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Table 1. List of articles 2004-2008 Author Year Title System* Method Real world Partizipation Ex post Afgan04 2004 Sustainability assessment of hydrogen energy systems RE & CE SCA no no no Kablan04 2004 Decision support for energy conservation promotion:: an analytic hierarchy process approach Others AHP yes planned no Nigim04 2004 Pre-feasibility MCDM tools to aid communities in prioritizing local viable renewable energy sources RE AHP and SIMUS yes yes yes Noble04 2004 A multi-criteria analysis of Canadian electricity supply futures RE & CE AHP yes yes no Cavallaro05a 2005 A multicriteria approach to evaluate wind energy plants on an Italian island RE NAIADE, fuzzy sets yes no no Cavallaro05b 2005 An Integrated Multi-Criteria System to Assess Sustainable Energy Options: An Application of the Promethee Method RE PROMETHEE yes no no Pilavachi06 2006 Multi-criteria evaluation for CHP system options CE SCA yes no no Shackley06 2006 Trade-offs in assessing different energy futures: a regional multi-criteria assessment of the role of carbon dioxide capture and storage RE & CE Value benefit analysis yes yes yes Wijayatunga06 2006 Strategies to overcome barriers for cleaner generation technologies in small developing power systems: Sri Lanka case study RE AHP yes yes no Afgan07a 2007 Multi-criteria evaluation of hydrogen system options RE & CE SCA yes no no Afgan07b 2007 Biomass-fired power plant: The sustainability option RE SCA no no no Alanne07 2007 Multi-criteria evaluation of residential energy supply systems CE PAIRS no planned no Alphen07 2007 Renewable energy technologies in the Maldives-determining the potential RE & CE SCA yes no no Begic07 2007 Sustainability assessment tool for the decision making in selection of energy system--Bosnian case RE & CE SCA yes no no Buchholz07 2007 A participatory systems approach to modeling social, economic, and ecological components of bioenergy RE AHP, ANP no yes no Burton07 2007 Is small beautiful? A multicriteria assessment of small-scale energy technology applications in local governments RE MACBETH yes yes no Cherni07 2007 Energy supply for sustainable rural livelihoods. A multi-criteria decision-support system RE & CE SURE/ DSS yes yes no Diakoulaki07 2007 Multi-criteria decision analysis and cost-benefit analysis of alternative scenarios for the power generation sector in Greece RE PROMETHEE II yes no no Dinca07 2007 A multi-criteria approach to evaluate the natural gas energy systems CE NAIADE yes no no Doukas07 2007 Multi-criteria decision aid for the formulation of sustainable technological energy priorities using linguistic variables RE & CE Fuzzy sets yes yes no Elghali07 2007 Developing a sustainability framework for the assessment of bioenergy systems RE not chosen no yes no Gamboa07 2007 The problem of windfarm location: A social multi-criteria evaluation framework RE SMCE yes yes no Madlener07 2007 New ways for the integrated appraisal of national energy scenarios: The case of renewable energy use in Austria RE PROMETHEE yes yes no McDowall07 2007 Towards a sustainable hydrogen economy: A multi-criteria sustainability appraisal of competing hydrogen futures RE & CE multi criteria mapping yes yes no Patlitzianas07 2007 Assessing the renewable energy producers' environment in EU accession member states RE OWA yes no no Zhou07 2007 Life cycle sustainability assessment of fuels RE & CE SCA no no no Afgan07 2007 Sustainability assessment of a hybrid energy system RE & CE SCA no no no BenSalah08 2008 Multi-criteria fuzzy algorithm for energy management of a domestic photovoltaic panel RE fuzzy sets yes no no Higgs08 2008 Using IT approaches to promote public participation in renewable energy planning: Prospects and challenges RE not chosen yes yes no Jaber08 2008 Evaluation of conventional and renewable energy sources for space heating in the household sector RE & CE AHP, Fuzzy Sets yes no no Jovanovic08 2008 Sustainable development of the Belgrade energy system RE & CE SCA yes no no Kowalski08 2008 Sustainable energy futures: Methodological challenges in combining scenarios and participatory multicriteria analysis RE PROMETHEE yes yes yes Neves08 2008 A multi-criteria decision approach to sorting actions for promoting energy efficiency Others ELECTRE III yes yes no Papadopoulos08 2008 Application of the multi-criteria analysis method Electre III for the optimisation of decentralised energy systems RE ELECTRE III yes no no * RE = renwable energies, CE = conventional energies (fossil, nuclear)
3.1. Type of energy system: The articles survey showed a strong focus on renewable energy systems. Already Pohekars review underlined that the MCDA methods are popular for renewable energy planning (Pohekar04). They found that 16 out of 48 MCDA articles reviewed deal with renewable energy planning. In comparison, Huang et al. found only three mere renewable energy applications out of 76 studies analysed until 1994 (Huang95) In our review 16 out of 34 articles were evaluating renewable energy systems, 13 were dealing with both renewable and conventional energy sources and only two with energy systems without renewable energy. Two further studies were looking at energy efficiency actions and energy policies in general. Thus the trend of increasing application of MCDA for renewable energy systems can be confirmed. An explanation could be the increased commitment of national and local governments as well as a change in the public perception of energy systems. Due to increasing environmental challenges especially with regard to global warming as well concerns about the security of supply renewable energies has gained a vast interest. They are considered environmentally friendly and able to substitute the exhaustible fossil fuels. Many countries have committed themselves to certain targets of renewable energies within the energy mix. As renewable energies usually have a decentralised character there is a stronger local impact compared to centralized energy projects. There are local influences on e.g. land use, noise, ecosystem on the one hand but also the creation of local value, new businesses, and an increased independence of conventional supply systems on the other hand. Polatidis et al. give an overview of the special features of renewable energy projects and argue that MCDA is more suitable for their evaluation than conventional financial evaluation tools (Polatidis06). 3.2. MCDA methods applied: Pohekar et al. found in their review that AHP was the most applied MCDA method followed by ELECTRE and PROMETHEE. The utility or value based methods MAVT and MAUT were not widespread in the period between 1990 and 2003. However, according to Huang et al. many MAUT studies exist in the time before 1990. MAVT or other single criteria analysis in general (SCA) studies are not explicitly stated in their review. Huang et al. also found an increasing application of AHP. Compared to those results the case studies we found in the period 2004 and 2008 used mainly single criteria methods such as simple additive weighting (12 out of 34). AHP and outranking methods (6 articles each) were applied quite often as well followed by fuzzy sets (4 applications). It is quite interesting to observe that there are many single criterion applications available in the recent literature although Pohekar et al. found mainly AHP and outranking applications. However, our result is dominated by publications of Afghan et al. who presented 7 out of the 12 single criterion applications. 3.3. Participation of stakeholders: Kowalski et al. summarized in their review the key literature for energy applications and stated that there is a trend towards increased involvement of stakeholders (Kowalski08). The fact that Huang et al. and Pohekar et al. did not mention participation of stakeholders explicitly in their reviews could indicate that participation was not yet considered that important at this time. The focus of both reviews was on methods applied and not on the process of decision making in general.
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