
feT[I< nkJhB;NhB B/ T[so fdZsk - FkfJd edh c/o d/y Jh Bk ;ehJ/.
d'ok fBFfuzs ojh. jo/e :j{dh B{z ns/ efwT{fB;N B{z wk;e uzdk d/Dk g?Idk ;h. d'ok B/
:j{dhnK B{z uzdk d/Dk pzd eo fdZsk, T[j d' Gko BjhI T[mk ;edh ;h. fpBK Xkofwe o;wK d/ T[;B/ b[Z}
Bkb ftnkj eotk fbnk. ofi;Noko B/ fbfynk - **noE-Fk;soh b[Z} ns/ ozr-eowh d'ok dk ftnkj doi
j'fJnk, 30 i{B 1932 **
28 cotoh 1933 B{z iowB gkobhw?_N dh fJwkos ftu Xwkek j'fJnk s/ nZr dhnK bgNK
T[mhnK. BkiahnK B/ ekwo/vK fto[ZX d';aa E'g fdsk - T[BQK dh eos{s j?. fjNbo B/ g[bh; c'o; d/ w[yh B{z
FFehfonk- j[D n;h_ dZ;Kr/ n;h_ eh jK. fijVk ;kv/ okj ftu nkJ/ tZY fdT[. efwT{fB;NK B{z ckj/ bk
fdT[ s/ fJBQK d/ jwdodK B{z i/bQk ftu ;[ZN'. g[fb; ca’''o; dk Bkw r?;Nkg' oZy fdZsk. n?woi?_;h bkr{ j'
rJh. d'ok oks' oks ngokXD j' rJh. frqcskohnK, w[Zedfwnk dh e''Jh b'V Bjh_, g[b; B{z fi;s/ ;aZe
j't/, cV/ s/ r'bh wko/. Gkoh frDsh ftu cV cV b'e wko/ ikD bZr/. GhVK fJeZmhnK j[zdhnK, gfjbh
;z;ko izr ftu wkfonk ikD tkbk rhs fco n;wkB tZb T[mD bZrk- ";kvk fdqV ft;atk;. jko/rk coK;.
"
jiakoK efwT{fB;N, ebkeko, b/ye, f;tb nc;o, f;nk;h B/sk ns/ :j{dh, iowBh SZv e/ GZiD bZr/, ni/
pkovo ;hb Bjh j'fJnk ;h. pj[s ;ko/ dV tND bZr/, ;akfJd fJj MZyV pzd j' Jh ikt/. b[ia ns/ d'ok
B/ c?;bk ehsk- fJE/ ojKr/ s/ bVKr/. wkou 23, 1933 B{z b[ia cV fbnk frnk. fJbiakw ;h- efwT{fB;N
;kfjs tzvdk j?. uko fdB T[; B{z s;hj/ fds/ rJ/ fe j'o pzfdnK d/ Bkw b?. T[;B/ p[ZbQ Bk y'b/Q. xo
dh sbk;ah d""okB g[fb; B/ ysoBke rZdko ;wZroh cVh. S'Nk Gok th cV fbnk. e[M jcfsnK pkd id'I
d/fynk fe rzGho ngokX sK j? Bjh_, fojkn eo fds/. fojkJh pkd fJBQK B/ o{; ftu ikD dk c?;bk
21

ehsk. 55 ;kb dh poNk B{z fJe wjhBk mkD/ ftu oZye/ SZv fdsk.d'jK B{z fi; rZb dk vo ;h T[j'
j'Jh, ekcek dhnK vkfJohnK ns/ ouBktK g[b; b? rJh. d'ok B{z gkrbgD d/ d"o/ g?_d/ . fJj ;kfjs
T[;B/ b[ek e/ oZfynk ;h, w?e; po'd B{z th Bjh_ dZf;nk ;h, dZ; fdzdh, pu iKdk, po'd B/ T[; s'' wzfrnk
th, T[j M{m p'bh rJh fe w/o/ e'b e[M Bjh_. j[D d' o;s/ pu/, fJe sK ;dk bJh u[g eo ikt/. fe;/ B{z
gsk Bk bZr/ fe d'ok e'b e[M j? ;h.go fco fJj ;kfjs ;dk bJh B;aN j' ikt/rk. d{ik fJj fe dZ;
d/t/, fco puD dh ;zGktBk j?. fJ; B/ d{ik okj u[fDnK. po'd B[z r[gs yas ftu fbfynk- w?_ M{m p'bh
rJh, ekcek ;kfjs j? ;h w/o/ e'b, g[b; b? rJh, puk ;ed?I sK puk b?.
po'd s[os ;akfJo j'cw?B e'b frnk i' pofbB ftu gokr tb'_ okid{s ;h. T[;B/ r?;Nkg' Bkb
;zgoe eoe/ ekcek dhnK fbysK wzrhnK. r?;Nkg' s'I itkp fwfbnk- ;?_eV/ wD ekria cV/ jB. Y/o bkJh
iKd/ jK. e"D bZG/rk fJ; gjkV ftu'I ekcek B{z < uko ;kb pkd iowB nypko ftu po'd B/ bzw/ b/y
okjh_ ekcek ;kfjs GkbD dh nghb ehsh. T[;B/ fJ; b/y ftu d'ok dk e'Jh fiaeo Bjh_ ehsk. d[yh
n"os B{z ;aofwzdrh Bjh_ d/Dh ukj[zdk ;h.
;N/N B/ n?bkB eo fdsk- :j{dhnK dhnK d[ekBk ftu' ;kwkB Bjh yohdDk, :j{dh nca;oK, iZiK,
i/b ;[govzNK nkfde ;ko/ w[bkiaawk s' n;shca/ b? bJ/. :j{dh pZu/ ;e{bK ftu' eZY fds/. fiBQK B/ ghn?u
avh y'i ekoi eo bJ/, c?;bk j'fJnk T[BQK B{z fvrohnK Bjh_ d/DhnK. ;kb 1925 d/ ngq?b wjhB/ GhV
xNkT{ n?eN gk; j'D T[gozs fJj' e[M j'fJnk.d; wJh B{z r'pbia (fjNbo dk gqkg/orzvk wzsoh) B/ n?bkB
eo fdsk- efwT{fB;NK, :j{dhnK, r?o nkohnK ns/ ftd/;ahnK d/ rzd s' puk e/ iowB B{z gftso eoBk
j?. T[s;akjh Bkiah ;?fBe fubk oj/ ;B- wkoe; B{z ;kV', cokfJv B{z ;kV'. bkfJpo/ohnK ftu' nkJhB;NhB,
i?e bzvB, j?bB e?bo, wkorq/N ;zro ns/ n?u aih a t?bia dhnK feskpK dh b'jVh d[nkb/ Bku ehsk.
ekcek ;kfjs pu frnk feT[_fe fJBQK B{z T[; pko/ gsk Bjh_ ;h e"D j?. j?Bfoe jhB B{z ekcek pj[s g;zd
eodk ;h, T/[; B/ fbfynk ;h- feskpK c{eD tkb/ E'VQh d/o pkd pzfdnK B{z c{eD bZr iKd/ jB. jhB dhnK
feskpK ;kV fdshnK rJhnK. d'ok fJBQK fdBk ftu roGtsh ;h. d'ok ns/ b[ia xo pdb pdb e/ S[gd/
S[gKd/ fdBeNh eo oj/ ;B. fJe :j{dh s/ Bkb fco efwT{fB;N, puD dh eh ;zGktBk < nr;s 8 dh
oks o/v j'fJnk, b[Zia B{z b? rJ/. eZgfVnK dk fBZek nN?uh Bkb fbikD fdsk. E[M fdBk pkd nX-ifbnk
nN?uh d/ rJ/. fJ; ftu y{B Bkb fbpVh fBZeo fwbh, wko fdsk < FkfJd.
22

1 wkou 1934 B{z d'ok B/ f;jstzd s/ ;[DZyh Xh B{z iBw fdZsk. edh edh ;[B/jk fwbdk, b[Zia fiT[_dk
j?. T[;B/ g[b; uhc B{z gZso fbfynk, fJ; iiapksh gZso ftu nghb ehsh rJh ;h fe fBod';a b[ia T[go
efjo Ykj[D/ mhe Bjh_. nZm wjhfBnK pkd T[j xo gos nkfJnk, eokwks s' xZN Bjh_ ;h. T[;B/ nkgD/
;kEh r'bh dk f;aeko j[zd/ nZyh_I d/y/ ;B. T[;B/ dZf;nk- w?B{z i/b ;[govzN B/ p[bk e/ fejk- s/oh iaBkBh d/
fJ; yas eoe/ s/o/ T[go so; nk frnk toBkHHH.
gfotko B/ ;bkj ehsh fe wiad{oK d/ ;[or, o{; ftu ikfJnk ikt/. ;G s' gfjbK poNk wK
g[Zih. jkbK fe djkfenK s' T[j efwT{fB;N bhvo ojh ;h, wk;e' B/ T[;d/ fgS''eV pko/ ikDekoh bJh s/
ofjD dh nkfrnk fwbD ftu ;kb bZrk. uko wjhfBnK pkd b[Zia B{z o{; nkAT[D dh nkfrnk fwb rJh.
T[j 28 cotoh 1935 d/ fdB o{; g[Zi frnk. wK B{z bkfJpo/oh ;jkfJe dh s/ b[Zia B{z wkoe;-J/_ibia-b?fBB
ftfdnkb/ ftu i{Bhno nekdfwe ;jkfJe oZy fbnk. d'ok B/ th noiah gk fdsh. ;'funk eodh - o{;
ftu ike/ fco ozrwzu s/ ezw eoKrh. T[E/ :j{dh vokwk ni/ th jowB fgnkok ;h.
;wkitkd, ;KM/ bzro, ;KMh iawhB, pokpoh d/ jZe, w[cs fJbki, w[cs ftZfdnk, tXhnk sBykjK,
d{o'' d{o'' pV/ ;[jktD/ fdq;a ;B. fJBQK wk;{wk B{z eh gsk ;h fe 1934 d/ nyho ftu ;NkfbB o{; ftu T[jh
e[M eo/rk i' fjNbo iowBh ftu eo fojk ;h. fjNbo B/ nkgD/ Bkiah ;kEh s/ d';s gkoNh B{z gftso
eoB tk;s/ r'bhnK Bkb G[zB fds/ ;B. fJt/_ ;NkfbB iowBh B{z esbK okjh_ gftso eo fojk ;h. fjNbo
B/ 60 bZy :j[{dh wko/. o{;h ;o iawhB B{z jo soK d/ ebfgs f;nk;h pkrhnK B{z T[Bh jh p/ofjwh Bkb
fjNbo s'_ tXhe frDsh ftu ;NkfbB B/ wkfonk. fJ; B{z gkoNh dh ;ckfJnk w[fjzw (purges) fejk
frnk.
d'ok, w/ohnkBh Xh Bkb ;zs[;aN ;h. ;szpo 15 B{z :j[{dhnK fto[ZX fJe j'o ekB{B gk; j'fJnk,
T[BQK s'_ Bkrfoesk y'j bJh, fJj iowBk Bkb ftnkj Bjh_ eotkT[Dr/, j'o ;wkie ;pzX Bjh_ ofjDr/. i/
e''Jh :j{dh Xow pdb e/ Jh;kJh j'Dk ukj/, nkfrnk Bjh_. fJ; xZb{xko/ d/ fJfsjk;eko b{;h dkd'ftu B/
fbfynk- fijVk :j[{dh j?, T[j :j{dh j?, :j{dh j?, :j{dh j?, wko'. BkiahnK dk fJj'_ fJe Bknok ;h.
d'ok d/ ;j[o/ vk a i?ep;B bk;e B{z o{;'I ;Zdk nk frnk s/ gZso ftu fbfynk ;h fe d'ok ns/
T[;dh Xh th T[; Bkb nk ;ed/ jB. o;wh gqtkBrhnK c/o fwb ikDrhnK. d'ok B/ nN?uh e/; ftu
;kwkB gk fbnk. ekcek dhnK feskpK ns/ tkb tkj[D tkbk ;[Bfjoh p[o;a. ekcek dh fBZih fB;akBh p;
fJj' puh ;h fJe. s[oB s' gfjbK uzr/ j'Nb ftu d';sK Bkb y[;a y[;a ykDk ykXk, ;[yh ;co tk;s/ :j{dh
gqkoEBk ehsh, f:fd;a p'bh ftu o;wh :j{dh rhs rkJ/, Boe, ;[or pD frnk, E'VQh d/o bJh.
23

eth ;N?Bf;b nrb/ fdB o/bt/ ;N/;aB s/ fJBQK B{z ftdk eoB frnk. Xh d' ;kb dh j' rJh
;h. d'ok dh w[Zmh ftu fizB/ uKdh d/ f;Ze/ nkJ/, ;N?Bf;b B{z fdzfdnK fejk- S'fNnK B{z fdnk jh eod/ B/
tZv/. r?;Nkg' w[bkiawk B/ T[BQK B{z iKfdnK d/fynk, EkD/ ftu fog'oN doi eotkJh- nZi 11-2-1936 B{z
bk;e gfotko wk;e' bJh otkBk j'fJnk. iowB SZv e/ ;'thns p'b;afteK dh B"eoh eoBh rZdkoh j?.
d' fdB d' oks ;co w[ek e/ ekotK wk;e' g[Zik. Ii[nkBh ftu vk, bk;e J/Bk o[fMnk ofjzdk
;h fe pZfunK tb fXnkB Bk fdzdk. BkiahnK B/ T[; B{z fJzBK ftjbk eo fdsk fe g'sh Bkb y/vdk ofjzdk.
g'sh B{z nkgD/ fgsk dk e[ZM gsk Bjh_ ;h.
d'ok B{z wk;e' ;[cfBnK dk ;afjo bZfrnk, s[oh iKdh B/ fjpo{ nZyoK ftu fb;aedk gfVQnk- :j{dh
ekfwnK dk fEJ/No, gfjbh tko nkgD/ :j{dh j'D T[go wkD j'fJnk, j? fJe EK fiE/ :j{dh th ;fseko
:'r jB. wk;e' ftu BthBsk nk ojh ;h, w?No' o/b uZb gJh ;h, BthnK eb'BhnK nkpkd j' ojh_nK ;B.
d'ok d/ d';s nkJ/ s/ :j{dh o{;h n?eNo vkfJo?eNo ;[b/wkB fwykJhb B{z fezr bhno dk o'b eodhnK
fdykT[D tk;s/ ;N/N :j{dh fEJ/No b? rJ/. fJj oks T[;B{z edh Bk G[Zbh. ;[b/wkB dh ndkekoh sK ;h
jh f;yobh, pkeh ;kok e[M th ;akBdko ;h.
eJh ;kb pkd ;N/B;b d/ f:Zdh o;kb/ tk;s/ T[;B/ fbfynk- ghb/, fpwko, ngokXh iowB ftu'I
fBeb e/ fJ; fEJ/No d/ b'e fej' fij/ bZr/, dZ; Bjh_ j[zdk, fjpo{ nZyo d/y d/y w?_ oZidh BK, d[nk
eodh, o{; ;[yh tZ;/. bzwhnK eskoK ftu ty ty p'bhnK, ty ty B;bK d/ b'e fNeN yohdD bJh
yb's/, mzY s'' puD bJh edh edh ;fji/ ;fji/ e[dD brd/, fezr bhno dk :j{dh BkfJe d/yD bJh
ssgo.nZi fijVk fJ; dk BkfJe j?, T[;/ ;[b/wkB B/ 1920 ftu fJ; fEJ/No dh T[;koh ehsh ;h. s[jkvh
ebgDk fizBh woiah tZvh j?, s[;h fJ; dh ;[zdosk sZe fynkbK fynkbK ftu Bjh_ g[Zi ;ed/. vokwk fej'
fijk bZrk, Bjh fbyKrh, d[BhnK Go d/ nkoN efofNe fby sK u[e/ jB. ysw j'D s/ b'e ;[b/wkB d/
d[nkb/ fJTA[ uZeo eZND bZr/ fit/_ x[ZrhnK r/V/ eZYdhnK j'D. ;[b/wkB B{z fgnko eoB' jfNnk Jh Bh_'
iKdk.
o{;h Bkrfoesk b?D tk;s/ T[;B/ ckow Gfonk, jo sZE ;jh. fbfynk fe S/ ;kb s'I iowB ftu
ekwo/vK dh bhvo ojh jK. nfXekohnK B/ fejk- iowB ofjzd/ T[BQK ekwo/vK d/ Bkw dZ;' fijV/ s[jkv/ sZEkI
d/ ;jh j'D dh g[FNh eoB. d'ok B/ fejk- ekwo/v o';ahbv, go T[j j[D i/bQ ftu j?.
24

Xh w/ohnkBk B{z s/ia p[yko j' frnk, fJe tko sK puD dh nk; Bjh_ ;h ojh. j;gskb dkyb
eotkJh.dtkJhnK Bjh_ ;B. w??bhnK ukdoK s/ rzd/ ezpb, ukdoK jcs/ ftu fJe tko X'DhnK, ezpb edh
th Bjh_.;[eh T[bNh y[ou e/ T[sko fdzd/ B/.ihB bhnkB B/ fbfynk ;h- ;wkitkd ftu feT[fe ;ko/ pokpo
jB, s[;h_ ;kc ukdo, ;kc ezpb xo'_ j;gskb Bjh_ fbnk ;ed/. Gkoh wFhBoh yohdh ik ojh_ j?, tvh
frDsh ftu f;nk;h esb j' oj/ jB, j;gskbK tb fXnkB d/D dh c[o;s fe;B{z j?, g?;/ feE/ jB?
y[chnk g[b; nc;o B/ g[ZfSnk- T[bk Bkw dh n"os B{z ikDdh j?I ? d'ok B/ ;kps eoBk ;h fe
o{; dh gftso Xosh T[go e'Jh sZE Bjh_ S[gkJ/rh, fejk- jK, T[j w/o/ Bkb fEJ/No eodh ojh j?. nc;o
B/ dZf;nk- s[jkB{z gs? T[j vpb fvT{Nh eodh ojh? fJXo o{; ftu gBkj b? bJh s/ ezw BkiahnK e'b
w[ypoh dk eodh ojh, T[; dk w[zvk s/oh Xh fivk e[ j?. T[;d/ gsh p?eo B{z fJE/ rZdkoh d/ d';a nXhB
d; ;kb dh ;iak fwbh j?.
30 i{B 1935, d'ok d/ fdT[o noB?;N dh bk;a wk;e' j;gskb d/ fJe w/i T[go gJh fwbh,
;ko/ gfotko ftu ;G s'_ db/o i[nkB ;h fJj. fJ; dh w"s d/ ekoB dk fe;/ B{z gsk Bk bZrk, wK poNk
d[y s'_ okjs gkT[D tk;s/ fbyD bZr gJh.
wk;e' ftu gpfbe w[eZdfwnK dhnK ypoK row ;B, fet/_ g[okD/ fJBebkph jho', iahB'tht s/
ekwhBht s'_ rZdkoh eoB d/ fJepkbhnk fpnkB eotkJ/ rJ/ s/ fco r'bhnK dkrhnK rJhnK, T[BQK fgS'_ 60
ioB?bK s/ gkoNh bhvoK B{z ;ao/nkw fJ;/ soK wkfonk frnk. ekwo/v fBe'bkJh p[ykoB, b?fBB ns/ sk;eh
s'_ pkd gkoNh dk ;G s'_ S'Nh T[wo dk fuzse ;h. b?fBB T[;B{z gkoNh dk e'fjB{o fejk eodk ;h. ;kb
1938 ftu ;NkfbB d[nkok u"E/ ns/ nkyoh pdBkw wk;e' w[eZdw/ ftu fit/_ iabhb eoe/ wkfonk, gV e/
eKpk fSV iKdk j?. fJe o{;h d{i/ Bkb rZb eoe/ ;fjwdk ;h, eh gsk e"D e/ihph dk J/izN j't/?
;iak eZN oj/ p?eZo B{z r'bh Bkb c[zv fdsk frnk. d'ok, p?eo ns/ fJ; dh gsBh B{z ikDdh ;h,
fJj' seVk ngokX pDdk ;h.
iowB ;oeko B/ fpwko :j{dh fdwkr dhnK feoskI nky e/ ekcek d/ ;kfjs T[go gkpzdh bk
fdsh, wk;e' ftu fJNkbhnB ekwo/v fbBkoh ofjzdk ;h fijVk ekcek dk gkme ;h, w;'bhBh d/ s;hjk
e/_do ftu T[;dhnK d't/_ bZskI ns/ fJe jZE eZN fdsk frnk ;h. d'ok B/ T[; B{z g[ZfSnk- eh o{;hnK
tk;s/ ekcek d/ nB[tkd tXhnk ofjDr/ ? fbBkoh B/ jK ftu f;o fjbkfJnk- :ehBB, T[j pj[s tZvk pzdk
;h.
25

d'ok dh xpokjN tZX ojh ;h, e[M ;w/_ pkd T[; dh ikD gSkD dk pzdk iK frqcsko eo fbnk
iKdk iK wo/ dh ypo ;[Ddh. ftd/;h ekwo/vK T[go eoVh fBrkj ;h.
1 wkou B{z w/ohnkBk dk shik iBw fdB wBkfJnk frnk. d'ok B/ fXnkB Bkb d/fynk, w/ohnkBk
ekcek torh pDdh ik ojh_ ;h, T[t/_ v[{zxhnK rZbQkI, T[j' fijhnK nZyK. gsbk fi;w feT[_ j?, N?;N
eotkJ/ rJ/ sK sgfde d/ bZSD fBeb/ . f;o d/ tkb MVB bZr/. vkeNo BkIj ftu f;o fjbkD bZr/ HHH
o{; ftu fJbki Bjh_. o{; ftu'_ pkjo fbik e/ fJbki eotkT[D dh nkfrnk Bjh_ fwb/rh, d'ok ikDdh ;h,
skI th T[; B/ ;ftNiaob?_v ikD tk;s/ noiah gk fdsh, d'ok B{z :ehB j' frnk, nkfrnk fwb/rh, Xh
pu/rh. fJe w[;aeb j'o, i/ o{; B/ ikD dh nkfrnk d/ fdsh sK ;ft; thiak fet/ fwb/rk ? d'ok B/
fJe ubkeh y/vh j'Jh ;h, o{;h gk;g'oN b?e/ iowB gk;g'oN iwQk eotkT[Dk j[zdk j?. T[;B/ Bjh eotkfJnk
;h, fJ; dh ;ik r'bh j?. j't/ r'bh dh ;iak. sK eh.
d'ok dh T[j noiah oZd j' rJh fijVh T[;B/ efwT{fB;N gkoNh nkc o;ahnk dh w?_pof;ag bJh
gkJh ;h- fJ; dk fgS'eV ;aZeh j?. fpBk gkoNh w?_pof;ag ftd/;ah pzd/ bJh ihDk n"yk ezw ;h. d'ok dh
T[; noiah dk e'Jh itkp Bjh_ nkfJnk i' T[;B/ o{; SZvD dh nkfrnk bJh G/ih ;h.
gsh bZ[ia B{z frqcsko eo fbnk frnk, fe;/ rbs pzd/ Bkb ;pzXK dk gsk bZrk ;h, d'ok B/
fbBkoh B{z ekcek dhnK feskpK fdshnK ;B, T[; B{z th frqcsko eoe/ nDdZ;h EK b? rJ/. d'ok d/ jZe
ftu sK fe;/ B/ eh rZb eoBh ;h, d'ok dh rZb e'Jh ;[DB bJh fsnko Bjh_ ;h. e[M ;kfjs Bkiah b?
rJ/, pkeh pudk o{;h. c?;bk ;h sK ysoBke go d'ok c?;b/ b? ;edh ;h. T[;B/ rqfj wzsokb/ B{z gZso
fbfynk- iowBh ftu ekcek ;kfjs T[s/ gkpzdh j?. w?_ fbBkoh B{z T[j feskpK d/ fdshnK fijVhnK ni/
SghnK Bjh_. ;kok ;z;ko ikDdk j? fJj fbysK nDw'b jB, fbBkoh e'b'_ i' feskpK s[;h iaps ehshnK,
w?B{z tkg; eo fdT[ sK s[jkvh e/tb w?_ Bjh_ d[BhnK Fa[eor[ikao j't/rh. d'ok B{z Bk ys dk itkp fwfbnk
Bk feskpK. w/ohnkBk nk; s'_ T[bN u"Ek iBw fdB wBkD sZe ihth rJh, tkb w[V T[rD/ ;a[o{ j' rJ/.
26 wJh B{Pz o;wh s"o s/ b[Zia T[go i;{;h eoB dk d';a bZr frnk, wjhfBnK sZe T[; dh wK poNk B{z th
gsk Bk bZrk feE/ b? rJ/. b[Zia ;'udk fojk fe ndkbs ftu ik e/ nkgD/ fBod';a j'D d/ ;p{s fdnKrk
sK fojkJh j' ikt/rh. ndkbs ;kjwD/ g/;ah Bjh_ j'Jh, g[b; wfjew/ B/ gzi ;kb pkw[;aed e?d dh ;iak
;[Dk fdsh, g{oph ;kfJp/ohnk G/i fdsk frnk. d'ok B/ w[V T[;dh ;aeb edh Bjh_ d/yh.
1938 ftu Xh ;w/s d'ok o{; ftu'_ GZi fBebD ftu fet/_ ekw:kp j'Jh, fJ; G/d dk fe;/ B{z gsk
Bjh_. p; J/Bk iao{o j?, T[; B/ T[j eo fdsk i' j' Bjh_ ;edk, gktb fbydk j? " pZuh B{z okiah eo b?Dk
uwseko j?, fJ;s'_ th tZvk uwseko j? g'fb;a e[Vh, e?dh dh gsBh dk ;NkfbB dh b'j-ezX NZg e/
26

fBeb ikDk, fJBQK B[{z sk;eh d/ w[ohd nkye/ r'bh dkrDh ;h s/ p; ezw cfsj. i' d'ok B/ ehsk T[j d'ok
jh eo;edh ;h.
;NkfbBh nksze d/ f;aeko ftd/;ahnK T[go o/Bo pkoE tZvh nEkoNh j?, T[j nzdkiak bkT[_dk j? fe
fijV/ ftd/;ah o{; ftu'_ tkg; d/; ikDk ukj[zd/, ;oeko fJj tkndk b? e/, fe T[E/ ik e/ o{; tk;s/ i;{;h
eo'r/, G/i fds/ iKd/ ;B, feT[_fe ftd/;ak ftu J/izNK dh xkN ;h. fJ; B{z i;{;h eoBk Bjh_, gkoNh d/ yk;
ezw eoBk fejk iKdk ;h, nkgDh Xh B{z pukT[D tk;s/ T[j nfijk eo ;edh ;h. fiBQK d/ gsh e?d j'
iKd/ ;B, T[BK dhnK gsBhnK ns/ pZu/ ik sK G[Zy Bkb wo iKd/ ;B iK ;NkfbB dh ;oeko iowB
r?;Nkg' B{z ;"Ig fdzdh, T[j wko fdzd/. go d'ok d/ e/; ftu fJj ;G nzdkia/ jB, gek gsk fe;/ B{z Bjh_ eh
j'fJnk.
;Nhwo okjh_ ekbk ;kro gko eoe/ fJ;szp{b g[Zih. fco o/b okjh_ p[brkohnk, :{r';bkthnk s'_
fJNbh j[zdh j'Jh ;ft; pkovo b[rkB' s/ g[Zih, ;ftNiaob?_v B/ T[; B{z pkovo gko eoB dh nkfrnk Bk
fdZsh. fJE'_ T[;B/ jkb?_v ikD dk c?;bk ehsk fiE/ BDd BDd'Jhnk ofjzd/ ;B. fJ; ;co dk youk feE'_
nkfJnk, e'Jh Bjh_ ikDdk. o{E bk;e nkgDh GoikJh ns/ Gshih B{z d/ye/ p/nzs y[;a j'Jh. Gshih sK
gfjbh tko d/yh, T[;d/ iBw s'_ gfjb'_ fJj iowBh SZv u[Zeh ;h, d'ok B/ S'N/ Gok d/ esb ns/ gsh B{z
e?d dhnK T[dk; ypoK fdshnK, o{E B/ fejk- w?Bz{ sK brdk ;h w?_ j[D fe;/ B{z edh Bjh_ d/y ;eKrh go
d/y sz{ nk rJh. Gshih nk rJh.
d'ok B/ fejk- i/ Xh dk fJE/ fJbki Bk j'fJnk c/o w?_ fJjB{z fJzrb?_v b? iktkIrh. d[BhnK d/ ;G
s'_ tXhnk vkeNo T[E/ B/. o{E B/ fejk- jK, bzvB d/ g{op ftu :j{dh p;shnK B/, T[E/ T[iV/ b'eK tk;s/
okjs e?_g th B/.iowB XwehnK d/ fojk ;h, d'ok ;'uD bZrh i/ fJzrb?_v fto[ZX iowBh B/ :[ZX S/V fdZsk,
fco pkovo ;hb j' ikt/rk, fco w?_ fet/_ ik ;eKrh ? fco sK fJE/ c; iktKrh. e[ZM fdB nkokw eoe/
d'ok Xh ;w/s bzdB tZb otkBk j' rJh. uko xzfNnK dk ;wz[doh ;co w[eke/ pkovo g[Zih sK dkyb/ s'_
fJBeko . fJzrb?_v fJe iowB B{z feT[_ tVB d/t/? tkg; BDd d/ xo gos nkJh.
id'_ u?e';btkehnk T[go iowBh B/ jwbk eo fdsk, w?e;po'd sb-ntht B{z ikD tkb/ ;w[zdoh
ijki ftu p?m frnk. T[;d/ jZE ftu fJe nN?uh e/; ;h fi; ftu ekcek dhnK nDSghnK fbyskI ;B.
u?e';btkehnk pkovo s'I s[oB tkbk fJj nkyoh ijkia ;h. ;kb 1937 ftu po'd B/ ekcek dh ihtBh
SgtkJh ;h i' d'ok B/ Bjh_ gVQh ;h. j[D :'og nke/ gVQh. fJe nfXnkJ/ sK j? jh d'ok T[go. T[j sK
po'd B{z ;wM jh Bjh_ ;eh. bV g?_dh ;h, M{m p'be/ ekcek dhnK fbysK ikfJnk eohnK, w?e; B{z d/
fdzdh. po'd tk;s/ ekcek ns/ d'ok fJe' uhia d/ d' Bkw jB. fJe tke- ;?B/N'ohnw ftu'_ thnkBk fJbki
27

tk;s/ fpwko ekcek bJh fijVh N?e;h fwbh T[; dh SZs Bjh_ ;h, wh_j g? fojk ;h, MZyV V[Zb fojk ;h,
fes/ mzY Bk bZr ikt/, y[ZbQh ihg ftu nkg d'ok yVh j' rJh, nkgD/ fgS/ ekcek B{z fpmk fdsk, e[M e[
jtk sk o[e/. gVQe/ o' gJh.
po'd B/ fby fdsk ;h fe id'_ T[j ekcek B{z gfjbh tko fwbh, 19 ;kb dh ;h, don;b T[j
T[d'_ 25 ;kb dh ;h, po'd B/ 6 ;kb eZN fds/. d'ok B/ th nkgDh T[wo ftu'_ 6 ;kb eZN fds/. ;koh
d[BhnK B/ po'd dh rZb ;jh_ wzB bJh.
gzi tko fJzrb?_v dh jZd s'_ fBok; tkg; gosh, fco T[;B/ nkyoh noih nkgDh Xh dk tk;sk gk
e/ fJj ehsh fe T[; dk fJe fo;as/dko j/r ftu ofjzdk j?. c'B eoe/ p[bk bT[. w?B{z Bk ikD feT[, w/oh
fpwko Xh B{z sK fJbki tk;s/ b? ikt/. nc;o wzB frnk. w/ohnkBk ubh rJh s/ d'ok tkg; gos nkJh,
fszB j'o e'f;a;aK ehshnK, shih e'f;a;a tes nkfrnk fwb rJh. d' wjhB/ dh nkoiah wBia{oh, wBia{oh j'o
tXkT[D tk;s/ i[N rJh, S/ wjhB/ j'o fwb/.
Xh ni/ ;co i'rh Bjh_ ;h, ewia'o ;h, go ypoK dZ; ojhnK ;B fe iowB, g'b?_v T[go jwbk
eoB tkbk j?. fit/_ th j't/, ibdh fBebhJ/. fpwko Xh ;w/s fJzrb?_v nzdo bzx nkJh, fJe jcs/ pkd
g'b?_v s/ jZbk j' frnk, ;z;ko :[ZX ;a[o{, d[BhnK Go d/ pkovo ;hb, d'ok d/ fgsk jo;ab dkfJwzs dh 1938
ftu w"s j' rJh ;h, ;' gfotko d/ ;zeNK s'_ p/ypo y[;afe;ws fojk. gfjbk x/ok iowBk B/ d'ok d/ g/e/
p?dfiaB ;afjo B{z gkfJnk, tZvh frDsh ftu :j{dh nkgD/ wzdo (f;B/rkr) ftu gqkoEBk eoB tk;s/ ub/
rJ/. ;szpo 9,
nZXh oks g?No'b d/ ghg/ gke/ nZr bk fdsh. ;G ;V e/ ;[nkj, nkb/ d[nkb/ d/ 50 xo Bkb dh Bkb
spkj, 27 jiako :j{dh fJ; ;afjo ftu t;d/ ;B. fJeZm/ eoe/ fJe e";b pDk fdsh fi; d/ w[yh :j{dh
pDkJ/, fejk frnk fe fe;/ dk B[e;kB Bjh_ eoKr/. ;G B{z tkoh f;o ezw fdnKr/. p/;ae ezw iowB
s;hjk e/_doK dh ;/tk eoB dk j't/rk go sBykj fwb/rh s/ ikB pu/rh. eskoK ftu ybko e/ gfjb'_
i[nkB ;[DZy/ f;jswzd w[zv/ e[VhnK B{z u[fDnK iKdk s/ ezw s/ b? iKd/. d'ok dh 17 ;kbk G?D ;kok u[Dh
rJh, ;kok dk w[V e/ gsk Bjh_ bZrk feXo rJh.
fJzrb?_v ftu ofjzd/ god/;hnK dhnK fb;Nk pDhnK, J/,aph,;h ebk;K ftu tzv/ rJ/, J/ ebk;
ysoBke d[;awD, Biaopzd eo', ph ebk; T[BQK d/ jwdod xZN ysoBke, g[b; B{z dZ;/ pr?o fojkfJ;a s'_
gzi whb s'_ d{o Bk ikD, e?wok, d{ophB, Be;ak oZyD dh wBkjh, s/ ;h ebk; b'e BkiahnK s'_ ghVs
;oDkoEh jB, B[e;kBdkfJe Bjh_, ofjD fdT[. iBtoh 1940 B{z d'ok B{z ph ebk; fwbh. d'ok dh BDd B/
15 ng?b B{z nwohek ftu gBkj bJh.
28

iowB B/ fi; fdB jkb?_v s/ jZbk p'fbnk, gqXkB-wzsoh uwob/B B/ n;shck d/ fdsk, uoub B/
ewkB ;zGkb bJh, gkobhw?_N ftu ;tkb T[fmnk fe 70 jiako iowB nk;NohnB oc{ihnK dk eh eohJ/?
c?;bk j'fJnk fe 16 s'_ 60 ;kb d/ ph ebk; wod oc{ihnK B{z ezfvnkbh sko nzdo oZy'. fJe ;K;d B/
fejk- n"osK B{z feT[_ Bjh_? n"osK wodK s'_ tXhe ysoBke i;{; j[zdhnK jB. mhe j?, n"osK th Biaopzd,
d'ok fJBQK ftu'_ fJe. nke;c'ov torh dfonk fdb :{Bhtof;Nh dk fpnkB Sfgnk, ;ko/ ftd/;ah w[;hps dh
iV jB, Biaopzd ehs/ ikD.
g[b; B/ d'ok dk dotkik yVekfJnk s/ uZbD dk fJ;akok ehsk. d'ok B/ cNkcN Xh d/ eZgV/
nN?uh ftu s[zB/ s/ ekcek dk poZ;a go; ftu gke/ g[b; Bkb uZb gJh, T[soh bzdB dh j'bt/ i/b ftu
pzd eo fdshnK.
gfjb/ fdB ykD tk;s/ p; ukj ns/ fp;e[N fwb/. d'ok B/ Xh d/ r[od/ c/bQ j'D dk vo dZ; e/
skiak gkDh ns/ ;piah wzrh, e'Jh n;o Bjh_. fjNbo ns/ ;NkfbB d/ efjo s'_ pu e/ fJzrb?_v rJh d'ok
Bkb fJj phsh. d' fdBk pkd pZ;K ftu bZd e/ e?dhnK B{z fbtog{b fbikfJnk frnk, okj ftu yb's/
do;ae fJBQK B{z rkbK fdzd/, nzv/ ;[ZN e/ ngwkfBs eod/, d'ok ns/ Xh B{z ;hN Bjh_ fwbh, yb'shnK ;B
fe fJe go/ p?mh n"os B/ ewi'o e[Vh B{z p[bkT[D dk fJ;akok ehsk, w/ohnkBk wK tZb Mkeh, wK B/ nkfrnk
fdsh sK p?mh n"os B/ r'd ftu fpmk bJh. fJ; phph dk Bkw i'jZBk ;h. d'ok fJ; B{z j?ZBh efj e/
p[bkT[_dh. fJ; wkw{bh xNBk ;dek d'ok Bkb T[wo Go dh d';sh dk w[ZY pZC frnk. 24 ;kbk j?Bh,
rkT[_dh ;h, d' wjhB/ gfjbK :j{dh ;zrhseko gkb Bkb ftnkj j'fJnk ;h, fbtog{b s'_ ijkia ftu ukVQ e/
fJBQK fszB jiko n"osK s/ pZfunK B{z nkJhb nkc w?B Bkw d/ Nkg{ T[go T[sko fdZsk, fJzrb?_v, ;ekNb?_v
ns/ nkfJob?_v ftueko 33r[Dk 12 tor whb dk fJj Nkg{ nB/e ejkDhnK ftu fxfonk j'fJnk j?. edh
fJj uzrh ;?orkj j[zdh ;h, nZi fJj i/bQ j?. j?Bh fJE/ B/V/ Biaopzd ;h, ne;o fwbD nkT[_dh. d'ok dh
S/ ;kbk Xh pko/ vkfJoh ftu fbfynk- w/ohnkBk iwkdo{ ebkeko j?. rzGhosk ns/ jk;o; T[; d/ j'mK s/
fwb/ i[b/ Eoed/ ofjzd/ jB, g{oh w"fbe ndkeko.
p?bihnw, Bkot/ ns/ coK; B/ iowBk nr/ jko wzB bJh. g?fo; dh b[ZN dk ikfJek b?D bJh
w;'bhBh dhnK fJNkbhnB c"iK nk tVhnK. g?fo; Xz{J/I dk gjkV brdk ;h, j?Bh ns/ d'ok ;t/o ;akw
:j{dh gqkoEBktK eodhnK, fco fJe d{ih B{z g[SdhnK- i/ fJzrb?_v th jko frnk, c/o nkgDk eh pD{ ?
poskBhnK dhnK e?dDk poskBhnK dh y?o wzrdhnK. fJzrb?_v dh jko dk noE s;hjk e/_doHHH s;hjk e/_do
dk noE r?; u?_poK ftu ftnkge w"s.
j?Bh B/ ;wK bzxkT[D tk;s/ vkfJoh fbyDh ;a[o{ eo fdsh, fbfynk, d'ok ekcek j? HHH sK ;G e[M j?.
29

d'ok dk c?;bk ;h fe o{; ns/ fJzrb?_v ftu fpskJh nT[X pko/ e[M Bjh_ dZ;/rh, e[M Bjh_ fby/rh.
j?Bh fbydh j?- ekcek B{z wfonK 16 ;kb j' rJ/ B/, fJj T[jdhnK rZbK fJT[ eodh j? fit/_ T[j fiT[_dk
j?, fit/_ T[j ;'udk ;h pzdk nfijk j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fJj T[j' fijh pDBk ukj[zdh j?, i' ;jh j?, i' gftso
j?, i' o{jkBh j?, T[; B{z fgnko eo, fgnko ns/ w"s fJe' uhia d/ d' Bkw jB.
fJ; Nkg{ T[go nkbh;akB j'Nb ;B. fijV/ e?dhnK e'b g?;k ;h, T[jBk B{z ;G e[M fwbdk, d'ok B/
fJe j'Nb ftu e[Ze ti'_ B"eoh eo bJh fi; Bkb uko g?;/ fwb iKd/, Bkb/ Xh tk;s/ ;pih s/ cb b?
nkT[_dh. Xh ni/ ewia'o ;h. fJe fdB T[BQK B{z fcbw fdykJh rJh d ftiakov nkc Uia . ;G B{z uzrh
bZrh. w/ohnkBk B/ fejk - BkfJek J/Bh ;[jDh j?, gohnK torh fe T[;d/ ehs/ rbs ezw th rbs Bjh_
brd/. fJe fdB j?Bh ns/ w/ohnkBk B/ fJ; fcbw ftubhnK e[VhnK d/ ;ztkd ezm eoe/ n?efNzr ehsh,
;G B{z j;kfJnk, w/ohnkBk B/ fejk- j?Bh nKNh, fJ; fcbw ftubh u[V/b dh w"s w?B[z uzrh Bjh_ brdh,
nkgK fJT[_ eod/ nK, nkgK fJjdk ;[Gkn pdb fdzB/ nK, fJj B/eh eoB bZr ikt/ sK pu ikt/rh, d'tK B/
u[V/b dk ;[Gkn pdb e/ T[; B{z pukfJnk. w/ohnkBk B/ u[V/b dk o'b ehsk, B/eh eodh fBZeh u[V/b T[s/
e?dDk B/ c[bK dh pko;a eo fdsh. S/ ;kb dh e[Vh dh ;zt/dBk d/y e/ j?Bh j?okB j' rJh.
e?dDk i/bQ d/ gqpzX dh nkb'uBk eodhnK sK d'ok nkydh- s[jkB{z gsk Bjh_ d[y eh j[zd?. ;kohnK
e?dDk :j{dh Bjh_ ;B, ekch iowB n"osK BkihanK dhnK jwdod ;B, BkiahnK dh fiZs dh ypo ;[De/ y[;ah
wBkT[_dhnK. d'ok B{z nkgD/ gsh, ;Z;, ;j[o/ dh e'Jh ypo Bjh_ ;h, ekcek dhnK G?Dk fet/I jB, feE/ jB,
gsk Bjh_, ;j[ok 77 ;kb dh T[wo/ s[o frnk go fJ; dh ypo d'ok B{z nZi/ Bjh_ fwbh.
poskBhnK B{z bZrk fJj e?dh pVk tZvk Gko jB. e?B/vk B/ fejk- n;h_ pkok jiako e?dh b?D tk;s/
fsnko jK. fJe d[oxNBk B/ ;G d/ dfjb gk fdsk. ijkia 600 e?dhnK B[z e?B/vk bJh ik fojk ;h fe
iowB skoghv' B/ c[zv fdsk, ;ko/ v[Zp rJ/.
d'ok B/ e?dDk ftu'_ ebkeko bZG bJ/. y[d BkNe dk fBod/;aB s/ n?efNzr eodh. j?Bh dh ;[ohbh
nktkia r[zidh. jo ;akw e'Jh Bk e'Jh wB'oziB nkJhNw y/vh iKdh. j?Bh B/ fbfynk- j[D w?_ ;kj b?D bZr
gJh jK, j[D w/ok w[V s'_ fdb XVeD bZrk j?. fszB i[bkJh ekcek dk iBw fdB ;h. d'ok B/ fejk- nZi
fiT[_dk j[zdk sK 57 ;kb dk j' ikDk ;h. nkT[ nZi nkgK T[; dk iBw fdB T[;/ soK wBkJhJ/ fit/_ T[j
wBkfJnk eodk ;h, BkNe y/vhJ/, eftsktK ;[DkJhJ//. Fa[p/no dk bkfJbe NkJhw fsnko eotkfJnk, d'ok B/
;hrZb dk rhs rkfJnk, w/ohnkBk B/ iowB rhs ;[DkfJnk fijVk wK s'_ ftSVh e[Vh rkT[_dh j?. ;o's/ n;a
n;a eo T[m/. jo/e dhnK nZyk SbehnK. j?Bh fbydh j?- id' f:Zfd;a :j{dh rhs rkT[_dh j?, ;ztkd p'bdh
j?, T[d'I d'ok p/nzs ;[jDh brdh j?, T[j tk;st ftu d; ojh j[zdh j? fe :j{dh ebuo ykw';a Bjh_
30

j'fJnk, :j{dh wo/ Bjh_. T[j ;kB{ pbtkB eo fdzdh. T[;B{z r/N/ dk rhs uoyk esdh ro?uB :kd ;h,
w?B{z coKia F[p/no dk ;[opX ehsk fJj rhs rk e/ ;[DkfJnk, fco w?B{ fejk- gfjbk fby, fco gVQ, fJ;
s'_ pkd rk, w? fJt/_ jh ehsk sK gsk bZrk i[nkB e[Vh d/ fdb ftub/ Gkt fet/_ gqrN j[zd/ jB. fJj'
d'ok B/ dZ;Dk ;h.
nZ;h fdBK ftu gzi d/; jko rJ/. nwohek u[g p?mk ;h, bVkJh ftu'_ go/ ofjD dk c?;bk ;h,
go j[D fJzrb?_v dh tkoh nk rJh. i{B ftu ok;aNogsh o{iat/bN dk fpnkB nkfJnk- b'V gJ/ sK fJzrb?_v
B{z T[Xko/ jfXnko d/ fdnKrk.
fJzrb?_v T[go i[bkJh d/ nZX ftu jtkJh jZb/ Fa[o{ j'J/. nr;s ftu Xwke/ d/;a d/ nzdo g[Zi
rJ/. jo o'i 1500 pzpo s/ ckJhNo ekbh xNk tKr Sk iKd/. fJj T[j fdB ;B id'_ bzvB tork
nkX[fBe ;fGnsk tkbk wjKBro T[ikV epfo;skB pD frnk ;h. fJzrb?_v d/ ;ko/ tv/ ;afjoK dh spkjh
j'Jh. nkw nctkj ;h fe iowB c"i fJ; Nkg{ ftu nkJh fe nkJh. j?Bh ns/ w/ohnkBk ewia'o j' rJhnK,
fJe wjhB/ ftu fJe fbckck fwbdk, uko bkJhBK dh fuZmh G/ih ik ;edh ;h, d'ok dk e'Jh Bjh_ ;h ;'
T[j nkgDk fbckck j?Bh B{z d/ fdzdh sK fe d' ys fby ;e/. iBtoh 1941 B{z j?Bh dh fojkJh nk rJh.
fJe ew/Nh pDh fijVh e?dDk s'_ g[Sdh ;h- T[j :Z[X ftu eh ;/tk eo ;edhnK jB, i' ezw dh j[zdh,
fojkn eoe/ T[; s'_ ezw fbnk iKdk, ph ebk; tkb/ ;h ftu spdhb eo fds/ iKd/. cotoh ftu e[b
d; jiako oc{ih fojkn eo fds/, j?Bh dk gsh gkb th. wkou ftu j?Bh B/ d'ok B{z yas fbfynk, ;[rksK
G/ihnK, d'ok ;h ebk; ftu j' rJh go ni/ fojkJh dk j[ew Bjh nkfJnk. id'_ fojkJh j'Jh, feE/ ikt/rh
gsk Bjh_.
fojkJh j'Jh, v'oEh BK dh e[Vh i' tkJhNj?Zv dh fBrokBh ftu ghn?u avh eo ojh ;h B{z d'ok
pko/ gsk bZfrnk. T[;B/ T[j bZG bJh. nkgD/ ewo/ ftu b? nkJh, fJe ewok, fJe S'Nh o;'Jh. fJe
b'j/ dk w/ia. id'I jtkJh jwb/ dk ;kfJoB tidk, fszB/ iDhnK w/ia j/m tV iKdhnK. pukT[ tk;s/ fJj'
sohek dZf;nk frnk ;h. v'oEh fbydh j?- w/ohnkBh jw/Fk voh ofjzdh, id'_ e'Jh nkT[_dk, wK d/ fgS/ S[gh,
fJe gkf;T[_ nkT[D tkb/ B{z t/ydh.
fJe fdb v'oEh, w/ohnkBh B{z bzwh ;?o tk;s/ b? rJh. iKd/ iKd/ pZuh B/ fejk- nZi w/o/ gfjb/
gkgk dk iBw fdB j?_. v'oEh ;wM rJh. d'tK B/ izrbh c[Zb u[D/, fJe EK r'b dkfJo/ ftu oZy e/ wZEk
N/fenk, fJT[_ ekcek dk iBw fdB wBkfJnk.
d'ok bzvB ftu ;N?B;b B{z fwbh, T[jh_ eth fijVk T[;B{z o{; tkbh rZvh s/ ftdk eoB nkfJnk
;h, T[j fJe nypko eZY fojk ;h. T[;B/ d'ok B{z dfZ;nk- w/o/ tk;s/ e/tb d' pzd/ jB ;kfjs ftu,
31

ekcek ns/ cbkp/no. w? Bh j'o fe;/ B{z ikDdk. w/o/ tk;s/ fJe' p'bh fiT[_dh ikrdh j?, T[j j? f:fd;a.
;aBhtko B{z :j{dh wzdo ftu fJeZm/ j[zd/ . d'ok e[M Bk e[M jw/;ak ;[DkT[_dh, ;o's/ T[; dh nktkia, T[; dk
fJe fJe nZyo, noE, ghD tk;s/ gZEo tKr yb's/ j[zd/.
d'ok B/ eJh ezw ehs/. T[;B/ doih dh d[ekB y'bQ e/ T[; T[go ekw/ oZy/. d[ekB y{p uZbh. g?;k
ewk e/ j'Nb y'fbQnk, y[{p uZfbnk, T[j th fe;/ B{z t/u fdsk, ekoB g[fSnk sK jZ; gJh- J/B/ g?;/ w? feE/
;zGkbdh fcodh, nkg bzvB ftu ofjzdh, ezw eodh, Xh d{o ;e{b ftu dkyb eotk fdsh fiE/ jtkJh
jwfbnK dk ysok Bjh_ ;h. 8 wJh 1945 B{z :[ZX ysw j'fJnk sK d'ok B/ ;ko/ ;e/ ;pzXhnK B{z ys fby e/
g[ZfSnk, mhe j'? e"D e"D pfunk ? fe;/ dk itkp Bjh_ nkfJnk, T[j vo rJh, w?e; po'd B{z sb-ntht
sko gkJh, sko dk itkp nk frnk, Fa[eo j?.
d'ok B{z ;Zdk fwfbnk fe f:Zfd;a p'bK ftu :j{dh vokwk d/yD nk. rJh. T[; B{z ohthT[ fbyD tk;s/
fejk, BKj eo fdsh- fJE/ fe;/ B{z fJj fgnkoh ipkB Bjh_ nkT[_dh, fwjBs eoe/ ;ztkd :kd ehs/ j'J/ jB.
:j{dh o{j rkfJp j?. w? dZ;Krh f:fd;a fEJ/No eh j[zdk ;h. 1946 ftu vkfJBk j?bgoB B/ bzvB ftu
f:fd;a vokw/ y/v/ sK d'ok B/ fejk- fJj j? ;jh j[Bo, ;jh o{j, fJj fiT[_dh oj/rh. skiah jtk dh wfje
nkJh. HHH ;a/e;ghno dk wou?_N nkc thfB; y/fvnk iKdk d/fynk. y{B ghDk :j{dh ;akJhbke d/fynk. w?B{z
bZfrnk w/o/ eZgfVnK B{z fe;/ B/ nZr bk fdsh.fit/_ w? mZrh rJh, ngwkfBs j' rJh. ;a/e;ghno tork ;akfJo
;kvh tZyh ftu J/vh ;ys w[Zeh wko frnk fe gZ;bhnK N[ZN rJhnK. fJ; ftu'_ nBzd b? oj/ r?o:j{dhnK Bkb
w?B{z Jhoyk j'Jh. S[ok, iayw, petk;, p/fJiashHHHH ;kok e[M :j{dhnK fybkc, fJj j? ebk ebk bJh, p/;ae
;kB{z :'oghnB ej' ik ej' fe n;h :'og ftu x[b fwb rJ/ jK go ;kvk fJj fJybke BjhI. :j{dh nkswk
B{z f;ziD tkbh y[oke fJybke j?, ebk Bjh_. fijVh ebk e[dosh fB:wK d/ fybkc j?, fizB/ woiah ozr Go',
T[j j[Bo Bjh_ j[zdh. pj[s tXhe wzr Bjh_ w/oh, w? efjzdh jK, nkdwh, nkdwh sK pD/ xN' xZN. ;kvk
:jPdhnK dk r[;?bk Jhoykb{ oZp fJ; soK dk ebkeko Bjh_. w? nDfrDs tko ;N/i T[go ;akJhbke d/y
u[eh jK, fizBh woiah ebkekoh dh T[gwk eoh ikT[ , n;h ps"o :j{dh fJ; BkNe B{z oZd eod/ jK feT[_fe
fJ; d/ eosk ns/ ftnkfynkekoK B/ n?Bh Bcos, ve?sh s/ fjz;k dh ;akB fdyke/ j[Bo B{z ngftZso, dkrh
ehsk j?.
whiab B/ fJ; BkNe dk f:fd;a ftu soiwk eoe/ y/fvnk, d'ok B{z fdykfJnk s/ fNgZDh fbyD bJh
fejk, d'ok B/ fbfynk- w/o/ e'b sK fJzihb dk tke j?- ni/ n;h_ fBok; Bjh j'J/. fJe gk;/ ;a/e;ghno j?,
T[; dk ;akJhbke j?, d{i/ gk;/ fJj j? ;kvk f:Zfd;a fEJ/No, w/ok fdb y[;ah Bkb M{w T[fmnk, BZuD bZrk. fJj
j? Bk ;kvh p'bh, ;kvk ebuo, f;yo dh ebk. whiab d';s, s/oh T[gwk tk;s/ w/o/ e'b bcia Bjh_. T[jh
32

;a/e;ghno HHH T[jh ;akfJbke HHH. ;akpk;a s?B{z whiab, ;akpk;a. s/oh iapkB, s/oh ebk, v/ok f:fd;a fEJ/No ekfJw
ofjDr/. w/oh fJZSk j? fe fiE/ wou?_N nkc thfB; y/fvnk ikJ/, ;akJhbke dk o'b T[j pzdk eo/ fijVk iwKdo{
:j{dh j't/. fco fJB;kc j't/rk, fco nekdko ftiJh j't/rk, go ;kv/ Bt/_ fBe/ ebkeko id'_ fb;aed/ jB, T[d'_
T[BQK B{z fcbw yohd b?_dh j?, T[d'_ T[j nwohek ub/ iKd/ jB. ;kv/ pZu/ ;kv/ s'_ y[Z;a oj/ jB. swkok ;'b'w't
ubk frnk, c/bk, ;ab'w', e'fjB, ;G rJ/. j[D :j{dh ozrwzr T[s/ fezB/ e[ ;ab'w', fezB/ e[ e'fjB jB ?"
d'ok B/ iBtoh 1947 ftu nkgD/ d' Gok s/ fJe G?D bZG bJh, ;Z; fwb rJh. Fa[eo j? fwb rJ/.
T[;d/ frnkoK G?D GoktK ftu'_ fszB pu/, pkeh wko/ rJ/. gzikj ;kb dh T[wo d/ Gok dkT[d dkfJwzs dk ;G
e[M popkd j' u[ek ;hHHHoZp thHHH fJ; dk oZp s'_ fJspko T[m frnk ;h. BkiahnK B/ ;G y'j fbnk. u"th ;kb
dh S'Nh G?D ;kok fiT[_dh ;h feT[_fe T[;B/ oZp ni/ cV oZfynk ;h. id'_ :[ZX w[ZeD dk n?bkB j'fJnk, w[;aZes
e?_g ftu 80 bZy b'e p/xo/, p/tsB/ ;B. fJBQK B{z nkpkd eoBk ;h. ;kok, o{;h e?_g ftu'_ fojkn j'e/ nkgD/
xo g'b?_v gosDk ukj[zdh ;h. fojkJh t/b/ o{;h c"ih X{ e/ T[;B{z fJe gk;/ b? frnk, fejk- w? s?B{z nkiakdh
fdsh j?, fJ; pdb/ s{z th w?B{z frcN d/j, e[Vh B/ uhe wkoh, fco c"ih d/ w{zj s/ x;[zB wkfonk. c"ih B/ T[;
B{z m[v/ sK wko/ go fco S/fVnk Bjh_. p?dfiaB g[Zi e/ ;kok B/ nkgD/ xo dk p{jk yVekfJnk, nihp ntkiK
;[Dhnk, fJE/ sK g'b?_v d/ pzd/ ofj oj/ ;B, T[BKQ ;kok B{z nzdo nkT[d dh fJikias BK fdsh, T[;dhnK nZyK
;kjwD/ id'_ sVke eoe/ p{jk pzd j'fJnk, p/j';a j'e/ Y/oh j' rJh. S/ ;kb s;hjk e/_doK ftu T[j fJ; nk;
Bkb fiT[_dh ojh ;h fe xo/_ ikJ/rh, gfotko B{z fwb/rh. J/BhnK w[;hpsK ftu th T[jB/ G?Dk, GkDfinK,
GkDihnK dhnK c'N'nK ;zGkbh oZyhnK ;B, fJBQK ftu d'ok ns/ w/ohnkBk th ;h. T[j fgzv dh jEkJh tZb s[o
gJh, fJ; B{z dZf;nk frnk fe fijV/ pzd/ fiT[_d/ pu/ jB, T[BK dh fb;N T[E/ ezX T[go fugekJh j'Jh j?_.
T[;B/ fb;N gVh. fb;N T[go T[;dk nkgDk Bkw ;h, e/tb ;kok, pkeh ;G ysw. T[j sK Fa[eo ;wM' fe
;kok pu rJh. e?_gK ftu' fiT{_d/ pu/ fijV/ :j{dh, nkgD/ xoK B{z gos/, epiakekoh g'fb;aK B/ wko/. Bkiah ub/
rJ/, :j{dhnK fybkc Bcos Bjh_I rJh. YkJh bZy :j{dh oc{ih e?_gK ftu ofjD bJh wip{o j'J/.
nwoheD ok;aNogsh B/ g?Bf;bt/Bhnk :{Bhtof;Nh d/ ekB{zB gVkT[_d/ gq'c?;o j?oh;B B{z e?_gK dh ;fEsh
ikDBH tk;s/ G/fink. T[;B/ dZf;nk- BkiahnK d/ e?_gk Bkb'_ fJe coe j?, j[D pzdhnK BP{z r'bh Bjh_ wkoh iKdh.
pkeh ;G T[tI/ j?. :j{dh efjzd/ jB ;kB{z cb;shB G/i'. woBk j? sK g[ofynK d/ d/; ftu sK wohJ/. fJe bZy
gofwN s[os ukjhd/ jB. T[ikV o/fr;skB ftu t;D d/ fJS[e jB.
;koh d[BhnK :j{dhnK dh d[;awD. ehVhnk tKr T[j sb-ntht tZb ;oeD bZr/. wZX ;kro feBko/,
wko{pb ftu fJe ;afjo T[;oB bZrk. nzro/iaK dk fynkb ;h w[;bwkB fJBQK B{z d[oekoBr/ Bjh_ feT[fe fJe'
;kwh fgS'eV j?.
33

cb;shB d/ w[;bwkBk B/ fJBQK B{z d[;awD Bzpo fJe ti'_ ikfDnk.cb;shB d/ g{op tZb ikovB dfonk
feBko/ fJBQK B{z tZy t;k e/ nkpkdh dk Bkw NoK;-ikovB oZfynk. ftiJh poskBhnk nr/ fJBQK B/ sob/ gkJ/ fe
fJj ;kvk g[;as/?Bh EK j?, ;kB{z fJE/ sK tZ;D dh nkfrnk fwb/. poskBhnK B/ tkJhN g/go ikoh ehsk fi; ftu
tkndk ehsk frnk fe gzi ;kb d/ ;w/ nzdo 75 jiako :j{dhnK b{z fJiokJhb ftu ikD dh nkfrnk fwb/rh.
:j{dhnK d/ i[nkB B/sk dkT{d fpB r[ohnK B/ gfjb/ ;z;ko :[ZX ftu :j{dhnK B{z s[oeK fybkc nzro/iaK dh
wZdd bJh wBkfJnk ;h. dkT{d B/ n?bkB ehsk- id'_ n;h fjNbo fybkc bV/ wo/, T[d'_ ;kv/ e'b nzro/iK dk
fbfynk fJj tkJhN g/go Bjh_ ;h. j[D fjNbo Bjh_, j[D n;h_ fJ; tkJhN g/go fybkc bVKr/ s/ woKr/. n;h_
;dhnK s'_ T[iV/ fcod/ jK, wod/ fcod/ jK. ;Zm bZy w"sK dh frDsh ekch j?. ;z;ko B/ n?bkB eo fdsk j? fe
:[ZX pzd j' frnk j?. n;h_I pu/ j'J/ :j{dh, fsq;eko/ pzd/, d[BhnK fybkc bVKr/. n;h_ :[ZX pzdh dk n?bkB Bjh_
ehsk.
1947 s'_ cb;shB, w[;bwkBk ns/ :j{dhnK dk :[ZX y/so pDdk fojk, nzro/iK B/ nopK B{z o'eD
bJh e[M Bjh_ ehsk. :j{dhnK B/ nkgD/ nkg B{z pukT[D bJh nkg/ fJe c"i yVQh eo bJh. :j{dhnK B/ nopK
e'b'_ pzio iwhB yohdDh ;a[o{ eo fdsh. fJ; dk th nzro/iaK B/ fto'X ehsk.
d'ok B{z id'_ gsk bZrk ;kok fiT[_dh j?, T[;d/ gsh dk Bkw npokjw j? s/ T[BQK d/ xo pZuh izwh
j?, T[;B/ b';a/B nypko ftu fJ;afsjko SgtkfJnk - tXkJh w/oh G?D ;kok, Bth_ fiazdrh, Bth_ o';aBh. s/oh
tckdko s/ fgnkoh G?D d'ok tb'_ uzr/ Gfty dh wzrbekwBk.
Xh w/ohnkBh tKr wK d'ok B{z th r[od/ dh sebhc B/ x/o fbnk. fujok ns/ bZsK ;[Zi rJhnK,
wzi/ s'_ T[fmnk Bk iKdk. sK th eZgV/ f;T[_ e/ r[ikok eodh. T[;B/ ypo gVQh fe fJzrb?_v, :j{dhnK d/
cb;shBh t;/p/ d/ fybkc j?, thj jiako s'_ tXhe :j{dh fJe ;kb ftu Bjh_ ikDr/. nwohek B/ fJe bZy
:j{dhnK B{z FoD d/ fdsh, :shwK B{z gfjb fdsh rJh. ;kok B{z cb;shB ikD tk;s/ d' ;kb T[vheDk
fgnk.
d'ok e[M ;[Xoh, Xh dh f;js ftrV rJh. jo jcs/ o/b o;s/ fbT{NB ike/ Nhe/ b[nkT[D/ g?_d/.
djke/ pkd po'd B/ ekcek ihtBh dh Bth_ n?vh;aB Skgh, BtK nfXnkfJ fbfynk- ekcek pko/ J/Bk e[M
fbfynk frnk j? fe ;kok gfVQnk Bjh_ ik ;edk, GqKshnK s/ nkgk fto'XK Bkb GohnK fbysK jB, e'Jh
ekcek B{z Bjh_ ikD ;fenk, nkb/ d[nkb/ gfoeowk eo oj/ jB, w? fijVk T[; dk d';s jK, w?_ th T[; B{z
fJzBk e[ ikDdk jK fe T[j nkdwh B{z ;tZS, ;zg{oB d/yD dk ;[cBk b?_dk j?.
ekcek pko/ T{b-ib{b tXhe Sg fojk ;h. d'ok dk fdb ehsk T[j nkgDh ykw';ah s'V/. j'fdB
T[;d/ xo fJzNoftT{ b?D frnk. d'ok nzro/ih uzrh soK p'bdh, go T[;dk c?;bk ;h fe fJzNoftT{ iowB
34

Gk;ak ftu j't/rh, T[j Gk;ak fi; ftu ekcek fbydk ;h. d'ok dk fynkb ;h e/tb iowB ikDB tkbk
pzdk T[;d/ Biadhe g[Zi ;edk j?. j'fdB fbydk j?- d'ok B/ gfjbh w[bkeks ftu efj fdsk ;h- w? fBogZy
Bjh jK, j' Jh Bjh_ ;edh, T[;dh w"s j'fJnK thj ;kb phs rJ/ jB. ;apd, sZE eh eoBr/, wjZstg{oB
j? T[j wkj"b, fijVk ekcek B/ f;ofink. w/o/ nzdobk ekcek ;Zu j?, w[jZps T[;d/ toDB ftu x[bh j'Jh
j't/rh jh.
dhnK rZbK j'D.
T[;B/ gfjbh w[bkeks s'_ b?e/ nyho sZe dhnK rZbK dZ;hnK, :kdK d/ MoB/ tr gJ/, fit/_ eZbQ
w?_ wZShnK eZN ojh ;K. T[;B/ fejk- fJj e'wb jZEHHH fJj ezw. T[j ntkia ni/ sZe w?B{z ;[DkJh
fdzdh j?. jw/;a y[;fwikia. fJ; soK dhnK nZyK, fit/_ efjzdk j't/- i' w?B{z gsk j? T[;dk s[jkB{z eh gsk.
pZfunK torhnK fBehnK fBehnK ;aokosK. T[j ;{bh s'_ puD dk fJS[e ;h, T[;B{z fJj th gsk ;h fe ;{bh
s'_ pr?o ihtB, ihtB Bjh_ j[zdk, T[; B{z gsk ;h pqfjwzv dh ;[gohw e'oN ftu'_ e'Jh poh Bjh_ j[zdk. w/o/
T[go T[;dk n;o feT{I j'fJnk gsk Bjh_. b'e efjzd/ ;B- g{op ;aKs j?.ykw';a j?, g{op :[ZX Bjh_ ukj[zdk.
w?B{z g{opDh B{z fJT{_ bZrk fit/_ o"FBh j? Jh gZSw ftu. fJj w?B[z{z fJE/ nke/ gsk bZrk fe gZSw p/u?B j?.
fJE/ e[M rVpV j?. g{op d/ b'e tXhe Bjh_ p'bd/. ekcek ftu'_ w?B{z g{ok gZSw fwfbnk. w?B{z e[M f;ykD
dh Ek T[j w/o/ s'_ f;ZyD bZr frnk, T[; B{z bZfrnk, d'ok ;zg{oB g{op j?. T[;B/ w/o/ s'_ Xow f;Zfynk.
fJe T[whd tKr T[; B{z w? fwbh. jo/e fbys ;G s'_ gfjbK w?_B{z jh ;[DkT[_dk. edh efj fdzdk- w/ohnK
fbysK gq/s B/. w?_ fJBQK s'_ puDk ukj[zBk. nZr bk d/j d'ok, w?B{z w[es eo. w[es j'e/ T[;B/ fej' fijk
fbyDk ;h, eh gsk, T[j w[es j'fJnk jh Bjh_. T[; B{z jo/e t;s{ ;aZeh brdh, f;tkfJ ;kfjs ouBk d/.
pqfjwzv d/ N[eV/ i'VB dk fJS[e ;h, fe;/ fJZe B{z d/yD tk;s/, T[;B{z gsk ;h g{op pqfjwzv dh J/esk B{z
gSkDdk j?. fiT[D tk;s/ o{jkBh skes ukjhdh j?, pr?o fe;/ okiahBkt/_ d/. gZSw fJ; s'_ tzfus j?.
j'fdB B[z fJzNoftT{ tk;s/ ;tkb Bjh_ g[ZSD/ gJ/. s[o g?_dh sK o[edh jh Bjh_ ;h, cNkcN xzN/ phsh
iKd/. d'ok B/ j'fdB B{z T[j ejkDh ;[DkJh fijVh ekcek s'_ ;[Dh ;h- ykD wiad{o nkgDh wkFa{ek Bkb ykD
tZb frnk, g?o fc;fbnk, v{zx/ jB/fonK ftu ubk frnk edh Bk gofsnk, e[Vh T[;dh :kd ftu p[ZYh j'
rJh go ftnkj Bk eotkfJnk, T[vhedh ojh, nkJ/rk. fJe fdB T[; gk; bk;a g[Zih, ykD dhnK r?;K
ekoB bk;a T[t/_ so' skiak ;h fit/_ ftSVB tkb/ fdB. ftnkj ns/ ;aw;akB-xkN fJZe j' rJ/.
id'_ w?_ T[;dh feskp gVQdh jK, w?B{z T[; dh T[jh nktkia ;[DkJh fdzdh j? id'_ T[j w?B{z ;[DkfJnk eodk,
;a[o{ ;ao{ ftu w?B{z iowB xZN nkT[Adh ;h, fJj e[M fiankdk jh BthB Gk;ak ;h. ekcek B{z y{p nkT[_dh ;h,
go T[j g[oksB Gk;ak dh sbk;a eodk fojk, T[; nzdo g[oksBsk S[gh p?mh ;h. T[j fe;/ yk; :[Zr dh
35

gqshfBXsk Bjh_ eodk, wB[Zy dh j'Dh dk gqshfBZX j?. T[;dk :EkoE o'iawZok dhnK xNBktK Bjh_, iw/ j'J/
T[; nBzs gb dk gqfsfBX j? fijVk E'VQh d/o tk;s/ geV ftu nkfJnk s/ phs frnk.
1948 ftu ekcek dh GkDih nkgD/ gsh ;w/s d'ok B{z fwbD nkJh. ;ko/ gfotkoK ftu'_ p; fJj' puh
;h fJe. UNbk pu ;edh ;h feT[_fe T[; dk gsh nkohnk ;h. Bkiah, nkohnK B[z SZv fdnk eod/ jB
p/;ae T[jBk d/ gsh gsBhnK :j{dh j'D. woB tk;s/ UNbk B/ gsh s'_ sbke fbnk, fco y[d BkihanK e'b
ike/ fejk- w? :j{dh jK. w?B{z wko'. pkehnK ;D/ T[;B{z r?; u?_po ftu wkfonk frnk. ekcek dh G?D
ekcek d/ ;[cB/ tKr fiT[D ns/ woB dh fJS[e ojh. bZyK :j{dh wo oj/ j'D s/ w? fJ; eoe/ pu iktK
fe w/ok gsh nkohnk j?. fJ; ftnkj ns/ fJ; ihtB T[s/ bkjDs. T[j fgsk d/ fybkc, ekcek d/ jZe
ftu j'fJnk eodh. ekcek fejk eodk- s{z pVh db/o e[Vh jI?. w?_ vo ikBk, s{z Bh vodh, UNbk B/
nkgDh pjkdoh dh bki oZyh.
ekcek dh GkDih w/ohnkBk ;NhBo B/ gfjbh tko 1990 ftu d'ok pko/ iapkB y'bQh, fejk- eth
w{o B/ w?B{z dZf;nk d'ok bzdB ftu ofjzdh j?. fpwko j?, szrh s[o;ah ftu j?. T[; dh fJe Xh j?, T[; dk
Bkw th w/ohnkBk j?. ;kb 1948 ftu fJj e[Vh bzdB nzro/iah d/ gqek;ae ;?eZo n?_v tkopo B{z fwbh,
fejk- w?B{z gs? fJzrb?_v ftu b/yeK B{z okfJbNh fwbdh j? go fJE/ d'ok Bkw dh fJe n"os rohph G'r
ojh j?. s[jkB{z T[; dk f;oBktK gs?? gqek;ae dk ys E'V/Q fdBk pkd d'ok dk f;oBktK b?e/ nk frnk.
nkgD/ tkec fJe gqkgoNh vhbo e'b w?_ wekB b?D tk;s/ fiXo ikDk ;h, T[;/ gk;/ dk ;h fJj f;oBktK.
fJe ;j/bh B{z Bkb b?e/ w?_ vhbo tZb uZb gJh, n;h_ ni/ p?mhnK Jh ;K fe fJe n"os nkT[_dh fd;h. w?_
nkgDh ;j/bh B{z fejk- nj[ d'ok nk ojh_ j?. T[j j;e/ efjD bZrh- id'_ dk s?B{z fJj ekov fwfbnk,
jo/e iBkBh s?B{z d'ok fd;dh j?.
d'ok vhbo e'b nkJh, fejk- w?B{z fJe ewok feokJ/ s/ ukjhd?. T[d'_ w?_ frnkoK ;kb dh ;K id'
1924 ftu d'ok B{z d/fynk ;h. ni/ w? vhbo s'_ ekov s/ fby/ f;oBkt/_ pko/ g[SDk ;h fe d'ok nkg/ nk
rJh. Xosh ns/ nek;a ftueko pj[s e[M r?ph j?, w/ok ft;atk; j?. fJ; soK d/ w"ek w/b w/o/ Bkb pVh
tko tkgo/. fJj w/b w?B{z fgnko/ brd/ jB. fJBQK w/bK B{z w?_ th sK g;zd jK, fJ;/ eoe/ nkT[_d/ jB.w?_
g[ZfSnk- s[;h_ d'ok j' ? T[;B/ fejk- jK. w?_ fejk, w? w/ohnkBk jK. T[;B{z ;wM BK bZrh. fco w? fejk-
tZbh dh Xh jK. T[;B{z fco th gsk BK bZrk. fco w?_ fejk- ekcek dh GkDih, T[; dh G?D tZbh dh
Xh. T[j ;wM rJh. ezpD bZrh. fco jzM{ trD br gJ/. ewo/ ftueko, gzi S/ pzfdnK dh w"i{drh ftu
id'_ n;h_ fwbhnk, ;kB{z :ehB Bk nkfJnk, ;kB{z bZrk fit/I ;[cBk fdZf;n? e'Jh.
36

15 wJh 1948 d/ gftZso fdB BtK Mzvk nkek;a ftu bfjokfJnk, ;c?d ozr, dkT{d dk Bhbk skok
n?B ftueko. d'ok ;w/s bZyK :j{dhnK B{z y[;ah fwbh. fJiokJhb fwb frnk. bZyK nop T[dk; j'J/- Bt/_
:[ZX dh ;a[o{nks. :{Hn?BHU B/ wsk gk; eoe/ cb;shB d/ d' N'N/ eo fds/. fJe nop ;N/N d{ih :j{dh
;N/N. ikovB dfonk B/ d't/_ d/;K B{z tZy ehsk. :/o{Fbw B{z ;op ;KMh Ek pDkfJnk frnk, fit/_ o'w.
nopK B/ fJj tzv gqtkB Bk ehsh. fw;o, b?pBkB, Jhoke, ikovB ns/ ;hohnk B/ fJeZfmnK jwbk
eo fdsk, sb-ntht tkb/ gkf;T{_ fw;o B/, rbhbh T[go ;hohnk B/, BiakoE T[go b?pBkB B/ s/ ikovB B/
:/o{;abw T[go Xktk ehsk. iBw B?D ;ko Btizfwnk pZuk u[c/foT[_ fxo frnk. :j{dh wod/ oj/ s/ woB
tk;s/ pkjo'_ T[E/ g[id/ th oj/. ;kok nkgD/ gsh s/ Xh ;D/ ntht g[Zi rJh. d'ok B{z fJj ypoK
fwbdhnK ojhnK. T[; dk wB pVh tko T[E/ ikD B{z ehsk. nkiakd d/; pD/ B{z ;kb phs frnk ;h,
gfotko d/ ihn th T[E/ ofj oj/ ;B, j[D ;co tk;s/ g?;/ Bjh_. Xh d/ fJbki T[go ;kok g?;k bZr
iKdk.
1947 ftu o{; s'_ ;[b/wkB fw;a'b bzvB nkfJnk, T[jh ;[b/wkB, fi; B{z d'ok B/ o{; ftu fezr
bhno dk o'b eofdnk d/fynk ;h, T[;B/ id'_ dZf;nk fe iowB B/ o{; dk fijVk g{oph :'og y'fjnk,
T[E/ Bkiah, g[okDh fJzihb d/ toe/ Xosh s/ ;[ZN e/ T[BQK T[go BZfunk eod/ ;B. fJj rZb dZ;fdnK p["ZYk
n?eNo ezpD bZr fgnk. d'ok B/ fejk- pkJhpb dk tke j?- Gb/ py;a/ ikD. d{ik tke j?- p[o/ Bk py;a/
ikD. ;[b/wkB, gfjbk tke oZp B/ s/o/ tk;s/ G/fink j?. s{z nkgDh e"w B{z J/Bk fgnko eod?_. w/o/ tk;s/ s{z
e[dos d/ ekB{B dh s;tho j?I. rowhnK ftu doys NkjDhnK B{z gZs/, c[Zb s/ cb fdzd/?. ;odhnK ftu
nZr bZr/ sK nkg th puD dk fJS[e Bjh_ j[zdk. s/o/ Bkb X'yk Bjh_ j't/rk feT[fe s{z ijkB B{z X'yk Bjh_
fdsk.
iBtoh 1948 ftu ypo Sgh- ;[b/wkB fw;a'b eko d[oxNBk ftu wkfonk frnk. ;NkfbB B/ T[;
dk esb eotkfJnk. :j{dhnK B{z wkoBk ;NkfBB d/ J/izv/ ftu nk frnk ;h. d'ok B/ ;aoXKibh fby e/
nypkoK B{z G/ih, NkJhNb ;h- ;[b/wkB fw;'b- fJe :j{dh. y[d s'_ g[Sdh- w?_ :j{dh jK fe Bjh_ ? fes/
:'og B/ w?B{z y'o sK Bjh_ fbnk? i/ y[oB s' puh j'Jh jK fco fJiaokJhb feT[ Bh iKdh?
ekcek dh GkDih nkgDh eko ftu jo jcs/ d'ok B{z j;gskb T[;dh Xh Bkb fwbk fbnkT[_dh.
fp;so/ T[go gJh 15 ;kb dh j' rJh. i[nkBh nkJh go ykw';a, fpBk nktkia fdfsnK bzxdh rJh.
:j{dhnK B/ n?bkB eo fdsk- fJiaokJhb ftu ;ko/ :j{dh, fjpo{ p'fbnk eoBr/, g?rzpoK dh
iapkB. d'ok B/ jT[ek b?_fdnk fejk- go f:fd;a? fJ; B{z rztkoK dh p'bh fejk ikt/rk? ;kvk ebuo fet/
37

pu/rk? id'_ tkj brdh, :j{dhnK d/ fJeZm ftu f:fd;a Gk;ak d/ rhs rkT[_dh, ;N/i s/ n?efNzr eodh.
fejk eodh- fjpo{ g{ok ;Zu j?, w? wzBdh jK, f:fd;a fBek fijk ;Zu, ;Zu dk fBek fjZ;k th feT{_ wo/ ?
ekcek dh GkDih fJe fdB g?;/ d/D nkJh, fejk- fJj ekcek dh ikfJdkd ftu'_ B/. d'ok B/ BKj
Bk ehsh. fJe sK w/ohnkBh tk;s/ b'V ;h, d{i/ fJiaokJhb ikD dh fJS[e ;h, d'ok dk fJiaokJhb ftu
tf;nk Gok dkT{d th wdd eoBk ukjz[dk ;h. fJiaokJhb s'_ o{; dk okid{s Bwho, dkT{d dk d';s ;h.
dkT[d B/ Bwho B{z wBk fbnk fe d'ok B{z ;oekoh ;Zdk d/ e/ ekcek T[go Gk;aD eotkT[. T[d'_
sZe ekcek ;kfjs fjpo{ ftu nB[tkd j'e/ b'eK sZe g[Zi u[ek ;h. nes{po ftu ike/ d;zpo tkg;h dk
gb?B pfDnk.
d'ok fJiaokfJb rJh. gfjbh tko nfj;k; j'fJnk fiT[_dh jK ns/ w?e;po'd B/ tZv/ fEJ/No ftu
T[; d/ Gk;D dk gqpzX ehsk j'fJnk ;h. T[;B{z ;[DB tk;s/ d{o'_I d{o'I b'e g[Zi/. :'og B/ ekcek B{z tXhe
g;zd Bjh_ ehsk. fJiaokJhb B/ ehsk, :j{dhnK B/ fejk- T[j ;kvk tv/ok ;h. ;kB{z irkT[D tk;s/ nkfJnk
;h.
Gok dkT{d fgnko Bkb fwfbnk, efjD bZrk- fgsk B/ s/o/ Bkb uzrk fBjh_ ehsk, n;h th fgsk
wro bZr/. G?D ;kok fJE/ sb-ntht ftu j?, s?B{z gs/? < ibdh fwbktKrk.
d't/I G?Dk fwbhnK. d'ok B/ dZf;nk- i/bQ e?_g ftu th w/o/ e'b s/oh S'Nh j[zdh dhnK s;thoK
j[zdhnK, fJ; sohe/ s{z w/o/ tk;s/ fiT[_dh ojh. d/y j[D nkgK fwb rJhnK. j[D Bh ftSVBk. pj[s j'
frnk.
1999 ftu ;kok id'_ 77 ;kb dh ;h, B/ dZf;nk- G?D fJj nky e/ rJh ;h fe w/ohnkBh B{z b?e/
tkg; gosKrh. dZf;nk eodh ;h fe ekcek dh fJZSk T[; okjh_ ;z;ko B{z fJe pZuk d/D dh ;h. ;[rks BK
d/ ;fenk.
Gok dkT[d dk eko'pko tXhnk uZfbnk. T[; B/ dZf;nk- d'ok, ;ko/ fJjh ejh iKd/ ;B w?B{z fe w?_
xo feT{_ Bh yohddk. w?_ fejk- gfjbK eko'pko yohdKrk. xo dhnK ezXk yke/ E'Vk oZfink ik ;ed/??
nkj d/y, j[D fevk tZvk xo yohfdn?. fJe Bkiah nc;o dk xo ;h fJj.
d'ok d/ Gshi/ ia/fbr B/ dZf;nk- gkgk B/ fBe/ j[zd/ B{z w?B{z nekovhnB tikT[Dh f;ykJh, fejk
eodk ;h- fJj e[VhnK cVB d/ ezw nkJ/rh.
Gok dkT[d d/ xo eJh fdB ofjD wro'_ ;kok e'b ubh rJh. GkDih d;dh j?- id'_ wk;h nkJh
;kB{z bZrk :shwK B{z NZpo fwb rJ/. wro'_ id' 1999 ftu wk;h dh epo s/ nkJh sK pVhnK rZbK
38

dZ;hnKHHH fe fezBhnK ;[jDhnK b'ohnK, x'VhnK rkJhnK HHH fezBhnK ejkDhnK :kd ;B T[;B{z HHH n;h_I Bkb
jh fuge/ ofjzd/. d't/_ G/?Dk jZE ftu jE cVh w?e;po'd d/ xo iKdhnK dh s;tho ;kc fd; ojh_ j?.
d'ok B/ po'd B{z dZf;nk fe nodk; tes, ;kok, xZb{xko/ ftu wo/ gfotko d/ ;ko/ ihnK dk Bkw b?_dh
j?. ;kok e'b wjhBk ojh. c/o ty ty EktK s'_ ;Zd/ nkT[_d/ ofjzd/, iKdh ofjzdh.
tkg;h dk ;wk nk frnk, d' ;{Ne/; ns/ ekcek dk p[o;a G?D d/ xo Sv rJh- w/ohnkBk B{z b?e/
nktKrh, nkyoh ;kjK se fJE/ ojKrh.
tkg; bzdB ike/ j;gskb ftu fpwko Xh B{z fwbh. fJ; e[Vh B{z d[BhnK dk e'Jh gsk Bjh_ ;hHHHH
xo iK j;gskb, j'o e[M Bjh_ d/fynk. fJe fdB Xh B{z g[ZfSnk- d; ;kb s'_ s/o/ gkgk dk e[M gsk Bjh_
bZrk. nkgK T[;B{z wfonk n?bkB eo d/JhJ/? " Bk wkwk HHH eh gsk fiT[_dk j't/." d't/_ fJ; rZb s/
;fjws j' rJhnK. Xh dk nkgo/;aB j'fJnk, mhe j' frnk. j[D eh gsk okiah j' ikt/.
Xh B{z okiah eodh eodh y[d fpwko j' rJh. wktK XhnK nkjw' ;kjwD/. vkeNo B/ ypo fdsh
fe s/oh BDd o{E bk;e, nwohek s'_ fwbD nk ojh j?. fuzsk ftu fxo rJh. pkoK ;kb fgS'__ fwbD
dh y[;ah j'Dh ukjhdh ;h, go T[; B{z pzdorkj s'_ e"D fbnkJ/rk? j;gskb ftu fwbKr/? fevh ;ys j'Dh
j?. j?Bh dk ;jkok fbnk. E'VhnK mhe j'JhnK. xo nkJhnK. G{nk B{z fwb e/ w/ohnkBk y[;a fdZ;h. G{nk
B{z th o{; ftu rJ/ gfotko dk e'Jh gsk Bjh_ ;h.
gsk bZrk fe iowBh ftu ekcek ;kfjs w[V SgD bZrk j?.d'ok y[;a j'Jh. BDd B{z fejk- j[D
iowBh pu ikJ/rk. ekcek B/ wB[ysk B{z N/pb s/ fbNk e/ ngq/;aB ehs/ ;B. T[j ukj[zdk ;h nkdwh pu/.
;kok e[M ckbs{, fpwko, eZN eZN ;[Ndk fojk. wkoEh, w/o/ bJh J/Bk wZyD Bk G/fink eo, w?_ fejVk fxT[
dh d[ekB eoBh j?. yk w?_ ;edh Bjh_. ;' j[D p;. s/o/ bJh ;{N ;hnKrh. fJe rowhnk bJh fJe
;odhnK tk;s/.
wkou 1952, d'ok B/ nkgDk 54 tK iBw fdB wBkfJnk. nkyoh iBw fdB j?, ikDdh ;h, fJ;
eoe/ t;hns fbyD p?mh. fbfynk- w/oh epo gokr ftu ekcek dh epo bkr/ j't/. fbckc/ T[go
fbfynk- w"s s'_ pkd y'bQDk. gZso w?e; po'd dk f;oBktK b?e/ ubk frnk. nr;s 15 B{z w"s j'Jh, w?vw
;Nhwo B/ dZf;nk- Xh wzi/ e'b p?mh ;h. w?_ d'ok B[z fejk- p/ fceo j'e/ ftdk j'. Xh dk fynkb w?
oZykrh. " d'ok B/ fejk- i' th eo ;e/I eoh. fJj T[; dk nkyoh tke ;h.
dcB eoB tes gzi pzd/ ;B. fsZyh pockBh jtk tr ojh ;h. eDhnK r'bhnk tKr nkT[_dhnK.
nukBe gZsoeko nk g[Zi/. T[BQK B{z nkg/ gsk bZr frnk, ypo d/D tkbk e'Jh j? Jh Bjh_ ;h. e[M g[SD
dh EK nypkoK d/ B[wkfJzd/ y{p o'J/. fejk eodh ;h- w/oh w"s Bkb f:fd;a iapkB Bjh_ woBh ukjhdh.
39

pV/ d';sK B/ w/ohnkBh B{z fejk- ;kv/ xo ofj. T[j Bjh_ wzBh. wkwk tkb/ ewo/ ftu ojKrh.
e[ZM g?;/ fJeZm/ eoe/ T[;d/ p?_e yks/ ftu iwQK eotk fds/. fJe noih fbyh fe poskBhnK dh Bkrfoesk
fwb/. fJe wjhB/ pkd Bkrfoesk dk yas fwb frnk. ;ko/ fJjh efjzd/ ;B- p/;ae ekcek dh Xh Bjh_,
fpbe[b T[; torh j?. ;[Gkn, ;aeb th. wK B/ fejk ;h, nkgK fJeZmhnK B/ fJiaokJhb ikDk ;h, j[D s{z
fJeZbh ubh ikJhI.
b[Zia dh ;iak gzi ;kb g{oh j' rJh fco th Bjh_ SZfvnk, fejk- izr w[eD s/ SZvKr/. ;kb 1946
ftu fojk sK j'fJnk go nzrjhD j' e/. ;Zih nZy dh o';aBh 1943 ftu ubh rJh ;h s/ yZph nZy 30%
pkeh puh . n?Be bke/ e[M fd;dk ;h. fojk sK j' frnk go ikJ/ feE/? iowBh? fumhnK gkT[_dk fojk
e'Jh itkp Bjh_. wK poNk bk;e B/ ng?qb 1946 s'_ i{B 1948 sZe T[; pko/ fumhnK fbyhnK, fe;/ dk
itkp Bjh_. T[wo 67 ;kb j' rJh ;h, fpwko ofjzdh. wzsoh B{z fbfynk- w?_ 24 ;kb gkoNh dh ;/tk ehsh,
yZp/ gZyh ;kfjs ofunk. edh rbs ezw Bjh_ ehsk. w?_ T[; B{z fwbD ;kfJp/ohnk Bjh_ ik ;edh, v/Y
wjhB/ ;odh ftu ;co w?B{z wko dt/rk. feogk eoe/ T[; B{z w/o/ e'b G/i fdT[. n;h_ d't/I iowBh ub/
iktKr/. wK B{z iowBh ikD dh nkfrnk fwb rJh. b[Zia B{z Bjh_.
;NkfbB dh w"s fgS'_ 1953 ftu T[; dh fojkJh j'Jh. nkyo g{op iowB (GDR) ftu wK g[Zs B{z ikD
dh nkfrnk fwb rJh. ;aos ;h fe iowB s'_ pkjo Bjh_ ikDk. b[Zia B/ noiahnK gkJhnK fe w/oh gsBh s/
Xh fJzrb?_v ftu jB, w/?_ T[BQK B{z bZGDk j?, nkfrnk fdT[, nkfrnk Bjh_ fwbh. J/B/ s;hj/ MZbD fgS'_ th
wK g[Zs dk efwT{fBiaw ns/ gkoNh ftu'_ ft;atk; Bjh_ N[ZNk. fJ; nip fto'XkGk; B{z ikDB bJh o{; d/
fJfsjk;eko fJ;jke fvT{;ao dhnK ouBktK gV'Q. T[;B/, oZp fijVk jko frnk ( God that Failed) dk
i' ohthT{ ;kpe efwT{fB;NK dh iawho d/ BK j/m fbfynk T[j gVQB:'r j?.
fJe g[okD/ nypko ftu d'ok dh ;aoXKibh Sgh. gVQ e/ b[Zia B{z gsk bZrk, wo u[eh j?, Xh bzvB
ftu j?. nes{Ppo 1953 ftu g[b;hJ/ B/ w/ohnkBk dk dotkik yVekfJnk, T[; d/ fgsk dk ys. fJe dw
:shw w/ohnkBk B{z fgsk fwb frnk, dkdh th j?. ukuk jowB, ukuh n?fb;, Gok noB;N, ;ko/ jB.
;Nhwo dh fBrokBh j/m w/ohnkBk okiah j'D bZrh. wK dhnK ;j/bhnK T[; dhnK ;j/bhnK j'
rJhnK. feskpK gVdh ofjzdh, thj ;kb dh ibktsBh wro'I iowBh ftu nkgD/ popkd j' u[e/ iBw
;EkB s/ g[Zih. fBeh j[zdh dhnK c'N'nK xo ftu gJhnK ;B. fgsk wkD Bkb fBeh w/ohnkBk tZb d/y fojk
40

j?, wK d/y ojh j?. 87 ;kb dh poNk, gkoNh ;kfjs fby ojh ;h, T[;B{z ;BwkB fwb oj/ ;B s/ Bkb
Bkb T[j pkb ;kfjs ou ojh ;h.
G{nk o{E B/ w/ohnkBk B{z nwohek nkT[D dk ;Zdk fdsk, 28 ;kb dh e[Vh B/ ikD dk c?;bk eo
fbnk. ;w[zdoh ijkia dk ;co w[ek e/ e?bhc'oBhnK g[Zih. G{nk ns/ c[ZcV xo b? rJ/. d' wjhfBnk tk;s/
rJh ;h, uko y[;a wjhB/ fpsk e/ tkg; bzvB gosh.
1973 ftu id' b[Zia 70 ;kb dk j' frnk sK fes/ T[; B{z bzvB ik e/ nkgDh Xh B{z fwbD dh
nkfrnk fwbh. nwohek tkbh G{nk o{E B{z gsk bZrk fe Gok bzvB ik fojk j?, T[;/ fdB T[;B/ th g[ZiD
dk c?;bk eo fbnk. ;kfonK B/ y[;a fdB fpskJ/ s/ tkg; gos rJ/. tkg; ike/ e[M fdBk pkd b[Zia dh
w"s j' rJh.
6 i{B 1977, w/ohnkBk 43 ;kb dh ;h, t;hns fby fdsh. wkI dh epo T[go gZEo Bjh_ oytk
;eh ;h. fbfynk, eoia/ T[skoB fgS'_ i/ oew pu/ T[; Bkb wK dh epo pDk d/Dh. T[; B{z brdk ;h
BkiahnK tb'_ y'j/ ekcek d/ ys bZG ;ed/ jB. ;kok wk;h dh Xh s'tk ngD/ gsh w'sh Bkb T[; B{z
fJiokJhb s'_ fwbD nkJ/. ;Zdk fdsk fe fJiaokJhb nkJh_I. ;co you d/ g?;/ d/ e/ rJ/. w/ohnkBk B/
ftnkj Bjh_ eotkfJnk. 1980 ftu wkBf;e fpwkoh dk f;aeko j'D bZrh, T[;B{z nihp ntkiaK ;[DkJh d/Jh
iKdhnK, j'o fe;/ B{z Bjh_ ;[DdhnK ;B, g[b; e'b th f;aekfJs fbytkJh. j;gskb dkyb ojh. fco
fJeKstk;h j' rJh, Bk fe;/ e'b iKdh Bk nkT[D fdzdh, dotkik BK y'bQdh, dtkJhnK ykD s'_ fJBeko
eofdnK fejk- w? Bjh_ okiah j'Dk. w?_ woBk ukj[zdh jK, w?_ 50 ;kb dh T[wo j'D sZe wo ikDk j?.
j?Bh ngD/ gsh gkb Bkb T[;d/ cb?N ftu rJh, xzNh yVekJh, d/o pkd nzdobk fJe dotkik y[ZbQk,
d{ik ikbh tkbk pzd fojk. fgS/ jN e/ efjD bZrh- w?_ Bh fe;/ B{z nzdo nkT[D d/Dk. j?Bh B/ fejk- s{z
;kv/ gfotko dh e[Vh j?_ w/ohnkBh, d/y s/o/ tk;s/ fezBhnk wfmnkJhnK s/ cb fbnkJ/ jK. w/oh B/ fejk-
w/ok e'Jh gfotko Bjh_, w? e[M Bjh_ b?_dh. ikT. o'_dh o'_dh j?Bh g?eNK ;w/s gsh dh eko ftu ik p/?mh.
j?Bh B/ e[M fdBk pkd pj[s fgnkok yas g';N ehsk. fpBk fbckck y'fbQnK tkg; G/i fdsk, fbckc/
s/ fbfynk ;h- w?Bz[ ys Bk fbfynk eo', Bk jN/ sK w?_ g[b; e'b f;aekfJs eo fdnKrh.
ezw Bjh eo ;edh ;h, g?;/ w[Ze rJ/ ;B. wekB d/ feokJ/ ;w/s ;ko/ eoia/ 1000 g"Iv s'_ tZX ;B.
w/ohnkBk e'b e'Jh g?;k Bjh_ ;h. wkbe wekB B/ ekB{zBh B'fN; d/ fdsk. fpibh eZNh ik u[eh ;h.
rtKYhnK B/ g[b; B{z ;{fus ehsk fe eJh fdBk s'_ dotkik Bjh_ y[ZbQk. g[b; B/ dotkik s'fVnk, co;a
T[go rbh ;Vh bk;a gJh ;h.
41

epo;skB ftu pkoK n"osK wod dcB eoB tes ;B. gkdoh B/ nodk; ehsh. j?Bh B/ vkfJoh
ftu fbfynk- 48 ;kb dh w/ohnkBk ;?_eV/ ;kbK tkbh f;nkDg Bkb Goh j'Jh ;h, ;fBnk;h, fJeKstk;h.
id'_ T[j co;a T[go fvrh ns/ woh, T[;B/ fe; B{z nktkia wkoh j't/rh? T[woK S'NhnK. d[y tZv/.
ekcek s/ d'ok d/ r[zw ekriK dh sbk;a pzd Bjh_ j'Jh. :'og ftu EK EK ;ou ew/NhnK pDhnK,
iowB ftu'_ gkpzdh Fa[dk iaps ;kfjs co'bD dh nkfrnk fjs noiahnK ub gJhnK. ;kB vhr' :{Bhtof;Nh
nwohek B/ th fJ; pkps y'i ftGkr ekfJw eoe/ iowB gk; gNh;aB dkfJo eo fdsh. fijVh fbys
r[ow[yh nZyoK ftu s[;h_ j[D gVQ oj/ j', T[j ;kB vhr' :{Bhtof;Nh dh gq'c?;o e?Eh dkfJwzs dh y'i ftu'_
bJ/ B'N; T[go nkXkos j?.
d'ok d/ tv/ Gok dkT{d dk g[Zso iath 1947 ftu izfwnk, d' ;kb dk ;h id'_ 1949 ftu wkg/
fJiaokJhb ub/ rJ/, ;kb 1960 ftu id'_ fgsk dh w"s j'Jh, 13 ;kb dk ;h. fgsk s'_ fJ; B/ G{nk d'ok
dh e'Jh rZb Bjh_ ;[Dh ;h. 1996 d/ ;kb fJe fdB nypko ftu d'ok ns/ ekcek dh gq/w-eEk Sgh j'Jh
gVhQ. d'ok d/ Bkw Bkb dkfJwzs bZrk j'fJnk ;h. iath ;'uD bZrk, w?_ th dkfJwzs jK, eh gsk d'ok Bkw
dh e[Vh Bkb w/ok e'Jh fo;ask j't/? eh T[j xZb{xko/ ftu'_ pu rJh ;h? fco feZE/ rJh? ftnkj
eotkfJnk? T[;d/ pZu/ j'J/? feE'I bZGK?
T[;B/ fJzNoB?ZN s/ ekcek dh t?Zp;kJhN y'bQh.ekcek d/ y'ih Bhb p'y't dh w/b nkJhvh fwbh, T[;
B{z ys fbye/ ;tkb g[ZS/, ngD/ pko/ dZf;nk. Bhb B/ uko gzfBnK dh ikDekoh G/ih sK gsk bZrk fe b[Zia
bk;e Bkw d/ pzd/ Bkb d'ok B/ 1926-1936 ftueko edh ftnkj ehsk ;h s/ fJe Xh izwh fi; dk Bkw
w/ohnkBk ;h. fJj th ikfDnK fe 15 nr;s 1952, d'ok dh w"s j'Jh, epo bzvB ftu j?. T[j epo
d/yDh ukj[zdk ;h go vZu y'ih Bhb B{z epo dh EK gsk Bjh_ ;h. iath B/ c?;bk ehsk, G{nk dh epo
bZGKrk. nwoheD y'ih e[Vh e?Eh dkfJwzs dk gZsk bZrk, iath B/ T[;B{z ys fbfynk. e?Eh B/ dZf;nk- w?_
pkoK ;kb s'_ d'ok s/ ezw eo ojh jK, w?B{z epo dk gsk j? ni/ sZe gZEo Bjh_ oZfynk, e?Eh B/ Xh dh
w"s dh ypo th dZ;h. d'tK B/ c?;bk ehsk, 15 nr;s 1999 B{z epfo;skB ike/ gZEo fNekD dh o;w
eoKr/, fi; sohe B{z d'ok dcBkJh ;h. bk;e gfotko pko/ gsk bZrk. iath ijkia s/ ufVQnk, pofbB
g[Zik. bk;e gfotko d/ pu/ w?_po T[; B{z d/y e/, fwb e/ p/nzs y[;a j'J/. iath B/ nkgDk gfotko bZG b?D
dh ;kyh fJiaokJhb d/ ;G s'_ tv/ nypko :/dh nyo'B' ftu 20 wJh 1999 B{z SgtkJh. T[;/ fdB iath B{z
s'tk dk c'B nkfJnk, w?_ s/oh G[{nk ;kok dh Xh jK. w/oh wK ni/ fiT[_dh j?, sb ntht ftu j?. fijVk
f;oBktK fbykfJnk, T[j xo iath d/ xo'_ d; fwzN dh d{oh s/ ;h. eokwks, fJe dw G{nk ns/ wk;h d/
gfotko fwb rJ/.
42

pofbB s'_ bk;e gfotko bzvB g[Zik, noB;N dh ftXtk dkfJBk, G{nk o{E, g'sh, ;G. d'ok dk g/ek
gfotko, iath, T[;dh gsBh ;a';ah s/ uko pZu/, ;kok, ;kok dh Xh s'tk. ;kok 77 ;kb dh ;h s/ d'ok dh
fJj 46th_ po;h ;h. d'ok, ekcek, fwb/Bk d/ fo;as/dkoK s'_ fJbktk fJBQK d/ gq;az;e, y'ih, gkme, nkb'ue,
;G fJeZm/ j'J/. iowBh ns/ fJiaokJhb s' fJbktk jkb?_v ns/ nwohek s'_ nkJ/. j?w;N?Zv fty/, fezria
ekbi d/ jkb ftu d'ok dk ;aoXKibh ;wkrw oukfJnk frnk. u[okBt/_ ;kb dh T[wo dk w/io p'dK;eh
wzu T[s/ nkfJnk, fejk- f:fd;a b/ye g/o/ia dh fijVh ejkDh d'ok B{z ;G s'_ tXhe g;zd ;h, T[;B{z ;N/i
T[go nfGB? okjh_ g/;a eoKrk. T[d'_ w?_ i[nkB ;K id'_ d'ok tb'_ vokw/ dh g/;aekoh d/yh ;h. w"i{d ;o'fsnk
ftu'_ E'V/Q ;B fijV/ f:fd;a }pkB ikDd/ ;B, ndkekoh J/vh riap dh fe jkt Gkt jo/e rZb ;wMk oj/
;B. jkb ft;wkdh ;[zB ftu r[zw j' frnk.
epfo;skB ike/ iath B/ f:fd;a ftu'_ ns/ ;kok B/ s'okj ftu'_ gqkoEBktK gVQhnK. ;kok B/ T[j gb
;KM/ ehs/ id'_ d'ok bzwh i[dkJh pkd fJiaokJhb nke/ fwbh ;h- w/oh fJe' fJe fiT[_dh G?D, w? fezBh y[;a
j'Jh ;K s?B{z fwbe/ T[d'_. s[{z sK efjdh j{zdh ;?_ fJiaokJhb ftu woKrhnK, edh Bjh_ ftSVBk, fco s{z J/Bh
ekjbh feT[_ ehsh? e/tb s{z ;?_ T[j fBowb, fBoSb gftso o{j fijVh T[BQK B{z wkc eo ;eh fiBQK s/o/
T[go }[bw YkJ/. s?B[z ;aKsh fwb/, ;[or dhnK gftso o{jK ftu s/ok tk;k j't/.
d'ok dh ;[zdo ;c?d ;zrwowoh ;b?p T[go w/ohnkBk dk Bkw th fbfynk frnk. ekcek dh w"s
T[gozs okpoN ebkg;NkZe B/ fijVh ;aoXKibh SgtkJh ;h T[; ftu d'ok B{z th :kd ehsk ;h. T[;
;aoXKibh ftu d'ok pko/ fijVh gzesh fbyh T[j fJj ;h L
fi; B/ d'ok B{z ikfDnk,
T[;B/ fgnko B{z ikfDnk.
epo dh ;b?p T[go fJj' nZyo fby/ rJ/. ;bkw eoe/ w[;kco nkg' nkgD/ tsBh s[o/.
(ekcek ikDdk ;h ezw fet/_ eoBk j?. i' T[;B/ fbfynk iK ehsk, T[j ;zg{oB j?. fiE/ fes/ s[;h_
;op'sw d/y', ;/q;aN fbys d/y', T[E/ s[jkB{z ekcek fd; iKd?. cbkp/no ns/ cokfJv ftu fdZ; iKdk j? -
w?e;po'd)
43