Quantifying the Air Pollution Exposure Consequences of - Houston ...

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Table 9. Characteristics of the small-scale, hypothetical DG technologies. Technology Technology Class Efficiency Typical Capacity Range Diesel ICE Pre-2003 44% 0.03 – 5 MW NG ICE Pre-2003 35% 0.05 – 5 MW NG Turbine Pre-2003 28% 1 – 500 MW Microturbine Low- Post-2003 24% 0.03 – 0.35 MW Temperature Fuel Cell Post-2007 36% 0.01 – 2 MW Data sources: Samuelsen et al. , 2003 and Energy Nexus Group, 2002. 28
Natural Gas Internal Combustion Engine Microturbine Diesel Internal Combustion Engine Fuel Cell Figure 7. Photographs of four small-scale, hypothetical DG technologies. (Sources: Cummins Power Generation, 2004 (NG ICE); Capstone Turbine Corporation, 2002 (microturbine); Detroit Diesel Corporation, 2003 (diesel ICE); Ballard Power Systems, 2002 (fuel cell).) 29
Page 1 and 2: Energy Development and Technology 0
Page 3: QUANTIFYING THE AIR POLLUTION EXPOS
Page 6 and 7: III.B Intake-to-Generation Ratio Re
Page 8 and 9: Figures Figure 1. Percentage of tot
Page 10 and 11: Figure 39. Interquartile box plots
Page 12 and 13: Table 25. Multiplicative factors to
Page 15 and 16: I. Introduction Electricity generat
Page 17 and 18: Table 1. Selected 2000 emission inv
Page 19 and 20: Parallel with this change have been
Page 21 and 22: 7 Table 3. Efficiencies and emissio
Page 23 and 24: other measures (Kyle et al., 2001).
Page 25 and 26: considering DG technologies and by
Page 27 and 28: production in 1999 in eGRID (i.e.,
Page 29 and 30: Table 4. Summary of the “existing
Page 31 and 32: Table 5. Summary of the hypothetica
Page 33 and 34: Marina Landfill Pebbly Beach Salina
Page 35 and 36: 21 Table 6. Characteristics relevan
Page 37 and 38: 23 Footnotes for Table 6 Data sourc
Page 39 and 40: 25 Table 8. Characteristics relevan
Page 41: San Francisco San Jose Los Angeles
Page 45 and 46: II.C Modeling Tools and Input Data
Page 47 and 48: density within the modeling domain.
Page 49 and 50: obstacles when released from small
Page 51 and 52: II.C.2 Meteorological Parameters Se
Page 53 and 54: Where possible, we used NREL’s TM
Page 55 and 56: Surface Station + RADIOSONDE STATIO
Page 57 and 58: Mixing Height (m) 0 1,000 2,000 3,0
Page 59 and 60: Mixing Height (m) 0 200 400 600 800
Page 61 and 62: II.C.2.c Atmospheric Stability Clas
Page 63 and 64: The US Census designates Urbanized
Page 65 and 66: 51 Table 12. Modeling designations,
Page 67 and 68: 53 Table 12. con’t eGRID Name Duk
Page 69 and 70: 55 Table 14. Modeling designations,
Page 71 and 72: Table 16. Modeling designations, em
Page 73 and 74: the same source. 21 When available,
Page 75 and 76: For each existing unit, emissions o
Page 77 and 78: The comparisons between case types
Page 79 and 80: generation technologies that we do
Page 81 and 82: Emission Factor (mg HCHO emitted /
Page 83 and 84: BACT Existing Central Station post-
Page 85 and 86: II.C.5 Pollutant Data Two pollutant
Page 87 and 88: II.D Modeled Parameters II.D.1 Inta
Page 89 and 90: from 0 km to 100 km in the x-direct
Page 91 and 92: III. Results and Discussion Differe
Page 93 and 94:
Annual-Average Intake Fraction (per
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
III.A.1.b Hypothetical DG Cases Fig
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
III.A.2 Results for Decaying Pollut
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Table 19. Comparison of present res
Page 113 and 114:
III.B Intake-to-Generation Ratio Re
Page 115 and 116:
Annual-Average IGR (mg PM2.5 / MWh
Page 117 and 118:
Annual-Average IGR (mg PM2.5 / MWh
Page 119 and 120:
III.B.2 IGRs for Small-Scale DG Tec
Page 121 and 122:
Central Stations HypDG at City Hall
Page 123 and 124:
Dow ntow n DG equal to BACT at CS C
Page 125 and 126:
III.D Summary of Results The intake
Page 127 and 128:
Intake-to-Generation Ratio (mg/kWh
Page 129 and 130:
Table 22. Summary of results for th
Page 131 and 132:
Table 24. Summary of results for mi
Page 133 and 134:
IV. Conclusions Political and marke
Page 135 and 136:
modeling approach to achieve signif
Page 137 and 138:
VI. Acknowledgements Julian Marshal
Page 139 and 140:
http://www.arb.ca.gov/app/emsinv/em
Page 141 and 142:
EPA. 2000a. Compilation of Air Poll
Page 143 and 144:
INEGI. 2004. Twelfth General Census
Page 145 and 146:
Venkatram A, Upadhyay J, Yuan J, He
Page 147 and 148:
criteria pollutant air pollutant wh
Page 149 and 150:
inhalation exposure average polluta
Page 151 and 152:
secondary pollutant air contaminant
Page 153 and 154:
P population density (people m -2 )
Page 155 and 156:
2. Measured or modeled solar radiat
Page 157 and 158:
data, which were already deemed typ
Page 159 and 160:
A.2.1.4 Modifications Made to Radio
Page 161 and 162:
A.2.2.3 Maximum Missing Span Each t
Page 163 and 164:
A.3 Results This section contains t
Page 165 and 166:
Sacramento (WBAN 23232) Radiosonde
Page 167 and 168:
Arcata_Medford (WBAN 24283) Radioso
Page 169 and 170:
Santa Maria (WBAN 23273) Radiosonde
Page 171 and 172:
FSL/NCDC. 1997. Radiosonde CD Data
Page 173 and 174:
B.1.1 Buoyant Rise For F < 55 m 4 s
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