A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LANDSLIDES AND GEOHAZARD ...

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FRONTISPIECE Landslides play a major role in the development of hill slopes. They cause habitat degradation, derange drainage systems, alter drainage path ways, destroy riparian vegetation, bank erosion, accelerate meander development and loss of scenic beauty of mountain environments. Landslides threaten people, their property and livelihood sources. Degraded marginal lands are clearly observed as can be seen in this photograph, taken at the Ntchenachena study area in the Rumphi District of Northern Malawi. ii
DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is a product of my own independent work and has not previously been submitted for the award of a similar or related degree in any other university. All sources of information used have been correctly referenced, and any other assistance rendered has been fully acknowledged. I furthermore cede copyright of the thesis in favour of the University of the Free State Signature: Author : ………………………………………….. Date: ………………………… Golden Gadinala Ashan Chizimba Msilimba iii
Page 1: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LANDSLIDES A
Page 5 and 6: It was found that 131 landslides ha
Page 7 and 8: OPSOMMING In 2003 het ‘n aantal g
Page 9 and 10: verminder, gemeenskapsdeelname in n
Page 11 and 12: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to ex
Page 13 and 14: us all that determination and commi
Page 15 and 16: 2.2.2.5 Climate 31 2.2.2.6 Vegetati
Page 17 and 18: 5.10.1.3 Crown Width 78 5.10.1.4 Ve
Page 19 and 20: 8.5 Cross Tabulation of Perceived C
Page 21 and 22: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1a : The P
Page 23 and 24: Ntchenachena Area by goats, contrib
Page 25 and 26: Table 8.10 : Repetition of Landslid
Page 27 and 28: 1.1 Background CHAPTER ONE INTRODUC
Page 29 and 30: these factors. It also aimed at est
Page 31 and 32: Msilimba and Holmes, 2005). Norther
Page 33 and 34: 1.7 Organisation of the Thesis This
Page 35 and 36: Figure 2.1a: The Physiography of th
Page 37 and 38: To these divisions, may be added th
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2.2: Erosion surfaces of Mal
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2.3: The Geology of Malawi.
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.4: Land use and land cover
Page 45 and 46: seasonal maximum and minimum temper
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.5: Location of the Ntchena
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.6: Part of the Ntchenachen
Page 51 and 52: 2.2.1.5 Climate The temperatures on
Page 53 and 54:
Figure 2.10: Tobacco curing shed in
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sequence includes beds of modular l
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2.2.2.3 Topography The Chiweta Area
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2.2.3 Mvai/Livilivi Catchment Areas
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2.2.3.3 Geology The rocks of the ca
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CHAPTER THREE LANDSLIDES: CLASSIFIC
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1982). Topples have been observed t
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3.4 Classification of Slopes In slo
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angle and hence greater values of g
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3.6.5 Implications of Joints and Ro
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movement (Crozier, 1984). Preparato
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containing a high percentage of cla
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largest landslides occur most frequ
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Mshali, 1989; Gondwe and Govati, 19
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avalanche Abefan, Wales 21/9/1966 F
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environmental problems (Taun, 1974)
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Malawi, emphasise only the causes.
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short of the identification and con
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Ingaga et al., 2001; Msilimba, 2002
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CHAPTER FOUR LANDSLIDES INVENTORY I
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4.2 Analysis of the Previous Studie
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4.4 Proposed Mitigation Measures fr
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CHAPTER FIVE METHODOLOGY The curren
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Ground reference data was acquired
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density of drainage network, and th
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weathered. Samples were collected f
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5.11 Soil Analyses Soil samples wer
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5.11.1.4 Determination of Bulk Dens
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5.11.1.8 Determination of Liquid Li
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The questionnaire was coded for eas
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and impacts of landslides and seeki
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CHAPTER SIX LANDSLIDE DISTRIBUTION,
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Ntcheu Livilivi Chiweta Lutowo 8c 2
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distribution was evenly among SE (3
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Figure 6.4: Mapped landslides in th
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6.3 Classification of the Mapped La
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Table 6.2: Landslides Classificatio
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Table 6.4: The Determination of the
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6.6 Discussion of the Landslides Ma
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Catchment where the rocks hang loos
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and the 1991 Phalombe landslides (G
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In Ntcheu District, the Livilivi/Mv
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Figure 6.12: Position where landsli
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CHAPTER SEVEN ANALYSIS OF THE LANDS
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constructed, in the Ntchenachena Ar
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Chiweta Livilivi Mvai 3 53.29± 10.
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was confirmed by ANOVA test (p=0.00
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Table 7.9: Results of the Analysis
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Table 7.11: Medium/Fine Sand Test R
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Mvai 55.8±6. 41 1 69.2±9. 34 67.8
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Rainfall (mm) 200 150 100 50 0 Dail
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The landslides of the Ntchenachena
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customary land tenure. Most of the
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Hoek’s critical angle for sliding
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esistance for these soils was proba
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acting as a lubricant (Crozier, 198
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cover of grasses and shrubs, record
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with major structural rock weakness
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disturbance caused by deforestation
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Figures 7.14 and 7.15). This has pa
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Figure 7.16: Highly weathered Chiwe
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CHAPTER EIGHT TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
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majority of the respondents had att
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Table 8.3: Types of Housing Distric
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Table 8.6: Knowledge of Past Landsl
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Table 8.9: Weather Conditions Befor
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Table 8.11: Level of Education and
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Table 8.13B: Age of Respondents and
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with tertiary education were observ
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construction during the rainy seaso
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Figure 8.3: Degraded agricultural l
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out an assessment of the damage. La
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2005). The results from these studi
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Table 8.23: Responsibility for Slop
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This study, therefore, realises tha
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wanted the NGOs/Government to rehab
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difficult and also reduces the area
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8.17.1.4 Government Policy The majo
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noise from drums. These spirits are
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CHAPTER NINE ANALYSIS OF LANDSLIDE
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true for the entire East Africa reg
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This explains why the majority of l
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damage from landslides. In areas wh
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embankments may result in a build u
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continued destruction of the vegeta
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Furthermore, future research should
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esults have been encouraging (Mikke
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landslides. Gender perceptions towa
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The destruction of vegetation in al
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stabilisation can also be achieved
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knowledge on landslides in Malawi a
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Badshah, A.: 1994, The Mega-Cities;
Page 237 and 238:
Briggs, J. Badri, M. and Mekki, M.:
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Cooke, R.U and Doornkamp, J.C.: 199
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Fairhead, J. and Scoones, I.: 2005,
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Harlford, S. and Leonard, P.: 2001,
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Jibson, R.W. and Keefer, D.K.: 1968
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Ludman, A. and Koch, N.I.: 1982, Ph
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Mwafongo, K.W.M.: 1996, Rural Devel
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Pitty, A.F.: 1984, Geography and So
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Tsukamoto, Y. and Kusakabe, O.: 198
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Yamamuro, J.A and Lade, P.V.: 1998,
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v = volume of slope material involv
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APPENDIX 3: HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
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5. Are you employed? Yes (proceed t
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15. What are the traditional belief
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26. Which crops were affected by th
Page 267 and 268:
36. What was the most important for
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APPENDIX 4: DISTRICT COMMISSIONERS,
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13 How long does it take for inform
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6. How far have you gone with lands
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APPENDIX 6: MULTIPLE COMPARISON TES
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Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
APPENDIX 9: TESTS FOR THE EQUALITY
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Hydraulic conductivity cm/hr (>100
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Litowo 8 Pit 9 0615288 8819034 1445
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Mvai 2 Pit 8 0675274 8355428 1379 M
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RAINFALL DATA FOR MVAI/LIVILIVI FRO
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PIT 3 LUT 3 0-100 69..80 34.31 35.4
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KASFOR PIT 1 KASFOR >100 43.06 30.9
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PIT 4 CHIKWE 0-100 81.42 43.45 37.9
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PIT 5 MVAI 1 0-100 51.99 36.07 15.9
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NTCHEU FIELD DATA APPENDIX 15: RESU
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Mchenje 167 130 5.7 4.1 Shallow ro
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CHIWETA U1-11 Dsh (mm) Dbh (mm) H (
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AVERAGE 125 93 5.5 3.6 LITOWO 1a-3
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LITOWO 7a-u Dsh (mm) Dbh (mm) Mnthu
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Mnthunu 50 Chi 1l 0615438 8819106 1
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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LANDSLIDES AND GEOHAZARD ...

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