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CONTENTS OVERVIEW ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... II CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................ IV ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN) .......................................................... XI CONTEXT AND FUNDING ............................................................................................ XVII THESIS ORGANISATION ................................................................................................ XIX A GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 B OVERWIEW OF THE MATERIALS & METHODS ................................................. 38 C RESULTS (ARTICLES & MANUSCRIPTS) ............................................................... 47 D GENERAL DISCUSSION ............................................................................................. 152 E CITED REFERECES .................................................................................................... 183 ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................. 200 DETAILED CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... II CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................ IV OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................... IV DETAILED CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... IV INDEX OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ VIII INDEX OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. IX ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................... X ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN) .......................................................... XI LONG VERSIONS (ABOUT 1500 WORDS) .............................................................................. XI SHORT VERSIONS (ABOUT 270 WORDS) ........................................................................... XVI CONTEXT AND FUNDING ............................................................................................ XVII THESIS ORGANISATION ................................................................................................ XIX LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ...................................................................................................... XX Articles & manuscripts ................................................................................................. xx iv
Talks . ................................................................................................................... xxii Posters . ................................................................................................................ xxiii A GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 A.I THE CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE A.II THE ‘WEEDS TRADE-OFF’ A.II.1 ............................................... 1 ........................................................................................ 3 Weeds & crop production ............................................................................... 3 A.II.2 Weed control & environment .......................................................................... 4 A.II.3 Weeds & biodiversity ...................................................................................... 6 A.II.4 Summary ......................................................................................................... 9 A.III APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE THE ‘WEED TRADE-OFFS’ A.III.1 ....................................... 10 Overview of the approaches .......................................................................... 10 A.III.2 Integrated Weed Management ...................................................................... 11 A.III.3 Combining high weed diversity with low weed abundance? ........................ 12 A.III.4 ‘Good’ vs. ‘bad’ weeds? ................................................................................ 12 A.III.5 Favouring weed seed predation ..................................................................... 14 A.III.6 Integration or spatial separation of farming and biodiversity? ...................... 15 A.III.7 Temporal separation of farming and biodiversity? ....................................... 16 A.III.8 Crop rotation ................................................................................................. 18 A.III.9 Perennial forage crops (PFCs) ....................................................................... 21 A.IV EXPECTED IMPACTS OF PERENNIAL CROPS ON WEEDS ......................................... 22 A.IV.1 Literature review ........................................................................................... 22 A.IV.1.1 Farmers interview ....................................................................................... 22 A.IV.1.2 Regional weed survey ................................................................................. 23 A.IV.1.3 Field experiments ........................................................................................ 23 A.IV.1.4 Discussion and limits of the reviewed studies ............................................ 26 A.IV.2 Hypothetical mechanisms causing the impacts ............................................. 27 A.V DIVERSIFIED CROPPING SYSTEM CONCEPT A.V.1 ........................................................... 30 Expected impacts on weeds ........................................................................... 31 A.V.2 Expected impacts on biodiversity ................................................................. 33 A.V.3 Expected impacts on the environment ........................................................... 33 A.V.4 Expected impacts on crop production ........................................................... 34 ....................................................................................... 35 A.VI.1 Objectives and questions ............................................................................... 35 A.VI.2 Structure of the thesis .................................................................................... 36 A.VI THE RESEARCH PROJECT B OVERWIEW OF THE MATERIALS & METHODS ................................................. 38 B.I ANALYZING THE IMPACTS OF TEMPORARY GRASSLANDS ON WEED COMMUNITIES: LARGE-SCALE FIELD SURVEYS B.I.1 ..................................................... 38 Rationale ........................................................................................................ 38 B.I.2 Methods in analyzing weed composition and crop rotation histories ........... 38 B.I.3 Statistical analysis ......................................................................................... 40 B.II FIELD EXPERIMENTS ANALYZING THE IMPACTS OF TEMPORARY GRASSLANDS ON WEED POPULATIONS (EPOISSES) ...................................................................... 41 B.II.1 Rationale ........................................................................................................ 41 v
Page 1 and 2: Diversifying crop rotations with te
Page 3: In Chizé, I am indebted to all the
Page 7 and 8: C.II.4.1 Differences between crop t
Page 9 and 10: INDEX OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Population
Page 11 and 12: ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN
Page 13 and 14: Extended summary in English Résum
Page 15 and 16: Extended summary in English Résum
Page 17 and 18: CONTEXT AND FUNDING This thesis is
Page 19 and 20: THESIS ORGANISATION This thesis ent
Page 21 and 22: 8) Meiss, H., Lagadec, L. L., Munie
Page 23 and 24: Posters . 1) Meiss, H., Waldhardt,
Page 25 and 26: 2007). Agriculture is increasingly
Page 27 and 28: term considerations (Munier-Jolain
Page 29 and 30: problematic for the production of d
Page 31 and 32: Newton, 2004). Several bird species
Page 33 and 34: A.III APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE THE
Page 35 and 36: and higher production costs or even
Page 37 and 38: competitive yield loss (Cousens, 19
Page 39 and 40: 2006; Makowski et al., 2007). Moreo
Page 41 and 42: Table 3: Four strategies for combin
Page 43 and 44: otations is thus an obvious approac
Page 45 and 46: iv) the availability of cheap and e
Page 47 and 48: Clay & Aguilar (1998) compared the
Page 49 and 50: Heggenstaller & Liebman (2006) comp
Page 51 and 52: growth of any (crop or weed) plant
Page 53 and 54: A.V DIVERSIFIED CROPPING SYSTEM CON
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crops will thus probably show rathe
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annual crops while increasing organ
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• Which species are suppressed, w
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B OVERWIEW OF THE MATERIALS & METHO
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A) France B) Study site ~1000 km Pe
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perennial crops with different mana
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B.III.2.4 Cutting height In 2008, t
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B.IV.3 Design of the seed predation
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Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30 (2010) 657-
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Contrasting weed species compositio
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Mean frequency in perennial lucerne
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C.I.2 Article 2: Meiss, H., Médiè
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332 H Meiss et al. communities (Boo
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334 H Meiss et al. functional group
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336 H Meiss et al. Table 3 Indicato
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338 H Meiss et al. Relative frequen
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340 H Meiss et al. MEISS H, MUNIER-
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perennial crop treatments, differen
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PFCs might inhibit the successful g
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during winter), T10 without soil ti
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The viability and germination abili
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Table 8: Organic carbon and total n
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The development of weed species ric
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C.II.3.1.2 Dynamics of weed communi
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C.II.3.1.3 Dynamics of individual w
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Time Fig. 14: Temporal development
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At the end of the experiment in spr
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Difference sown - unsown (plants m
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Cumulated BM production (g m -2 ) 1
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Weed biomass (g m -2 ) 500 400 300
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Table 12: Factors differing between
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However, some differences in densit
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Table 13: Mechanisms causing the im
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2007 and 2008, while big numbers of
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• Weed biomasses decreased in sum
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Our results show that different mec
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including exotic species (Palmer an
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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irradiation,…), and (ii) biotic i
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Table I: Species included in the ex
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Fig. 2: Mean biomass (harvestable d
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When both treatments were combined,
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C.IV WEED SEED PREDATION C.IV.1 Art
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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produites restent à la surface du
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Tableau 1 : Liste des espèces adve
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Insectes prédateurs Les principaux
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C.IV.3 Article 8: Meiss, H., Lagade
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Table 1 Studies investigating the i
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Table 2 Overview showing (i) mean s
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higher weed seed losses (e.g., Mena
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D GENERAL DISCUSSION Data from weed
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The first two limits could be addre
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composition that may be compared to
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Frequency in field experiment (Epoi
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crops (Clay and Aguilar, 1998; Card
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Such diversified crop rotations cou
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the leaves (needed for photosynthes
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field margin strips (compare Articl
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1) The absence of soil tillage and
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D.III.2 Predicting weed regrowth af
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Future studies must determine the s
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(illustrated in Fig. 24). Later, re
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D.III.3 Factors determining weed se
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governing the presence and abundanc
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natural conditions, weed species po
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This PhD research project documente
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area needed for crop production. Gl
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seed characteristics, tillage and s
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Fried G., S. Petit, F. Dessaint, X.
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at the Eastern base of the Meissner
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Lindegarth M., L. Gamfeldt. (2005)
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Murphy S.D., D.R. Clements, S. Bela
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affected by experimental substrate.
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Vincent G., M. Ahmim. (1985) Note o
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ANNEXES ANNEXE 1: KEY WORDS IN ENGL
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genetically modified crop varieties
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ANNEXE 3: WEED SPECIES OF THE LARGE
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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ERKLÄRUNG (DECLARATION FOR THE GIE
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