A Pictorial Guide for the Identification of Mold ... - OAR@ICRISAT

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Bipolaris maydis (Nisikado & Miyake) Shoem. (Bipolaris species "with" Cochliobolus teleomorph) Helminthosporium maydis Nisikado & Miyake Drechslera maydis (Nisikado & Miyakae) Subram. & Jain Teleomorph. Cochliobolus heterostrophus (Drechsler) Drechsler Symptoms on grain. Colony on seed is pale to mid-dark golden brown with some white aerial mycelium, and moderate in density (Fig. 26). A black matted mold may cover the affected grain and can reduce germination. Morphology. Conidiophores are mid- to dark brown, medium to long, commonly long, slender, straight or curved, single or in groups of 2 or 3, pale near the apex, smooth, up to 700 μm long, and 5-10 μm thick, and bear conidia at wide intervals. Conidia are distinctly curved, broad in the middle, sharply tapering towards rounded ends, pale to mid-dark golden brown, smooth, 5-11 septate, mostly 70-160 μm long, 15-20 μm thick in the broadest part; and point of attachment is dark, often flat, and 3-5 μm wide (Fig. 27). Pseudothecia contain asci with four slender, thread-like, 5-9 septate ascospores (6-7 x 130-340 μm) arranged in parallel coils. Pseudothecia rarely occur under natural conditions. Quick clue. Conidia are light brown, slender, typically curved, and tapering sharply towards both ends. The curvature is more pronounced than in any other related species. Conidiophores are usually long, slender, alternately bent, and bearing conidia at wide intervals. Importance. Bipolaris maydis is distributed worldwide but predominantly in the tropics and subtropics. There are quarantine restrictions in many countries including Malaysia. Maize germplasm with male sterile T cytoplasm also has quarantine restrictions. Bipolaris maydis produces four host-specific toxins of race T and C. heterostrophus produces ophiobolin B, ophiobolin C, ophiobolin F, anhydroophiobolin A, 6-epiophiobolin A, and geranylnerolidol (Ishibashi 1962; Nozoe et al. 1965, 1966; Canonica et al. 1966; Tsuda et al. 1967; Cordell 1974; Karr et al. 1974, 1975; Payne and Yoder 1978; Sugawera et al. 1987). 32
Figure 26 Bipolaris maydis Figure 27 x568 x22 33
Page 1 and 2: A Pictorial Guide for the Identific
Page 3 and 4: A Pictorial Guide for the Identific
Page 5 and 6: Contents Foreword 1 Introduction 2
Page 7 and 8: Foreword The International Crops Re
Page 9 and 10: Collection of Sorghum Samples and S
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1a. Before incubation. Figur
Page 13 and 14: Symptoms and Morphology
Page 15 and 16: Acladium conspersum Figure 3 x956 9
Page 17 and 18: Acremonium strictum Figure 4 x12 Fi
Page 19 and 20: Alternaria alternata Figure 6a x17
Page 21 and 22: Figure 8 Alternaria brassicicola Fi
Page 23 and 24: Alternaria longipes Figure 11 x686
Page 25 and 26: Alternaria longissima Figure 13 x11
Page 27 and 28: Figure 15 Alternaria tenuissima x20
Page 29 and 30: Aspergillus candidus Figure 17 x 19
Page 31 and 32: Aspergillus flavus Figure 18a x11 F
Page 33 and 34: Aspergillus niger Figure 20 x14 Fig
Page 35 and 36: Bipolaris australiensis Figure 22 x
Page 37: Bipolaris halodes Figure 24 x26 Fig
Page 41 and 42: Bipolaris sacchari Figure 29 x1980
Page 43 and 44: Figure 30 Bipolaris spicifera Figur
Page 45 and 46: Figure 33 Bipolaris zeicola Figure
Page 47 and 48: Botrytis cinerea Figure 35 x858 41
Page 49 and 50: Chaetomium oryzae Figure 37 x396 43
Page 51 and 52: Cladosporium oxysporum Figure 39 x3
Page 53 and 54: Figure 40a Cladosporium sphaerosper
Page 55 and 56: Figure 43 Colletotrichum graminicol
Page 57 and 58: Curvularia affinis Figure 45 x3300
Page 59 and 60: Curvularia clavata Figure 47 x2739
Page 61 and 62: Figure 48 Figure 49 Curvularia erag
Page 63 and 64: Figure 50 Curvularia fallax x1980 5
Page 65 and 66: Figure 51 Figure 52 Curvularia geni
Page 67 and 68: Curvularia harveyi Figure 54 x2508
Page 69 and 70: Figure 55 Figure 56 Curvularia luna
Page 71 and 72: Curvularia lunata var aeria Figure
Page 73 and 74: Figure 60 Curvularia ovoidea x2277
Page 75 and 76: Figure 61 x53 Figure 62 Curvularia
Page 77 and 78: Figure 64 Curvularia trifolii x1980
Page 79 and 80: Figure 65 Figure 66 Curvularia tube
Page 81 and 82: Figure 67 x21 Figure 68 Epicoccum n
Page 83 and 84: Figure 69 Figure 70 Exserohilum ros
Page 85 and 86: Exserohilum turcicum Figure 71a x72
Page 87 and 88: Figure 73 x12 Figure 74 Fusarium mo
Page 89 and 90:
Fusarium semitectum Figure 76 x600
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 78 Gloecercospora sorghi x14
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Gonatobotrys simplex Figure 79b x58
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Figure 81 x46 Figure 82 Nigrospora
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Figure 83 Figure 84 Penicillium cit
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Periconia macrospinosa Lefebvre & A
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Figure 86b Periconia macrospinosa x
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Figure 88a Figure 88b Phoma sorghin
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Figure 90 Rhizopus stolonifer x1980
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Spadicoides obovata Figure 92 x3135
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Torula graminis Figure 93 x792 103
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 95 Trichothecium roseum x310
Page 113 and 114:
Combe, R.G., Jacobs, J.J., and Wats
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Nelson, R.R. 1964. The perfect stag
Page 117 and 118:
Tsuda, K., Nozoe, S., Morisaki, K.,
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(Carmichael 1955), which suffers fr
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Conidiophore Conidium (pl = conidia
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Pseudoparaphyses A little or strong
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Notes
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About ICRISAT The semi-arid tropics
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A Pictorial Guide for the Identification of Mold ... - OAR@ICRISAT

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