plastic surgery - Duegemelle

eaDiNg
plastic surgery:
the history of
plastic surgery
Read the text and then answer the questions.
In the very old days...
The term plastic surgery comes from the Greek word plastikos, meaning to mould
or shape. There are two main types of plastic surgery: reconstructive and cosmetic.
Reconstructive plastic surgery repairs the function and sometimes the appearance
of a damaged body part. Breast reduction, hand surgery, scar repair and tumour
removal are examples of reconstructive plastic surgery. Cosmetic plastic surgery,
on the other hand, is about maintaining or improving physical appearance. The
most common cosmetic surgeries are breast enlargement, liposuction, nasal surgery,
eyelid surgery and abdominoplasty (“tummy tuck”).
Plastic surgery can be traced back to India around 800 B.C., when doctors used skin
transplants in reconstructive surgery. Plastic surgery was also performed in ancient
Rome. Reconstructive surgery was used on wounded soldiers. Cosmetic surgery was
expensive but popular with freed slaves who wanted to get rid of the branding marks
and scars that showed they had been slaves. There was even a book written about
methods for reconstructing ears, lips and noses.
There were no more major developments over the following
centuries. In 1460, Heinrich von Pfolspeundt published a book
with a description of how to reconstruct noses. This involved
taking skin from the patient’s forearm, sewing it onto the nose,
and then binding the raised arm to the nose for up to ten days to
keep it in place. During the Renaissance, techniques developed
further for nose and jaw reconstruction, eyelid surgery and breast
reduction.
Wars and wounds
After another quiet period, reconstructive surgery reappeared
in Europe at the end of the eighteenth century with a series of
successful nasal reconstructions. The term plastic surgery was
used for the first time by a German surgeon, Carl von Graefe,
in 1818. However, the breakthrough for plastic surgery as a
recognized medical discipline came with the First World War. The
war was the first to use large amounts of long-range artillery and
explosives. As a result, many soldiers suffered terrible injuries.
Facial wounds were common, which meant that military surgeons
were given plenty of material to practice on.
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china plastic
abdominoplasty bukplastik
appearance utseende
branding mark
brännmärkning
breakthrough genombrott
common vanlig
damage skada
development utveckling,
framsteg
discipline vetenskapligt
ämne, disciplin
facial ansiktsinjury
skada
jaw haka
long-range artillery
långdistansartilleri
maintain bibehålla, underhålla
mould gjuta, forma
nasal nasal, näsperform
utföra
reappear komma tillbaka
recognized erkänd, igenkänd
reconstructive
återuppbyggande
reduction förminskning
removal borttagning
repair reparera
scar ärr
sew sy
surgeon kirurg
trace spåra
wounded skadad