Avoided Deforestation (REDD) and Indigenous ... - Amazon Fund

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predominant. Carbon stocks vary from 185 t/ha in the dense forest, to 170 t/ha in the seasonal forest, and a low of 6 t/ha in cerrado grasslands. As mentioned above, differences among figures are due to differences in methodologies and are particularly significant for estimated stocks in less-frequently studied forest formations, such as campinarana, cerrado and transition forests between the Amazon and other biomes. In any event, neither the order of magnitude of carbon stocks in these lands, nor their relevance to global climate is affected by these differences. The total estimated carbon stock for indigenous lands which have been recognized in the Brazilian Amazon is 14 GtC (considering only above ground biomass carbon), which corresponds to the total volume of global emissions for a period of six months. If, hypothetically speaking, indigenous peoples who inhabit these lands were to decide to make use of them by suppressing forest cover in up to 20% of the area, which is legally possible, they would incur future emissions of 2.8 GtC, which would represent 460% of the total volume of emissions Brazil intends to reduce up to 2020 (currently at 0.61 GtC; MCT, 2009) and with an average drop of 37%, it would be 0.41 GtC in that year, according to targets voluntarily registered with the United Nations. It should be noted that the largest indigenous lands, or polygons surrounding these lands, have areas larger than some independent countries and have carbon stocks and other climate services also at a country scale. This means that “local” projects developed in these lands have significant potential climate benefits, which sets them apart from local – or pilot – projects developed under Clean Development Mechanism or by means of other sources of financial support. According to the Brazilian Constitution, indigenous lands belong to the nation, being destined for permanent possession by indigenous people, and natural resources in the soil, rivers, and lakes in these areas are reserved for exclusive use by indigenous people. Indigenous uses and customs are known, but there is no juridical figure for self-management of their lands (which is the case in Colombia and other countries). Indigenous lands are part of territories of municipalities and states (in addition, obviously, to national territory), but are not specific federal units and are not entitled to automatic transfer of federal funds as are municipalities and states. In theory, state management of indigenous lands is the responsibility of the National Indian Foundation (Funai) which has legal responsibility for identifying and demarcating them, monitoring their boundaries, and defending (with support from the police) indigenous assets and rights. There is permanent military presence in many lands, especially those located in frontier regions. Other federal institutions have specific responsibilities regarding indigenous demands, such as those regarding health care and basic sanitation. 16 Av o i d e d d e f o re s t A t i o n (redd) A n d i n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s: experiences, chAllenges A n d o p p o r t u n i t i e s in t h e A m A zo n c o n t e x t
In practice, the main decisions regarding management of these lands are made by local leaders or indigenous organizations, which have also increased their presence and participation in local divisions of public organizations in order to protect and promote current and future use of carbon stocks and long-term conservation of environmental and climate services rendered by these lands. Other Environmental and Climate Services The importance of indigenous lands to climate goes beyond their specific boundaries. In many regions of the Amazon, they are part of even larger mosaics or corridors of protected areas, which prevent expansion of deforestation in critical regions and foster alternative occupation and development models in remote regions. Existence of these large protected areas, eligible for long-term protection, will be fundamental for preservation of the complex rainfall pattern in the “green ocean” and to prevent future fragmentation of the continuous forest due to expanding deforestation. Rain reaches the Amazon by means of trade winds, which bring moisture from the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean, but it is the humid forest which reproduces and amplifies rainfall. This cycle reaches the Andes Mountains, which change its direction toward the central-western, southeastern and southern regions of Brazil, as well as Paraguay, Uruguay, and Northern Bolivia. Rupture in this cycle has the potential to impact not only the health of the forest, but also the main continental cities and agricultural regions. Marcos Wesley/ISA, 2005 Demini village, Yanomami people, Amazonas, Brazil. Av o i d e d d e f o re s t A t i o n (redd) A n d i n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s: experiences, chAllenges A n d o p p o r t u n i t i e s in t h e A m A zo n c o n t e x t 17
Page 1 and 2: Avoided Deforestation (REDD) and In
Page 3 and 4: Avoided Deforestation (REDD) and In
Page 5: Summary Introduction Raul Silva Tel
Page 8 and 9: Amazon region is currently the pref
Page 11 and 12: Indigenous Lands and the Climate Cr
Page 13 and 14: “Amazon biome,” which does not
Page 15 and 16: approximately 13 million hectares,
Page 17: The tables below display data regar
Page 21: Nogueira, EM., Fearnside, PM., Nels
Page 24 and 25: 22 Av o i d e d d e f o re s t A t
Page 26 and 27: Given the absence of legal definiti
Page 28 and 29: internal debates on this issue, pre
Page 30 and 31: which they have traditionally owned
Page 32 and 33: which Bolivian legislation calls
Page 34 and 35: consultation” in its articles 30.
Page 36 and 37: are also facilitated by the strong
Page 38 and 39: legal risk that these lands can be
Page 40 and 41: has the duty (and exclusive compete
Page 42 and 43: derived from them, such as from the
Page 44 and 45: On the other hand, the Colombian le
Page 46 and 47: “the special norms which regulate
Page 48 and 49: framework of ecological function an
Page 50 and 51: The law permits and stimulates refo
Page 52 and 53: the use, enjoyment, control, admini
Page 54 and 55: One of these bills relates to the e
Page 56 and 57: the constitution which still has no
Page 58 and 59: Since there is not a specific law r
Page 60 and 61: communities of the sierra and jungl
Page 62 and 63: the lands that they possess and tha
Page 64 and 65: and legal instruments to guarantee
Page 66 and 67: those recognized “in internationa
Page 68 and 69:
limitation for implementing eventua
Page 70 and 71:
REDD in Venezuela Since REDD mechan
Page 72 and 73:
to implement REDD projects with bec
Page 74 and 75:
Can IPs dispose of the forestry res
Page 76 and 77:
Ecuador Yes. However, it will be ne
Page 78 and 79:
to reductions in GHG emissions and
Page 80 and 81:
did not establish any mechanism to
Page 82 and 83:
On the other hand, there is a growi
Page 84 and 85:
the co-existence of diverse culture
Page 86 and 87:
In accordance with this internation
Page 88 and 89:
Indigenous Peoples as Protagonists
Page 90 and 91:
e considered a security under Brazi
Page 92 and 93:
cannot dispose of the lands they tr
Page 94 and 95:
Article 34 of the Indian Statute (F
Page 96 and 97:
is a legal obligation and there is
Page 98 and 99:
State or to third parties. Since ca
Page 100 and 101:
equired for the acts of civil life,
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indigenous peoples could only have
Page 104 and 105:
Indigenous Collective Ownership Fin
Page 106 and 107:
of their interest is indivisible (L
Page 108 and 109:
equired before the benefits may be
Page 111 and 112:
The Surui Project: Building Indigen
Page 113 and 114:
has decimated much of their forest.
Page 115 and 116:
Reducing Risks: Framework for Proje
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Michel Pellanders/Hollandse Hoogte,
Page 119 and 120:
evitalization. Therefore, the REDD
Page 121 and 122:
Volume: To assess the volume of the
Page 123 and 124:
2009). The Surui are also engaging
Page 125 and 126:
will be critical, given that eventu
Page 127 and 128:
Legal Aspects of the Surui Carbon P
Page 129 and 130:
from afforestation, reforestation,
Page 131 and 132:
of representing their respective co
Page 133 and 134:
they are entitled to participate in
Page 135 and 136:
In the case of Brazil, the prolifer
Page 137 and 138:
• Article 11, IV of the referred-
Page 139 and 140:
Sole paragraph. The rule of this Ar
Page 141 and 142:
constitutional rights of Brazilian
Page 143 and 144:
of exploitation or use, and belong
Page 145:
alignment with the Brazilian consti
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