This document has been created by AHDS History and is ... - ESDS

This document has been created by AHDS History and is based on information 

supplied by the depositor 

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

THE EUROPEAN STATE FINANCE DATABASE 

(Director: Prof R J Bonney, Leicester University) 

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

Filename: g130dd04.tab 

Documentation SN 3130 

Metadata of file as originally deposited: 

Data Set Name: \POUL\DAND004 Type: 

Observations: 41 Record Len: 60 

Variables: 7 

Label: Revenues of Particulair-Kasse 1731-71 

Date created: 31 July 1991 

Date last altered: 

Raw data file used: c:\poul\denkgrev.dat 

ESFDB dataset: c:\poul\dand004.ssd 

Source: M.L. Nathanson, (1836) pp. 195, 243, 265 

Source subset: Revenues of the Particulair-Kasse (the king's 

special revenues), 1731-1.7.1771 

Source subset title: 

Owner of file: Dr Bjorn Poulsen 

Author of program: MMB 

NOTES 

The contents of this data file may not be reproduced without citation 

of the ESFDB dataset name. 

There is reason to be sceptical of the numbers given by the banker and 

historian Nathanson because they contain a number of errors. However, 

they are used for lack of other sources. 

All revenue figures are in Rigsdalers. The figures for the year 1771 

are for a part year only, extending from 1 Jan to 1 July 1771. 





Variables: 6 

Label: Revs fr tolls, subsids, excise 1747-1806 

Date created: 31 July 1991


Raw data file used: c:\poul\dentsub.dat 


Source: M.L. Nathanson, (1836) pp. 234-35, 298, 339 

Source subset: Revenues from toll, excise duties and subsidies, 

1747-1806 




NOTES 






All revenue figures are in Rigsdalers. There are gaps in the data: 

from 1766 to 1771 and from 1785 to 1800. The total toll figure for 

1804 is uncertain. 

The tolls included in the toll total were from Denmark, Norway, the 

Duchies and the Sound. Excise duties ('consumption') included duties 

on wine, salt, brandy and tobacco. The town of Elsfleth was not 

included in the figures for the period 1747-65. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 13 

Label: Expenditure of Danish state 1731-84 

Date created: 1 August 1991 


Raw data file used: c:\poul\denexp1.dat 


Source: M.L. Nathanson, (1836) pp. 211, 246, 264, 297 

Source subset: Expenditure of the Danish state, 1731-84 




NOTES 





they are used for lack of other sources. The complications of the

accounting in the years 1747 to 1765 make the figures very uncertain. 

All expenditure figures are in Rigsdalers. 

There are only two figures for expenditure from the king's particulair- 

kasse: 8800000 for the period 1747-65 and 5300000 for the period 1766- 

71. Both figures have been averaged out over the periods concerned. 

There is a figure for rents for the period 1763-65 of 2462000 which has 

also been averaged out over these 3 years. One figure for extra tax 

expenditure appears for the period 1766-71 (2600000) and it is averaged 

out. Thus it is hoped to give a more accurate picture of total 

expenditure of the Danish monarchy, although it will under or overrate 

the figures for individual years. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 6 

Label: National debt of Denmark, 1731-63 



Raw data file used: c:\poul\dendebt1.dat 


Source: M.L. Nathanson, (1836) pp. 211, 229 

Source subset: The national debt of Denmark, 1731-63 




NOTES 






All figures are in Rigsdalers. 

The figures for the period 1731-46 come from the expenditure table 

provided by Nathanson on p.211. There are 2 columns only - debt 

payments and new debts. The figures for the period 1747-63 come from a 

separate table itemising the national debt in the reign of Frederik V. 

There are 3 columns in this table, debt payments, new debts and total 

debts. In every case, the sum of debt payments and new debts does not 

amount to the total debt given by Nathanson, probably because the total 

includes the accumulated debts carried over from previous years. The 

margin of difference between the two can be seen in the column DIFDEBT. 

Thus it is impossible on present figures to calculate the total debt 

for the period 1731-46, given this margin of difference.

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 13 

Label: Expenditure of Danish state 1602-99Purpose: 

To create SAS dataset from raw data file 


Date last altered: 8 August 1991 



Sources: Leon Jespersen, '1600-tallets danske magtstat', 

in Magtstaten i Norden i 1600-tallet og dens 

sociale konsekvenser. Rapporter til den XIX 

nordiske historikerkongres, 1 , ed. Erling 

Ladewig Petersen (Odense, 1984), p. 18 (for 

1602, 1608, 1630, 1642); Knud J.V. Jespersen, 

Danmarks Historie, 3 :Gyldendal (Kíbenhavn, 

1989), p. 112 (for 1661-99) 



Owner of file: Dr Bjírn Poulsen 


NOTES 




For the period 1602-42, Leon Jespersen gives figures for the years 

1602, 1608, 1630 and 1642 only. Knud Jespersen repeats the 1602 

figures, then he gives one set of percentages only (with the exception 

of the grand total of expenditure) for each of the periods 1661-79, 

1680-91 and 1692-99. It has been assumed that the one set of 

percentages applies throughout each period for purposes of data entry. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 17 

Label: Revenues of Danish state 1600-50 


Date last altered:

Raw data file used: c:\poul\denrev2.dat 


Sources: Leon Jespersen, '1600-tallets danske magtstat', 

in Magtstaten i Norden i 1600-tallet og dens 

sociale konsekvenser. Rapporter til den XIX 

nordiske historikerkongres, 1 , ed. Erling 

Ladewig Petersen (Odense, 1984), p. 18; Kersten 

Kr ger, Die Staatsfinanzen D„nemarks und 

Schwedens im 16 Jahrhundert - ein 

Strukturvergleich (Zeitschrift f r Historische 

Forschung 15, 1988), p.130 

Source subset: Revenues of the Danish state, 1600-50 




NOTES 



All revenue figures are in Rigsdalers. 

For this period, Leon Jespersen gives figures (in thousands of 

Rigsdalers) for the years 1602, 1608, 1630 and 1642 only. These 

figures have been multiplied by 1000 to give the totals in Rigsdalers. 

For 1630, Kr ger's figures have been preferred as being more detailed 

and more recent, but his categories are slightly different. He has no 

columns for regalia, for castles or for boatswains money (the latter 

category only arises in 1642). Instead, he has extraordinary taxes and 

the Sound toll as his extra categories. Jespersen also gives a gross 

revenue figure of 425000 Rigsdalers for 1608, domain, but this figure 

has not been included in this dataset. His figures for 1642 include 

408000 Rigsdalers from Sound dues, probably spread throughout his 

categories, but this figure has been entered in addition under SOUND. 

Other estimates of the revenues for these years have been given by 

Helge Gamrath and E. Ladewig Petersen in Danmarks historie, 2.2 (1559- 

1648). (Gyldendal) Kíbenhavn, 1980). Again, their categories are 

slightly different, but the overall revenue totals, with the exception 

of 1642, are the same. The difference in 1642 can be explained by the 

absence of Sound toll figures from their table. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 9 

Label: Revenues of Danish state 1710-20 



Raw data file used: c:\poul\denrev3.dat


Source: Knud J.V. Jespersen, Danmarks Historie, 3 : 

Gyldendal (Kíbenhavn, 1989), p. 282 

Source subset: Ordinary and extraordinary revenues of the 

Danish state, 1710-20 

Source subset title: Main revenues of the Danish state budget, 1710- 

20 



NOTES 



In the original source table, Jespersen (K.) gave his figures in 

millions of Rigsdalers, but these have been converted to Rigsdalers. 

The revenues from the demesnes (300000 to 500000 Rigsdalers per year) 

are included in MISC, under extraordinary revenue. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 5 

Label: Revenues from Danish domains 1642-48 


Date last altered: 27 January 1992 

Raw data file used: c:\poul\denfief.dat 


Source: Jens Engberg, Dansk Finanshistorie i, 1640'erne. 

Danish financial history in the 1640's (with an 

English summary, Arhus, 1972), pp. 304-11 

Source subset: Total revenue from the Danish domains (len and 

Žmter), 1642-48 




NOTES 



All figures in this dataset are in Rigsdalers. 

NB the figures are larger than the total state revenues from the 

domains (see dand009), and part of the reason for this must be that 

Engberg calculates the value of revenues in kind, which most probably 

are not included in the total estimates.

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 5 

Label: Revenues from Uniontaxes 1640-48 



Raw data file used: c:\poul\denunion.dat 


Source: Engberg (1972), pp. 316-17, 320-21 

Source subset: Revenue from the 'Uniontaxes' from Denmark, the 

Norwegian fiefs (len) and the towns and clergy 

in Norway, 1640-48 




NOTES 




In some years, there were several Uniontaxes and these have been added 

together for data entry eg. 1640 Denmark: 24.6.1640 and 11.11.1640; 

1641 towns & clergy: 7.3.1641, 29.9.1641 and 2.12.1641. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 2 

Label: Revenue from Sound toll 1636-48 



Raw data file used: c:\poul\densund1.dat 


Sources: Mikael Venge, Fra †retold til toldetat. 

Middelalderen indtil 1660 (Dansk Toldhistorie, 

1, Kíbenhavn, 1987), pp. 251, 258; Leon 

Jespersen, '1600-tallets danske magtstat', in 

Magtstaten i Norden i 1600-tallet og dens 

sociale konsekvenser, ed. Erling Ladewig

Petersen (Rapporter til den XIX nordiske 

historikerkongres, 1, Odense, 1984), p.18; 

Helge Gamrath & E. Ladewig Petersen, : Danmarks 

historie, 2.2 (1559-1648). (Gyldendal) 

(Kíbenhavn, 1980), p.506. 

Source subset: Revenue from the Sound toll, 1636-48 




NOTES 



All amounts in this dataset are in Rigsdalers. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 5 






Sources: Knud J.V. Jespersen, Danmarks Historie, 3 : 

Gyldendal (Kíbenhavn, 1989), p. 280; J. Boisen 

Schmidt, Studier over statshusholdningen i kong 

Frederik IV's regeringstid 1699-1730 (Kíbenhavn, 

1967). 

Source subset: Ordinary and extraordinary revenues of the 

Danish state, 1710-20 

Source subset title: Expenditure of the Danish state, 1710-30 



NOTES 



In the original source table, Jespersen (K.) & J. Boisen Schmidt give 

their figures in millions of Rigsdalers, but these have been converted 

to Rigsdalers. 

There are no figures for the years 1718 and 1721-30. 

________________________________________________________________________





Variables: 2 

Label: Annual Danish mint output, 1626-70 

Date created: 24 September 1991 


Raw data file used: c:\poul\denmint.dat 


Sources: J. Wilcke, Míntv‘senet under Christian IV og 

Frederik III i Tidsrummet 1625-1670 (Kíbenhavn, 

1924), pp.266-67. 

Source subset: Annual Danish mint output, 1626-70 




NOTES 



All amounts are given in rigdalers. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 2 

Label: Revenue from Sound toll 1560-84 



Raw data file used: c:\poul\densund2.dat 


Sources: Johan Grundtvig, Frederik den Andens 

Statshusholdning (Kíbenhavn, 1876), pp. 84, 85; 

Helge Gamrath & E. Ladewig Petersen, Danmarks 


(Kíbenhavn, 1980), p.418. 





NOTES 

The contents of this data file may not be reproduced without citation


All amounts in this dataset are in Rigsdalers. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 2 

Label: Revenue from Danish taxes 1558-87 



Raw data file used: c:\poul\dentax.dat 



Statshusholdning (Kíbenhavn, 1876), pp. 15, CLI; 

Haakon Bennike Madsen, Det danske skattev‘sen. 

Kategorier og klasser. Skatter p† 

landbefolkningen 1530-1660 (Odense, 1978), p. 

348ff. 

Source subset: Revenue from Danish taxes, 1558-87 




NOTES 




The amounts for the years 1558, 1562 and 1566 are approximate. Madsen 

supplies information about the basis of the assessment in some years, 

and also in years additional to those covered by the dataset. On 

8.4.1530, 4 men together were assessed at 4 marks. In 1535 and 1537 

the tax revenue was in silver, whereas in 1536 it was in silver and 

money. The basis of the assessment in 1538 was 10 men to 20 marks of 

Danish money. In 1539, every 'rich'peasant was assessed at 10 marks of 

Danish money. In 1541, the assessment was 20 men to 60 marks of Danish 

money/20 goldgulden. For 1542/3 and again in 1545, the assessment was 

20 men to 20 rigsdalers. From this date, there was a differentiation 

between free and unfree peasants for tax assessment purposes: in 1548 

it was 20 free peasants to 40 rigsdaler, 20 unfree peasants to 20 

rigsdaler. In 1549, 20 free peasants to 20 rigsdaler, 20 unfree 

peasants to 10 rigsdaler. In 1553 it was 20 free peasants to 40 

rigsdaler, 20 unfree peasants to 20 rigsdaler. In 1555, 1557, 1559, 

1560, 1561 and 1562 it was 10 free peasants to 20 rigsdaler, 20 unfree 

peasants to 20 rigsdaler. In 1563 it was 10 free peasants to 40 

rigsdaler, 20 unfree peasants to 40 rigsdaler. In 1564 every 10 

peasants were assessed at 40 marks. In 1565 there were 2 assessments:

from 22 March to 17 May every man was assessed at 10-6 marks; and in 

August/September, every peasant at 10-5 marks. There were 2 

assessments in 1566 (1 April and 26 August) which raised in total about 

265950 rigsdalers. In 1569, the assessment was for every free peasant 

4 rigsdaler, and for every unfree peasant 2 rigsdaler. In 1570, there 

were 2 assessments (22 May and 18 December) which raised in total 

288080 rigsdalers. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 14 

Label: Estimates of Danish revenues 1230, 1524 


Date last altered: 15 March 1993 



Sources: Kristian Erslev, Valdemarernes Storhedstid. 

Studier og Omrids (1898. Reprinted: Det 

Historiske Institut ved Kíbenhavns Universitet. 

Historiske Afhandlinger, 7. Kíbenhavn l972). 

Danske Magazin III, 1, Kíbenhavn 1843, pp 136- 

38). 

Source subset: Estimated revenues of the Danish king, c 1230 

and c 1524 




NOTES 



All figures in this dataset are in marks. The 1230 figures are silver 

marks, which in c 1200 equalled Danish marks in value. 

The c 1230 estimate of the Danish revenues comes from a document known 

as 'King Valdemar's Cadaster' which was used by the historian Kristian 

Erslev. Erslev estimated the revenues from the royal domains 

(kongelev) and patrimony at 8-10,000 silver marks; the fixed military 

tax (stud) at 10-16,000 silver marks; the income from towns at 2-8,000 

silver marks; fines (bíder), 20 marks from each county and wrecks etc. 

at 2-6,000 silver marks; and mint revenue at 3-5,000 silver marks. From 

these estimates, a total revenue yield of between 20,000 and 45,000 

silver marks is reached. In the years when military service (leding) 

was not imposed, a commutation was added to this total, probably of 

somewhere between 20-40,000 silver marks. This gives a total state 

revenue amounting to 40,000-85,000 silver marks; probably the lesser

amount is more realistic than the greater amount - one could 

realistically imagine a revenue of c 50,000 marks silver. It is the 

lower figure in each element of the estimated revenues which has been 

entered into this dataset. These figures represent the gross revenue. 

Erslev estimates that a good part of it went to local officials and 

enfiefments, and most likely only 40-50% ended up in the royal coffers. 

The second estimate of the revenues of the Danish crown 'in the time of 

king Hans' (1481-1513) was drawn up by the administration of King 

Frederik in c. 1524 in an attempt to estimate its financial strength. 

Its figures are probably exaggerated. It lists only the revenues from 

demesnes and royal prerogatives. Revenues from the domains, the len, 

constitute more than a third of the total, towns somewhat less, while 

the revenues from the Scania market and Sound dues only amount to a 

seventh. A last and not unimportant item is the revenue from the royal 

assize, the Kongelige retterting. Extraordinary taxes were not yet 

included in an average budget. There is reason to be sceptical of the 

figures, apart from the one item which can be checked from other 

sources - the Sound toll - which seems to be fairly correct. The 

figures given in the survey are far larger than the amounts which 

actually reached the king's treasury. It is a gross account, which 

registers all revenues, and only a very small part reached the central 

administration. The estimate cannot be dated more exactly than to 

c.1524. In this period, the distinction between demesnes (kongelev) 

and patrimony disappeared, and all crown land was treated in the same 

way. The royal assize (kongelige retterting) became important from the 

1340s, providing about 14.2% of the royal revenue by 1500. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 33 

Label: Revs of Danish finansdeputation 1820-40 

Date created: 30 January 1992 




Source: Hans Chr. Johansen, Danmarks historie, bind 9 

(Kíbenhavn l985), pp. 310-11. 

Source subset: Revenues of the Danish Finansdeputation, 1820-40 




NOTES 


of the ESFDB dataset name.

All figures in this dataset are in thousands of rigsdalers. The 

amounts are given in silver and in notes. 

In the accounts of this time, the concepts of revenue and expenditure 

were not differentiated and so receipts and disbursements are mixed. 

LANDTX2S and LANDTX2N include the fourage tax in 1820 and additional 

taxes from 1827. DIRTXS and DIRTXN include a percentage tax on public 

salaries and a tax on rank and titles. OTHREVS and OTHREVN include 

stamp duties and revenues from the State lottery. PUBACCS and PUBACCN 

represent sums which had been paid into the finansdeputation but which 

were subsequently transferred to other public accounts. 

In several cases, the figures entered under ARREARSS and ARREARSN are 

minus amounts, as money is allocated to clear arrears from the previous 

year's account. In other years, a surplus was carried over into the 

present account. (For minus amounts, see ARREARSS for 1820-24, 1830, 

and ARREARSN for 1822, 1824-27, 1831, 1835, 1837.) 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 19 

Label: Revs Danish Statsg‘ldsdirektion 1820-40 

Date created: 3 February 1992 






Source subset: Revenues of the Danish Statsg‘ldsdirektion, 

1820-40 




NOTES 



All figures in this dataset are in thousands of rigsdalers. The 

amounts are given in silver and in notes. 

In the accounts of this time, the concepts of revenue and expenditure 

were not differentiated and so receipts and disbursements are mixed. 

SUNDRS is mostly due to the conversion of notes into silver. NEWBORS 

and NEWBORN include deposits from savings banks. In 1825, NEWBORS 

includes 23.4 million rigsdalers on a loan raised in England. In 1827, 

NEWBORS included 8.7 million rigsdalers on a loan raised in England. 

________________________________________________________________________ 

Filename: g130dd21.tab




Variables: 21 

Label: Revs of Danish state, 1841-53 

Date created: 4 February 1992 










NOTES 



All figures in this dataset are in thousands of rigsdalers. 

There are annual figures for the years 1841-48. After this date, the 

figures are for financial, not for calendar years, and the next entry 

is for 1849/50 (ie. 1850 in the dataset). Hence there are no figures 

in the dataset for 1849. 

LANDTX includes the additional tax from 1827 until 1851/52. From and 

including 1851/52 it included the assessment tax in rural districts. 

ODIRTX includes apportioned taxes, tax on rank and titles and a 

percentage tax on public salaries until 1844. From 1851/52 it also 

included an assessment tax in the towns. CUSTEX from 1851/52 includes 

revenue stamps on cards. Before this date they were included in 

OINDTX. OREVDEN is very large in 1852 and 1853 because it includes the 

sale of military equipment. In 1852 part of DUCHIES is not included in 

this table because the amounts were paid directly to the military 

authorities in the Duchies. 

In several cases, the figures entered under ARREARS are minus amounts, 

as money was allocated to clear arrears from the previous years' 

accounts. In other years, a surplus was carried over into the present 

account. (For minus amounts, see ARREARS for 1848, 1850 and 1851.) 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 34 

Label: Revs of Danish state, 1854-67 

Date created: 4 February 1992










NOTES 



All figures in this dataset are in thousands of rigsdalers. 

There are annual figures for the years 1841-48. After this date, the 

figures are for financial, not for calendar years, and the next entry 

is for 1849/50 (ie. 1850 in the dataset). Hence there are no figures 

in the dataset for 1849. 

LANDTX includes the additional tax from 1827 until 1851/52. From and 

including 1851/52 it included the assessment tax in rural districts. 

ODIRTX includes apportioned taxes, tax on rank and titles and a 

percentage tax on public salaries until 1844. From 1851/52 it also 

included an assessment tax in the towns. CUSTEX from 1851/52 includes 

revenue stamps on cards. Before this date they were included in 

OINDTX. OREVDEN is very large in 1852 and 1853 because it includes the 

sale of military equipment. In 1852 part of DUCHIES is not included in 

this table because the amounts were paid directly to the military 

authorities in the Duchies. 

In several cases, the figures entered under ARREARS are minus amounts, 

as money was allocated to clear arrears from the previous years' 

accounts. In other years, a surplus was carried over into the present 

account. (For minus amounts, see ARREARS for 1848, 1850 and 1851.) 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 9 

Label: Revs & expend of Aabenraa amt 1535-39 

Date created: 3 March 1993 


Raw data file used: c:\poul\aabenraa.dat 


Source: Rigsarkivet, K›benhavn. Slesvig og holstenske 

regnskaber f›r 1580 

Source subset: Revenues & expenditure of Aabenraa amt, 

Schleswig, 1535-39 


Owner of file: Dr Bj›rn Poulsen 

Author of program: MMB

NOTES 



All figures in this dataset are in L beck marks. 

The Danish duchy of Schleswig (which had been united with Holstein 

during the 15th century) consisted of 9 administrative areas by the 

year 1500. These areas were known as the Žmter (in German) or len (in 

Danish) ie. domains. One of these areas was Aabenraa amt, where the 

accounts for the years 1535, 1538 and 1539 have been preserved. The 

main source of revenue was from 318 farms belonging to the amt which 

paid their levies and taxes partly in corn, partly in money. The money 

paid included both tenants' rents and fixed amounts from the 

freeholders as well as fines and some other levies such as indf‘stning, 

a fine paid by a tenant at the commencement or renewal of his lease. 

In 1539 these revenues were further supplemented by an extraordinary 

tax. The main areas of expenditure for the amt were local 

administrative duties and military expenses incurred during campaigns 

and by the daily requirements of the garrison. All the revenues in 

kind were consumed at the castle, but there was a surplus from the 

revenues in money. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 6 

Label: Total Danish revenues, 1513-23 





Source: Kong Christian II. aabne Breve, ed. P. F. Suhm, 

Samlinger til den Danske Historie, II, 1-2, 

(Copenhagen, 1781-82) and Nye Samlinger til den 

danske Historie, I-III (Copenhagen, 1792-94). 

Source subset: Revenues of the Danish central administration, 

1513-23, including domestic credit 




NOTES 



All figures in this dataset are in Danish marks.

Payments from the Danish administration were registered in the books of 

the royal chancellery, and although some small items may have been 

overlooked, a broad pattern of total revenues can be established which 

gives a fair picture of the amounts which did reach the king during the 

reign of Christian II. The subdivision of the amounts into 

extraordinary taxes and other revenues shows that it was mainly the 

taxes which caused the dramatic fluctuations in income. While normal 

revenues of the central administration in the years up to 1520 moved 

between 10,000 and 20,000 Danish marks, there were marked influxes of 

revenue in 1515, 1517, 1518, 1520, 1521 and 1522 from extraordinary 

taxes in order to finance war with Sweden. The Danish king had two 

ways of obtaining domestic credit. The 'voluntary' (or rather forced) 

loans from towns and the clergy were most advantageous for they often 

carried no interest. The least advantageous were loans from the 

nobility, which involved the old practice of pawning the domains (len). 

No domestic loans were obtained in the years 1522-23. The pattern of 

income from domestic loans follows that of extraordinary taxes taking a 

tremendous leap after 1517 to reach its maximum of 44,445 marks in 

1520. Two revenue totals are given in this dataset. DENREVT excludes 

credit and DENREVT2 includes it. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 8 

Label: Total Swedish revenues, 1527-37 



Raw data file used: c:\poul\swedrev1.dat 


Source: Ingrid Hammarstr”m, Finansf”rvaltning och 

varuhandel 1504-1540 (Uppsala 1956), p. 310. 

Source subset: Revenues of the Swedish royal chamber, 1527-37 




NOTES 



All figures in this dataset are in írtug marks. 

In Sweden as well as in Denmark, during the 1520s a number of 

extraordinary taxes were collected and the mint was exploited. The 

revenues coming into the central chamber of the king were in silver and

in money during these years. The money was derived from goods sold 

locally in the domains (fogederierne), from contracts which the local 

officials made with the king and from extraordinary taxes in money paid 

by the peasants. Most important, however, was the rapidly growing 

revenue of the silver mine of Sala, which made it possible for the 

Swedish king to accumulate large surpluses. The revenues from the mine 

were so large that in 1538 a surplus of more than 1 million marks írtug 

could be transferred to the next year. 

Some of the figures in this dataset are approximations (the new surplus 

for 1528 and for 1536, the total rev for 1536), and some figures are 

missing (old surplus for 1536). The figures for 1527 are estimates. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 2 

Label: Total Danish debt, 1534-48 



Raw data file used: c:\poul\dendebt.dat 


Source: Síren Balle, Statsfinanserne p† Christian 3s tid 

(Aarhus 1992), p. 396 

Source subset: Total debt of the Danish king, 1534-48 




NOTES 



All figures in this dataset are in L beck marks. 

The growth of debt was a result of the measures taken by King Christian 

III to pay his armies of mercenaries which he needed to gain the Danish 

throne. He had no natural sources of metal, and to an even greater 

degree than the Swedish king he had to finance his expenditure by means 

of credit and extraordinary taxes. The movements of credit and 

extraordinary taxes which were used to liquidate the debt can be 

documented for the years after 1534. In the 1530s and even in the 

1540s large loans were straining the Danish state economy, but also 

that, by the help of extraordinary taxes, they were largely paid off at 

the end of the decade. With the debt thus paid off the king in 

principle could live off the ordinary revenues.

________________________________________________________________________ 

Filename: g130dm01.tab 


Data Set Name: \POUL\DANM001 Type: 


Variables: 19 

Label: Danish royal revenues, 1710-1806 



Datasets used: c:\poul\dand003, dand004, dand005, dand010.ssd 

ESFDB dataset: c:\poul\danm001.ssd 


Gyldendal (Kíbenhavn, 1989), p. 282 (for 1710- 

20); M.L. Nathanson (1836) 

Source subset: Danish royal revenues, 1710-1806 




NOTES 



There were 3 main areas of revenue to the Danish crown: first, there 

was revenue from the constituent parts of the state, such as Norway, 

Schleswig & Holstein. Second, there was revenue from the king's 

particulair-kasse, which in this period included revenue, perhaps a 

proportion only, from tolls in the Sound and from Norway. Third, there 

was revenue from tolls, excise duties and subsidies - presumably the 

total raised in tolls excluding the king's portion. TOTREV1 includes 

money from the the Hamburg-kasse. In the period 1731 to 1746 it 

contributed revenue to the crown of 745923 Rigsdalers, which has been 

averaged out over 16 years in the dataset and appears under HAMBREV. 

From 1747 to 1771 an extra tax was levied on each part of the state 

which is also included. Between 1747 and 1765 it amounted to 4382373 

Rigsdalers, and between 1766 and 1771 it amounted to 9541700 

Rigsdalers. These figures have also been averaged out over these years 

and appear in the dataset under EXTRATAX. Thus it is hoped to give a 

more accurate picture of total revenue to the Danish crown, although it 

will under or overrate the figures for individual years. 

The figures from 1731 onwards come from one source, Nathanson. There 

is reason to be sceptical of his numbers because they contain a number 

of errors. However, they are used for lack of other sources. The 

period 1747 to 1765 is particularly difficult because of the 

complicated way in which the accounts were kept and consequently the 

figures for these years are very uncertain. 

All revenue figures are in Rigsdalers. The second and last decades are 

short and the first decade is one year longer.

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 15 

Label: Danish royal revs & expend 1710-1806 



Datasets used: c:\poul\danm001.ssd, dand006.ssd, dand014.ssd 



Gyldendal (Kíbenhavn, 1989), p. 282 (for 1710- 

20); J. Boisen Schmidt, Studier over 

statshusholdningen i kong Frederik IV's 

regeringstid 1699-1730 (Kíbenhavn, 1967); M.L. 

Nathanson (1836) 

Source subset: Danish royal revenues and expenditure, 1710-1806 




NOTES 



All the figures from 1731 onwards come from one source, Nathanson. 



they are used for lack of other sources. The period 1747 to 1765 is 

particularly difficult because of the complicated way in which the 

accounts were kept and consequently the figures for these years are 

very uncertain. For other difficulties with this data, see notes to 

individual datasets. 

EXTOT2 is the total of expenditure given in the Jespersen's table 

covering the period 1710-20. Two expenditure totals have been 

calculated. TEXPEN is the total expenditure for the period 1731-84, 

including debt servicing and new debts. TEXPEN2 takes out debts from 

the total of expenditure. There are no expenditure figures after 1784. 

The deficit, if any, has been calculated by taking the expenditure 

totals from the revenue total. It can be seen that there was a 

deficit, according to these figures, in the years 1731-32, 1734-36, 

1739-40, 1742-44, 1763, 1765, 1770 and 1773 if the full expenditure 

total is used. If debts are excluded from expenditure, then there are 

fewer years of deficit, notably 1734, 1739, 1743, 1763, 1765, 1770 and 

1773.

All figures are in Rigsdalers. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 15 




Datasets used: c:\poul\dand006.ssd, dand014.ssd 


Sources: Knud Jespersen (1989); J.Boisen Schmidt (1967); 

M.L. Nathanson (1836) for period after 1731. 





NOTES 




From 1710 to 1720, the figures are continuous (with the exception of 

1718) and more detailed, then there is a gap until 1731. All the 

figures after 1731 come from one source, Nathanson. There is reason to 

be sceptical of the numbers given by the banker and historian Nathanson 

because they contain a number of errors. However, they are used for 

lack of other sources. The period 1747 to 1765 is particularly 

difficult because of the complicated way in which the accounts were 

kept and consequently the figures for these years are very uncertain. 

For other difficulties with this data, see notes to individual 

datasets. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 2 

Label: Revenue from the Sound toll, 1560-1648

Date created: 11 October 1991 


Datasets used: c:\poul\dand016.ssd, dand013.ssd; 

\krug\dand019.ssd 



Statshusholdning (Kíbenhavn, 1876), pp. 84, 85; 

Helge Gamrath & E. Ladewig Petersen, Danmarks 


(Kíbenhavn, 1980), pp.418, 506; Mikael Venge, 

Fra †retold til toldetat. Middelalderen indtil 

1660 (Dansk Toldhistorie, 1, Kíbenhavn, 1987), 

pp. 251, 258; Leon Jespersen, '1600-tallets 

danske magtstat', in Magtstaten i Norden i 1600- 

tallet og dens sociale konsekvenser, ed. Erling 

Ladewig Petersen (Rapporter til den XIX nordiske 

historikerkongres, 1, Odense, 1984), p.18; 

Kersten Kr ger, Die einnahmen und ausgaben der 

d„nischen rentmeister, 1588-1628. Ein beitrag 

zur fr hneuzeitlichen finanzgeschichte (Marburg, 

1970), p. 320 





NOTES 



All figures are in Rigsdalers. There are some gaps in the data: these 

are the years 1585-87 and 1629-35. 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 8 

Label: Rev fr Denmk, Norway, Schles-Hol 1731-71 

Date created: 17 November 1992 


Datasets used: c:\poul\dand003.ssd 


Source: M.L. Nathanson, Historisk statistisk 

Fremstilling af Danmarks National og Stats 

Huusholdning fra Frederik den Fjerdes Tid indtil 

Nutiden (Copenhagen, 1836) pp. 195, 238-39, 262, 

296, 341 

Source subset: Revenue to the Danish monarchy from Denmark, 

Norway & Schleswig-Holstein, 1731-71




NOTES 



All figures are in Rigsdalers. The first quinquen is lighter by one 

year and the last heavier by two years. 

The total of revenue given here excludes money from the king's 

particulair-kasse (see dataset dand004.ssd). 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Variables: 11 

Label: Denmrk Norway:rev,army size,cost 1730-69 

Date created: 17 November 1992 


SAS datasets used: c:\armies\denm001.ssd, denm002.ssd; 

\poul\danm005.ssd 

Raw data files used: 

ESFDB dataset created: c:\poul\danm006.ssd 

Source: Otto Vaupell, 'Oplysninger om H‘rens Styrketal', 

Milit‘rt Tidsskrift 27 (1898), 392-402 

Source subset: Denmark & Norway: army size, army cost and 

revenue to Danish monarchy, 1730-1769 


Owner of file: RJB 


NOTES 



ARMYCOST and DANOREV are in rigsdalers. The army cost is assessed in 

cash (i Penge). There are no figures for army cost & size in 1736, 

1744, 1763-64, 1766-70, and so the calculations for quinquens including 

these years will be somewhat lighter. There are no figures for revenue 

in 1730 which will affect the first quinquen.

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