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274 Index power system (Contd.) voltage levels, multiple 42–3 see also per-unit system, three-phase system power system operation 127–40 automatic generation control 134–5, 165 demand forecast 131 demand profile 128 frequency, system 132–4, 138 generation-demand balance 127 load shedding 135, 137 merit order 129 system operator 129 see also ancillary service, emergency frequency control, integration, load-frequency control, spinning reserve, storage, unit commitment Prediktor, forecasting tool 226–30 protection, power system 119–25 auto-reclosing 122 distance 120–2 distribution connection 122–4, 192–5 earth fault 122–4 islanding detection 124–5, 193–5 over-current 122–4 ROCOF/ROCOA relay 125, 193–5 time grading 122–4 transmission connection 120–2 wind farm 124–5 pulse width modulation (PWM) 255–6 pumped storage 197–8 cycle efficiency 129 flexibility, system 16, 137 operation of 128–9, 137, 139 see also storage reactive power 29–30, 90 dynamic compensation 88 induction machine 71–2 network requirements 91–2 tap changing, transformer 98–9 see also integration, power, STATCOM, SVC, voltage control reference model, forecasting 216–22 error distribution 219–21 moving average model 216–17 Nielsen model 218–22 see also forecasting, persistence regulation, market 240–1 see also deregulation reluctance, magnetic 24 remedial action scheme (RAS) 106 renewable energy 2 absorption of, criteria for 15 combustible renewables 2 see also hydro-electric, tidal, wave, wind renewable obligation certificate (ROC) 4 see also support mechanism resistance transmission line 44–5 ROCOF/ROCOA relay 125, 193–5 see also emergency frequency control, inertia root mean square (RMS) 29 SCADA, monitoring 119, 175, 188 self-excitation, induction machine 71 single electricity market (SEM), Ireland 242 see also electricity market, gross pool slip, definition of 64 see also induction machine soft-start, induction machine 70–1 spinning reserve 14, 136–40 primary 139 secondary 139–40, 162–3 tertiary 139–40, 163 wind turbine, provision by 183–4 see also emergency frequency control, load-frequency control stability, transient grid code requirement 115–16 induction machine 113–15 mitigation measures 115 see also fixed-speed, inertia, variable-speed stall regulation, turbine 7, 60–4 assisted-stall 60, 64 frequency regulation 182 see also pitch regulation static compensator (STATCOM) 256–8 see also FACTS technology static VAr compensator (SVC) 256–7 relative cost 92 see also FACTS technology statistical model, forecasting 230–5 AWPPS 233–4 WPPT 231–3 see also forecasting storage, energy 17–18, 195–207 rotational, inertia 137 see also air compression, battery, hydrogen, pumped storage
subsidy, generation capital 3 energy price 3 see also support mechanism, tariff support mechanism 3, 245–6 competitive bidding 3 consumer price, relative to 3 renewable obligation 3 renewable obligation certificate 4, 245–6 see also CO2 emissions, NFFO, subsidy, tariff switchgear fault level, wind farm 117–18 see also integration, protection synchronous machine 25, 56, 77–8 multi-pole winding 78 see also direct-drive, induction machine system operator 129 see also DSO, load-frequency control, TSO, unit commitment tariff, generation 245–6 feed-in 246 see also subsidy, support mechanism tariff, load interruptible 200 time-of-day 200 teleswitching, radio 201 three-phase system 34–9 current, phase and line 39 delta configuration 38–9 single-phase, comparison 35–6 star configuration 37–8 voltage, phase and line 36–7 tidal, energy barrage 3 stream 3 see also renewable energy tip speed ratio 57–8 torque, electromagnetic 67–70 control of 76–7, 82–3 see also induction machine, variable-speed transformer 26–8 equivalent circuit 28 ideal model 26–7 losses 27 tap changing 17, 98–9 see also per-unit system, power system, voltage control transmission, network 44–51 power, maximum transmissible 49 Index 275 short-line model 48–9 voltage regulation 49–51 voltage rise 50–1 see also distribution, interconnection, voltage control transmission line, model impedance angle 48 load angle 47–8 parameters 46–7 short line model 47–9 X /R ratio 46, 89, 118 see also inductance, resistance transmission system operator (TSO) 141 electricity market 240 use of system charge 246 see also DSO, electricity market, grid code UCTE, power system 134–6 unit commitment 129 Lagrangian relaxation 131 merit order 129 self-commitment 241 start-up cost, generator 130 stochastic 248 up and down times, generator 131 see also electricity market utility, vertically integrated (VIU) 239 variability, wind 140, 147–69 aggregation, benefits of 152–6 cost, operational 12 management, options 156–9 probability distribution 149–51 weather patterns 148–50 wind farm 147–52 see also forecasting, integration, interconnection, wind turbine control variable-speed, wind turbine 7–8, 56, 72–85 advantages of 72–3 inertial response, induced 190–1 torque control 76–7, 82–3 voltage control 77, 81 see also converter, DFIG, direct-drive, fixed-speed, wind turbine vector control 82–3 voltage control, network 89–102 flicker, wind farm 17, 109 line drop compensation 100 reactive power, control options 88, 91–2
Page 1 and 2: References Akhmatov,V.,Abildgaard,H
Page 3 and 4: References 261 Doherty,R.,Outhred,H
Page 5 and 6: References 263 Institut fur Solar E
Page 7 and 8: References 265 Matevosyan,J.,and S
Page 9 and 10: References 267 Sherif,S. A.,Barbir,
Page 11 and 12: ac system 28-34 electricity supply
Page 13 and 14: energy only 244 investment and risk
Page 15: lift, aerodynamic coefficient 61-3
Page 19: Wind Power Integration Connection a

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