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Master Thesis: GIS Project management Final Version Figure 15: Four Stages of IT Impact High Potential Business Impact Low Four Stages of IT Impact Low Business Process change © 1997 Hans Bestebreurtje, MSc UNIGIS Stage 2: Cross-functional integration: Computer systems are integrated but functional organisation persists Stage 1: Functional automation: Computer systems automate functions independently Stage 4: Process redesign: IT enables processes to be redesigned Stage 3: Process management: Functional organisation is supplemented by direct management of processes, enabled by IT High Hewlett-Packard , 1995 GIS projects can be in different stages of this model. Complex GIS projects not only require information from different departments within the organization but also demand a certain organizational structure around the information. If a total GIS systems uses 3 different departments as an information source it is necessary to make appointments about, for instance, the moment to update, the way the GIS database can be used and the ownership of the data. Only providing data is often not enough, organizational appointments have to be made. If a GIS is used to reach a breakthrough, for instance using a GIS and GPS to provide information to a fleet of trucks for optimal routing and availability of cargo, this will also 38
Master Thesis: GIS Project management Final Version require strict appointment with the purchase and sales departments and the truckers themselves. 2.5. Choosing the appropriate development methodology for a GIS project. Choosing the appropriate development methodology depends on the situation. The “one fits all” methodology unfortunately does not exist. Currently, combinations of information engineering and proto typing are used. The basic thought behind information engineering is that data is the most stable factor when developing an information system. This method specially is useful in a project with the following characteristics: ♦ High uncertainty of specifications; ♦ Need of decision support systems; ♦ Low expertise in this field of current users; ♦ High level of uncertainty concerning the exact specifications of GIS. On the other hand if a current system has to be replaced the best choice of a method is probably SSADM (Structured Analysis and Design) which was produced by CCTA a UK government agency (Reeve and Cornelius, 1993). SSADM presumes that there is an existing manual or computersystem and analyses first the existing system and, on that basis, specifications for the new system are made. In general, traditional System Analysis takes a lot of time which makes this methodology less and less popular. A project analysis and feasibility study easily takes 0.5 - 1 years of time. Considering the fact that product life cycles are diminishing all the time this is often much too long. The next table shows traditional versus Rapid Application Development times. Traditional in this case means that, for instance the prototype is a limited program that simulates the © 1997 Hans Bestebreurtje, MSc UNIGIS 39
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