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Security Sector Governance: Turkey and Europe - DCAF

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kolluk aç›s›ndan sak›ncal› sonuçlar<br />

yaratabilir. Özellikle demokrasiye geçifl<br />

sürecini yaflayan ülkelerde, demokratik<br />

kollu¤un yeflerebilmesi ve yerleflebilmesi<br />

demilitarizasyon politikalar›n›n baflar›s›na<br />

ba¤l›d›r.<br />

Sonuç yerine: “Birey-eksenli”<br />

Güvenlik Anlay›fl›na Do¤ru<br />

Güvenlik alan›nda “devlet-merkezli”<br />

güvenlik anlay›fl›ndan “yurttafl-merkezli”<br />

güvenlik anlay›fl›na geçifl önemli bir süreçtir.<br />

Ancak bu süreç, do¤rusal bir çizgiyi takip<br />

etmekten ziyade, bir sarkac›n sal›n›m›na<br />

benzemektedir. 9/11 olaylar›ndan sonra<br />

sarkaç “devlet-merkezli” güvenli¤e do¤ru<br />

yönelmifltir. Korku dönemlerinin afl›lmas›yla<br />

birlikte, “devlet-merkezli” güvenlikten<br />

“yurttafl-eksenli” güvenli¤e do¤ru bir de¤iflim<br />

söz konusu olabilir. Bu noktada, de¤iflimin<br />

yönü olarak gösterilen “yurttafl-merkezli”<br />

güvenlik anlay›fl›n›n, insan haklar›<br />

bak›m›ndan eksikli¤ine dikkat çekmek<br />

gerekiyor. Yurttafll›k, devletle ba¤› ifade eden<br />

bir kavramd›r. Bu anlamda, devlet-odakl› bir<br />

güvenlik anlay›fl›n›n farkl› kavramlarla<br />

yeniden üretilmesi riski vard›r. Oysa, insan<br />

haklar›n›n öznesi “yurttafl” de¤il, “birey”dir.<br />

Bu nedenle, de¤iflimin yönü “devlet-eksenli”<br />

anlay›fltan, “birey-eksenli” bir güvenlik<br />

anlay›fl›na do¤ru olmal›d›r. Bu sadece basit<br />

bir terminoloji farkl›l›¤› de¤ildir.<br />

Uygulamada haklar bak›m›ndan son derece<br />

önemli etkileri olan bir farkl›l›¤› ifade<br />

etmektedir. Örne¤in 11 Eylül sonras›<br />

dönemde “yurttafl olmayan”lar›n haklar›,<br />

“yurttafl”lara oranla daha fazla ihlal<br />

edilmifltir. ABD Baflkan› taraf›ndan “düflman<br />

savaflç›” olarak ilan edilenler “vat<strong>and</strong>afl”<br />

olmayanlard›r. Ayr›ca, ABD’de mahkemeler,<br />

vat<strong>and</strong>afl olmayanlar›n itirazlar›n› dikkate<br />

bile almam›fllard›r. Özellikle kriz<br />

zamanlar›nda, yabanc›lar›n haklar›n›n daha<br />

fazla ihlal edildi¤i, vat<strong>and</strong>afl olanlar›n da<br />

kendileri d›fl›ndakilere yönelik bu ihlalleri<br />

“anlay›fl”la karfl›lad›¤› tarihi bir gerçektir.<br />

Ancak, unutulmamal› ki, terörle mücadele<br />

sürecinde uzun vadede sadece yabanc›lar›n<br />

de¤il, yabanc› olmayanlar›n hak ve<br />

indicated as the direction of change, needs to<br />

be emphasized. Citizenship is a concept that<br />

implies ties to the state. In this sense, there is<br />

a risk of the production of a state-centered<br />

security approach with different concepts.<br />

However, the subject of human rights is not<br />

the “citizen” but the “individual.” Therefore,<br />

the direction of change should be from the<br />

“state-centered” approach to the “individualcentered”<br />

one. This is not a simple difference<br />

in terminology. Rather it implies a difference<br />

that has very important consequences in<br />

practice, as far as rights are concerned. For<br />

example, in the post-9/11 era, the rights of<br />

“non-citizens” have been violated more than<br />

the rights of “citizens.” Those who were<br />

declared “enemy combatant” by the US<br />

President were those who were not “citizens.”<br />

Also, in the United States, courts did not even<br />

take into consideration the appeals made by<br />

non-citizens. It is a historical fact that in<br />

times of crisis, foreigners’ rights are violated<br />

to a greater extent <strong>and</strong> that those who are<br />

indeed citizens are more “underst<strong>and</strong>ing”<br />

towards these violations directed at the<br />

others. However, we should keep in mind<br />

that in the process of fighting terrorism, not<br />

only the rights of foreigners, but also those of<br />

the natives are at stake in the long run. 29<br />

Therefore, the direction of change in the<br />

security sector should be “individualcentered,”<br />

encompassing citizens <strong>and</strong> noncitizens.<br />

The preservation of the balance between<br />

security <strong>and</strong> freedoms, i.e. not sacrificing<br />

rights <strong>and</strong> liberties to security, is possible by<br />

ab<strong>and</strong>oning confrontational policies on<br />

national <strong>and</strong> global scales. The other<br />

approach, which is based on the separation of<br />

friend <strong>and</strong> foe <strong>and</strong> the constant generation of<br />

“others,” makes war <strong>and</strong> conflict global <strong>and</strong><br />

constant. But politics is not just a fight for<br />

power. Politics is also the art of making<br />

differences co-exist in harmony <strong>and</strong> peace.<br />

The perception of politics as a conciliatory<br />

way of sustaining peace with different tools<br />

29 Cole, 2002/2003.<br />

41

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