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D.II.5 Seed predation (D) ...................................................................................... 165 D.II.6 Overview of the underlying mechanisms .................................................... 167 D.III PERSPECTIVES: PREDICTING THE IMPACTS OF PFCS ........................................ 168 D.III.1 Mechanistic models ..................................................................................... 168 D.III.2 Predicting weed regrowth after cutting ....................................................... 170 D.III.3 Factors determining weed seed predation ................................................... 176 D.IV GENERAL CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 178 E CITED REFERECES .................................................................................................... 183 ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................. 200 ANNEXE 1: KEY WORDS IN ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN ........................................... 200 ANNEXE 2: WHAT IS A WEED? ......................................................................................... 201 ANNEXE 3: WEED SPECIES OF THE LARGE-SCALE SURVEYS .......................................... 204 ERKLÄRUNG (DECLARATION FOR THE GIESSEN UNIVERSITY) ...................................... 210 INDEX OF TABLES Table 1: Contribution of the author to the research articles and manuscripts. ................................................... xxi Table 2: Conceptual overview showing the central role of weeds in three big challenges of modern agriculture and the potential contribution of weed seed predation to solve these three ‘weed problems’. .............................................................................................................................................. 14 Table 3: Four strategies for combining agricultural production and biodiversity conservation. ......................... 18 Table 4: Characteristics of annual crops and PFCs with possible impacts on weeds. ......................................... 28 Table 5: Overview of expected impacts of the proposed modified cropping system. ......................................... 31 Table 6: Characteristics of nine crop treatments (T2-T11). ................................................................................ 74 Table 7: Weed species sown on the experimental plots. ..................................................................................... 75 Table 8: Organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations in two soil layers 7 weeks after the beginning of the experiment and after two years. ....................................................................................................... 78 Table 9: Pairwise multivariate comparisons of emerged weed communities between 9 crop treatments for all survey dates during 2.5 years using the pairwise Multiple Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP). 83 Table 10: Indicator Species Analysis of emerged weed communities in 9 crop treatments at the end of the experiment in spring 2009. .................................................................................................................... 88 Table 11: Summary of results for five crop treatment comparisons (detailed in previous Figures and Tables). 95 Table 12: Factors differing between five crop treatment comparisons (as in). ................................................... 96 Table 13: Mechanisms causing the impacts of perennial forage crops (PFCs) on weeds. ................................ 100 Table 14: Weed species of the large-scale surveys (Chizé). ............................................................................. 204 viii
INDEX OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Population trends of common bird species in Europe. ............................................................................... 7 Fig. 2: Relation between weed seed density and skylark (Alauda arvensis) density in winter (Norfolk, UK). ..... 8 Fig. 3: Published estimations of superficial weed seed densities in arable soils during the 20th century. ............ 9 Fig. 4: Characterisation of common weed species according to their biodiversity value and potential crop yield loss. ............................................................................................................................................... 13 Fig. 5: Comparison of strategies for combining agricultural production and biodiversity conservation. ............ 17 Fig. 6: Simplified illustration of the trade-off between farming (crop yield), environmental protection and biodiversity conservation. ...................................................................................................................... 20 Fig. 7: Illustration of the modified cropping system (upper part) and hypothetical population dynamics of different weed species (lower part). ....................................................................................................... 32 Fig. 8: Structure of the research project showing 4 empirical approaches. ......................................................... 36 Fig. 9: A) Geographic position of the study region in western France, B) map of crops grown at the study site in 2008, C) the ‘star’ configuration of the 32 vegetation relevés in each field centre, D) temporal development of the principal crops on the study region from 1995 to 2008. ......................................... 40 Fig. 10: A) Spatial set up of the 36 experimental plots (9 crop treatments * 4 repetitions) on an experimental field with 6*9=54 plots. B) Localisation of plant density and biomass measurements on the 6 microplots of each plot. ................................................................................................................................... 77 Fig. 11: Spatial heterogeneities of organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations in the soil of the experimental field in October 2006 and November 2008. ..................................................................... 78 Fig. 12: Development of emerged weed densities (plants per m 2 ) (A), emerged weed species richnesses (B), and richness/abundance ratios (C) in nine crop treatments. ................................................................... 81 Fig. 13: Temporal development of emerged weed densities (plants per m 2 ) in six perennial crop treatments (T2-T8, upper part) and three successions of annual crops (T9-T11, lower part, plotted with two scales). ................................................................................................................................................... 85 Fig. 14: Temporal development of emerged plant densities of 19 major weed species in nine crop treatments. 86 Fig. 15: Relation between weed sowing density and field emergence densities of 17 weed species. .................. 89 Fig. 16: Effect of weed seed addition on plant density of 16 weed species during the 2-years experiment. ....... 90 Fig. 17: Cumulated crop and weed biomass production in 2007 and 2008 in different crop treatments. ............ 92 Fig. 18: Temporal development of crop and weed biomass in perennial and annual crop treatments. ................ 93 Fig. 19: Relation between crop and weed biomass at five observation dates in 2007 (A) and 2008 (B). ............ 94 Fig. 20: Life cycle of annual and perennial weeds. ............................................................................................. 99 Fig. 21: Comparison of relative weed species frequencies in annual and perennial crops in the large-scale weed surveys (Chizé) and the field experiment (Epoisses). ................................................................. 158 Fig. 22: Comparison of weed seed predation rates of the 2007 and 2008 experiments (cf. Article 6 and 8). .... 166 Fig. 23: Possible relations between the plant age and the plant’s regrowth ability after cutting determined by the ‘quantity of carbohydrate resources that can be remobilized for regrowth’ (B) [g d°day -1 ]. ......... 172 Fig. 24: Daily aboveground biomass increase (ΔBMj) before and after a partial destruction of the photosynthetically active plant organs (cutting). ................................................................................. 174 Fig. 25: Overview of factors determining post-dispersal weed seed predation. ................................................ 177 Fig. 26: Weed species frequency distribution in the large-scale weed surveys (Chizé). ................................... 209 ix
Page 1 and 2: Diversifying crop rotations with te
Page 3 and 4: In Chizé, I am indebted to all the
Page 5 and 6: Talks . ...........................
Page 7: C.II.4.1 Differences between crop t
Page 11 and 12: ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN
Page 13 and 14: Extended summary in English Résum
Page 15 and 16: Extended summary in English Résum
Page 17 and 18: CONTEXT AND FUNDING This thesis is
Page 19 and 20: THESIS ORGANISATION This thesis ent
Page 21 and 22: 8) Meiss, H., Lagadec, L. L., Munie
Page 23 and 24: Posters . 1) Meiss, H., Waldhardt,
Page 25 and 26: 2007). Agriculture is increasingly
Page 27 and 28: term considerations (Munier-Jolain
Page 29 and 30: problematic for the production of d
Page 31 and 32: Newton, 2004). Several bird species
Page 33 and 34: A.III APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE THE
Page 35 and 36: and higher production costs or even
Page 37 and 38: competitive yield loss (Cousens, 19
Page 39 and 40: 2006; Makowski et al., 2007). Moreo
Page 41 and 42: Table 3: Four strategies for combin
Page 43 and 44: otations is thus an obvious approac
Page 45 and 46: iv) the availability of cheap and e
Page 47 and 48: Clay & Aguilar (1998) compared the
Page 49 and 50: Heggenstaller & Liebman (2006) comp
Page 51 and 52: growth of any (crop or weed) plant
Page 53 and 54: A.V DIVERSIFIED CROPPING SYSTEM CON
Page 55 and 56: crops will thus probably show rathe
Page 57 and 58: annual crops while increasing organ
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• Which species are suppressed, w
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B OVERWIEW OF THE MATERIALS & METHO
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A) France B) Study site ~1000 km Pe
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perennial crops with different mana
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B.III.2.4 Cutting height In 2008, t
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B.IV.3 Design of the seed predation
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Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30 (2010) 657-
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Contrasting weed species compositio
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Mean frequency in perennial lucerne
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C.I.2 Article 2: Meiss, H., Médiè
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332 H Meiss et al. communities (Boo
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334 H Meiss et al. functional group
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336 H Meiss et al. Table 3 Indicato
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338 H Meiss et al. Relative frequen
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340 H Meiss et al. MEISS H, MUNIER-
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perennial crop treatments, differen
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PFCs might inhibit the successful g
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during winter), T10 without soil ti
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The viability and germination abili
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Table 8: Organic carbon and total n
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The development of weed species ric
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C.II.3.1.2 Dynamics of weed communi
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C.II.3.1.3 Dynamics of individual w
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Time Fig. 14: Temporal development
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At the end of the experiment in spr
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Difference sown - unsown (plants m
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Cumulated BM production (g m -2 ) 1
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Weed biomass (g m -2 ) 500 400 300
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Table 12: Factors differing between
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However, some differences in densit
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Table 13: Mechanisms causing the im
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2007 and 2008, while big numbers of
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• Weed biomasses decreased in sum
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Our results show that different mec
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including exotic species (Palmer an
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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irradiation,…), and (ii) biotic i
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Table I: Species included in the ex
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Fig. 2: Mean biomass (harvestable d
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When both treatments were combined,
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C.IV WEED SEED PREDATION C.IV.1 Art
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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produites restent à la surface du
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Tableau 1 : Liste des espèces adve
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Insectes prédateurs Les principaux
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C.IV.3 Article 8: Meiss, H., Lagade
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Table 1 Studies investigating the i
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Table 2 Overview showing (i) mean s
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higher weed seed losses (e.g., Mena
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D GENERAL DISCUSSION Data from weed
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The first two limits could be addre
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composition that may be compared to
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Frequency in field experiment (Epoi
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crops (Clay and Aguilar, 1998; Card
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Such diversified crop rotations cou
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the leaves (needed for photosynthes
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field margin strips (compare Articl
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1) The absence of soil tillage and
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D.III.2 Predicting weed regrowth af
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Future studies must determine the s
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(illustrated in Fig. 24). Later, re
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D.III.3 Factors determining weed se
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governing the presence and abundanc
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natural conditions, weed species po
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This PhD research project documente
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area needed for crop production. Gl
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seed characteristics, tillage and s
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Fried G., S. Petit, F. Dessaint, X.
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at the Eastern base of the Meissner
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Lindegarth M., L. Gamfeldt. (2005)
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Murphy S.D., D.R. Clements, S. Bela
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affected by experimental substrate.
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Vincent G., M. Ahmim. (1985) Note o
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ANNEXES ANNEXE 1: KEY WORDS IN ENGL
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genetically modified crop varieties
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ANNEXE 3: WEED SPECIES OF THE LARGE
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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ERKLÄRUNG (DECLARATION FOR THE GIE
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