adapted swimming sports and rehabilitation

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352 ADAPTED SWIMMING SPORTS AND REHABILITATION graphic meter (Gravicoda GS-10, type-C; Anima Co., Japan). Subjects stood silently on the posturographic meter staring at a point marked on the wall (distance was 3 m forward, height was 1.5 m) with their feet bared and kept together. Tests were conducted for 30 s with eyes open. Body-sway distance and body-sway area were analyzed in this study. A tandem walk test was conducted for two trials. Subjects were required to walk heel to toe along a 10-step line as quickly as they could without mis-stepping. A misstep occurred when subjects stepped completely off the line or failed to follow a heel-to-toe pattern. The 10-step tandem walk time measured using a stopwatch of two trials without mis-stepping was then averaged. Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test was used to detect differences in the two tests taken by each group for the conditions before and after 12 weeks. A Mann-Whitney U-test was used to assess differences in two tests between two groups before and after 12 weeks. The statistically significant level was set as p < 0.05. Figure 1. Typical exercise forms of respective groups. RESULTS Exp. 1: Figure 2 shows the mean ± SD values of the time for 1 cycle in each trial. The time for 1 cycle was 2.45 ± 0.23 s for WW and 1.51 ± 0.27 s for DWR. A significant difference in the 1 cycle time was found between WW and DWR (p < 0.05). Figure 3 shows mean ± SD values of the mEMG of RF and BF. The mEMG values of RF were 9.90 ± 2.96 µV in WW and 8.20 ± 2.81 µV in DWR. The mEMG values of BF were 11.46 ± 3.39 µV in WW and 22.85 ± 14.06 µV in DWR. The mEMG value of BF during DWR was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that during WW, but no difference was apparent in the mEMG value of RF. Exp. 2: The mean ± SD values of body-sway and tandem walk tests at baseline and after 12 weeks are shown in Table 1. The values of body-sway distance were 45.70 ± 14.54 cm in NW and 46.54 ± 11.28 cm in UF at baseline, 53.97 ± 21.19 cm in NW and 42.80 ± 7.74 cm in UF at after 12 weeks. A significant increase of the body-sway distance was apparent in NW (p < 0.05). In the body-sway area, the values were 1.94 ± 1.23 cm 2 in NW and 2.59 ± 1.28 cm 2 in UF at baseline, 2.96 ± 2.06 cm 2 in NW and 1.91 ± 0.62 cm 2 in UF at after 12 weeks. The tendency of the body-sway area was apparent in each group, but increasing in NW (p = 0.06) and decreasing in UF (p = 0.09). The tandem walk times were 7.3 ± 1.4 s in NW and 7.4 ± 1.1 s in UF at baseline, 6.9 ± 1.1 s in NW and 6.6 ± 0.8 s in UF at after 12 weeks, respectively. A significant decrease of the tandem walk time was detected in UF (p < 0.05). Rev Port Cien Desp 6(Supl.2) 351-357 DISCUSSION The first objective of this study was to compare the thigh muscle activities of WW and DWR. For that purpose, the first experiment was designed to collect the RF and BF activity data using surface EMG and mEMG during 1 cycle at each trial and compare them. The mEMG of BF was significantly higher in DWR than that of WW (p = 0.05), but the mEMG of RF was similar. No studies have compared WW to DWR directly in motion analysis. Moening et al. (4) described that trunk flexion was larger for DWR than for treadmill running on land. In addition, the joint angle of hip maximum flexion in the knee drive was about 60° greater in DWR than that in treadmill running. At the knee joint, the range of motion from the back swing to the knee drive was about 55° greater in DWR than that in treadmill running. Hip and knee flexion are greater in DWR than that in treadmill running. Miyoshi et al. (3) reported that the range of motion at the hip joint in WW was similar to land walking at comfortable speed, and that the range of motion at the knee joint in WW was smaller than that of land walking. Regarding treadmill walking and running, Nilsson et al. (6) reported that the net hip angle was somewhat larger during walking than running at the same speed. The net amplitude of the hip joint was four times larger during running than walking when the speed was changed from low to high. They also reported a significantly larger net knee flexion amplitude during running than during walking. This study measured the RF and BF muscle activities and compared WW to DWR. The RF activates hip flexion and knee extension. The BF activates hip extension and knee flexion. We hypothesized that muscle activities of RF and BF were higher in DWR than in WW, but this study showed a similar value on RF activity, probably because buoyancy served to assist hip flexion, although maximum flexion in the knee drive was greater in DWR than in WW. The higher muscle activity of BF
in DWR than in WW was attributable to the greater range of motion at the knee joint in DWR. Experiments of motion analysis that are synchronized to EMG are required to elucidate this aspect more precisely. The second objective of this study was investigation of the intervention effects of UF exercise on balance ability in elderly. For that purpose, we designed a once-a-week water exercise program lasting 12 weeks and established NW and UF exercise groups. The body-sway distance and area were increased in NW, but the body-sway area was decreased in UF and the tandem walk time of 10 steps was decreased in UF. It is widely acknowledged that body-sway as a static balance ability reflects the center of gravity (COG) during standing (5). Tandem walking is often used as a dynamic balance ability (2). In the present study, the static balance declined in NW, but static and dynamic balance improved in UF. No studies have reported the decline of body-sway through exercising for the elderly. Simmons et al. (8), who reported enhancement of functional reach in water exercise group, explained two characteristics during water exercise. First, the buoyancy provided by water can be considered destabilizing because it will tend to lift a subject up. Second, because water exercise was conducted for a group, this created turbulence, which might have increased the variability of the factors influencing each participant’s movement. Destabilizing buoyancy and turbulence that occurred during water exercise might have affected the increased body-sway distance and area in NW. Improvement of body-sway in women with lower extremity arthritis was demonstrated in water exercises (9). In the present study, UF improved the body-sway area. Tandem walking also improved only the UF group. Experiment 1 revealed that BF mEMG increased significantly in DWR compared to WW. The high stimulus of the BF during DWR was inferred to improve the balance ability in UF. Other possibilities are coordination between the legs and body or adjustment of body balance, as seen in Tai Chi Chuan (1), but further research is required. The static and dynamic balance ability improved in UF in the present study. In general, the balance ability declines with age; it is an important function that prevents fall accidents because it is associated with postural control (11). Results of the present study suggest that UF exercise might be useful for elderly persons to prevent fall accidents because the balance ability was improved after 12 weeks’ intervention. CONCLUSION This study suggests that UF exercise can improve the balance abilities of elderly persons. It might be affected by the high muscle activity of BF during DWR. Furthermore, because balance abilities were improved after 12 weeks, UF exercise in the water might be useful to prevent elderly persons’ fall accidents. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Support of the staff of the Swim Laboratory at the University of Tsukuba is greatly appreciated. We also thank all 9 young men of Exp. 1 and 14 elderly men and women of Exp. 2 for participating enthusiastically in this study. REFERENCES 1. Jin C, Watanabe K (2003). The practice of Tai Chi Chuan in middle and elderly person and its effect to static and dynamic postural stability. Jpn J Phys Fitness Sports Med, 52: 369-80, in Japanese ADAPTED SWIMMING SPORTS AND REHABILITATION 2. Medell JL, Alexander NB (2000). A clinical measure of maximal and rapid stepping in older women. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 55A(8): M429-33 3. Miyoshi T, Shirota T, Yamamoto S, Nakazawa K, Akai M (2004). Effect of the walking speed to the lower limb joint angular displacements, joint moments and ground reaction forces during walking in water. Disability and Rehabilitation, 26(12): 724-32 4. Moening D, Scheidt A, Shepardson L, Davies GJ (1993). Biomechanical comparison of water running and treadmill running. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 3(4): 207-15 5. Murray MP, Seireg A, Scholz RC (1967). Center of gravity, center of pressure, and supportive forces during human activities. J Appl Physiol, 23(6): 831-8 6. Nilsson J, Thorstensson A, Halbertsma J (1985). Changes in leg movements and muscle activity with speed of locomotion and mode of progression in humans. Acta Physiol Scand, 123: 457-75 7. Reilly T, Dowzer CN, Cable NT (2003). The physiology of deep-water running. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21: 959-72 8. Simmons V, Hansen PD (1996). Effectiveness of water exercise on postural mobility in the well elderly: An experimental study on balance enhancement. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 51A(5): M233-8 9. Suomi R, Koceja DM (2000). Postural sway characteristics in women with lower extremity arthritis before and after an aquatic exercise intervention. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 81: 780- 5 10. Svedenhag J, Seger J (1992). Running on land and in water: comparative exercise physiology. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 24(10): 1155-60 11. Woollacott M (1993). Age-related changes in posture and movement. The Journal of Gerontology, 48: 56-60 12. Yoneda T, Muraki T, Taketomi Y (1994). Influence of aging on standing balance. Bulletin of Allied Medical Sciences, Kobe 10: 61-68. DURATION OF ONE UNIT (80KCAL) DURING TREADMILL WALKING IN WATER Kumiko Ono1 , Kazuki Nishimura1 , Sho Onodera2 1Graduate School, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan 2Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan. The number of Japanese people diagnosed with diabetes has been increasing. Epidemiological and intervention studies of endurance exercise training strongly support its efficacy for improving diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to make clear the difference of duration per expended one unit (80kcal) during treadmill walking in water between younger and older people. We would get the standard data by using non diabetes people. Ten healthy young men and eight healthy women participated in this study. Subjects walked at 1, 2 and 3km/h (30.3°C). The duration of exercise that expended one unit of energy was calculated from VO 2. Younger and older people’s calculated results were 41’39’’ and 39’44’’ (1km/h), 33’22’’ and 31’56’’ (2km/h) and 24’51’’ and 24’56’’ (3km/h). There was no difference due to the difference of the age in one unit. It might be suggested that it becomes possible to pre- Rev Port Cien Desp 6(Supl.2) 351-357 353
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Page 5 and 6: Table 1. The Duration of Expending
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