A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LANDSLIDES AND GEOHAZARD ...

3.8.3.1 Infrastructure Damage 53
3.8.3.2 Damage to Crops and Agricultural Land 53
3.8.3.3 Loss of Life and Displacement of People 53
3.9 Local/Indigenous Knowledge and the Environment 55
3.9.1 Perceptions and Attitudes to Landslides 56
3.10 Gender, Environment and Their Specific Relationships 57
3.11 Landslides Prediction 58
3.12 Landslide Potential Maps 59
3.12.1 Methods of Landslide Mapping and Assessment 60
3.13 Determining Landslide Hazard, and Risk 60
3.14 Landslide Prevention and Mitigation 61
3.14.1 Slope Drainage 61
3.14.2 Slope Reduction 62
3.14.3 Engineering Methods to Resist Mass Movement 62
3.14.4 Engineering Structures to Mitigate Damage 62
3.14.5 Stabilisation by Vegetation 63
3.14.6 Hardening of Soils 63
3.14.7 Slip Surface Blasting 63
3.14.8 Legal Procedures of Government 64
3.15 Conclusion 64
CHAPTER FOUR: LANDSLIDES INVENTORY IN MALAWI 65
4.1 Landslide Studies in Malawi 65
4.2 Analysis of Previous Studies 67
4.3 Causes of Some Landslides in Malawi 67
4.4 Proposed Mitigation Measures from Previous Landslide Studies 69
4.5 Conclusion 70
CHAPTER FIVE: METHODOLOGY 71
5.1 Mapping of the Study Areas 71
5.1.1 Ntchenachena 71
5.1.2 Chiweta 72
5.1.3 Mvai/Livilivi Catchments 72
5.2 Landslides Inventory 72
5.3 Collection of Geology Data 73
5.4 Mapping of Settlements and Infrastructure 74
5.5 Digital Topography 74
5.6 Drainage Data Collection 74
5.7 Rainfall and Temperature Data Collection 75
5.8 Land-Use and Land-Cover 75
5.9 Soil Sampling 75
5.9.1 Ntchenachena 76
5.9.2 Chiweta 76
5.9.3 Mvai and Livilivi Catchments 77
5.10 Vegetation Survey 77
5.10.1 Vegetation Survey Methodology 77
5.10.1.1 Tree Height 78
5.10.1.2 Diameter 78
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