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270 Index combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) 2, 130, 132 load-following capability 13, 130 see also open-cycle gas turbine combined heat and power (CHP) 130, 165, 188 connection, wind farm distribution, protection 122–4, 192–5 sizing 105 thermal overloading 107 transmission, protection 120–2 see also distribution, embedded generation, fault level, protection, transmission contract for difference 249 converter, power electronics current source 253–5 harmonics 108–9 modelling of 116–17 voltage source 255–6 see also DFIG, direct–drive, variable-speed curtailment, wind energy 166, 170, 187–9 electricity market 249 cut-in, wind speed 58–9 cut-out, wind speed 58–9 power curve, modified 167–8 cyclone, wind variability 148–50 dc machine, generator 25 demand, system 128–32 cumulative distribution 156–7 forecasting 131 net demand, variance of 160 profile, daily 128 see also fuel-saver, unit commitment, wind forecasting demand-side management 18–19, 102, 106, 200–2, 250 air conditioning 201–2 communications and control 201 heating load 201 network impact 201 see also integration, tariff deregulation, market 239 DFIG, wind turbine 7–8, 56, 72–7 configuration 74 fault ride-through 115–16 power/speed relationship 73–5 rotor-side converter 73–7 stator-side converter 73–5 torque control 76–7 transient performance 115 voltage control 77 see also converter, direct-drive, fixed-speed, variable-speed, wind turbine diameter, blade rotor 1, 9 diesel, generator 128, 139, 163 see also open-cycle gas turbine dip, voltage 108 starting, induction machine 87–8 direct-drive, wind turbine 8, 73, 77–8 dc link power flow 83 diode-based rectifier 78–9 generator-side converter, control of 81–2 grid-side converter, control of 83–5 inertial response, induced 190–1 load angle control 80–1, 84–5 PWM voltage source converter 78–9 vector control 82–3 see also converter, DFIG, fixed-speed, synchronous machine, variable-speed, wind turbine distance, protection 120–2 distribution, network connection sizing 105 energising, wind farm 88 line drop compensation 100 line rating, dynamic 107 self-excitation, wind turbine 71 tap changing 98 thermal overloading 107 voltage regulation 49–51 voltage rise 50–1 see also embedded generation, transmission, voltage control distribution system operator (DSO) 141 electricity market 240 use of system charge 246 see also electricity market, grid code, TSO drag, aerodynamic coefficient 61–3 force 60–3 droop, governor 133 wind turbine 184–5 eclipse, solar 141 electricity market 239–51 balancing market 243–5 bilateral trading 243 capacity mechanism 244 costs, attribution of 246–8
energy only 244 investment and risk 249 marginal cost 241–2 market power 249 market price 241–2 price taker 242 see also ancillary service, CO2 emissions, gate closure, support mechanism electromagnetism 21–8 Fleming, left-hand rule 23 force on current-carrying conductor 23 induction 25 magnetic field 22–3 magnetomotive force 23 Oersted, observation 21 see also Ampère, Faraday, flux, Lenz, magnetic circuit, magnetic field, permeability embedded generation connection sizing 105 fault level 118 network integration 100–3 ROCOF/ROCOA 125, 193–5 see also diesel, OCGT, protection, voltage control, wind emergency frequency control boiler response 137 load shedding 135, 137 see also ancillary service, load-frequency control, pumped storage, spinning reserve energy demand, world growth 2 energy management system 119 ensemble model, forecasting 235–6 error measures 216–17 European Union, renewables directive 141, 144 FACTS technology 253–8 current source converter 253–5 modelling of 116–17 selective harmonic elimination (SHE) 255 voltage source converter 255–6 see also STATCOM, SVC, variable-speed Faraday, law 25–6 see also electromagnetism, Lenz, transformer fault level 117–18 embedded generation, effect of 118 fault limiting device 118 network splitting 118 Index 271 switchgear requirements 117–18 see also integration, protection fault ride-through 115–16 fixed-speed, wind turbine 7–8, 56 damping 70–1 disadvantages of 72–3 flicker 17, 109 induction machine 64–72 inertial response 189–90 power factor correction capacitance 69–72 self-excitation 71 see also DFIG, direct-drive, induction machine, variable-speed, wind turbine Fleming, left-hand rule 23 flicker, voltage 17, 109 flux, magnetic 24 field density 22 forced outage rate, generation 141 forecasting, wind power 209–37 atmospheric structure and scales 211 downscaling 222–4 ensemble forecasting 235–6 implementation 175 market closure time, effect of 176 meteorology, background 210–13 persistence 172, 214–22 power output forecast 224–5 statistical model 172, 230–5 up-scaling 225 see also aggregation, integration, numerical weather prediction, reference model frequency, system 132–4 frequency range 134 grid code requirement 109–12 rate of change of 138 fuel cell biogas 205 biomass 205 efficiency 206 generation, electrical 204–6 hydrogen production 203 proton exchange membrane 205–6 solid oxide 205–6 see also hydrogen fuel-saver, operating mode 170–1 see also unit commitment, wind forecasting gate closure 241–2, 248 wind forecasting 176
Page 1 and 2: References Akhmatov,V.,Abildgaard,H
Page 3 and 4: References 261 Doherty,R.,Outhred,H
Page 5 and 6: References 263 Institut fur Solar E
Page 7 and 8: References 265 Matevosyan,J.,and S
Page 9 and 10: References 267 Sherif,S. A.,Barbir,
Page 11: ac system 28-34 electricity supply
Page 15 and 16: lift, aerodynamic coefficient 61-3
Page 17 and 18: subsidy, generation capital 3 energ
Page 19: Wind Power Integration Connection a

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