Regeneration of fire degraded peatswamp forest in Berbak National ...

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5.4.4. Basal area.......................................................................................................................42 5.4.5. Principal Correspondence Analysis (PCA) in CANOCO ...............................................43 5.4.6. Determination of vegetation types based on species composition and forest structure..47 5.4.7. Description of vegetation types.......................................................................................48 5.5. REGENERATION....................................................................................................................55 5.5.1. Swamp forest regeneration: A hypothetical sequence of succession. .............................55 5.5.2. Stimulators to successful regeneration ...........................................................................59 5.5.3. Inhibitors to successful regeneration..............................................................................61 5.6. CONDITIONS OF THE PARK ...................................................................................................62 5.6.1. Illegal activities ..............................................................................................................62 5.6.2. Animal observations .......................................................................................................65 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION.........................................................................................69 6.1. CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................69 6.2. DISCUSSION .........................................................................................................................72 7. IMPLEMENTATION OF RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..................................74 7.1. IMPLEMENTATION OF RESULTS IN REFORESTATION SCHEMES...............................................74 7.1.1. Site selection...................................................................................................................74 7.1.2. Selection of species.........................................................................................................77 7.2. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REHABILITATION PROGRAMMES...................................................79 8. REFERENCES............................................................................................................................80 9. ANNEXES ...................................................................................................................................83
Regeneration of fire degraded peatswamp forest in Berbak National Park and implementation in replanting programmes Preface This study comprises our major thesis and is part of our MSc Biology (specialisation Ecology) studies at Wageningen University, The Netherlands. From November 2003 to June 2004 we spent many hours studying peatswamp forest ecology in general and peatswamp forest post-fire regeneration in particular, both in The Netherlands and in Indonesia. In total more than six weeks were spent in Berbak National Park, for acquisition of field data on flora, fauna and abiotic factors. There we soon discovered why so few scientists have ventured into peatswamp forest until now. We had to deal with hazardous ants, angry bees, dozens of snakes, obstructed rivers and strangling fern vegetation. We had to wade or swim through floodplains in search of suitable research locations and spent the night in mosquito infested camps. There we discovered the warmth and friendliness of local fishermen and the people that accompanied us on the trips. We found the beauty and richness of the peatswamp forest that has not yet been affected by the forest fires and experienced the enormous value of this National Park for flora, fauna and local communities. But we also encountered the activities that strongly threaten the parks integrity; the many loggers that deteriorate the park at a terrifying rate, the unsustainable harvest of non timber forest products and poaching of birds and reptiles. The ongoing drainage of farmland and forest concession areas that strongly influence Air Hitam Laut’s complete catchment area. And of course the outbreak of forest fires, that already degraded more than ten percent of the park. These activities destroy Berbak at an alarming rate and if they are not stopped on a very short term, Berbak will be lost for future generations. Tigers, rhino’s and white-winged ducks will disappear together with a complete ecosystem as already happened in other parts of Sumatra’s coastal plain. Still however there remains hope. More and more people recognise the enormous value of peatswamp forests for both communities and nature. They work together to promote sustainable management and are prepared to battle illegal logging and outbreak of wild fires. Ongoing research clarifies patterns in socio-economy, hydrology and ecology in and around peatswamp forests. Information continues to be collected, both from the safe surroundings of a computer desk and submerged in the centre of a flooded peatswamp forest. This report is meant to make a small contribution to the understanding of the ecology of fire-degraded peatswamp forests and it will hopefully help to save Indonesia’s peatswamp forests for future generations. Wageningen, The Netherlands, July 2004, Pieter Leenman (Pieter.Leenman@WUR.nl) Pieter van Eijk (Pieter.Vaneijk@WUR.nl) I
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