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29Z Roitbcfg. B- D it R- G- Laionde. 1991. Hosi marking enhances poTLMUsm nsW for a truu mfestrng t)v Kha\!t>{ein bmtola. Oikos til ^89-391 Roiiberg. B. D.
Baker(HynKnnptcni: Aphidiiduel. Cunodinn Eniomnlocist \Z2: U9-76I. Wxige. J. K.. h)79. Foraging lur palchily dusinbuted hcnis by ihc purosiioid. .Vf/fHTim Journal ol" AnitnnI Ecology 48: *53-^71 Waajic. J. K.. IWS6. Family planmng in parusiioids; adaptive paiicrrtN ol progeny and sex allocation. In: J. K- Waagc & D. J Creathead ledM. Uueci ParoMioidN •Vcadeinic Ptcns. London, pp Waagc. J. K. & J. A. Lane. 1984. The rcpmductivc Niraiegv of a parasicic wasp, tl Sex allocation and local male coinpetilton in Tnthtf\trtinitnii rxone.u rtts. Journal of Animal Ecology 53' 417- 426. Wainbcre. E.. J Piz/ol A M Bahault. Genetic vanation in progeny alittcnlion m tru /n>vrtiimmi nuntiix. Entomuiogia Experimenlalis ct Applicaia 53" 177-187 Wcller, S. J.. N L. Jacoh^on Jfe W E- Conner. I*W>. Theevolulion ol chemical JelenccN and mating \y>tem\ m tiger muiKs tLcpidoptera Arcindae). Biological ioumai ot the Lmncan Socieiv 68:557-57S While. R. A,. M A'^osin. R T. Fmnklm A J W Webb. IMHO Bark heeiie phcroinone> cvidcncc lor phvMological synihcM> mechani>m% and (heir ecological implicaiionv. Zeiischril'i fur Angc>*andce EnioinoU>**»e255-274 Wiley. R. H.. t994. Error, exaggeralion. and deception in antmal communication. In: L. Real (cd). Behavioral Mcchani.sm.« in Evolutionary Ecology. University of Chicago Prevs, Chicago. pp. 157-189. William.v. K. S L. E Gilbert. 1981. lascctv a.s selective agents on plant vegciative morphology: egg mimicry reduces egg laying by bullert1ie%. Science 212; 467-469. WilNon. K-. 1988. Egg laying decisions by the bean weevil CuUoxo' hruchtix nuicuUitux- Ecological Efllomology 13: 107-118. Vainaguchi. H.. 1987. The role of venom m host discrimination of .\.xcoj(aMer reiit uluitu Wuianabe. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology } 1: 80-82. Zimmerman. M.. 1979. Oviposition behavior and ihe existence of .in oviposiiion-deiemng pherumone m HvlfiftYtt. Environmental Entomology 8: 2T7~Z79. Zimmerman. M.. 1980. Selective depoMiion of an ovipositiondeiemne phcromone by Hxlrtnui. Envirunmentai Entomology Ul-?24. Zimmerman. M.. i982. Facuhaiive deposihon t>f an oviposition* deiemng phen>mone by H\lrm\u. Envtronmenial Entomology II ^19-522.
Page 1: INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscrip
Page 4 and 5: UMI Number: 3053915 Copyright 2002
Page 6 and 7: STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertati
Page 8 and 9: DEDICATION This work is dedicated t
Page 10 and 11: ABSTRACT Choosing where offspring w
Page 12 and 13: An explanation of tiie problem CHAP
Page 14 and 15: euse occurs in the field, the impac
Page 16 and 17: Appendix D, "Aggregative behavior i
Page 18 and 19: offspring performance. Counter to t
Page 20 and 21: Lalonde RG, Mangel M, 1994. Seasona
Page 22 and 23: APPENDIX A HOST MARKING BEHAVIOR IN
Page 24 and 25: kluwer the language of science Dr.
Page 26 and 27: 174 belter categorized as cues than
Page 28 and 29: fubfe 2. Kinds ot cvicknce used lo
Page 30 and 31: 278 defend themselves and because i
Page 32 and 33: 280 lion of a signal. Costs associa
Page 34 and 35: 282 than were conspccifics with low
Page 36 and 37: 284 thai (he marker was a mutant fo
Page 38 and 39: 286 dropping on ihe MP communicatio
Page 40 and 41: 28S inac>. 3 larval partsiloiil of
Page 42 and 43: 290 Hol'svang. T. 1988. Mechanisms
Page 46 and 47: APPENDIX B HOST UTILIZATION BY THE
Page 48 and 49: Dispersal by Larvae of the Stem Bor
Page 50 and 51: POPULATION ECOUXTY Host Utilization
Page 52 and 53: October 2000 NUFIO ET AL.; HOST UTI
Page 54 and 55: October 2000 Nufio et au: Hoct Unuz
Page 56 and 57: October 2000 NUFIO ET AL4 HOST UIHI
Page 58 and 59: Reuse of larval hosts by the walnut
Page 60 and 61: KEYWORDS Life history" marking pher
Page 62 and 63: Alternatively, a weak correlation b
Page 64 and 65: previously attacked hosts early in
Page 66 and 67: walnut fly oviposition punctures. T
Page 68 and 69: Effects of offspring weight on adul
Page 70 and 71: she deposited over a lifetime and t
Page 72 and 73: RESULTS Levels of host reuse in the
Page 74 and 75: Survival from egg to egg hatch Of t
Page 76 and 77: significantly correlated with pupal
Page 78 and 79: DISCUSSION While the femaie-prefere
Page 80 and 81: discriminate between hosts that hav
Page 82 and 83: will consume fewer resources and th
Page 84 and 85: females gain not by simply reusing
Page 86 and 87: of her offspring but also of the nu
Page 88 and 89: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Henar Alo
Page 90 and 91: Bjorkman C, Larsson S, Bommarco R,
Page 92 and 93: Fujiyama N, Katakura H, 2001. Varia
Page 94 and 95:
Mayhew PJ, 1997. Adaptive patterns
Page 96 and 97:
Robertson IC, Roitberg BD, 1998. Du
Page 98 and 99:
Wiklund C, 1981. Generalist vs. spe
Page 100 and 101:
Table 2. The influence of various f
Page 102 and 103:
Table 4. Analysis of variance compa
Page 104 and 105:
nCURE CAPTIONS - Continued Figure 5
Page 106 and 107:
Figure 1. Fruit Cohorts (Number of
Page 108 and 109:
Figure 3. A. B. A > on •m e « 50
Page 110 and 111:
Figure 5. B. es & 1 1 0.8 • 0.6 -
Page 112 and 113:
Figure 7. B. > 09 "S s e s o •Ml
Page 114 and 115:
Figure 9. 400 9t W s 1 t 300 « Of)
Page 116 and 117:
Aggregative behavior is not explain
Page 118 and 119:
that the larval aggregations that f
Page 120 and 121:
2001). The shifting benefits and co
Page 122 and 123:
spatial patterning of clutches depo
Page 124 and 125:
16-fl oz (473-ml) plastic Solo cups
Page 126 and 127:
percentage of hatchlings that emerg
Page 128 and 129:
previously created oviposition punc
Page 130 and 131:
RESULTS Experiment 1. Effect of off
Page 132 and 133:
deposited) again improved the model
Page 134 and 135:
median pupal weight in the lone two
Page 136 and 137:
survival, using two-clutch and thre
Page 138 and 139:
DISCUSSION Absence of an AUee efTec
Page 140 and 141:
simultaneously. It would seem that
Page 142 and 143:
Spatial distribution of clutches In
Page 144 and 145:
If reuse of larval hosts negatively
Page 146 and 147:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Henar Alo
Page 148 and 149:
Hausmann SM, Miller JR, 1989. Ovipo
Page 150 and 151:
Papaj DR, Alonso-Pimentel H, 1997.
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
FIGURE CAPTIONS continued Figure 4.
Page 158 and 159:
Figure 2 MD E DC n Om 3 Qi S V DA E
Page 160 and 161:
Figure 4. B. c. -g 60 S a. a 40 - S
Page 162 and 163:
Host marking beiiavior as a quantit
Page 164 and 165:
encountered either control fruit th
Page 166 and 167:
unparasitized and parasitized hosts
Page 168 and 169:
Finally, it is conceivable that the
Page 170 and 171:
Experiment 1. Relationship between
Page 172 and 173:
or 30 minutes). Fruit were then hun
Page 174 and 175:
After two replicates of the four tr
Page 176 and 177:
Experiment 3. Female responses to h
Page 178 and 179:
RESULTS Experiment 1. Effects of cl
Page 180 and 181:
Experiment 3. Female responses to f
Page 182 and 183:
example, the possibility that ovipo
Page 184 and 185:
field cage assays. What remains to
Page 186 and 187:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Henar Alo
Page 188 and 189:
Bauer G, 1986. Life-history strateg
Page 190 and 191:
Landolt PJ, Averill AL, 1999. Fruit
Page 192 and 193:
Quiring DT, McNeil JN, 1984. Intras
Page 194 and 195:
FIGURE CAPTIONS Figure 1. The relat
Page 196 and 197:
Figure 2. w OA 8 k 98 s o a. QH s 8
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