DOCUMENTATION OF LAND USE INDICATORS ... - GaBi Software
DOCUMENTATION OF LAND USE INDICATORS ... - GaBi Software
DOCUMENTATION OF LAND USE INDICATORS ... - GaBi Software
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DOCUUMENTAATION<br />
<strong>OF</strong> LAAND<br />
US SE IND DICATOORS<br />
VA ALUESS<br />
IN GABI<br />
1<br />
INTRODUUCTION<br />
Apart fromm<br />
the classsical<br />
impac ct categoriees<br />
like GW WP, AP, EP P, POCP eetc.,<br />
land use as ann<br />
environmeental<br />
issue iss<br />
widely considered<br />
too<br />
be very im mportant and d constantlyy<br />
gains atte ention in thee<br />
Life Cycle Assessmeent<br />
(LCA) community c (cp. for ex xample LIND DEIJER (20000),<br />
MILÀ I CANALS ETT<br />
AL. (2007). .<br />
In the softwware<br />
and ddatabase<br />
sy ystem <strong>GaBi</strong><br />
land use parameters s are integrrated,<br />
starting<br />
with thee<br />
version in 2010. The methodolog gy behind iss<br />
based on the disserta ation of Maartin<br />
Baitz (B BAITZ 2002) )<br />
and subseequent<br />
workk,<br />
that was carried c out at the Univ versity of St tuttgart, Chaair<br />
of Buildi ing Physicss<br />
(LBP), Dept.<br />
Life Cyycle<br />
Engine eering (GaBBi;<br />
former Institute for<br />
Polymer Testing an nd Polymerr<br />
Science) aand<br />
PE Interrnational<br />
Gm mbH (cp. BECK,<br />
BOS, WITTSTOCK W<br />
ET AL. 20100).<br />
According to BAITZ (22002),<br />
a set of indicatoors<br />
has been<br />
defined to o model lannd<br />
use aspe ects in LCAA<br />
and incorpporate<br />
them into the sof ftware. Theese<br />
are:<br />
Eroosion<br />
Resisttance,<br />
Meechanical<br />
Filtration,<br />
Phyysicochemiccal<br />
Filtration n,<br />
Grooundwater<br />
RReplenishm<br />
ment,<br />
Biootic<br />
Production.<br />
These landd<br />
use indica<br />
the LANCAA<br />
the respec<br />
methods c<br />
® ators are calculated<br />
foor<br />
several la and intensiv ve processes<br />
with the e support of<br />
tool (Lannd<br />
Use Indicator<br />
Calcuulation<br />
Tool)<br />
based on n country-sppecific<br />
input<br />
data<br />
ctive land uuse<br />
types (cp.Table ( 2 - Table 8). 8 A detailed<br />
descripttion<br />
of the<br />
an be foundd<br />
in BECK, BOS, B WITTSTTOCK<br />
ET AL. (2010).<br />
1 f<br />
andd<br />
underlyingg<br />
The valuess<br />
calculatedd<br />
according g to these mmethods<br />
are e then integ grated in thhe<br />
<strong>GaBi</strong> dat tabase andd<br />
software aand<br />
aggreggated<br />
over the proceess<br />
chain to form en nvironmentaal<br />
indicator rs that aree<br />
representaative<br />
for thee<br />
entire life cycle of maany<br />
of the aggregated<br />
a processes in the GaB Bi databasee<br />
system. TThus,<br />
land use can be consideered<br />
as an n additiona al aspect inn<br />
LCA to extend itss<br />
environmeental<br />
impact evaluation.<br />
1<br />
Country-speecific<br />
input daata<br />
for the too ol has been dderived<br />
from the t ISRIC database<br />
(ISRICC<br />
WISE 2002) ) for the inputt<br />
parameterss<br />
of humus coontent,<br />
skeleta al content, decclination,<br />
and effective catio on exchange ccapacity<br />
and from f MITCHELLL<br />
(2003); TYNN<br />
CY 1.1 dataa<br />
set for precipitation,<br />
summmer<br />
precipitati ion and evapo otranspiration. For the input t parameter off<br />
“distance too<br />
groundwaterr”,<br />
a default va alue (0.8-10m) ) is used.<br />
Page 1 / 222
For the calculation<br />
of indicator va alues, indiccator<br />
qualitie es Q have to t be calculated<br />
for the<br />
state andd<br />
land use tyypes<br />
of the land before e transformaation<br />
(t1) du uring use (t2 and t3), and<br />
after rege eneration off<br />
the land ( (t4) (cp. BEECK,<br />
BOS, WITTSTOCK W<br />
ET AL. 2010).<br />
At this s stage it is assumed,<br />
that thee<br />
occupationn<br />
phase is a static situa ation; conseequently,<br />
fo or all proces sses calculaated,<br />
t2 and t3 have thee<br />
same land use type. FFor<br />
each ind dicator, occcupation<br />
and d transformation<br />
in genneral<br />
are ca alculated ass<br />
follows:<br />
Occupatioon<br />
indicatoor<br />
value = (Q Q(t4, ref)-Q(tt2,3))*area<br />
used*time u of occupattion<br />
Transformmation<br />
indicctor<br />
value = (Q(t4)-Q(tt1))*area<br />
us sed<br />
The resultiing<br />
units of qualities, tr ransformatioon<br />
and occupation<br />
indicator<br />
valuees<br />
as used in <strong>GaBi</strong> aree<br />
shown in TTable<br />
1.<br />
Table 1: Inndicator<br />
unnits<br />
Indicator<br />
Erosion Reesistance<br />
Mechanicaal<br />
Filtration<br />
Physicoch<br />
Filtration<br />
Groundwaater<br />
Replenishmment<br />
Biotic Prodduction<br />
Positive occcupation<br />
inndicator<br />
valu ues can be interpreted as follows:<br />
Eroosion<br />
Resistance<br />
(expr ressed by kkg<br />
of erosio on): kg of soil<br />
eroded iin<br />
addition to naturallyy<br />
occcurring<br />
soil eerosion<br />
due e to the effeects<br />
caused by the prod duction of oone<br />
function nal unit.<br />
Meechanical<br />
Filtration:<br />
am mount of waater<br />
that cou uld not be filtered f due e to the effe ects causedd<br />
by tthe<br />
producttion<br />
of one functional f uunit.<br />
2<br />
kg dry masss<br />
emical<br />
Quality y unit<br />
[kg/(ha* *a)]<br />
[cm/d]<br />
[cmol/kg<br />
[mm/a]<br />
gsoil]<br />
[kg 2 /(m² ²*a)]<br />
Tran nsformation<br />
indic cator unit<br />
[kg/a a]<br />
[cm* m²/d]<br />
[(cmo<br />
[(mm m*m²)/a]<br />
[kg/a a]<br />
ol*m²)/ kgsoil]<br />
OOccupation<br />
unnit<br />
[kkg]<br />
[ccm*m²]<br />
[(ccmol*m²*a<br />
)/<br />
[mmm*m²]<br />
[kkg]<br />
indicator<br />
kgsoil]<br />
Page 2 / 222
Phyysicochemiccal<br />
Filtration:<br />
amount oof<br />
cations that t could not n be fixedd<br />
to the soil due to thee<br />
effeects<br />
causedd<br />
by the production<br />
of oone<br />
function nal unit.<br />
Grooundwater<br />
RReplenishm<br />
ment: amounnt<br />
of groundwater,<br />
which<br />
could not<br />
be replenished<br />
duee<br />
to tthe<br />
effects ccaused<br />
by the<br />
productiion<br />
of one fu unctional un nit.<br />
Biootic<br />
Producttion:<br />
amount<br />
of biomass<br />
not pr roduced due<br />
to the eeffects<br />
caus sed by thee<br />
prooduction<br />
of oone<br />
function nal unit.<br />
Positive traansformatioon<br />
indicator values (perrmanent<br />
impacts)<br />
can be interpretted<br />
as follow ws:<br />
Eroosion<br />
Resisttance:<br />
kg of<br />
soil erodeed<br />
in additio on to naturally<br />
occurringg<br />
soil erosio on per yearr<br />
in the time foollowing<br />
the e regardedd<br />
land use on the us sed land ddue<br />
to the permanentt<br />
trannsformationn<br />
impacts ca aused by thhe<br />
productio on of one functional<br />
uniit.<br />
Meechanical<br />
Filtration:<br />
am mount of wwater<br />
that cannot c be filtered f in tthe<br />
time following<br />
thee<br />
reggarded<br />
land use per da ay on the uused<br />
land due<br />
to the permanent<br />
trransformati<br />
ion impactss<br />
cauused<br />
by the production of one funcctional<br />
unit.<br />
Phyysicochemiccal<br />
Filtration:<br />
amount of cations that cannot<br />
be fixed tto<br />
the soil in the timee<br />
folloowing<br />
the regarded la and use onn<br />
the used land, due to the permmanent<br />
tran nsformationn<br />
imppacts<br />
causeed<br />
by the production<br />
of f one functio onal unit.<br />
Grooundwater<br />
Replenishm ment: amount<br />
of groun ndwater, wh hich cannot be replenis shed in thee<br />
time<br />
following the regard ded land usse<br />
per yea ar on the used<br />
land, ddue<br />
to the permanentt<br />
trannsformationn<br />
impacts ca aused by thhe<br />
productio on of one functional<br />
uniit.<br />
Biootic<br />
Production:<br />
amou unt of biommass<br />
that is<br />
not prod duced in thhe<br />
time following<br />
thee<br />
reggarded<br />
land use per ye ear on the uused<br />
land due<br />
to the permanent<br />
ttransformati<br />
ion impactss<br />
cauused<br />
by the production of one funcctional<br />
unit.<br />
Negative inndicator<br />
values<br />
show the<br />
respectivve<br />
positive impacts.<br />
According to BAITZ (20002),<br />
the re eference situuation<br />
tref is assumed to<br />
be the saame<br />
as the situation s t4.<br />
Page 3 / 222
2<br />
For the following<br />
proccess<br />
groups s, land use indicator va alues have been impleemented<br />
into o <strong>GaBi</strong> andd<br />
are docummented<br />
in thiis<br />
report:<br />
Agrricultural<br />
proocesses<br />
Bauuxite<br />
Coppper<br />
Harrd<br />
coal<br />
Ironn<br />
Ore<br />
Lignite<br />
Oree<br />
GABI DOOCUMENT<br />
TATION<br />
Table 2 - TTable<br />
8 shoow<br />
for the different d couuntries<br />
and process types<br />
the lannd<br />
use types s regardingg<br />
t1-t4, respeectively<br />
tref . The land use u types foor<br />
t1 were chosen<br />
in discussions<br />
wwith<br />
experts s accordingg<br />
to the preedominant<br />
lland<br />
use ty ype in the area wher re the land d occupatioon<br />
takes pl lace out off<br />
geographiccal<br />
maps. TThe<br />
situation ns t4 respecctively<br />
tref we ere also cho osen in exppert<br />
discuss sions on thee<br />
basis of geeographical<br />
maps show wing the nattural<br />
vegeta ation in the specific areea.<br />
For example<br />
it wass<br />
agreed, thaat<br />
a primaryy<br />
rain forest<br />
used as a mining are ea cannot become b a primary<br />
rain forest afterr<br />
the use phhase<br />
again. It was said d that the aarea<br />
is stron ngly disturb bed and cann<br />
host only y secondaryy<br />
vegetation types.<br />
For the agricultural<br />
prrocesses,<br />
no<br />
transformmation<br />
indica ator values are calculaated.<br />
This is s due to thee<br />
fact that thhe<br />
farmland is used a lo ong time for<br />
farming in n contrary to o a mining aarea.<br />
Farmland<br />
can bee<br />
“used” for hundreds of years. That T meanns<br />
it was often o farmla and before the specific<br />
use andd<br />
afterwardss<br />
again. As a further research need<br />
there has to be found an aallocation<br />
method m thatt<br />
addresses this issue.<br />
Table 2: LLand<br />
use tyypes<br />
for agricultural<br />
pprocesses<br />
Coountry<br />
BBrazil<br />
Caanada<br />
Frrance<br />
Geermany<br />
t1<br />
Farmland<br />
(no commplete<br />
surf face vegetation)<br />
Farmland<br />
(no commplete<br />
surf face vegetattion<br />
Farmland<br />
(no commplete<br />
surf face vegetation)<br />
t2, t3<br />
Fa armland (no complete<br />
surface vege etation)<br />
Fa armland (no complete<br />
surface vege etation)<br />
Fa armland (no complete<br />
surface vege etation)<br />
Farmland<br />
(no commplete<br />
Fa armland (no complete<br />
t4, tref t<br />
Tropical savannah s<br />
Wood: Co oniferous<br />
woodlands<br />
Wood: Mixed<br />
tree<br />
woodlands<br />
Wood: Mixed<br />
tree<br />
Page 4 / 222
NOTE:<br />
Coountry<br />
Maalaysia<br />
Thhailand<br />
Unitedd<br />
States of<br />
Ammerica<br />
“Wood” in this docume ent is definedd<br />
to be natur ral, non processed<br />
and nnaturally<br />
grow wn woodlandd<br />
“Forest” inn<br />
this docum ment is definned<br />
to be ar rtificially plan nted wood ddeemed<br />
to be<br />
processedd<br />
artificially<br />
Table 3: LLand<br />
use tyypes<br />
for Ba auxite extraaction<br />
sites s<br />
Coountry<br />
Auustralia<br />
BBrazil<br />
Table 4: LLand<br />
use tyypes<br />
for Co opper extraaction<br />
sites s<br />
Couuntry<br />
Argentina<br />
Ausstralia<br />
CChile<br />
Indoonesia<br />
Swweden<br />
Table 5: LLand<br />
use tyypes<br />
for Ha ard coal exttraction<br />
sit tes<br />
Coountry<br />
t1<br />
surf face vegetation)<br />
Wood d: (Sub-) troppical<br />
Fa armland (no complete<br />
Rainforest<br />
surface vege etation)<br />
Wood d: (Sub-) troppical<br />
Fa armland (no complete<br />
Rainforest<br />
surface vege etation)<br />
Farmland<br />
(no commplete<br />
surf face vegetattion<br />
t1<br />
Wo ood: Deciduoous<br />
wood dlands, unspeecific<br />
Wood d: (Sub-) troppical<br />
Rainforest<br />
t1<br />
Temperate<br />
savannaah<br />
Temperate<br />
savannaah<br />
Se emi-desert<br />
Wood: (Sub-) tropiccal<br />
Rainforest R<br />
Forest: Coniferous C foorest<br />
t1<br />
t2, t3<br />
surface vege etation)<br />
Fa armland (no complete<br />
surface vege etation)<br />
t2, t3<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
t2, t3<br />
Mining area<br />
Mining area<br />
Mining area<br />
Mining area<br />
Mining area<br />
t2, t3<br />
t4, tref t<br />
woodlands<br />
Wood: (Sub b-) tropical<br />
Rainfo orest<br />
Wood: (Sub b-) tropical<br />
Rainfo orest<br />
Wood: Mixed<br />
tree<br />
woodlands<br />
t4, tref t<br />
Forest steppe s<br />
Fallow gro ound (no<br />
surface ve egetation)<br />
t4, tref f<br />
Semi-des sert<br />
Semi-des sert<br />
Semi-des sert<br />
Falloow<br />
ground (n no surface<br />
vegetatio on)<br />
Tundra a<br />
t4, tref t<br />
Page 5 / 222
Coountry<br />
AAustralia<br />
BBosnia<br />
Brazil<br />
CCanada<br />
Chile<br />
China<br />
Coolombia<br />
India<br />
Inddonesia<br />
Italy<br />
Korea<br />
MMalaysia<br />
MMexico<br />
Neww<br />
Zealand<br />
Phhilippines<br />
Russian<br />
Federationn<br />
Wo ood: Coniferoous<br />
woodlands<br />
Spain<br />
Souuth<br />
Africa<br />
Uniteed<br />
Kingdom<br />
Wo ood: Deciduoous<br />
wood dlands, unspeecific<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawwn<br />
Wood d: (Sub-) troppical<br />
Rainforest<br />
Wo ood: Coniferoous<br />
woodlands<br />
Gras ssland, meaddow<br />
Gras ssland, meaddow<br />
Wood d: (Sub-) troppical<br />
Rainforest<br />
Wo ood: Monsooon<br />
woodlands<br />
Wood d: (Sub-) troppical<br />
Rainforest<br />
Forest:<br />
Mixed tree forest<br />
Wood d: (Sub-) troppical<br />
Rainforest<br />
Wood d: (Sub-) troppical<br />
Rainforest<br />
Semi-desert<br />
S<br />
Wo ood: Mixed trree<br />
woodlands<br />
Wood d: (Sub-) troppical<br />
Rainforest<br />
Gras ssland, meaddow<br />
Temp perate savannnah<br />
Farmland<br />
(no commplete<br />
surf face vegetation)<br />
United Staates<br />
of Amerrica<br />
Wo ood: Deciduoous<br />
t1<br />
t2, t3<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
t4, tref t<br />
Forest steppe s<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Fallow gro ound (no<br />
surface ve egetation)<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Fallow gro ound (no<br />
surface ve egetation)<br />
Fallow gro ound (no<br />
surface ve egetation)<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Fallow gro ound (no<br />
surface ve egetation)<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Non continu uous urban<br />
influence ed area<br />
Fallow gro ound (no<br />
surface ve egetation)<br />
Semi-d desert<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Fallow gro ound (no<br />
surface ve egetation)<br />
Forest: Co oniferous<br />
fore est<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Semi-d desert<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Page 6 / 222
Coountry<br />
Veenezuela<br />
Viiet<br />
Nam<br />
Table 6: LLand<br />
use tyypes<br />
for Iro on ore extraaction<br />
sites s<br />
Coountry<br />
Auustralia<br />
BBrazil<br />
Caanada<br />
Table 7: LLand<br />
use tyypes<br />
for Lig gnite extracction<br />
sites<br />
Coountry<br />
Austria<br />
Auustralia<br />
Bosnia<br />
Buulgaria<br />
Caanada<br />
Czechh<br />
Republic<br />
Frrance<br />
Germany:<br />
Lausitz<br />
Germany:<br />
Middle-<br />
Geermany<br />
wood dlands, unspeecific<br />
Wood d: (Sub-) troppical<br />
Rainforest<br />
Wood d: (Sub-) troppical<br />
Rainforest<br />
Semi-desert<br />
S<br />
Wood d: (Sub-) troppical<br />
Rainforest<br />
Wo ood: Coniferoous<br />
woodlands<br />
Forest:<br />
Coniferous forest<br />
Wo ood: Deciduoous<br />
wood dlands, unspeecific<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawwn<br />
Forest:<br />
Coniferous forest<br />
Farmland<br />
(no commplete<br />
surf face vegetation)<br />
Farmland<br />
(no commplete<br />
surf face vegetation)<br />
Forest:<br />
Coniferous forest<br />
Forest:<br />
Coniferous forest<br />
Farmland<br />
(no commplete<br />
surf face vegetation)<br />
Germanyy:<br />
Rhinelandd<br />
Farmland<br />
(no commplete<br />
t1<br />
t1<br />
t1<br />
t2, t3<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
t2, t3<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
t2, t3<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
t4, tref t<br />
Fallow gro ound (no<br />
surface ve egetation)<br />
Fallow gro ound (no<br />
surface ve egetation)<br />
t4, tref t<br />
Semi-d desert<br />
Fallow gro ound (no<br />
surface ve egetation)<br />
Tundra<br />
t4, tref t<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Forest steppe s<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Page 7 / 222
Coountry<br />
Greece<br />
Huungary<br />
India<br />
Maccedonia<br />
Maalaysia<br />
Poland<br />
Roomania<br />
Russiann<br />
Federation<br />
Sloovakia<br />
Sloovenia<br />
SSpain<br />
Thhailand<br />
Turkey<br />
Unitedd<br />
States of<br />
Ammerica<br />
Yuggoslavia<br />
Table 8: LLand<br />
use tyypes<br />
for Ore<br />
extractioon<br />
sites<br />
Coountry<br />
Auustralia<br />
Auustralia<br />
Auustralia<br />
Auustralia<br />
surf face vegetation)<br />
Forest F steppee<br />
Forest:<br />
Coniferous forest<br />
Wo ood: Monsooon<br />
woodlands<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawwn<br />
Wood d: (Sub-) troppical<br />
Rainforest<br />
Forest:<br />
Coniferous forest<br />
Perma anent crops ( (field,<br />
little su urface vegettation)<br />
Perma anent crops ( (field,<br />
little su urface vegettation)<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawwn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawwn<br />
Gras ssland, meaddow<br />
Wo ood: Monsooon<br />
woodlands<br />
Forest F steppee<br />
Wo ood: Deciduoous<br />
wood dlands, unspeecific<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawwn<br />
Ore O<br />
t1<br />
ZnPb bCd-ore<br />
Titanium-ore,<br />
sand basis, b TiO2<br />
50% 5<br />
Titan nium-ore<br />
Zircon nium sand<br />
t1<br />
t2, t3<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Mining area a<br />
Temperat te savannah<br />
Temperat te savannah<br />
Temperat te savannah<br />
Temperat te savannah<br />
t2, t3<br />
t4, tref t<br />
Semi-d desert<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Fallow gro ound (no<br />
surface ve egetation)<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Fallow gro ound (no<br />
surface ve egetation)<br />
Semi-d desert<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
Moorland,<br />
lawn<br />
t4, tref<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Sem mi-desert<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Sem mi-desert<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Sem mi-desert<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Sem mi-desert<br />
Page 8 / 222
Coountry<br />
BBrazil<br />
Caanada<br />
Caanada<br />
CChile<br />
CChina<br />
CChina<br />
Geermany<br />
Geermany<br />
Geermany<br />
Inddonesia<br />
Noorway<br />
Soutth<br />
Africa<br />
Soutth<br />
Africa<br />
Soutth<br />
Africa<br />
Swweden<br />
Unitedd<br />
States of<br />
Ammerica<br />
Ore O<br />
Chrom mium ore<br />
Nickel<br />
ore<br />
Zn/C Cu-ore<br />
Co opper-<br />
molybd denum ore<br />
Dolomite<br />
CaM Mg[CO3]2<br />
Rare-ea arth metals<br />
- iron<br />
Colem manite-ore<br />
Na atural<br />
Aggregate/<br />
Coars se-gravel<br />
extr raction<br />
Quar rtz sand<br />
(silic ca sand)<br />
Tin<br />
ore<br />
Quar rtz sand<br />
(silic ca sand)<br />
Antimo ony / gold<br />
Manga anese ore<br />
Silicon n dioxide<br />
Lead- -zinc ore<br />
Molybdenum<br />
t1<br />
Wood: (Sub-)<br />
tropical<br />
Rain nforest<br />
Wood: Coniferous C<br />
wood dlands<br />
Wood: Coniferous C<br />
wood dlands<br />
Semi i-desert<br />
Grassland,<br />
meadow<br />
Grassland,<br />
meadow<br />
Farmland (no ( complete e<br />
surface vegetation) v<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Moor rland, lawn<br />
Farmland (no ( complete e<br />
surface vegetation) v<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Moor rland, lawn<br />
Farmland (no ( complete e<br />
surface vegetation) v<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Moor rland, lawn<br />
Wood: (Sub-)<br />
tropical<br />
Rain nforest<br />
Forest: Coniferous C<br />
fo orest<br />
Temperat te savannah<br />
Temperat te savannah<br />
Temperat te savannah<br />
Forest: Coniferous C<br />
fo orest<br />
Wood: Deciduous D<br />
woodlands s, unspecific<br />
t2, t3<br />
t4, tref<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Fallo ow ground<br />
(no o surface<br />
veg getation)<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Tundra T<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Tundra T<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Sem mi-desert<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Fallo ow ground<br />
(no o surface<br />
veg getation)<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Fallo ow ground<br />
(no o surface<br />
veg getation)<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Fallo ow ground<br />
(no o surface<br />
veg getation)<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Tundra T<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Sem mi-desert<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Sem mi-desert<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Sem mi-desert<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Tundra T<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Moor rland, lawn<br />
Page 9 / 222
Coountry<br />
Unitedd<br />
States of<br />
Ammerica<br />
Unitedd<br />
States of<br />
Ammerica<br />
Table 9 too<br />
Table 13 show the respective r land use productivity<br />
p in m²/kg product<br />
in th he differentt<br />
countries aas<br />
well as tthe<br />
data so ources the vvalues<br />
are gathered g fro om. The inpput<br />
for the agriculturall<br />
processes is calculateed<br />
using the e <strong>GaBi</strong> moddels<br />
for the respective crops. Therre,<br />
the crop p output perr<br />
hectare is given and therefore<br />
the e used m² pper<br />
kg crop can be calc culated.<br />
Table 9: LLand<br />
use prroductivity<br />
y Agriculturre<br />
Coountry<br />
BBrazil<br />
Caanada<br />
Frrance<br />
Geermany<br />
Geermany<br />
Geermany<br />
Geermany<br />
Geermany<br />
Maalaysia<br />
Thhailand<br />
Thhailand<br />
Unitedd<br />
States of<br />
Ammerica<br />
Unitedd<br />
States of<br />
Ammerica<br />
Ore O<br />
Phosp phate rock<br />
mine m<br />
Rare-ea arth metals<br />
Crop<br />
Sisal<br />
Canola<br />
Flax<br />
Hemp seed<br />
Hemp straw<br />
Wi inter rapeseeed<br />
Win nter wheat, coorn<br />
Winter<br />
wheat strraw<br />
Oil palm-plantattion<br />
Na atural Rubbeer<br />
plantation(latex)perrennial<br />
Na atural Rubbeer<br />
plantation(seed)<br />
perennial<br />
Corn<br />
Soja<br />
t1<br />
Wood: Deciduous D<br />
woodlands s, unspecific<br />
Wood: Deciduous D<br />
woodlands s, unspecific<br />
Land use [m [<br />
crop]<br />
2 /kg<br />
]<br />
2,37E-0 01<br />
6,06E+ 00<br />
1,46E+ 00<br />
2,50E+ 00<br />
8,00E-0 01<br />
2,50E+ 00<br />
1,08E+ 00<br />
5,54E-0 02<br />
5,09E-0 01<br />
2,90E+ 00<br />
8,06E-0 01<br />
8,50E-0 01<br />
4,05E+ 00<br />
t2, t3<br />
t4, tref<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Moor rland, lawn<br />
Mining aarea<br />
Moor rland, lawn<br />
Reference<br />
PE INTERN NATIONAL<br />
PE INTERN NATIONAL<br />
PE INTERN NATIONAL<br />
PE INTERN NATIONAL<br />
PE INTERN NATIONAL<br />
PE INTERN NATIONAL<br />
PE INTERN NATIONAL<br />
PE INTERN NATIONAL<br />
PE INTERN NATIONAL<br />
PE INTERN NATIONAL<br />
PE INTERN NATIONAL<br />
PE INTERN NATIONAL<br />
PE INTERN NATIONAL<br />
Page 10 / 222
Table 10: Land use pproductivit<br />
ty Bauxite<br />
Coountry<br />
Auustralia<br />
BBrazil<br />
The valuess<br />
for the lannd<br />
use in m² ²/kg for coppper<br />
were ta aken from th he indicatedd<br />
sources. Additionally<br />
A y<br />
they are mmultiplied<br />
with<br />
the respective<br />
metaal<br />
contents of the different<br />
kinds oof<br />
copper. The T copperr<br />
content varies<br />
dependding<br />
on the location of the mine.<br />
Table 11: Land use pproductivit<br />
ty Copper<br />
Coountry<br />
Arggentina<br />
Auustralia<br />
CChile<br />
Inddonesia<br />
Swweden<br />
Product<br />
Bauxite<br />
Bauxite<br />
Product<br />
Copper<br />
Copper<br />
Copper<br />
Copper<br />
Copper<br />
Land use [m [<br />
bauxit<br />
2 /kg<br />
te]<br />
1,85E-0 04<br />
1,30E-0 04<br />
Land use [m [<br />
coppe<br />
2 /kg<br />
er]<br />
1,36E-0 02<br />
1,36E-0 02<br />
1,36E-0 02<br />
1,46E-0 02<br />
1,21E-0 02<br />
Reference<br />
MORI (<br />
MORI (<br />
Reference<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2005),<br />
XSTRATA A (2007)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2005),<br />
XSTRATA A (2007)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2005),<br />
XSTRATA A (2007)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2005),<br />
XSTRATA A (2007)<br />
BILLITON<br />
1998)<br />
1998)<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2005),<br />
XSTRATA A (2007)<br />
Page 11 / 222
Table 12: Land use pproductivit<br />
ty Hard Coaal<br />
Coountry<br />
AAustralia<br />
BBosnia<br />
Brazil<br />
CCanada<br />
Chile<br />
China<br />
Coolombia<br />
India<br />
Inddonesia<br />
Italy<br />
Korea<br />
MMalaysia<br />
MMexico<br />
Neww<br />
Zealand<br />
Phhilippines<br />
Russian<br />
Federationn<br />
Spain<br />
Souuth<br />
Africa<br />
Uniteed<br />
Kingdom<br />
United Staates<br />
of Amerrica<br />
Veenezuela<br />
Viiet<br />
Nam<br />
Product<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Hard Coal<br />
Land use [m [<br />
hard co<br />
2 /kg<br />
oal]<br />
1,30E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,30E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,20E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,40E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
2,90E-0 04<br />
1,70E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,20E-0 04<br />
Reference<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
Page 12 / 222
Table 13: Land use pproductivit<br />
ty Iron Ore<br />
Coountry<br />
AAustralia<br />
Brazil<br />
CCanada<br />
Table 14: Land use pproductivit<br />
ty Lignite<br />
Coountry<br />
Austria<br />
Auustralia<br />
Bosnia<br />
Buulgaria<br />
Caanada<br />
Czechh<br />
Republic<br />
Frrance<br />
Germany:<br />
Lausitz<br />
Germany:<br />
Middle-<br />
Geermany<br />
Germanyy:<br />
Rhinelandd<br />
Greece<br />
Product<br />
Iron Ore<br />
Iron Ore<br />
Iron Ore<br />
Product<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Land use [m [<br />
iron or<br />
2 /kg<br />
re]<br />
9,21E-0 04<br />
9,21E-0 04<br />
9,21E-0 04<br />
Land use [m [<br />
lignite<br />
2 /kg<br />
e]<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,30E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,30E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
Reference<br />
BILLITON (<br />
BILLITON<br />
RIO TINTO O (2006)<br />
RIO TINTO O (2008)<br />
BILLITON (<br />
BILLITON<br />
RIO TINTO O (2006)<br />
RIO TINTO O (2008)<br />
BILLITON (<br />
BILLITON<br />
RIO TINTO O (2006)<br />
RIO TINTO O (2008)<br />
Reference<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
(2006B),<br />
(2007B)<br />
(2006B),<br />
(2007B)<br />
(2006B),<br />
(2007B)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
Page 13 / 222
Coountry<br />
Huungary<br />
India<br />
Maccedonia<br />
Maalaysia<br />
Poland<br />
Ruumania<br />
Russiann<br />
Federation<br />
Sloovakia<br />
Sloovenia<br />
SSpain<br />
Thhailand<br />
Turkey<br />
Unitedd<br />
States of<br />
Ammerica<br />
Yuggoslavia<br />
The valuess<br />
for the land<br />
use in m²/kg m for ore<br />
were tak ken from th he indicatedd<br />
sources. Additionally<br />
A y<br />
they are mmultiplied<br />
with<br />
the resp pective mettal<br />
contents s of the diff ferent kindss<br />
of ore. Th he contentss<br />
vary depennding<br />
on thee<br />
locations of the minees.<br />
Table 15: Land use pproductivit<br />
ty Ore<br />
Coountry<br />
Auustralia<br />
Auustralia<br />
Product<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Lignite<br />
Product<br />
ZnPbCd-oree<br />
Titaniu um-ore, sandd<br />
basis,<br />
TiO2 50%<br />
Land use [m [<br />
lignite<br />
2 /kg<br />
e]<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,40E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
1,70E-0 04<br />
1,50E-0 04<br />
Land use [m<br />
ore]<br />
2 /kg<br />
4,46E-03<br />
2,43E-02<br />
Reference<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
WEYER<br />
Reference<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2001)<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
Page 14 / 222
Coountry<br />
Auustralia<br />
Auustralia<br />
BBrazil<br />
Caanada<br />
Caanada<br />
CChile<br />
CChile<br />
CChina<br />
Product<br />
Titanium-oree<br />
Zirconium<br />
sannd<br />
Chromium C orre<br />
Nickel ore<br />
Zn/Cu-ore<br />
Coppe er- molybdenum<br />
ore<br />
Copper ore<br />
Dolomite<br />
CaMg[CCO3]2<br />
Land use [m<br />
ore]<br />
2 /kg<br />
4,62E-02<br />
4,05E-02<br />
2,14E-02<br />
3,89E-03<br />
3,24E-03<br />
1,60E-02<br />
1,55E-02<br />
1,58E-04<br />
Reference<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
Page 15 / 222
Coountry<br />
CChina<br />
Geermany<br />
Geermany<br />
Geermany<br />
Inddonesia<br />
Noorway<br />
South<br />
Africa<br />
South<br />
Africa<br />
Product<br />
Rare-earth<br />
metalss<br />
- iron<br />
Colemanite-or<br />
C<br />
re<br />
Nat tural Aggregaate/<br />
Coarse-gravel<br />
extrraction<br />
Quartz z sand (silicaa<br />
sand)<br />
Tin ore<br />
Quartz z sand (silicaa<br />
sand)<br />
Antimony<br />
/ goold<br />
Manganese M ore<br />
Land use [m<br />
ore]<br />
2 /kg<br />
1,90E-02<br />
1,58E-04<br />
1,58E-04<br />
1,58E-04<br />
3,50E-02<br />
1,58E-04<br />
1,85E-02<br />
2,09E-02<br />
Reference<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
Page 16 / 222
Coountry<br />
South<br />
Africa<br />
Swweden<br />
Unitedd<br />
States of<br />
Ammerica<br />
Unitedd<br />
States of<br />
Ammerica<br />
Unitedd<br />
States of<br />
Ammerica<br />
Product<br />
Silicon S dioxidde<br />
Lead-zinc L oree<br />
Molybdenumm<br />
Phos sphate rock mmine<br />
Ra are-earth mettals<br />
Land use [m<br />
ore]<br />
2 /kg<br />
1,58E-04<br />
3,69E-02<br />
1,02E-04<br />
1,21E-02<br />
4,13E-03<br />
Reference<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
BILLITON<br />
BILLITON<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
(2006A),<br />
(2007A),<br />
XSTRATA A (2007),<br />
XSTRATA A (2005)<br />
Page 17 / 222
3<br />
In the exaample,<br />
results<br />
and re espective iinterpretatio<br />
on approac ches are ppresented<br />
for f Erosionn<br />
Resistancee<br />
(Transformation)<br />
and d Biotic Prooduction<br />
(O Occupation) ). Indicator values are e shown forr<br />
the extracttion<br />
of 1 t off<br />
lignite in Spain S and 1 t of lignite in Malaysia a. The respeective<br />
indica ator values, ,<br />
scaled to 1 kg, can bee<br />
found in th he <strong>GaBi</strong> dattabase.<br />
Figure 1:<br />
EXAMPLLE<br />
[kg/a]<br />
1,660E‐02<br />
1,440E‐02<br />
1,220E‐02<br />
1,000E‐02<br />
8,000E‐03<br />
6,000E‐03<br />
4,000E‐03<br />
2,000E‐03<br />
0,000E+00<br />
Erosion RResistance<br />
transformmation<br />
indicator<br />
values<br />
for thee<br />
extraction n of 1 t off<br />
lignite in Spain and Malaysia<br />
(Q(t4)-Q(t1) ))*area usedd.<br />
Erosion<br />
RResistannce<br />
(Transformmation)<br />
Lignite SSpain<br />
Liggnite<br />
Malaysiaa<br />
Transformaation<br />
exammines<br />
the pe ermanent immpacts<br />
cau used by a la and use. It is calculate ed with thee<br />
following foormula:<br />
Figure 1 s<br />
lignite in S<br />
values are<br />
lignite an a<br />
year in the<br />
the transfo<br />
between th<br />
for the land<br />
is a moor 3<br />
hows the EErosion<br />
Res sistance traansformation<br />
n indicator values for tthe<br />
extraction<br />
of 1 t off<br />
Spain compared<br />
to the e indicator vvalues<br />
for the<br />
extractio on of 1 t liggnite<br />
in Malaysia.<br />
Bothh<br />
positive, wwhich<br />
means s there is a negative im mpact on the<br />
environmment.<br />
In Spa ain for 1 t off<br />
amount of 00.0023<br />
kg soil<br />
is additioonally<br />
erode ed to the na aturally occcurring<br />
soil erosion perr<br />
e time followwing<br />
the reg garded land use on the e used land due to the permanent t impacts off<br />
ormation. In Malaysia this<br />
amountt<br />
sums up to o 0.0143 kg g. The reasoon<br />
for the discrepancy<br />
d y<br />
he lignite exxtraction<br />
im mpacts in Sppain<br />
and Malaysia M is due d to the ddifferent<br />
lan nd qualitiess<br />
d use typess<br />
in the situa ation t1 and t4. In Spain n the land use<br />
type for t1 is grassla and, for t4 itt<br />
landscapee<br />
that repres sents falloww<br />
land with some vege etation. Thee<br />
quality diff ferences off<br />
the two situuations<br />
are not as grav ve as for MMalaysia:<br />
There,<br />
the lan nd use type for t1 is (su ub-) tropicall<br />
3<br />
not repres senting hill orr<br />
raised moors,<br />
but deple eted land.<br />
Page 18 / 222
ainforest and for t4 it is fallow w ground, representin ng a waste eland with very few vegetation. .<br />
Concerningg<br />
impact faactors<br />
for er rosion, rainfforest<br />
does s have a ve ery high land<br />
quality, wasteland w a<br />
lower one. Therefore, , the differe ence betweeen<br />
the two qualities is s bigger thaan<br />
for the extraction<br />
off<br />
lignite in Spain.<br />
[kg]<br />
8,000E‐02<br />
7,000E‐02<br />
6,000E‐02<br />
5,000E‐02<br />
4,000E‐02<br />
3,000E‐02<br />
2,000E‐02<br />
1,000E‐02<br />
0,000E+00<br />
Bioticc<br />
Production<br />
(OOccupattion)<br />
Lignite SSpain<br />
Liggnite<br />
Malaysiaa<br />
Figure 2: Biotic Prodduction<br />
oc ccupation indicator<br />
va alues for the<br />
extractiion<br />
of 1 t of o lignite inn<br />
Spain andd<br />
Malaysia<br />
Occupationn<br />
examiness<br />
the direc ct impacts a land use e has durin ng its use<br />
according to the followwing<br />
formula a:<br />
time. It is<br />
Occupationn<br />
indicator vvalue<br />
= (Q(t t4, ref)-Q(t2,3))*area<br />
used*time<br />
of oc ccupation.<br />
So the statte<br />
after the regeneratio on of the lannd<br />
is compa ared with the<br />
state during<br />
land use e.<br />
calculatedd<br />
Figure 2 shhows<br />
the BBiotic<br />
Production<br />
occuppation<br />
indica ator values for the production<br />
of 1 t lignite inn<br />
Spain commpared<br />
to thhe<br />
indicator values for tthe<br />
extraction<br />
of 1 t lignite<br />
in Malaaysia.<br />
Both graphs aree<br />
positive, thhat<br />
means there<br />
are ne egative enviironmental<br />
impacts. i<br />
The extracction<br />
of 1 t lignite in Sp pain avoidss<br />
the produc ction of 0.0691<br />
kg biommass;<br />
in Malaysia<br />
thiss<br />
amount onnly<br />
sums up to 0.0136 kg. k The reaason<br />
is again<br />
mainly to be found inn<br />
the differe ent land usee<br />
types for tthe<br />
situationns<br />
t4 and t2 2,3. The situuation<br />
in t2,3 3 is for both h sites miniing<br />
area. Obviously, O a<br />
mining areea<br />
does noot<br />
have goo od land quaality<br />
parame eters. For Spain S the ssituation<br />
in t4 again iss<br />
moorland, for Malaysia<br />
it is fallow w ground representing<br />
wasteland, meaning thhat<br />
in the ex xample, thee<br />
regeneratioon<br />
potential<br />
of the land d in Spain iis<br />
higher than<br />
the Mala aysia one. SSo<br />
the moo orland doess<br />
still have hhigher<br />
qualiity<br />
paramet ters than wasteland,<br />
and a subsequ uently the iindicator<br />
va alues of thee<br />
Biotic Prodduction<br />
for 1 t lignite in Spain are higher than n the indicator<br />
values ffor<br />
the extra action of 1 t<br />
lignite in MMalaysia.<br />
Page 19 / 222
4<br />
DISCUSSSION<br />
AND D OUTLOOOK<br />
With the inntegration<br />
oof<br />
consisten nt land use information n in the GaB Bi databasee,<br />
for the fir rst time it iss<br />
possible too<br />
examine aand<br />
to quan ntify the effeects<br />
a prod duct or a pro ocess has oon<br />
the land d used. Thee<br />
informationn<br />
produced refers to land l qualityy<br />
parameters<br />
and is summable s aand<br />
scalable<br />
over thee<br />
whole proccess<br />
chain.<br />
However, aas<br />
this is thhe<br />
first inclusion<br />
of succh<br />
land use information n into a dataabase,<br />
there e are somee<br />
limitations to be mentioned:<br />
Lannd<br />
use inforrmation<br />
is only<br />
includedd<br />
in land co onsuming un nit processees.<br />
Enttry<br />
data is often deriv ved from ddatabases<br />
where w only country sppecific<br />
valu ues can bee<br />
gatthered.<br />
Morre<br />
site spec cific values would serv ve the accur racy of the results. Ne evertheless, ,<br />
theese<br />
values aare<br />
often dif fficult to obttain.<br />
Alloocation<br />
of transformation<br />
effects especially for f agricultu ural processses<br />
is not done d so farr<br />
andd<br />
is subject to further re esearch.<br />
Still the baackground<br />
data provid des valuablee<br />
informatio on which can<br />
be usedd<br />
to compa are differentt<br />
products oon<br />
a countryy<br />
scale. For<br />
the compaarison<br />
of ex xactly located<br />
foregrouund<br />
process ses or landd<br />
uses, indiccator<br />
valuess<br />
can be ca alculated ussing<br />
LANCA<br />
and can be includeed<br />
into unit processes. .<br />
This proceedure<br />
allowss<br />
for a detailed<br />
comparrison<br />
of loca ations.<br />
In conclussion,<br />
the land<br />
use dat tabase in G<strong>GaBi</strong><br />
gives the user a good starrting<br />
point in order too<br />
determine the main coontributors<br />
to land usee<br />
effects. Du ue to further<br />
developmment<br />
of the method, m thee<br />
tool and ddue<br />
to incrreasing<br />
dat ta availabiliity,<br />
same as a other LC CA data, laand<br />
use data<br />
will bee<br />
periodicallyy<br />
updated too<br />
ensure up p-to-dateness<br />
of results.<br />
Page 20 / 222
5<br />
BAITZ (2002)<br />
BAITTZ,<br />
M. (2002 2): Die Bedeeutung<br />
der funktionsba asierten Charakterisier<br />
rung von<br />
Fläcchen-Inansp<br />
pruchnahmeen<br />
in indust triellen Proz zesskettenaanalysen.<br />
Ein E Beitrag<br />
zur ganzheitlich hen Bilanzieerung.<br />
Diss sertation. Sh haker (Bericchte<br />
aus de er<br />
Umwwelttechnik),<br />
Aachen.<br />
BECK,<br />
WITTSTOCCK<br />
ET<br />
AL. (2010) )<br />
BILLITON<br />
(2006A)<br />
BILLITON<br />
(2006B)<br />
BILLITON<br />
(2007A)<br />
BILLITON<br />
(2007B)<br />
BOS (20088)<br />
BOSS,<br />
U.; WITTS STOCK, B. (22008):<br />
Integr ration of lan nd use effeccts<br />
into LCA A.<br />
Doccumentation<br />
n of methoddological<br />
app proach and d operationaalisation<br />
to describe d<br />
landd<br />
use effect ts.<br />
ISRIC WWISE<br />
BATTJES,<br />
N. H. ( 2002): ISRIIC-WISE<br />
-- Global Soil l Profile Datta<br />
(ver. 1.1) ).<br />
(2002) Waggeningen.<br />
LINDEIJERR<br />
LINDDEIJER,<br />
E. (2 2000): Reviiew<br />
of land use impact methodolog ogies. In: Journal<br />
of<br />
(2000) Cleaaner<br />
Production,<br />
Jg. 8, , H. 4, S. 27 73–281. DO OI:10.1016/SS0959-<br />
65226(00)00024<br />
4-X.<br />
MILA I CAANALS<br />
ET AL. (20007)<br />
LITERATTURE<br />
BOS,<br />
BECCK,<br />
T.; BOS, U.; WITTSTOOCK,<br />
B. (2010):<br />
LANCA A – Calculattion<br />
of Land d Use<br />
Indiicator<br />
Value es in Life Cyycle<br />
Assess sment; to be e published. .<br />
Online:<br />
www.lb bp-gabi.de.<br />
BHPP<br />
BILLITON (Hg.) ( (2006) ): BHP Billit ton Sustaina ability Repoort<br />
2006 Base<br />
Mettals.<br />
Copper.<br />
Online:<br />
httpp://sustainab<br />
bility.bhpbilliton.com/20<br />
006/docume ents/performmance/EnviroSumma<br />
ryPddfs/BBM_20<br />
006.pdf.<br />
BHPP<br />
BILLITON (Hg.) ( (2006) ): BHP Billit ton Sustaina ability Repoort<br />
2006 Ca arbon<br />
Steeel<br />
Materials s CSG (Summmary).<br />
Iron n Ore. Onlin ne:<br />
httpp://sustainab<br />
bility.bhpbilliton.com/20<br />
006/docume ents/performmance/EnviroSumma<br />
ryPddfs/CSM_2006.pdf.<br />
BHPP<br />
BILLITON (Hg.) ( (2007) ): Base met tals Input Output. O<br />
Online:<br />
http://w www.bhpbilliiton.com/bb<br />
bContentRe epository/iobbasemetals.pdf.<br />
BHPP<br />
BILLITON (Hg.) ( (2007) ): Iron Ore Inputs/Outp<br />
I puts.<br />
Online:<br />
http://w www.bhpbilliiton.com/bb<br />
bContentRe epository/ioironore.pdf.<br />
Online:http://lib<br />
brary.wur.nl/ /isric/.<br />
MILÀÀ<br />
I CANALS, L.; BAUER, C.; DEPEST TELE, J.; DUB BREUIL, A.; KKNUCHEL<br />
FREEIERMUTH,<br />
R.; R GAILLARDD,<br />
G. ET AL. (2007): Key y Elements in a Frame ework for<br />
Lannd<br />
Use Impa act Assessmment<br />
Within n LCA. In: The<br />
Internatiional<br />
Journa al of Life<br />
Cyccle<br />
Assessm ment, Jg. 122,<br />
H. 1, p. 5-15<br />
(11p). DOI:10.1065<br />
D 5/lca2006.0 05.250.<br />
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MITCHELLL<br />
MITCHELL,<br />
T.D. (2003): A ccomprehensive<br />
set of climate c scennarios<br />
for Europe E<br />
(2003) andd<br />
the globe. TYN CY 1. 1 data-est. Tyndall Centre<br />
for Climmate<br />
Chang ge<br />
Ressearch.<br />
MORI (19998)<br />
PE INNTER-<br />
PE INTERNATIO ONAL GMBH; CHAIR <strong>OF</strong> BUILDING B PH HYSICS, UNIVVERSITAT<br />
ST TUTTGART:<br />
NATIONAL GaBBi.<br />
<strong>Software</strong> e-System annd<br />
Databas ses for Life Cycle C Enginneering.<br />
Stu uttgart,<br />
Echhterdingen:<br />
LBP, PE. OOnline:<br />
http:/ //www.gabi- -software.coom/.<br />
RIO<br />
TINTO (20006)<br />
RIO TTINTO<br />
RIO TINTO PILBARA<br />
(2008): : Rio Tinto Iron I Ore inf formation.<br />
(2008)<br />
Online:<br />
http://w www.riotintooironore.com<br />
m/301_pilba ara.asp.<br />
WEYER (22001)<br />
WEYYER,<br />
T. (200 01): Abschluußbericht<br />
der d Untersuc chung über r<br />
Fläccheninanspruchnahmeen<br />
durch Ak ktivitäten des<br />
Steinkohllenbergbaus<br />
s. Institut<br />
für BBergbaukun<br />
nde 1 der RRheinisch-W<br />
Westfälischen<br />
Technischen<br />
Hochsc chule<br />
Aacchen.<br />
XSTRATA XSTTRATA<br />
(Hg.) (2005): 20005<br />
Group an nd Commod dity Businesss<br />
Sustaina ability<br />
(2005)<br />
Datta<br />
Summary y Sheet.<br />
Online:<br />
httpp://www.xstr<br />
rata.com/asssets/pdf/x_<br />
_hse_sustain nability_perrformance_table_200<br />
5.pddf.<br />
XSTRATA<br />
(2007)<br />
Online:<br />
http://w www.cru.ueaa.ac.uk/~tim<br />
mm/cty/obs/ TYN_CY_11_1.html.<br />
MORRI,<br />
G.; ADEL LHARDT, W. (1998): Sto offmengenflü üsse und En Energiebeda arf bei der<br />
Gewwinnung<br />
ausgewählter<br />
r mineralisch her Rohstof ffe. Teilstuddie<br />
Aluminiu um.<br />
Geooökologisch<br />
hes Jahrbucch,<br />
H. Reihe e H, Heft SH H2.<br />
RIO TINTO IRON N ORE (20066):<br />
Pilbara Operations O Sustainablee<br />
Developm ment<br />
Summmary<br />
Repo ort 2006. MMore<br />
value with w less imp pact.<br />
Online:<br />
httpp://www.riotintoironore.ccom/docum<br />
ments/RTIO_ _Sust_Dev__Summary_<br />
_%28FA<br />
%299.pdf.<br />
XSTTRATA<br />
(Hg.) (2007): Xsttrata<br />
Annua al Report 20 007. Operati ting Review w –<br />
Coppper.<br />
Online:<br />
www.xs strata.com/aannualrepo<br />
ort/2007/pag ge65.<br />
Page 22 / 222
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