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ACARINA (14) European red mite-Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Tetranychidae) P. ulm; has been present in Canada for many years but did not become an important fruit pest until DDT was used extensively after 1945. In 1949 a colony of 14 adults of Adalia bipunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was released in Ontario, and 73 adult Stethorus punctillum (Wse.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Nova Scotia. They were obtained from Switzerland during a period when large numbers of miscellaneous species of parasites and predators were being shipped to Canada. Though both predators were prescnt in Canada, the colonies were released in fruit orchards in Ontario and Nova Scotia. Other predators were received from Switzerland including several species of Coccinellidae, Pentatomidae, Neuroptera, Reduviidae, Miridae, Lygaeidae and Dermaptera but because nothing was known about their habits none of them were released. HOMOPTERA (15) Woolly apple aphid-Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.) (Aphididae) E. lanigerum is a native of North America that has become a pest in most apple growing areas in the world. Its attacks result in malformed trees and smutted fruit but more important is the fact that its feeding is associated with the development of the serious fungus, perennial canker. The fungal organism develops only in tissue that has been fed upon by woolly aphids. E. lanigerum has a complicated life history. The winter eggs are deposited on elm or other secondary host plants and two generations are usually passed on the winter host. The third generation becomes winged and migrates to apple trees where three or more generations are passed before the winged, oviparous, generation migrates in the fall to oviposit on the overwintering host plant. Aphelinus mali (Hald.) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is the most important parasite of E.lanigerum. It has been introduced into the apple-growing areas of 50 countries or geographic areas during the past 30 years and is known to be established in more than 40 of these countries with varying degrees of success in control of the pest (Clausen, 1956). It is an internal parasite of immature and mature E. la1ligerum and passes the winter as a mature larva in the mummified and blackened shell of the host. A colony of 1000 was obtained in Ontario and released in the coastal area of British Columbia in 1921. In 1929 a colony of 516 from the same source was released in the interior fruit belt of British Columbia. They became established in both areas. Reports on the establishment and distribution of A. mali were given by Venables (1931, 1937). Following the establishment of A. mali, the aphid became of minor importance and remained so until 1952 when there was a marked increase in the population. It was thought at that time that DDT was innocuous to the aphid but toxic to the parasite. However, the aphid population dropped in 1953 and has since remained below the economic level. Dr. D. P. Pielou (illlitt.) reported that the efficiency of the parasite docs not seem to be affected by the standard spray application for codling moth (12 lb. per acre of 50% DDT on mature trees). (16) Apple mealybug-Phellacoccus aceris (Sign.) (Coccidae) P. acert's is of European origin and was first reported in Canada by Gilliatt (1935). It has one generation per year and passes the winter protected by small white cocoons in bark crevices, the males in the pupal stage and the females as partly grown larvae. They complete their development in the spring, mate and deposit 200 to 500 eggs in a conspicuous mass surrounded by white, waxy filaments. The larvae migrate to the undersides of the leaves and feed until they migrate to their winter quarters. Allotropa utilis Mues. (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae) was described by Muesebeck in 1939 from specimens obtained in Nova Scotia. It is not known where the species originated. Following evidence of its value as a control agent in Nova Scotia, and because it appeared to be absent from infestations of P. aceris in British Columbia, colonies were released in the latter province in 1938 to 1943. The numbers released in these years respectively were 2,080, 44, 447, 21, 358 and 3,652. Additional releases were made in 1944, 1945 and 1948 but material for these releases 'was obtained in the earlier release areas where establishment had occurred. 13
A. Illi{i1 is an crfecti\'e control agent of the apple mealybug in British Colu mbia. An important f:lctor that contribntes to its effectiveness is its ability to su rvive sprays of dormallt oil lime-sulphur whereas many of the mealybugs arc killed by this treatment. The parasite ovcrwintcrs as :I mature lan'a or pupa in the mummified shell of the host and is thus protected from thc chemic:l ls. Another factor Ihal probably contributes 10 its success is Ihat the host is parasitized in the lan'al stage while it is exposed and clJlnparntivciy sessi le on the undersides of the leaves. After parasiti 1.:ltion the hosts mo\'c to protected ",illter qU!lrters :Uld of necessity mllst take their contained parasites with them. (17) Com s tock rnealybuQ.- P1eIu/ococcll1 COllulruhi (I of A. l}/j/'rrlli were obtained in the Un ited States and released ill the Niagar:1 I'cni nsu]a of Ontario in 11)·1(;. Colonies totalling 1 .... 90 and 3,040 of P. /l/fI/i1ll1S were released in the salllc aTl:a in 1946 and [9-+7 rcspceti\'ely. T herc W:IS some cvidence of initial cst:lblishment but because P. cOlll1tocki did not become the pest that \\'as anticipated the biological control attempt was dropped :md no information is a\'llibble concerning the status of lhe parasites. ( 18) Soft scale- CowlS hesperidlllll (L.) (Coccidae) C. ltesperidlllli is of European origin but is now common in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world :lIld in greenhouses in cooler regions. In North Ameri ca, it is common on ornamclllal and citrus trees in sollth-western Uni ted States. In C:mada, it was reported by Andison (1940) on English holly (lit.\' aqltllulillll1 L.), sweet bay (Lm/rlls sp.), and a species of h'y (lledrra Sp.) :11 Victoria. 11ritish Columbia. Althougll chemiC:lls give satisfactory control in commercial pi:lntatiolls, the possibility of parasites reducing the popu lation of sc:Lies su t\'i\'ing on orn:ullenlal and wild stock \\':lS investigated by i\ I r. A. B. Bai rd. Small numhers of two parasites, Aphyt'lH s/(II/Iryi (Comp.) and COCCOpllfl.f.J"S SWirl/uris (Dalm.), were obtained from Cali fornia and released at Victoria in 19-+2. ApIJYC/ls s/ulllcyi (Comp.) (1-1 Ylllenoptera: Eneyrtidae) is Jl;lIh'e to South Africa (Compcre, 1939) and was a successful parasite of C. hcrprridlllll in California (Clausell, 1956). It is an internal parasite and can be either solitary or greg
Page 2 and 3: A REVIEW OF THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Page 4 and 5: A REVIEW OF THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Page 7 and 8: Page DISCUSSION 21 CONCLUSIONS . .
Page 9 and 10: PREFACE Biological control of insec
Page 11 and 12: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors of thi
Page 13 and 14: TABLE I Families. orders and specie
Page 15: Host TABLE III PlIrllsites and pred
Page 22: as well as wheat and barley. It has
Page 29: The initial slocks of M. (lIICy/i f
Page 34: lIylcmya spp. parasites \\'ere intr
Page 38: REFERENCES Ainslie, C. N. (1920). T
Page 43 and 44: Mantis religiosa, 4 maritimus, Pseu
Page 45 and 46: Blank Page 34
Page 50: TABLE I (continued) Alphabetical li
Page 54: BIOLOGICAL CONTROL PROJECTS HOMOPTE
Page 58: Hemerobius stigma Steph. and H. 11i
Page 64 and 65: probably the native species, L. cer
Page 72: S. salids in that State (196). Para
Page 75 and 76:
into Canada between 1912 and 1916 i
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possible synonymy has not yet been
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(13) European pine shoot moth-Rhyac
Page 83 and 84:
The recovery picture for O. obscura
Page 85 and 86:
Scambus sagax (Htg.), (Hymenoptera:
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points from Lake Simcoe east to Ott
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Starting in 1947 the parasite compl
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In 1931, 1935 and 1937, small numbe
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In 1933, D. similis was found in we
Page 98:
several generations annually. The b
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etween 1935 and 1942 at four locati
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TABLE VI (continued) Parasites rele
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the Fort Frances District of north-
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Aptesis basizona (Grav.), (Hymenopt
Page 111 and 112:
the release of parasites. As a cons
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species may have been released. For
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1940 with nearly 50,000 specimens i
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were widespread and included record
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factors that are maintaining D. IIe
Page 125 and 126:
eggs were encapsulated by host phag
Page 127 and 128:
REFERENCES 1. Aldrich. J. M. (1916)
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97. Daniel, D. M. (1932). MaCfocent
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169. Hawboldt, L. S. (1939). Summar
Page 134 and 135:
235. McGugan, B. :\1., Watson, E. B
Page 136:
301. Schaffner, J. V. (1959). Micro
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Species and Locality Aptesis basi::
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Species and Locality Cn-omasia auri
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o Species and Locality Dahlbominus
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Species and Locality Epilampsis [ar
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Species and Locality Exenterus adsp
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Species and Locality 1.Iesoleius te
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Blank Page 176
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Species and Locality Agathis pUllli
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Species and Locality Lat. Long. Yea
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Species and Locality Cyzel/is albic
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Species and Locality l.at. l.ong. Y
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Species and Locality Drino bohemica
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Species and Locality Exmteros con/u
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Species and Locality Lat. Long. Yea
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Species and Localitr Lat. Long. Yea
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Species and Locality Orgi/uJ obscur
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Catocala sp., 185 cavus, Dibrachys,
Page 227:
Vatltua cardlli, 66 variana, At/eri
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