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272 Index gearbox 8 see also direct-drive generator, electrical automatic generation control 134–5, 165 boiler response 137 inertia 137–8 load following 13, 130 up and down times 131 see also CCGT, induction machine, load-frequency control, synchronous machine, unit commitment grid code frequency regulation 109–12 reactive power 91–2 transient stability 115–16 see also DSO, integration, TSO gross pool 241–2 see also electricity market, SEM harmonics, converter 108–9 selective harmonic elimination 108, 255 HIRLAM 213–14 Horns Rev, offshore wind farm 184–5 hub height, wind turbine 6 hydro-electric, energy 2, 197–8 see also pumped storage hydrogen energy, storage 202–7 compression, gas 204 conversion efficiency 203 electrolysis 203 energy density 204 pipeline, transportation 204 production of 203 see also fuel cell, storage impedance 33 see also capacitance, inductance, resistance inductance 25, 31–2 transmission line 45–6 induction machine 7–9, 64–72 damping 70–1 electromagnetic induction 25 equivalent circuit 66–7 magnetising reactance 66–7 multi-pole machine 8–9 reactive power requirement 71–2 rotating magnetic field 64 rotor resistance, effect of 69–70 rotor winding 64–70 slip, definition of 64 slip for maximum torque 68 starting 87–8 stator winding 64–70 torque-speed characteristic 67–70 transient stability 113–15 wound rotor 69 see also DFIG, fixed-speed, synchronous machine, variable-speed inertia, generator 137–8 frequency transient, effect on 189–92 induction machine 113–15 inertial constant 138, 189 inertial response 138 offshore wind, response 192 variable-speed, induced response 190–1 see also emergency frequency control, fixed-speed, variable-speed integration, network issues 87–125 backbone system 105–7 connection sizing 105 double-circuit connection 104–5 information gathering 119, 175, 188 remedial action scheme (RAS) 106 security standards 103–4 thermal/active power management 103–7 see also DSO, fault level, grid code, power quality, protection, reactive power, TSO, voltage control integration, operational issues 140–95 ancillary service provision 180–7 forecasting error, wind 172–4 frequency regulation 182–7 fuel-saver mode 170–1 implementation options 174–7 storm, effect of 164 wind curtailment 166, 170, 187–9 wind forecasting mode 171–4 wind variability 140, 158–69 see also emergency frequency control, forecasting, interconnection, load-frequency control, power system operation, storage, wind turbine control interconnection, power systems 134–5, 164–7 transmission congestion 165 islanding detection 124–5, 193–5 ROCOF/ROCOA relay 125, 193–5 see also protection Kyoto protocol 2 Lagrangian relaxation 131 Lenz, law 25 see also Faraday
lift, aerodynamic coefficient 61–3 force 60–3 line drop compensation 100 load angle control 80–1, 84–5 load flow 51 line rating, dynamic 103–7 see also embedded generation, protection, voltage control load-following, unit capability 13 CCGT generation 13, 130 coal-fired generation 13, 130 oil-fired generation 13, 130 thermal efficiency, effect of wind 171 see also grid code, load-frequency control load-frequency control 132–7 generation-demand balance 127 governor droop 133 steam turbine-governor 133 see also emergency frequency control, unit commitment load shedding 136–7 locational pricing 242 see also electricity market loss of load expectation (LOLE) 178 loss of load probability (LOLP) 178 loss of mains: see islanding magnetic circuit 24 electric circuit analogy 24 flux 24 reluctance 24 see also electromagnetism, magnetic field, permeability magnetic field due to current 22 magnetomotive force 23 rotating 64 strength 22 see also electromagnetism, flux, induction machine mains signalling 201 merit order 129 baseload generation 129 peaking generation 129 meteorology 210–3 nacelle, wind turbine 7 NETA, UK 14 see also BETTA, electricity market, gate closure Index 273 NFFO, UK 4 nuclear, generation 129–30 numerical weather prediction 172, 212–14, 223 HIRLAM 213–14 Prediktor 226–30 WAsP 227 see also forecasting Oersted, observation 21 offshore, wind farm 2, 142, 184–5 inertial response 192 onshore, comparison 10–11 onshore, wind farm 10 open-cycle gas turbine 128, 139, 163, 170 see also embedded generation over-current, protection 122–4 permeability 22 free space 22, 23–4 relative 22 see also Ampère, electromagnetism persistence, forecasting 172, 214–22 per-unit system 41–4 pitch regulation, turbine 8, 60–4 frequency regulation 182–3 ramp rate control 167–9 see also stall regulation power, electric ac system 28–30 active power 29–30, 90 apparent power 34 complex VA product 40–1 power factor 30 reactive power 29–30, 90 power coefficient, aerodynamic 57 power curve, wind turbine 57–8, 167–8 power factor 30 correction, capacitance 69–72 power quality, management of 108–9 flicker 109 harmonics 108–9 resonance 108–9 selective harmonic elimination 108, 255 total harmonic distortion 108 voltage dip 108 power system 34–44 electricity supply 25–6 energy management system 119 single phase, equivalent 41 transient performance 109–17
Page 1 and 2: References Akhmatov,V.,Abildgaard,H
Page 3 and 4: References 261 Doherty,R.,Outhred,H
Page 5 and 6: References 263 Institut fur Solar E
Page 7 and 8: References 265 Matevosyan,J.,and S
Page 9 and 10: References 267 Sherif,S. A.,Barbir,
Page 11 and 12: ac system 28-34 electricity supply
Page 13: energy only 244 investment and risk
Page 17 and 18: subsidy, generation capital 3 energ
Page 19: Wind Power Integration Connection a

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