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Fig. 4: Characterisation of common weed species according to their biodiversity value and potential crop yield loss. Competitive index (weed plants m -2 reducing wheat yield by 5%, log scale) 1 10 100 The value for biodiversity is estimated by the number of insect species associated to the weed species in the UK, the potential crop yield loss is estimated by the density of weed plants per square meter reducing wheat yield by 5%. The raw data of this figure were taken from publications of Marshall et al. (2003) and Storkey (2006). See Annexe 3 for weed species codes. “bad” weeds AVEFA PAPRH ALOMY MYOAR GERDI VERPE FUMOF ANGAR VIOAR MATCH POLPE CAPBP LAMPU CERVU GALAP MATIN CHEAL SONOL 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Biodiversity value (number of insect species associated) Beyond this simple characterization of weed species based on these two criteria, Storkey (2006) used multivariate techniques to classify weed species into six ‘functional groups’ according to several morphological, physiological and phenological plant traits. He identified two groups of ‘beneficial’ weed species that combined a relatively low competitive ability with a high importance for invertebrates and birds. One strategy for reconciling farming and biodiversity would thus be to selectively suppress the most harmful weed species while conserving species that combine high ‘values’ for biodiversity and least threat for crop production. First of all, this approach would need to establish knowledge both about (i) the harmfulness of each weed species to crops including 13 SINAR SENVU CIRAR POAAN POLAV “good” weeds STEME
competitive yield loss (Cousens, 1985; Caussanel, 1989) and (ii) about the values of the different species for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, which is a rather recent research area (Gerowitt et al., 2003; Marshall et al., 2003; Holland et al., 2006; Storkey, 2006). However, both the harmfulness and the biodiversity values of weed species might differ between crops and regions and detailed knowledge is often lacking. The classification of weed species into more ‘beneficial’ and ‘harmful’ groups by Storkey (2006) are based on British data, classifications in other regions might differ. Moreover, indicators for biodiversity such as the number of associated insect species and the value of weed species for granivorous birds might underestimate the value of e.g., rare weed species supporting endemic animals with very specific diets or habitat requirements or still unknown ecosystem functions and potential human uses. Second, strategies based on the distinct management of the most ‘harmful’ and the most ‘valuable’ weed species would require techniques that are able to selectively control the harmful species. Last but not least, it would need training of farmers and consultants to make them agree with the idea of ‘protecting’ a list of weed species in their own fields, whereas their current practices mostly aim at suppressing all wild species. A.III.5 Favouring weed seed predation One rather new approach to alleviate the ‘weeds trade-off’ may be the promotion of weed seed predation, e.g. the consumption of weed seeds by animals, which might alleviate the three problems of agriculture linked to weeds and thus create a ‘win-win-win situation’ (Table 2): Table 2: Conceptual overview showing the central role of weeds in three big challenges of modern agriculture and the potential contribution of weed seed predation to solve these three ‘weed problems’. A) Challenges B) Roles and C) Potentials of of modern agriculture conflicts of weeds weed seed predation 1) Loss of biodiversity in farmlands must be stopped (functions, heritage,…) 2) Consumption of inputs must be reduced (pollution, natural resources, capital) 3) Agricultural production must be increased or stabilized (increasing demand) 1) weed diversity loss, animal diversity loss,… 2) herbicides massively used for weed control 3) weed control needed to prohibit crop yield loss (competition, contamination) 14 Energy for food chains (biodiversity) Reduction of weed seed densities (preventive weed control, economy of herbicides)
Page 1 and 2: Diversifying crop rotations with te
Page 3 and 4: In Chizé, I am indebted to all the
Page 5 and 6: Talks . ...........................
Page 7 and 8: C.II.4.1 Differences between crop t
Page 9 and 10: INDEX OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Population
Page 11 and 12: ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN
Page 13 and 14: Extended summary in English Résum
Page 15 and 16: Extended summary in English Résum
Page 17 and 18: CONTEXT AND FUNDING This thesis is
Page 19 and 20: THESIS ORGANISATION This thesis ent
Page 21 and 22: 8) Meiss, H., Lagadec, L. L., Munie
Page 23 and 24: Posters . 1) Meiss, H., Waldhardt,
Page 25 and 26: 2007). Agriculture is increasingly
Page 27 and 28: term considerations (Munier-Jolain
Page 29 and 30: problematic for the production of d
Page 31 and 32: Newton, 2004). Several bird species
Page 33 and 34: A.III APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE THE
Page 35: and higher production costs or even
Page 39 and 40: 2006; Makowski et al., 2007). Moreo
Page 41 and 42: Table 3: Four strategies for combin
Page 43 and 44: otations is thus an obvious approac
Page 45 and 46: iv) the availability of cheap and e
Page 47 and 48: Clay & Aguilar (1998) compared the
Page 49 and 50: Heggenstaller & Liebman (2006) comp
Page 51 and 52: growth of any (crop or weed) plant
Page 53 and 54: A.V DIVERSIFIED CROPPING SYSTEM CON
Page 55 and 56: crops will thus probably show rathe
Page 57 and 58: annual crops while increasing organ
Page 59 and 60: • Which species are suppressed, w
Page 61 and 62: B OVERWIEW OF THE MATERIALS & METHO
Page 63 and 64: A) France B) Study site ~1000 km Pe
Page 65 and 66: perennial crops with different mana
Page 67 and 68: B.III.2.4 Cutting height In 2008, t
Page 69 and 70: B.IV.3 Design of the seed predation
Page 71 and 72: Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30 (2010) 657-
Page 73 and 74: Contrasting weed species compositio
Page 79 and 80: Mean frequency in perennial lucerne
Page 81 and 82: C.I.2 Article 2: Meiss, H., Médiè
Page 83 and 84: 332 H Meiss et al. communities (Boo
Page 85 and 86: 334 H Meiss et al. functional group
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336 H Meiss et al. Table 3 Indicato
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338 H Meiss et al. Relative frequen
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340 H Meiss et al. MEISS H, MUNIER-
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perennial crop treatments, differen
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PFCs might inhibit the successful g
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during winter), T10 without soil ti
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The viability and germination abili
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Table 8: Organic carbon and total n
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The development of weed species ric
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C.II.3.1.2 Dynamics of weed communi
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C.II.3.1.3 Dynamics of individual w
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Time Fig. 14: Temporal development
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At the end of the experiment in spr
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Difference sown - unsown (plants m
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Cumulated BM production (g m -2 ) 1
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Weed biomass (g m -2 ) 500 400 300
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Table 12: Factors differing between
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However, some differences in densit
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Table 13: Mechanisms causing the im
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2007 and 2008, while big numbers of
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• Weed biomasses decreased in sum
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Our results show that different mec
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including exotic species (Palmer an
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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irradiation,…), and (ii) biotic i
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Table I: Species included in the ex
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Fig. 2: Mean biomass (harvestable d
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When both treatments were combined,
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C.IV WEED SEED PREDATION C.IV.1 Art
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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produites restent à la surface du
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Tableau 1 : Liste des espèces adve
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Insectes prédateurs Les principaux
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C.IV.3 Article 8: Meiss, H., Lagade
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Table 1 Studies investigating the i
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Table 2 Overview showing (i) mean s
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higher weed seed losses (e.g., Mena
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D GENERAL DISCUSSION Data from weed
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The first two limits could be addre
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composition that may be compared to
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Frequency in field experiment (Epoi
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crops (Clay and Aguilar, 1998; Card
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Such diversified crop rotations cou
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the leaves (needed for photosynthes
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field margin strips (compare Articl
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1) The absence of soil tillage and
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D.III.2 Predicting weed regrowth af
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Future studies must determine the s
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(illustrated in Fig. 24). Later, re
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D.III.3 Factors determining weed se
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governing the presence and abundanc
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natural conditions, weed species po
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This PhD research project documente
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area needed for crop production. Gl
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seed characteristics, tillage and s
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Fried G., S. Petit, F. Dessaint, X.
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at the Eastern base of the Meissner
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Lindegarth M., L. Gamfeldt. (2005)
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Murphy S.D., D.R. Clements, S. Bela
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affected by experimental substrate.
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Vincent G., M. Ahmim. (1985) Note o
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ANNEXES ANNEXE 1: KEY WORDS IN ENGL
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genetically modified crop varieties
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ANNEXE 3: WEED SPECIES OF THE LARGE
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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ERKLÄRUNG (DECLARATION FOR THE GIE
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