A Pictorial Guide for the Identification of Mold ... - OAR@ICRISAT

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Curvularia fallax 56 Curvularia geniculata 58 Curvularia harveyi 60 Curvularia lunata 62 Curvularia lunata var aeria 64 Curvularia ovoidea 66 Curvularia pallescens 68 Curvularia trifolii 70 Curvularia tuberculata 72 Epicoccum nigrum 74 Exserohilum rostratum 76 Exserohilum turcicum 78 Fusarium moniliforme 80 Fusarium semitectum 82 Gloecercospora sorghi 84 Gonatobotrys simplex 86 Nigrospora oryzae 88 Penicillium citrinum 90 Penicillium griseofulvum 92 Periconia macrospinosa 93 Phoma sorghina 96 Rhizopus stolonifer 98 Spadicoides obovata 100 Torula graminis 102 Trichothecium roseum 104 References 106 Appendix 1 112 Glossary 114
Foreword The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) aims to help the poor by increasing the productivity of resources committed to its mandate crops while protecting the environment, through agricultural research and in concert with national agricultural research systems. Germplasm improvement continues to be ICRISAT's main line of work, responding to a predicted increase in demand for advanced germplasm products and for source populations containing special traits. For this reason ICRISAT also serves as a world storage and trust facility for the genetic resources of sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, pigeonpea, chickpea, and groundnut. By recognizing and reducing the enormous crop losses that occur between harvesting and final utilization a significant contribution can be made to improving the supply of agricultural products above and beyond what may be achieved by increased primary production. Historically, the study of postharvest crop losses has largely been associated with protection of food stocks, particularly emergency grain supplies, during wartime and especially where more developed temperate countries have been involved. The main objective of this bulletin was to compile and collate information of practical value which plant pathologists, plant quarantine experts, and seed technologists could use in handling such seed stocks both in the field and in the laboratory. This publication is the result of a fruitful cooperation between ICRISAT, India, and the Food Security Department, Natural Resources Institute (NRI), UK. The study conducted by the authors at ICRISAT was to understand the various storage conditions of sorghum grain and the potential occurrence of mold fungi under such conditions, and the importance of individual fungi including production of mycotoxins. The information in this bulletin is based on observations of the sorghum grain samples collected from grain lots stored by farmers in gunny bags, polypropylene bags, mud-lined baskets, a corner of a room, and metallic containers in rural India. This bulletin is a ready reference for researchers working on sorghum grain mold. Director General International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Director Genetic Resources and Enhancement Program 1
Page 1 and 2: A Pictorial Guide for the Identific
Page 3 and 4: A Pictorial Guide for the Identific
Page 5: Contents Foreword 1 Introduction 2
Page 9 and 10: Collection of Sorghum Samples and S
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1a. Before incubation. Figur
Page 13 and 14: Symptoms and Morphology
Page 15 and 16: Acladium conspersum Figure 3 x956 9
Page 17 and 18: Acremonium strictum Figure 4 x12 Fi
Page 19 and 20: Alternaria alternata Figure 6a x17
Page 21 and 22: Figure 8 Alternaria brassicicola Fi
Page 23 and 24: Alternaria longipes Figure 11 x686
Page 25 and 26: Alternaria longissima Figure 13 x11
Page 27 and 28: Figure 15 Alternaria tenuissima x20
Page 29 and 30: Aspergillus candidus Figure 17 x 19
Page 31 and 32: Aspergillus flavus Figure 18a x11 F
Page 33 and 34: Aspergillus niger Figure 20 x14 Fig
Page 35 and 36: Bipolaris australiensis Figure 22 x
Page 37 and 38: Bipolaris halodes Figure 24 x26 Fig
Page 39 and 40: Figure 26 Bipolaris maydis Figure 2
Page 41 and 42: Bipolaris sacchari Figure 29 x1980
Page 43 and 44: Figure 30 Bipolaris spicifera Figur
Page 45 and 46: Figure 33 Bipolaris zeicola Figure
Page 47 and 48: Botrytis cinerea Figure 35 x858 41
Page 49 and 50: Chaetomium oryzae Figure 37 x396 43
Page 51 and 52: Cladosporium oxysporum Figure 39 x3
Page 53 and 54: Figure 40a Cladosporium sphaerosper
Page 55 and 56: Figure 43 Colletotrichum graminicol
Page 57 and 58:
Curvularia affinis Figure 45 x3300
Page 59 and 60:
Curvularia clavata Figure 47 x2739
Page 61 and 62:
Figure 48 Figure 49 Curvularia erag
Page 63 and 64:
Figure 50 Curvularia fallax x1980 5
Page 65 and 66:
Figure 51 Figure 52 Curvularia geni
Page 67 and 68:
Curvularia harveyi Figure 54 x2508
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 55 Figure 56 Curvularia luna
Page 71 and 72:
Curvularia lunata var aeria Figure
Page 73 and 74:
Figure 60 Curvularia ovoidea x2277
Page 75 and 76:
Figure 61 x53 Figure 62 Curvularia
Page 77 and 78:
Figure 64 Curvularia trifolii x1980
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 65 Figure 66 Curvularia tube
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 67 x21 Figure 68 Epicoccum n
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 69 Figure 70 Exserohilum ros
Page 85 and 86:
Exserohilum turcicum Figure 71a x72
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 73 x12 Figure 74 Fusarium mo
Page 89 and 90:
Fusarium semitectum Figure 76 x600
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 78 Gloecercospora sorghi x14
Page 93 and 94:
Gonatobotrys simplex Figure 79b x58
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 81 x46 Figure 82 Nigrospora
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 83 Figure 84 Penicillium cit
Page 99 and 100:
Periconia macrospinosa Lefebvre & A
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 86b Periconia macrospinosa x
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 88a Figure 88b Phoma sorghin
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 90 Rhizopus stolonifer x1980
Page 107 and 108:
Spadicoides obovata Figure 92 x3135
Page 109 and 110:
Torula graminis Figure 93 x792 103
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 95 Trichothecium roseum x310
Page 113 and 114:
Combe, R.G., Jacobs, J.J., and Wats
Page 115 and 116:
Nelson, R.R. 1964. The perfect stag
Page 117 and 118:
Tsuda, K., Nozoe, S., Morisaki, K.,
Page 119 and 120:
(Carmichael 1955), which suffers fr
Page 121 and 122:
Conidiophore Conidium (pl = conidia
Page 123 and 124:
Pseudoparaphyses A little or strong
Page 125 and 126:
Notes
Page 127:
About ICRISAT The semi-arid tropics
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A Pictorial Guide for the Identification of Mold ... - OAR@ICRISAT

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