File explorers packet.pdf

Social Studies 7
Chapter 2 - Europe Looks Outward
Theme:
In the late 1400's, Europeans in search oftrade sailed across the Atlantic
Ocean and made contact with the Native Americans. Soon Spain and other
countries established settlements in the Americas. The Europeans also began to
bring enslaved Africans there. Over time, Native American, European, and
African peoples and cultures interacted to form a new way of life.
By the late 1600's, the nations of Europe were competing for the newfound
wealth in the Americas. The Spanish, French, Dutch, and English had each
staked a claim in the new lands.
Objectives: Students will be able to-
1) describe the early interactions in trade between Asia, Africa, and
Europe
2) defend whether they believe Christopher Columbus was a hero or a
villain.
3) describe how faith, past governments, the Crusades, the Renaissance,
and the Protestant Reformation affected Europeans' desire to explore.
4) discuss the factors that motivated European exploration.
5) explain the impact of conquistadors on Native American tribes.
6) analyze the motivation of the French, Dutch, Spanish, and English
explorers including the areas they explored and the impact they had on
those areas.
7) define each of the terms listed under the vocabulary section.
Chapter Outline: I.
II.
III.
IV.
v.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
Introduction to exploration
Trade Networks of Africa and Asia
Motivation/The European Heritage
Columbus Investigated
Spain's Empire in the Americas
Conquistadors
Europeans Compete in North America
France and Netherlands in North America
Probable Time Frame: 2 weeks, Test is scheduled for 10/24
Next Chapter: Colonies Take Root
1.

2.
Vocabulary:
• navigation:
• magnetic compass:
• astrolabe:
• caravel:
• mission:
• conquistador:
• encomienda:
• plantation:
• Northwest Pas sage:
• coureur de bois:
• mercantilism:
Identifications:
• Silk Road: -------------------------------------------------------
• Crusades: -------------------------------------------------------
• Protestant Reformation: --------------------------------------------
• Mansa Musa: ----------------------------------------------------
• Renaissance: -----------------------------------------------------
• Bartolome de las Casas: --------------------------------------------
• Columbian Exchange: _____________________ _
• European Explorers - know the different explorers including why they explored
and what they discovered.
• Spain, France, England, Netherlands- know what faith and what economic
activity motivated their exploration.

6.
Directions: Based on the map on page
sentences.
answer the following questions in complete
1. Describe North America as you see it on the map. (Hint: look for the name Florida to find
North America)
2. How do North and South America compare in size on this map? Does this contradict what
we know to be true today?
3. Explain why European explorers believed the Northwest Passage was a possible route to
India.
4. Examine the illustrations the cartographer included on the map. What are they and what are
they implying?
5. What else on the map did you find interesting?

King Ferdinand's Letter to the Taino Indians
Constructed Response Question
Historical Context: Below is a letter in which King Ferdinand sent along with Columbus
on his second voyage to Haiti. It was to be communicated to the Taino Indians. The King
wants the Indians to acknowledge the Christian religion and God, and to accept the
authority of the King of Spain. The letter is a mix of promises of benefits that will come to
them, but quickly followed up with the direst of threats if they do not comply .
. . . The late Pope gave these islands and mainland of the ocean and the contents hereof to
the above-mentioned King and Queen, as is certified in writing and you may see the
documents if you should so desire. Therefore, Their Highnesses are lords and masters of
this land ... and all subjects unconditionally and of their own free will became Christians
and thus they remain. Their Highnesses received their allegiance with joy and benignity
and decreed that they be treated in this spirit like good and loyal vassals and you are
under the obligation to do the same.
Therefore, we request that you understand this text, deliberate on its contents within a
reasonable time, and recognize the Church and its highest priest, the Pope, as rulers of the
universe, and in their name the King and Queen of Spain as rulers of this land, allowing
the religious fathers to preach our holy Faith to you. You owe compliance as a duty to the
King and we in his name will receive you with love and charity, respecting your freedom
and that of your wives and sons and your rights of possession and we shall not compel
you to baptism unless you, informed of the Truth, wish to convert to our holy Catholic
Faith as almost all your neighbors have done in other islands, in exchange for which
Their Highnesses bestow many privileges and exemptions upon you.
Should you fail to comply ... we assure you that with the help of God we shall use force
against you, declaring war upon you from all sides and with all possible means ... we shall
enslave your persons, wives and sons, sell you or dispose of you as the King sees fit; we
shall seize your possessions and harm you as much as we can as disobedient and
resisting ... And we declare you guilty of resulting deaths and injuries, exempting Their
Highnesses of such guilt as well as ourselves and the gentlemen who accompany us ...
Directions: Answer the following in complete sentences.
1. Who gave possession of the islands to Spain? ---------------
2. In the first paragraph of the letter the King states that all subjects will become
Christians on their own free will. What does this mean to you? _________ _
9.

3. Using the context for clues, what do you think the King meant by "good and loyal
vassals"?-----------------------------
4. The King threatens the Taino people. What does he threaten to do? ______ _
5.What do you think the King is trying to achieve with this threat? _______ _
*
*
*
Outside Information
Adapted from "Revolution to Reconstruction"
http://www .let.rug.nl/usa/D/1400-1500/ columbus/letter .htm
10.

The First Voyage of Columbus
As a teen and young adult in Genoa, Columbus had learned about the Portuguese expeditions
along the coast of Africa, seeking a sea route to the Far East. In his late 20s, he moved to Portugal and
added to his knowledge of the sea by studying charts and navigational maps and by making sea
voyages. He communicated with Paolo Toscanelli, a highly regarded cosmographer in Florence, who
had created a map of the world that showed India, Japan, and China to the west. Columbus set sail on
his first voyage with Toscanelli's map as a guide.
The complete voyage took a little over two months, but a month-long stay on the Canary
Islands brought the actual sailing time across the Atlantic Ocean to almost five weeks. Still, it was a
long time to be at sea. The ships were well-stocked with provisions, which included various types of
beans, olive oil, vinegar, honey, cheese, sea biscuits, salted and pickled fish and meat, nuts, and dried
fruit. The crew was weary, uncomfortable, and unkempt, but there are no reports of illnesses or deaths
and upon reaching land, the entire crew was intact.
October 12, 1492
Ten weeks after leaving Spain, Columbus and his crew set foot on an island in what is now The
Bahamas. In the following months, he sailed among the islands, stopping at several, and then
continued to Cuba and Hispaniola, where La Navidid was established. Columbus set sail for Spain
several days after the beginning of the new year 1493, first stopping in Portugal, and then proceeding
to Palos, arriving on March 15th.
The voyage of Columbus was one of skill, determination, and strong beliefs. Columbus Day is
celebrated because, although the land of the unnamed continent was inhabited, the voyage of
Columbus was the first documented account of the land and its people. His voyages allowed Spain,
England, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and other countries to further explore the continent,
establishing new colonies that eventually led to new nations.
12.
Excerpt taken from: "Remembering Christopher Columbus"
by Janice Therese Mancuso October II, 2009
1. What does this article teach you about Columbus and his first journey?
2. Why does this author believe that Columbus Day should be celebrated?

Viewpoint #2: Some myths corrected
The majority of school children in the Americas know the name of Christopher Columbus
(Cristobal Colon in Spanish; Cristofaro Colombo in Italian), as well as the names of the three boatsthe
Nifia, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria - which sailed across the Atlantic from Europe in search of a
new route to Asia.
The old school rhyme "Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue, in 1492", sears not just the
name of the explorer into memory, but also the year of his great discovery.
The basic story gets retold time and again in countless history books, but what tends to be
glossed over is any uncertainty or controversy surrounding Columbus.
Columbus: First American Hero
Often times, Columbus is presented as the first American hero; his divinely inspired voyage
romanticized by tales of life-threatening storms, pending mutiny and 11th hour salvation. Of the
maiden discovery voyage itself, however- as is the case for much of his early life- little is known.
Even the place of his birth is disputed (though it is widely accepted by historians that Columbus was
born in Genoa, Italy).
If not for Columbus, the World Would Still be Flat
One of the biggest myths surrounding Columbus is the flat earth theory and his being
instrumental in disproving or debunking that the world was flat. The fact is most people - Europeans
and Native Americans included- already knew that the world was round and had known so for
hundreds of years.
The popularity of the notion that Columbus was instrumental in aiding to enlighten the world as
to its roundness can be accredited to Washington Irvin's best selling 1828 Columbus biography.
Anthropologist Jack Weatherford states that there existed measurements of the earth's diameter and
circumference accredited to scientist Erastosthenes dating to the 3rd century B.C.
Old World Exploitation of the New World
Recently, much has been written and opined on regarding Columbus' exploitation of the native
people of the Americas. James W. Loewen, in Lies My Teacher Told Me, writes of the impact that
13.

Columbus had regarding race relations as well as his influence over the transformation of the New
World. Loewen states that Christopher Columbus established "two phenomena ... the taking ofland,
wealth, and labor from the Indigenous people" which lead to " ... their near extermination and the
transatlantic slave trade which created a social underclass."
How Columbus viewed the natives of the land he'd "discovered" went from complimentary and
positive to hostile and critical. In a journal entry the day following his landing at Guanahani (now San
Salvador), October 13, 1492, Columbus writes ofthe Arawak as being a fast-learning, intelligent
people. Columbus was also impressed by their physical appearance referring to them as attractive and
well built.
In his later writings, while trying to justify war and enslavement of the natives, Columbus
described them as cruel and stupid.
Two Perceptions of Columbus
James Muldoon's article in Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History, expresses the duality
behind the way Columbus has been perceived, "people once saw him as initiating the civilizing and
Christianizing process in the Americas, but now people condemn him for initiating slavery and
genocide." It is not impossible for both of these portraits of Columbus to be accurate.
Whether viewed in a positive or negative light, Columbus' voyage across the Atlantic not only
expanded the empire of Spain and opened trade routes, but it also divided time into pre and post
Columbian eras. It is not a matter of political correctness to know and comprehend the conquering
European's treatment of the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean. It is simply a matter of fact.
14.
Excerpt taken from "Little Known Facts Behind the 15th Century Explorer and His Voyage"
July 20, 2009 by Elvira Nieto
3. How does this article impact your opinion of Columbus? Are there any myths
that it corrected for you?

the others which lie in our course, I shall examine on the passage, and according as I find gold or
spices in abundance, I shall determine what to do; at all events I am determined to proceed on to the
continent, and visit the city of Guisay, where I shall deliver the letters of your Highnesses to the Great
Can, and demand an answer, with which I shall return."
16.
4. According to these excerpts from Columbus's Diary what was the main
purpose of his journey?
5. What do you think? Based on what you have learned, is Columbus a hero or
a villain?
6. We all still want a day off from school in October. What do you propose we
should celebrate?

The Columbian Exchange
Directions: Look at the map and then read and text-tag the following paragraphs
and answer the questions that follow in complete sentences.
On Columbus's first voyage, a new world started to take shape. Animals and plants
carried from Spain began to thrive in the Americas, while American products revolutionized
life-styles in Europe.
Take food, for example. What's your idea ofltalian food? Pizza and pastas covered in
rich tomato sauce? That wasn't the case in Columbus's day. Italians didn't have the tomato
until it was carried there from the Americas. What about Eastern European food? There were
no potato pancakes until the potato came from the Americas.
It worked the other way, too. If your idea of Mexican food is a taco filled with beef,
lettuce, tomato, and onion, that was possible only after Columbus. Mexicans already had com
for taco shells, but the beef (cattle), lettuce, and onion came from across the Atlantic.
Habits changed, too. Columbus and his men were surprised to see Native Americans
rolling leaves and smoking them. But once Europeans took tobacco home with them, the habit
spread like wildfire.
The two-way flow carried harm as well as help. Native Americans were devastated by
diseases carried by Spanish explorers. Europe, Africa, and Asia had been connected long
enough for most of the Spanish to be immune from many of the germs they encountered, but
Native Americans had no natural defenses against those germs and they died by the millions.
Excerpts taken from JuniorScholastic, pg. 10-11 September 25, 1992
(The Quincentennial of Columbus's arrival.)
17.

1. Based on the map and the reading, name three things that you are happy
Europeans brought to the New World?
1. ----------------
2. ______________ __
3 ·----------------
2. Also using the same information, what are four products that the indigenous
people gave to the Europeans?
1. --------------------
2. --------------------
3 ·-------------------
4. _________________ __
3. Thinking Critically: Who would you say benefitted more from the Columbian
Exchange?
4. Based on this reading and map, does your opinion change at all about Christopher
Columbus? Defend your opinion with at least five sentences.
18.

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Spain's Empire in the Americas
Country Key People Area Explored Motivation Impact
Hernando Cortes Cuba and Mexico Capture Aztec Built the city of Mexico
of City and established
Tenochtitlan
Three G's of Spain:
1.
2.
3.
Francisco Pizarro South America Searched for Defeated the
Why were the Spanish victorious?
What was the Native American impact?
who were said to have a empire and claimed the
lot of area for
Bartolome de Las Not an explorer- He He wanted to protect the His suggestion caused
Casas was concerned about Native Americans -so the African slave trade
(Spanish at Native Americans he suggested using to
one of the missions) dieing from slaves because dramatically.
and they did not die of
Other Spanish explorers: Ponce de Leon- Fountain ofYouth in Florida, Hernando deSoto- gold and
treasure in Southeast, Francisco Coronado - Seven Cities of Gold in Southwest
---- --
conquistadors: Spanish word for conqueror
encomienda: the right to demand or from Native Americans living on the land.
plantation: a large farmed by many ____ _
missions: religious settlements run by priests and friars, established to Native Americans to
Christianity
I

Constructed Response Question
Directions: Use the information in the following passage and the picture to answer the
questions on the back of this page.
The Royal Commentaries of Peru
Historical Context: In 1527, Francisco Pizarro entered Peru, where, with his small band
of 175 men armed with a cannon, they took over the entire Incan Empire.
Quickly after Pizarro landed on the shores he began to advance toward the Empire's
capitol. As Pizarro's group advanced, they were confronted by roughly fifty-thousand
Incan warriors within the town square of the capitol city who were bent on destroying
Pizarro's band. However, the Inca did not attack, rather, Pizarro asked the Inca's leader,
Atahualpa, to meet with him and his bodyguards unarmed. Pizarro knew that if he had the
Emperor he would have the entire Incan Empire, and all the gold which it held Shortly
after meeting with Pizarro, Atahualpa's gold headband was torn form his head, and with
the blast of a cannon, Pizarro's men slaughtered all of the Inca's within the town square.
Atahualpa attempted to bargain with Pizarro for his life, offering him a room filled with
gold, but shortly after Atahualpa showed Pizarro the room he was murdered.
The Some natives who became literate went on to learn how to write, helping them to
speak directly to European readers. Garcilaso de la Vega, an Inca, modeled his histories
on European examples; his narratives were translated from Spanish into English.
A Vision of Spanish Cruelty during their
attack on Cuzco, Peru.
From the historical work:
The Royal Commentaries of Peru
By Garcilaso de la Vega (1539-1616)
London: Miles Flesher, for Christopher Wilkinson,
1688. Special Collections, University of 21.
Pennsylvania Library

22.
1. Who is the group of men pictured on the right side of the illustration? ______ _
2. Who is depicted on the left side of the illustration? _____________ _
3. What is pictured in the background of the illustration? ___________ _
4. Why do you think the author included this specific background in his illustration of the
battle scene?----------------------------
5. From the historical description, can you predict what other illustrations might have
been included in this book by Garcilasco de la Vega? ____________ _

24.
Cortez attacked and swiftly defeated the Aztecs. He owed his astonishing
victories partly to firearms and horses, which terrified the Aztecs, and partly to initial
Aztec beliefs that the Spanish were white, bearded gods whose return ancient legends had
predicted. His success also resulted form his boldness and cunning, the Aztec emperor
Montezuma's fears, diseases among the Indians, and the revolt of the Aztec peoples.
).> What advantages did Cortez's sailors have over the Aztecs? _______ _
The Spaniards, with their horses and swords and lances, began to slaughter and
practice strange cruelty among the Aztecs. They penetrated into the country and spared
neither children nor the aged, nor pregnant women, nor those in child labor, all of whom
they cut, as though they were assaulting so many lambs herded in their sheepfold.
They made gallows just high enough for the feet to nearly touch the ground, and
the put wood underneath and, with fire, burned the Indians alive.
They wrapped the bodies of the others entirely in dry straw, binding them in it and
setting fire to it; and so they burned them. They cut off the hands of all they wished to
take alive, made them carry them fastened on to them, and said, "Go and carry letters,"
that is, take the news to those who have fled to the mountains.
They generally killed the lords and nobles in the following way. They made
wooden gridirons of stakes, bound them upon them, and made a slow fire beneath: thus,
the victims gave up the spirit by degrees, emitting cries of despair in their torture.
).> How did the Spaniards treat the Native Americans? __________ _

The human cost of the conquest was enormous. Mourned a vanquished Aztec:
Broken spears lie in the roads;
We have torn out our hair in our grief.
The houses are roofless now,
And the walls are splattered with gore,
We have pounded our hands in despair,
Against the Adobe walls.
When Cortez landed in 1519, central Mexico's population had been about 25
million. By 1521, Cortez had overthrown the Aztecs and begun to build Mexico City on
the ruins of Tenochtitlan. Soon the last Aztec emperor suffered defeat and execution, and
within twenty years Central America lay at the Spaniards' feet. By 1600 the native
population had shrunk to between 1 million and 2 million. America had witnessed the
greatest human disaster in world history.
Warfare, forced labor, starvation and mass slaughter accounted for some of the
catastrophe, but the greatest killers were germs. Native Americans lacked antibodies to
Old World infections, and above all, the deadly, highly contagious smallpox. From the
first years of contact, frightful epidemics decimated Indian communities. In the West
Indian islands, the entire native population perished within a half-century, and
devastation from disease facilitated the colonization of mainland North America.
In addition to diseases, sixteenth-century Europeans also brought horses, cattle,
sheep, swine, chickens, wheat and other grains, coffee, sugar cane, and numerous fruits
and garden vegetables to America, besides iron metallurgy, firearms, the wheel and
weeds. In the next century, African slaves carried rice and yams with them across the
Atlantic. The list of New World gifts to the Old World was equally impressive: corn,
25.

26.
many varieties of beans, white and sweet potatoes, avocados, pineapples, chilies, tobacco,
turkeys, canoes and kayaks, hammocks, snowshoes, and moccasins. Often several
centuries passed before new plants became widely accepted across the ocean. For
example, many Europeans suspected that potatoes and tomatoes were poisons until the
nineteenth century, and Indians at first had to be forced to grow wheat. However, the
worldwide exchange of food products enriched human diets and later made possible
enormous population growth.
>- What were the effects of Cortez's invasion and takeover? (at least 3) ____ _
Summarize the article in your own words: _______________ _
Key Points:
>- Conquistador means conqueror
>- Remember the 3 G' s: Gold, God & Glory
>- Montezuma and the Aztecs were conquered by Cortez
>- Reasons the conquistadors were successful:
1. Early belief by the Aztecs that the Spanish were gods
2. Diseases from the Spanish
3. Guns
4. Horses

Directions: This is an exercise in reading
comprehension. Read the following paragraph and
answer the questions which follow.
Only the land along the St. Lawrence was suited for farming, so the
fur trade became the mainstay of the [New World's] economy. The fur
trade in North America profoundly influenced the economy of North
America. The scarcity of fur-bearing animals in Europe by the 17th
century encouraged English, French, and Dutch traders to look to their
nations' colonies as sources of valuable animal skins. Several factors
favored the development of the fur trade in the New World: the great
abundance of animals in the American woodlands; the presence of Indians
skilled in trapping and in the processing of pelts; and, above all, the
possibility of tremendous profit. Goods bought for one livre in France
could be traded to Indians for skins worth 200 livres when brought back to
Paris. Consequently traders eagerly sought out the pelts of deer, otter,
bear, marmot, fox, and, most important, beaver, whose fur was ideal for
making the broad-brimmed hats popular in Europe.lndians either brought
furs into the settlements of Quebec, Montreal, and Three Rivers or traded
with the couriers du bois, Frenchmen who often would live among the
Indians for months at a time. The Indians' reliance upon European utensils,
weapons, and blankets revolutionized their way of life and made them
increasingly dependent on those supplying these goods.
1. List three reasons why the fur trade developed in the New World.
2. Which three countries are mentioned as interested in the fur trade?
3. In your own words, what is a "courer de bois"?
30.

(;hapter 2 Key TeriDs
Term Definition Illustration
navigation
magnetic compass
caravel
astrolabe
conquistador
plantation
miSSIOn
31.

32.
encomienda
Columbian Exchange
Silk Road
mercantilism
northwest passage
alliance
coureur de bois
Crusades